WO2022217559A1 - 负极极片、其制备方法及含有它的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置 - Google Patents

负极极片、其制备方法及含有它的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置 Download PDF

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WO2022217559A1
WO2022217559A1 PCT/CN2021/087608 CN2021087608W WO2022217559A1 WO 2022217559 A1 WO2022217559 A1 WO 2022217559A1 CN 2021087608 W CN2021087608 W CN 2021087608W WO 2022217559 A1 WO2022217559 A1 WO 2022217559A1
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Prior art keywords
polymer film
film layer
battery
pole piece
present application
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PCT/CN2021/087608
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
胡波兵
黄圣源
刘成勇
付佳玮
何晓宁
邹杰亮
钟成斌
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to PCT/CN2021/087608 priority Critical patent/WO2022217559A1/zh
Priority to EP21912318.9A priority patent/EP4102595A4/en
Priority to CN202180076057.8A priority patent/CN116438675A/zh
Priority to US17/816,426 priority patent/US20220384861A1/en
Publication of WO2022217559A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022217559A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H01M4/382—Lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of batteries, and in particular, to a negative pole piece, a preparation method thereof, and a secondary battery, battery module, battery pack and electrical device containing the same.
  • alkali metal materials Compared with graphite materials, alkali metal materials have higher theoretical capacity and become the holy grail of anode materials for next-generation high-energy-density secondary batteries.
  • metallic lithium Li
  • it has an extremely high theoretical capacity (3860mAh ⁇ g -1 ), the lowest reduction potential (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), the smallest atomic radius, and a low density (0.534g ⁇ cm -3 ) and other advantages.
  • alkali metals eg, lithium metal
  • dendrites are inevitably generated, which poses a great hidden danger to the use of alkali metal batteries.
  • the purpose of this application is to provide a negative pole piece, a method for preparing a negative pole piece, and a secondary battery, battery module, battery pack and electrical device containing the negative pole piece , when the negative pole piece is used as a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an electrical device, the problem of lithium dendrites can be effectively suppressed.
  • a first aspect of the present application provides a negative electrode piece, the negative electrode piece includes an alkali metal layer and a polymer film layer disposed on at least one surface of the alkali metal layer, along the polymer film When the film layer is away from the thickness direction of the alkali metal layer, the resistivity of the surface of the polymer film layer gradually increases.
  • a second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a negative pole piece, comprising the following steps:
  • the polymer film layer is disposed on the surface of the alkali metal layer, and along the thickness direction of the polymer film layer away from the alkali metal layer, the resistivity of the surface of the polymer film layer gradually increases.
  • a third aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, comprising a negative electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet comprising the negative electrode sheet described in the first aspect of the present application or a negative electrode prepared according to the method described in the second aspect of the present application pole piece.
  • a fourth aspect of the present application provides a battery module including the secondary battery of the third aspect of the present application.
  • a fifth aspect of the present application provides a battery pack including the battery module of the fourth aspect of the present application.
  • a sixth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device comprising at least one of the secondary battery of the third aspect of the present application, the battery module of the fourth aspect of the present application, or the battery pack of the fifth aspect of the present application kind.
  • the present application provides a negative electrode sheet, which includes an alkali metal layer with high capacity, and a polymer film layer disposed on the surface of the alkali metal layer. Since the surface resistivity of the polymer film layer is along the thickness direction away from the alkali metal layer, the surface resistivity of the polymer film layer is high.
  • the continuous increase can avoid the enrichment of alkali metal ions on the surface or between layers of the polymer film when the current density is high, which is conducive to the continuous deposition of alkali metal ions from the outside to the inside, filling the entire polymer film uniformly and densely. , which effectively improves the problem of lithium dendrites during cycling of alkali metal batteries.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tube furnace with dual temperature control systems according to Example 1 of the present application.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the preparation process of the polymer film layer of Example 1 of the present application.
  • Fig. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the sintering temperature and the resistivity Log ⁇ R of the polymer film layer in Comparative Example 1, wherein "the resistivity Log ⁇ R" is the logarithmic relationship of the resistivity, and the unit of the resistivity is ⁇ cm; The unit of sintering temperature is °C.
  • FIG. 4 is a distribution diagram of the cross-sectional length and the resistivity Log ⁇ cmR of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 of the present application, wherein, “Resistivity Log ⁇ R” is the logarithmic relationship of resistivity, and the unit of resistivity is ⁇ cm ; The unit of section length is ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 5 is an oxygen element distribution diagram along the cross-sectional direction of Example 1 of the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is an oxygen element distribution diagram in the cross-sectional direction of Comparative Example 1.
  • any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit can be combined with any other lower limit to form an unspecified range, and likewise any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range.
  • each individually disclosed point or single value may itself serve as a lower or upper limit in combination with any other point or single value or with other lower or upper limits to form a range that is not expressly recited.
  • the following describes in detail a negative pole piece of the first aspect of the application; the method for preparing the negative pole piece of the first aspect of the application in the second aspect of the application; the third aspect of the application adopts the method described in the first aspect of the application.
  • the battery pack of the battery module of the fourth aspect of the present application is adopted; the sixth aspect of the present application adopts the secondary battery of the third aspect of the present application, the battery module of the fourth aspect of the present application, or the battery pack of the fifth aspect of the present application. electrical device.
  • the negative pole piece includes an alkali metal layer and a polymer film layer disposed on at least one surface of the alkali metal layer, and the polymer film layer is away from all the In the thickness direction of the alkali metal layer, the resistivity of the surface of the polymer film layer gradually increases.
  • the polymer film layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite in a thickness direction, and the first surface is a distance from the alkali metal of the polymer film layer.
  • the outer surface of the layer, the second surface is the inner surface of the polymer film layer facing the alkali metal layer, the resistivity of the first surface is recorded as R1, and the resistivity of the second surface is recorded as R2, the current collector satisfies: R2 to R1 increase continuously. That is, the resistivity R x of any surface x close to the first surface and the resistivity R y of any surface y close to the second surface (the x surface and the y surface do not overlap) satisfy R x >R y .
  • the resistivity of the first surface or the second surface of the polymer film layer can be measured by a testing method known in the art.
  • the following test method can be used: using the ST2253 digital four-point probe tester produced by Lattice Electronics, place the first surface or the second surface of the polymer film layer under the four-point probe tester, wait for the resistance After the rate data is stable, you can read the data.
  • R1/R2 >10.
  • the applicant of the present application found that in the present application, the greater the ratio of R1/R2 and the greater the ratio of R1/R2, the greater the difference in conductivity, which is more conducive to the continuous deposition of lithium ions from the outside to the inside. Filling the entire polymer film layer uniformly and densely makes the effect of suppressing lithium dendrites better, but when the conductivity difference is too large, the charge transfer impedance of the interface will increase significantly, reducing the electrochemical performance of the battery.
  • R1/R2 is 20-200000; further optionally, R1/R2 is 50-150000.
  • the ratio of R1/R2 is 20-17500, 50-52000, 500-56000, 5000-60000, 17500-72000 or 56000-114000.
  • R1 is 10 2 ⁇ cm-10 9 ⁇ cm.
  • R1 is 10 3 ⁇ cm-10 6 ⁇ cm.
  • R1 is 5000 ⁇ cm-10000 ⁇ cm, 15000 ⁇ cm-20000 ⁇ cm, 25000 ⁇ cm-30000 ⁇ cm, 35000 ⁇ cm-40000 ⁇ cm, 45000 ⁇ cm- 50000 ⁇ cm or 55000 ⁇ cm-60000 ⁇ cm.
  • R2 is 1 ⁇ cm-10 4 ⁇ cm.
  • R2 is 5 ⁇ cm-1000 ⁇ cm.
  • R2 is 10 ⁇ cm-50 ⁇ cm, 75 ⁇ cm-200 ⁇ cm, 250 ⁇ cm-400 ⁇ cm, 450 ⁇ cm-600 ⁇ cm, 650 ⁇ cm- 700 ⁇ cm or 750 ⁇ cm-1000 ⁇ cm.
  • the thickness of the polymer film layer is 1 ⁇ m-1200 ⁇ m, optionally 5 ⁇ m-1000 ⁇ m, and further optionally 50 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the polymer film layer within this range can maintain sufficient strength and structural stability, and has less adverse effect on the energy density of the
  • the thickness of the alkali metal layer is 1 ⁇ m-1000 ⁇ m, optionally 5 ⁇ m-500 ⁇ m, and further optionally 10 ⁇ m-50 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the alkali metal layer within this range can provide the alkali metal battery with an appropriate amount of active ions for the battery to perform charge-discharge cycles.
  • the polymer film layer has a porous structure.
  • the porous structure can facilitate the deposition of lithium into the pores and inhibit the volume expansion of the battery.
  • the high specific surface area of the porous structure can also reduce the areal current density, promote the uniform deposition of lithium metal, and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites.
  • the porous structure refers to a porous structure having a porosity of not less than 50%.
  • the alkali metal is at least one of lithium, potassium, and sodium.
  • the alkali metal layer is a lithium metal layer.
  • the method for detecting whether it belongs to the polymer film layer of the present application may be: as the sintering temperature increases, the carbonization degree of the current collector is higher, and impurity elements such as O, N, etc. The lower the content, the better the conductivity. Therefore, it can be judged whether it is a current collector with continuous conductivity change by measuring the element distribution of O or N in the cross-section.
  • Example 1 continuous conductivity change
  • Figure 6 shows the oxygen distribution along the cross-section direction of Comparative Example 1 (discontinuous conduction change), based on energy dispersive analysis (EDS), the oxygen content in a specific area (2um*2um) can be measured.
  • EDS energy dispersive analysis
  • the application provides a method for preparing a negative pole piece, comprising the following steps:
  • the polymer film layer is disposed on the surface of the alkali metal layer, and along the thickness direction of the polymer film layer away from the alkali metal layer, the resistivity of the surface of the polymer film layer gradually increases.
  • the alkali metal layer is at least one of a lithium metal layer, a potassium metal layer, and a sodium metal layer.
  • the thickness of the alkali metal layer is 1 ⁇ m-1000 ⁇ m, optionally 5 ⁇ m-500 ⁇ m, and further optionally 10 ⁇ m-50 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the alkali metal layer within this range can provide the alkali metal battery with an appropriate amount of active ions for the battery to perform charge-discharge cycles.
  • the preparation method of the polymer film layer includes the following steps:
  • the polymer film layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite along the thickness direction, the resistivity of the first surface is denoted as R1, the resistivity of the second surface is denoted as R2, and the polymer film is denoted as R2.
  • the film layer satisfies: R2 to R1 increase continuously.
  • the polymer film includes nitrile polymers, alcohol polymers, cellulose polymers, sulfone polymers, amine polymers, ester polymers and ketones
  • One or more of polymers preferably, the polymer film includes one or more of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose and polysulfone amide.
  • the polymer film selected from the above types can increase the affinity with lithium metal, reduce the overpotential of the lithium deposition reaction, and facilitate the uniform nucleation and growth of lithium ions, thereby improving the cycle stability of lithium metal batteries.
  • the T1 is 200°C-2000°C, optionally 200°C-400°C.
  • the T2 is 200°C-2000°C, optionally 600°C-2000°C.
  • T2-T1 >200°C; optionally, 400 ⁇ T2-T1 ⁇ 1500; further optionally, 600 ⁇ T2-T1 ⁇ 1500.
  • T2-T1 can be 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C , 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C, 1450°C, 1500°C, and any value in between.
  • the resistivity of the first surface and the resistivity of the second surface can be maintained in a suitable gradient range, thereby guiding the continuous migration and deposition of lithium ions into the current collector and inhibiting lithium in the current collector.
  • Local enrichment and Li dendrite growth on the surface, and a suitable resistivity range can reduce the charge transfer resistance of the interface and improve the electrochemical performance of the battery.
  • the sintering time is 0.5h-5h, preferably 1h-3h.
  • the sintering time within the above range can effectively control the resistivity change range of the polymer film layer, which helps to form a suitable resistivity gradient inside the current collector and promotes the uniform deposition of lithium metal inside the current collector, while limiting the sintering time can improve the current collector. Fluid preparation efficiency and reduced process costs.
  • the polymer film may be an electrospinning polymer film.
  • the method for forming a polymer film by electrospinning in the present application can be a conventional electrospinning technique in the field, for example, a special form of electrostatic atomization of polymer fluids. The tiny jets of polymer, which can travel considerable distances, eventually solidify into fibers.
  • the thickness of the polymer film is 1 ⁇ m-1200 ⁇ m, optionally 5 ⁇ m-1000 ⁇ m, and further optionally 50 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the polymer film within the above range can improve the mechanical strength of the polymer film to maintain a stable self-supporting film structure, reduce the difficulty of processing, and the polymer film will affect the thickness of the current collector for subsequent sintering. On the one hand, it helps to improve the strength of the current collector, and on the other hand, it is also conducive to the formation of a sufficiently wide resistivity gradient.
  • the present application provides a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator, and an electrolyte.
  • a secondary battery which includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator, and an electrolyte.
  • active ions are inserted and extracted back and forth between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector and including a positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two opposite surfaces in the thickness direction of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode membrane can be laminated on either or both of the two opposite surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode current collector may be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • aluminum foil can be used.
  • the composite current collector can be formed by forming a metal material (copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver, silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer substrate.
  • the positive electrode active material may be a known positive electrode active material for secondary batteries in the art.
  • the positive electrode active material may include one or more of lithium transition metal oxides, olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphates, and their respective modified compounds.
  • lithium transition metal oxides may include, but are not limited to, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide One or more of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and its modified compounds.
  • olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphates may include, but are not limited to, lithium iron phosphate, composites of lithium iron phosphate and carbon, lithium manganese phosphate, composites of lithium manganese phosphate and carbon, lithium iron manganese phosphate, lithium iron manganese phosphate
  • One or more of the composite materials with carbon and their modified compounds The present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventionally known materials that can be used as positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries can also be used.
  • the positive electrode active material may include one or more of the lithium transition metal oxides shown in Formula 1 and their modified compounds,
  • M is selected from Mn, Al, Zr , one or more of Zn, Cu, Cr, Mg, Fe, V, Ti and B, and A is selected from one or more of N, F, S and Cl.
  • the modification compound of each of the above materials may be doping modification and/or surface coating modification of the material.
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the type of electrolyte in this application which can be selected according to requirements.
  • the electrolyte may be selected from at least one of solid electrolytes and liquid electrolytes (ie, electrolytes).
  • the electrolyte is an electrolytic solution.
  • the electrolytic solution includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent.
  • the electrolyte salt may be selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), bisfluorosulfonylidene Lithium Amide (LiFSI), Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFS), Lithium Difluorooxalate Borate (LiDFOB), Lithium Dioxalate Borate (LiBOB), Lithium Difluorophosphate One or more of (LiPO 2 F 2 ), lithium difluorodioxalate phosphate (LiDFOP) and lithium tetrafluorooxalate phosphate (LiTFOP).
  • LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphat
  • the solvent may be selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), Dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), methyl formate (MF), methyl acetate ester (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl acetate (PA), methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate (EP), propyl propionate (PP), methyl butyrate (MB) , one or more of ethyl butyrate (EB), 1,4-butyrolactone (GBL), sulfolane (SF), dimethyl sulfone (MSM), methyl ethyl sulfone (EMS) and diethyl s
  • EC
  • additives are also optionally included in the electrolyte.
  • the additives may include negative electrode film-forming additives, positive electrode film-forming additives, and additives that can improve certain performance of the battery, such as additives to improve battery overcharge performance, additives to improve battery high temperature performance, and additives to improve battery low temperature performance. additives, etc.
  • Secondary batteries using electrolyte solutions also include separators.
  • the separator is arranged between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, and plays the role of isolation.
  • There is no particular limitation on the type of separator in the present application and any well-known porous-structure separator with good chemical stability and mechanical stability can be selected.
  • the material of the isolation film may be selected from one or more of glass fiber, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the separator can be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film. When the separator is a multi-layer composite film, the materials of each layer can be the same or different.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet and the separator may be formed into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the secondary battery may include an outer package.
  • the outer package can be used to encapsulate the above-mentioned electrode assembly and electrolyte.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may be a hard case, such as a hard plastic case, an aluminum case, a steel case, and the like.
  • the outer package of the secondary battery may also be a soft package, such as a pouch-type soft package.
  • the material of the soft bag may be plastic, such as one or more of polypropylene (PP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and the like.
  • the shape of the secondary battery is not particularly limited in the present application, and it may be cylindrical, square or any other shape.
  • the outer package may include a housing and a cover.
  • the housing may include a bottom plate and a side plate connected to the bottom plate, and the bottom plate and the side plate are enclosed to form an accommodating cavity.
  • the housing has an opening that communicates with the accommodating cavity, and a cover plate can cover the opening to close the accommodating cavity.
  • the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the separator may be formed into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly is packaged in the accommodating cavity.
  • the electrolyte is infiltrated in the electrode assembly.
  • the number of electrode assemblies contained in the secondary battery may be one or several, and may be adjusted according to requirements.
  • the present application also provides a method for preparing a secondary battery, including preparing a negative pole piece of the battery through the following steps:
  • the side of the polymer film layer with high conductivity is close to the alkali metal layer, and the side of the polymer film layer is close to the alkali metal layer.
  • Alkali metal cells were assembled and tested with the low conductivity side facing away from the alkali metal layer towards the positive electrode/separator.
  • the positive electrode sheet of the present application can be prepared as follows: the positive electrode active material, optional conductive agent (such as carbon black and other carbon materials), binder (such as PVDF), etc. are mixed and dispersed in a solvent (such as NMP) , after stirring evenly, coating on the positive electrode current collector, and drying to obtain a positive electrode piece.
  • a solvent such as NMP
  • the positive electrode current collector a metal foil such as aluminum foil or a material such as a porous metal plate can be used.
  • the positive pole piece can be prepared by punching or laser die cutting in the uncoated area of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive pole piece, the separator, and the negative pole piece can be stacked in sequence, so that the separator is placed between the positive and negative pole pieces to play a role of isolation, and then the electrode assembly is obtained by the winding (or lamination) process; The electrode assembly is placed in the outer package, and after drying, the electrolyte is injected into it, and the secondary battery is obtained through the processes of vacuum packaging, standing, forming, and shaping.
  • a fourth aspect of the present application provides a battery module.
  • the battery module includes the secondary battery of the third aspect of the present application.
  • the battery module of the present application adopts the secondary battery provided by the present application, so it has at least the same advantages as the secondary battery.
  • the number of secondary batteries contained in the battery module of the present application may be multiple, and the specific number may be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • the battery module may further include a case having an accommodation space in which the plurality of secondary batteries are accommodated.
  • a fifth aspect of the present application provides a battery pack.
  • the battery pack includes the battery pack of the fourth aspect of the present application.
  • the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • a sixth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device.
  • the electrical device includes at least one of the secondary battery of the third aspect, the battery module of the fourth aspect, or the battery pack of the fifth aspect of the present application.
  • the secondary battery can be used as a power source of an electrical device, and can also be used as an energy storage unit of the electrical device.
  • the electrical device of the present application adopts the secondary battery provided by the present application, so it has at least the same advantages as the secondary battery.
  • the electrical device can be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptop computers, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric vehicles, etc.) Golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.
  • mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, etc.
  • electric vehicles such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric vehicles, etc.
  • Golf carts, electric trucks, etc. electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.
  • the electrical device may select a secondary battery, a battery module or a battery pack according to its usage requirements.
  • the electrical device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, and the like.
  • the electric device is usually required to be thin and light, and a secondary battery can be used as a power source.
  • Polyacrylonitrile molecular weight 1 million, purchased from Sigma Aldrich;
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular weight 130,000, purchased from Sigma Aldrich;
  • Polyvinyl alcohol molecular weight 900,000, purchased from Sigma Aldrich;
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose molecular weight 1 million, purchased from Sigma Aldrich;
  • Polysulfone amide molecular weight 1 million, purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
  • the resistivity and resistivity distribution of the polymer film layer are the meanings known in the art, and can be tested by methods known in the art.
  • the ST2253 digital four-point probe tester produced by Lattice Electronics is used. Specifically, the polymer film layer is placed under the four-point probe tester. After the resistivity data is stabilized, Just read the data.
  • the distribution of elements in the polymer film layer is the meaning known in the art, and can be tested by methods known in the art.
  • a Zeiss Gemini500 scanning electron microscope is used to perform EDX analysis on the cross-section of the polymer film layer to obtain the element distribution of the polymer film layer.
  • the thickness of the polymer film layer is the meaning known in the art, and can be tested by methods known in the art. Using a Zeiss Gemini500 scanning electron microscope, SEM analysis was performed on the cross-section of the polymer film, and the thickness of the cross-section of the polymer film was determined.
  • porous structure of the polymer film layer is the meaning known in the art, and can be tested by methods known in the art.
  • a scanning electron microscope SEM, ThermoFisher Scientific was used.
  • the method of testing the number of cycles is the number of cycles corresponding to the capacity decay to 80%.
  • Step 1 Dissolve 5 g of polyacrylonitrile and 1 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 5 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a polymer solution containing polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and use electrospinning at a voltage of 20KV.
  • the above-mentioned polymer solution is sprayed on the aluminum foil at a uniform speed by the silk method, and after curing, the polymer nanofibers are formed, and the polymer nanofibers are peeled off from the aluminum foil to obtain a polymer fiber film (polymer film), and the thickness is controlled at 200 ⁇ m;
  • Step 2 Place the polymer fiber film in a tube furnace with a dual temperature control system as shown in Figure 1.
  • the temperature of the temperature control panel 1 is 400°C
  • the temperature of the temperature control panel 2 is 1000°C
  • the middle is the temperature Field
  • sintering for 2h the formation process is shown in Figure 2
  • a polymer film layer is obtained, the polymer film layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite along the thickness direction, the resistivity of the first surface is recorded as R1, the second surface The resistivity of the surface is denoted as R2, and the specific values of the resistivity R1 of the first surface and the resistivity R2 of the second surface are shown in Table 1.
  • the resistivity of the above-mentioned polymer film layer is continuous from the first surface to the second surface along the thickness direction. reduce. Before sintering, the current collector does not conduct electricity; after sintering, the current collector conducts electricity. Observation by SEM showed that the polymer film layer had a porous structure.
  • the obtained polymer film layer with continuous conductivity change and lithium metal are rolled and compounded, and the side with high conductivity is close to the lithium metal to obtain a negative electrode piece.
  • a separator (PP) was placed on the side of the polymer film layer with low conductivity in the negative pole piece, and NCM811 positive pole piece was placed on the other side of the separator to assemble a lithium metal battery, and then the electrolyte (containing 1mol/L bisfluorosulfonic acid) was injected. Lithium imide ethylene carbonate), injection volume 3g/Ah.
  • Example 2 The difference from Example 1 is that in Examples 2-4, polyacrylonitrile in Example 1 was replaced with polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, and polysulfone amide, respectively.
  • Example 5-9 the polymer fiber film (polymer film) with a thickness of 200 ⁇ m in Example 1 was replaced with 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, and 1000 ⁇ m;
  • Embodiments 10-12 Different from Embodiment 1, in Embodiments 10-12, the temperature control panel 2 with a temperature of 1000°C in Embodiment 1 is replaced with 600°C, 800°C, and 1500°C, respectively.
  • the temperature of the temperature control panel 1 of Embodiment 13 is 200°C, and the temperature of the temperature control panel 2 is 1000°C.
  • the temperature of the temperature control panel 1 of Embodiment 13 is 200°C, and the temperature of the temperature control panel 2 is 2000°C.
  • the rolling method is used to press the four films together to form a lithium metal current collector with discontinuous conductivity changes. Then, the obtained current collector with discontinuous conductivity change was placed on the surface of lithium metal, matched with NCM811 to assemble a lithium metal battery, and its cycle performance was tested.
  • Example 2 Different from Example 1, in Comparative Example 2, the temperature of the temperature control panel 1 and the temperature panel 2 were both 1000°C.
  • Example 1 Different from Example 1, in Comparative Example 3, the temperature of temperature control panel 1 and temperature panel 2 were both 400°C.
  • compositions and product parameters of the polymer film layers of Examples 1-14 and Comparative Examples 1-3 are shown in Table 1.
  • the battery adopts a soft pack battery
  • the positive electrode is NCM811 of Example 1-14 and Comparative Example 1-3 respectively
  • the capacity of the positive electrode piece per unit area is 4mAh ⁇ cm -2
  • the negative electrode is lithium foil (area 40cm 2 )
  • polymer The membrane layer is placed on the surface of the negative electrode.
  • the soft pack battery capacity is 140mAh.
  • the test voltage range is 2.8-4.3V
  • the test charge and discharge rates are 0.2C
  • the discharge capacity after the first charge and discharge cycle of the battery is the first cycle discharge capacity
  • the discharge capacity after multiple charge and discharge cycles is the cycle discharge capacity.
  • the cycle number when the cycle discharge capacity is reduced to 80% of the first cycle discharge capacity is the cycle number of the battery.
  • the test results are shown in Table 2.
  • Example 1 Number of cycles (capacity decay to 80%) Example 1 289
  • Example 2 282 Example 3 285
  • Example 4 Example 5 225
  • Example 6 238 Example 7 251
  • Example 8 267
  • Example 9 270
  • Example 10 271
  • Example 11 275
  • Example 12 288
  • Example 13 278
  • Example 14 Comparative Example 1 220 Comparative Example 2 167 Comparative Example 3 86
  • Example 1 continuous conduction change
  • Comparative Example 1 discontinuous conduction change
  • the abscissa was the cross-section length
  • the ordinate was the resistivity. It shows that the polymer film layer prepared by the dual temperature control system has a resistivity that continuously changes with the cross-sectional length, while the polymer film layer prepared by the four-layer film lamination method in Comparative Example 1 does not have the characteristic of continuous change of resistivity.
  • Example 1 continuously conduction change
  • Comparative Example 1 discontinuous conduction change
  • the results are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
  • the oxygen distribution of Example 1 gradually decreases from top to bottom. , is a continuous change, and the oxygen distribution in Comparative Example 1 has obvious stratification, which is a discontinuous change. It is explained that the resistivity of the first surface of the polymer film layer of the present application increases continuously to the resistivity of the second surface. On the other hand, the resistivity of the polymer film layer of Comparative Document 1 varies discontinuously from the resistivity of the first surface to the resistivity of the second surface.

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Abstract

本申请公开了一种负极极片、制备负极极片的方法及含有该负极极片的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置。所述负极极片包括碱金属层以及至少设置于所述碱金属层一个表面的聚合物膜层，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层表面的电阻率逐渐增加。将所述负极极片用作二次电池时可以有效地抑制锂枝晶的问题。

Description

负极极片、其制备方法及含有它的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置 技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，尤其涉及一种负极极片、其制备方法及含有它的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置。
背景技术
相比对石墨材料，碱金属材料具有较高的理论容量，成为下一代高能量密度二次电池负极材料的圣杯。以金属锂(Li)为例，其具有极高的理论容量(3860mAh·g -1)、最低的还原电势(-3.04Vvs.标准氢电极)、最小的原子半径、低密度(0.534g·cm -3)等优点。然而，碱金属(如，锂金属)在沉积过程中，不可避免地产生枝晶，给碱金属电池的使用造成很大的隐患。
因此，确有必要提供一种技术方案，旨在提高碱金属电池的安全性及循环寿命。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的问题，本申请的目的在于提供一种负极极片、一种制备负极极片的方法及一种含有该负极极片的二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置，将所述负极极片用作二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置时可以有效地抑制锂枝晶的问题。
通过研究发现，采用多孔导电负极取代传统负极能够改变负极表面的离子流，减缓锂离子在多孔负极内的扩散，同时丰富锂沉积的位点，并具有优化锂金属电池制备工艺的作用。然而，多孔导电负极由于自身导电性高的基本性质，锂离子将不可避免地在负极表面得电子，从而产生锂枝晶。基于锂金属电池，设计具有导电变化的多孔负极结构，能够诱导锂金属从导电性高的一侧向导电性低的一侧沉积，避免了锂离子沉积在多孔负极表面的风险，从而提高锂金属电池的循环寿命。然而，目前报道的仅局限于非连续导电变化分布的多层负极，在每层负极内部是不存在变化的。也就是说，在每层内部，锂离子没有自外向内传输的趋势。特别地，当电流密度较大时，锂离子在负极表面或层间容易富集，以至于难以利用多孔负极的内部空腔。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第一方面提供了一种负极极片，所述负极极片包括碱金属层以及至少设置于所述碱金属层一个表面的聚合物膜层，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所 述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层表面的电阻率逐渐增加。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种负极极片的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
将聚合物膜层设置于碱金属层表面，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层表面的电阻率逐渐增加。
本申请的第三方面提供了一种二次电池，包括负极极片，所述负极极片包括本申请第一方面所述的负极极片或根据本申请第二方面所述的方法制备的负极极片。
本申请的第四方面提供一种电池模块，所述电池模块包括本申请第三方面的二次电池。
本申请的第五方面提供一种电池包，所述电池包包括本申请第四方面的电池模块。
本申请的第六方面提供一种用电装置，所述用电装置包括本申请第三方面的二次电池、本申请第四方面的电池模块或本申请第五方面的电池包中的至少一种。
本申请的有益效果为：
本申请提供了一种负极极片，其包括具有高容量的碱金属层、以及在碱金属表面设置的聚合物膜层，由于沿远离碱金属层的厚度方向，聚合物膜层的表面电阻率连续增大能够避免电流密度较大时，碱金属离子在聚合物膜层表面或层间的富集，有利于碱金属离子连续不断地自外而内沉积，均匀致密地填充整个聚合物膜层，有效改善了碱金属电池在循环过程中锂枝晶的问题。
附图说明
图1是本申请实施例1的具有双温控系统的管式炉的示意图。
图2是本申请实施例1的聚合物膜层的制备过程的示意图。
图3是对比例1的烧结温度与聚合物膜层的电阻率Log·R的关系图，其中，“电阻率Log·R”为电阻率的对数关系，电阻率的单位为Ω·cm；烧结温度的单位为℃。
图4是本申请的实施例1与对比例1的截面长度与电阻率LogΩ·cmR分布图，其中，“电阻率Log·R”为电阻率的对数关系，电阻率的单位为Ω·cm；截面长度的单位是μm。
图5是本申请的实施例1沿截面方向的氧元素分布图。
图6是对比例1沿截面方向的氧元素分布图。
其中，附图标记说明如下：
1-温控面板1
2-温控面板2
3-温度场
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式，进一步阐述本申请。应理解，这些具体实施方式仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
为了简明，本文仅具体地公开了一些数值范围。然而，任意下限可以与任何上限组合形成未明确记载的范围；以及任意下限可以与其它下限组合形成未明确记载的范围，同样任意上限可以与任意其它上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。此外，每个单独公开的点或单个数值自身可以作为下限或上限与任意其它点或单个数值组合或与其它下限或上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。
在本文的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有说明，“以上”、“以下”为包含本数，“一种或几种”中“几种”的含义是两种及两种以上。
除非另有说明，本申请中使用的术语具有本领域技术人员通常所理解的公知含义。除非另有说明，本申请中提到的各参数的数值可以用本领域常用的各种测量方法进行测量(例如，可以按照在本申请的实施例中给出的方法进行测试)。
下面详细说明本申请第一方面的一种负极极片；本申请第二方面的制备本申请第一方面的负极极片的方法；本申请第三方面的采用了本申请第一方面所述的负极极片或本申请第二方面所述的制备方法制备的负极极片的二次电池；本申请第四方面采用了本申请第三方面所述的二次电池的电池模块；本申请第五方面采用了本申请第四方面的电池模块的电池包；本申请第六方面采用了本申请第三方面的二次电池、本申请第四方面的电池模块或本申请第五方面的电池包的用电装置。
负极极片
首先说明，根据本申请第一方面提供的负极极片，所述负极极片包括碱金属层以及至少设置于所述碱金属层一个表面的聚合物膜层，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层 的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层表面的电阻率逐渐增加。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜层包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面，所述第一表面为所述聚合物膜层的远离所述碱金属层的外侧表面，所述第二表面为所述聚合物膜层的朝向所述碱金属层的内侧表面，所述第一表面的电阻率记为R1，所述第二表面的电阻率记为R2，所述集流体满足：R2至R1连续增加。即靠近第一表面的任意表面x的电阻率R x和靠近第二表面的任意表面y(x表面与y表面不重叠)的电阻率R y满足R x＞R y。
本申请中，聚合物膜层第一表面或第二表面的电阻率可以采用本领域公知的测试方法测量。作为示例的，可以采用如下测试方法：采用晶格电子生产的ST2253型数字式四探针测试仪，将聚合物膜层的第一表面或第二表面放置于四探针测试仪下方，待电阻率数据稳定后，读取数据即可。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R1/R2＞10。本申请的申请人发现，在本申请中，具有连续导电变化的电阻率的且R1/R2的比值越大，导电性差别越大，越有利于锂离子连续不断地自外而内沉积，进而均匀致密地填充整个聚合物膜层，使得抑制锂枝晶效果越好，但导电性差异过大时会导致界面的电荷传输阻抗显著增大，降低电池的电化学性能。可选地，R1/R2为20-200000；进一步可选地，R1/R2为50-150000。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述R1/R2的比值为20-17500、50-52000、500-56000、5000-60000、17500-72000或56000-114000。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R1为10 2Ω·cm-10 9Ω·cm。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R1为10 3Ω·cm-10 6Ω·cm。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R1为5000Ω·cm-10000Ω·cm、15000Ω·cm-20000Ω·cm、25000Ω·cm-30000Ω·cm、35000Ω·cm-40000Ω·cm、45000Ω·cm-50000Ω·cm或55000Ω·cm-60000Ω·cm。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R2为1Ω·cm-10 4Ω·cm。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R2为5Ω·cm-1000Ω·cm。
据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，R2为10Ω·cm-50Ω·cm、75Ω·cm-200Ω·cm、250Ω·cm-400Ω·cm、450Ω·cm-600Ω·cm、650Ω·cm-700Ω·cm或750Ω·cm-1000Ω·cm。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜层的厚度为1μm-1200μm，可选为5μm-1000μm，进一步可选为50μm-200μm。例如1μm、5μm、10μm、20μm、30μm、40μm、50μm、60μm、70μm、80μm、90μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、 900μm、950μm、1000μm、1050μm、1100μm、1150μm、1200μm，以及它们之间的任意值。聚合物膜层的厚度在该范围内可以保持足够的强度和结构稳定性，并且对电池能量密度的不利影响较小。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述碱金属层的厚度为1μm-1000μm，可选为5μm-500μm，进一步可选为10μm-50μm。例如1μm、5μm、10μm、20μm、30μm、40μm、50μm、60μm、70μm、80μm、90μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、1000μm，以及它们之间的任意值。碱金属层的厚度在该范围内可以为碱金属电池提供适量的活性离子以供电池进行充放电循环。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜层为多孔结构。多孔结构可以有利于锂沉积到孔隙内部，抑制电池的体积膨胀，多孔结构的高比表面积还可以降低面电流密度，促进锂金属均匀沉积，抑制锂枝晶生长。在本发明中，多孔结构是指孔隙率不低于50％的多孔结构。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，所述碱金属为锂、钾、钠中的至少一种。可选地，碱金属层为锂金属层。
根据本申请的负极极片的一些实施方式，检测是否属于本申请的聚合物膜层的方法可以为：随着烧结温度的升高，集流体的碳化程度越高，杂质元素如O、N等的含量越来越低，导电性越好，因此，可通过测量截面O或N的元素分布判断是否为具有连续导电变化的集流体，如图5所示为实施例1(连续导电变化)沿截面方向的氧元素分布，图6为对比例1(非连续导电变化)沿截面方向的氧元素分布，基于能谱分析(EDS)可以测量特定区域内(2um*2um)的氧元素含量，对于实施例1(图5)中，任意选取不同表面位置的区域，其氧元素含量均不同，为连续导电变化；对比例1(图6)中，在部分相邻表面位置的区域中氧元素含量相同，为非连续导电变化。
负极极片的制备方法
在第二方面，本申请提供了一种负极极片的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
将聚合物膜层设置于碱金属层表面，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层表面的电阻率逐渐增加。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述碱金属层为锂金属层、钾金属层、钠金属层中的至少一种。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述碱金属层的厚度为1μm-1000μm，可选 为5μm-500μm，进一步可选为10μm-50μm。例如1μm、5μm、10μm、20μm、30μm、40μm、50μm、60μm、70μm、80μm、90μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、1000μm，以及它们之间的任意值。碱金属层的厚度在该范围内可以为碱金属电池提供适量的活性离子以供电池进行充放电循环。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜层的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1，提供聚合物膜，所述聚合物膜包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面；
S2，将S1中所述的聚合物膜进行烧结，其中第一表面的烧结温度T1小于第二表面的烧结温度T2，得到聚合物膜层；
其中，所述聚合物膜层包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面，所述第一表面的电阻率记为R1，所述第二表面的电阻率记为R2，所述聚合物膜层满足：R2至R1连续增加。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜包括腈类聚合物、醇类聚合物、纤维素类聚合物、砜类聚合物、胺类聚合物、酯类聚合物和酮类聚合物中的一种或几种；优选地，所述聚合物膜包括聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素和聚砜酰胺中的一种或几种。聚合物膜选自上述类型可以增加和锂金属的亲和性，降低锂沉积反应的过电位，有利于锂离子的均匀成核生长，进而改善锂金属电池的循环稳定性。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述T1为200℃-2000℃，可选为200℃-400℃。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述T2为200℃-2000℃，可选为600℃-2000℃。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，T2-T1＞200℃；可选地，400≤T2-T1≤1500；进一步可选地，600≤T2-T1≤1500。例如T2-T1可以为400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃、1200℃、1250℃、1300℃、1350℃、1400℃、1450℃、1500℃，以及它们之间的任意值。T2与T1的温度差在上述范围内可以让第一表面的电阻率和第二表面的电阻率维持在合适的梯度范围，进而引导锂离子不断向集流体内部迁移和沉积，抑制锂在集流体表面局部富集和锂枝晶生长，同时合适的电阻率范围可以降低界面的电荷转移阻抗，提升电池的电化学性能。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述烧结的时间为0.5h-5h，优选为1h-3h。 烧结的时间在上述范围内可以有效调控聚合物膜层的电阻率变化幅度，有助于集流体内部形成合适的电阻率梯度，促进锂金属在集流体内部均匀沉积，而限制烧结时间可以提升集流体的制备效率并降低工艺成本。
根据本申请的制备方法的实施方式，步骤S1中，所述聚合物膜可以是静电纺丝聚合物膜。本申请的静电纺丝形成聚合物膜的方法可以为本领域常规的静电纺丝技术，例如，高分子流体静电雾化的特殊形式，此时雾化分裂出的物质不是微小液滴，而是聚合物微小射流，可以运行相当长的距离，最终固化成纤维。
根据本申请的制备方法的一些实施方式，所述聚合物膜的厚度为1μm-1200μm，可选为5μm-1000μm，进一步可选为50μm-200μm。例如5μm、10μm、20μm、30μm、40μm、50μm、60μm、70μm、80μm、90μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、1000μm，以及它们之间的任意值。聚合物膜的厚度在上述范围内可以提升聚合膜的力学强度进而维持稳定的自支撑膜结构，降低工艺处理难度，而且聚合物膜会影响后续烧结的集流体厚度，合适的聚合物膜厚度一方面有助于提高集流体强度，另一方面也有利于形成足够宽的电阻率梯度。
二次电池
在第三方面，本申请提供了一种二次电池，所述二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜及电解质。在电池充放电过程中，活性离子在正极极片和负极极片之间往返嵌入和脱出。电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。
[正极极片]
本申请的二次电池中，所述正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面上且包括正极活性材料的正极膜层。
可以理解的是，正极集流体具有在自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，正极膜片可以是层合设置于正极集流体的两个相对表面中的任意一者或两者上。
本申请的二次电池中，所述正极集流体可以采用金属箔片或复合集流体。例如，可以使用铝箔。复合集流体可以通过将金属材料(铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子基材上而形成。
本申请的二次电池中，所述正极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于二次电池的正极活性材料。例如，正极活性材料可以包括锂过渡金属氧化物，橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐及其各自的改性化合物中的一种或几种。锂过渡金属氧化物的示例可包括但不限于锂钴氧 化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍钴氧化物、锂锰钴氧化物、锂镍锰氧化物、锂镍钴锰氧化物、锂镍钴铝氧化物及其改性化合物中的一种或几种。橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐的示例可包括但不限于磷酸铁锂、磷酸铁锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰锂、磷酸锰锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰铁锂、磷酸锰铁锂与碳的复合材料及其改性化合物中的一种或几种。本申请并不限定于这些材料，还可以使用其他可被用作二次电池正极活性材料的传统公知的材料。
在一些优选的实施例中，为了进一步提高电池的能量密度，正极活性材料可以包括式1所示的锂过渡金属氧化物及其改性化合物中的一种或几种，
Li aNi bCo cM dO eA f式1，
所述式1中，0.8≤a≤1.2，0.5≤b＜1，0＜c＜1，0＜d＜1，1≤e≤2，0≤f≤1，M选自Mn、Al、Zr、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mg、Fe、V、Ti及B中的一种或几种，A选自N、F、S及Cl中的一种或几种。
在本申请中，上述各材料的改性化合物可以是对材料进行掺杂改性和/或表面包覆改性。
[电解质]
电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。本申请对电解质的种类没有具体的限制，可根据需求进行选择。例如，电解质可以选自固态电解质及液态电解质(即电解液)中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，电解质采用电解液。电解液包括电解质盐和溶剂。
在一些实施例中，电解质盐可选自六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF 4)、高氯酸锂(LiClO 4)、六氟砷酸锂(LiAsF 6)、双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、三氟甲磺酸锂(LiTFS)、二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiDFOB)、二草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、二氟磷酸锂(LiPO 2F 2)、二氟二草酸磷酸锂(LiDFOP)及四氟草酸磷酸锂(LiTFOP)中的一种或几种。
在一些实施例中，溶剂可选自碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)、氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、甲酸甲酯(MF)、乙酸甲酯(MA)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、乙酸丙酯(PA)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、丙酸乙酯(EP)、丙酸丙酯(PP)、丁酸甲酯(MB)、丁酸乙酯(EB)、1，4-丁内酯(GBL)、环丁砜(SF)、二甲砜(MSM)、甲乙砜(EMS)及二乙砜(ESE)中的一种或几种。
在一些实施例中，电解液中还可选地包括添加剂。例如添加剂可以包括负极成膜添 加剂，也可以包括正极成膜添加剂，还可以包括能够改善电池某些性能的添加剂，例如改善电池过充性能的添加剂、改善电池高温性能的添加剂、改善电池低温性能的添加剂等。
[隔离膜]
采用电解液的二次电池、以及一些采用固态电解质的二次电池中，还包括隔离膜。隔离膜设置在正极极片和负极极片之间，起到隔离的作用。本申请对隔离膜的种类没有特别的限制，可以选用任意公知的具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构隔离膜。
在一些实施例中，隔离膜的材质可以选自玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯及聚偏二氟乙烯中的一种或几种。隔离膜可以是单层薄膜，也可以是多层复合薄膜。隔离膜为多层复合薄膜时，各层的材料可以相同或不同。
在一些实施例中，正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制成电极组件。
在一些实施例中，二次电池可包括外包装。该外包装可用于封装上述电极组件及电解质。
在一些实施例中，二次电池的外包装可以是硬壳，例如硬塑料壳、铝壳、钢壳等。二次电池的外包装也可以是软包，例如袋式软包。软包的材质可以是塑料，如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)等中的一种或几种。
本申请对所述二次电池的形状没有特别的限制，其可以是圆柱形、方形或其他任意的形状。
在一些实施例中，外包装可包括壳体和盖板。其中，壳体可包括底板和连接于底板上的侧板，底板和侧板围合形成容纳腔。壳体具有与容纳腔连通的开口，盖板能够盖设于所述开口，以封闭所述容纳腔。正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形成电极组件。电极组件封装于所述容纳腔。电解液浸润于电极组件中。二次电池所含电极组件的数量可以为一个或几个，可根据需求来调节。
二次电池的制备方法
本申请还提供了二次电池的制备方法，包括通过如下步骤制备所述电池的负极极片：
将本申请第一方面所述的负极极片或根据本申请第二方面所述的方法制备的负极极片，聚合物膜层的导电性高的一侧贴近碱金属层，聚合物膜层的导电性低的一侧背离碱金属层，朝向正极/隔膜，组装并测试碱金属电池。
除了本申请负极极片的制备方法外，本申请的二次电池的其它构造和制备方法本身是公知的。例如本申请的正极极片可以按如下制备方法：将正极活性材料以及可选的导电 剂(例如碳黑等碳素材料)、粘结剂(例如PVDF)等混合后分散于溶剂(例如NMP)中，搅拌均匀后涂覆在正极集流体上，烘干后即得到正极极片。可以使用铝箔等金属箔或多孔金属板等材料作为正极集流体。在制备正极极片时，可以在正极集流体的未涂覆区域，通过冲切或激光模切等方式制备正极极片。
最后，可以将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好，使隔离膜处于正负极极片之间起到隔离的作用，然后通过卷绕(或叠片)工艺得到电极组件；将电极组件置于外包装中，干燥后注入电解液，经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序，获得二次电池。
电池模块
本申请的第四方面提供一种电池模块。该电池模块包括本申请第三方面的二次电池。本申请的电池模块采用了本申请所提供的二次电池，因此至少具有与所述二次电池相同的优势。
本申请的电池模块所含二次电池的数量可以为多个，具体数量可根据电池模块的应用和容量来调节。
可选地，电池模块还可以包括具有容纳空间的外壳，多个二次电池容纳于该容纳空间。
电池包
本申请的第五方面提供一种电池包。该电池包包括本申请第四方面的电池包。所述电池包所含电池模块的数量可以根据电池包的应用和容量进行调节。
用电装置
本申请的第六方面提供一种用电装置。该用电装置包括本申请第三方面的二次电池、第四方面的电池模块或第五方面的电池包中的至少一种。所述二次电池可以用作用电装置的电源，也可以用作所述用电装置的能量存储单元。本申请的用电装置采用了本申请所提供的二次电池，因此至少具有与所述二次电池相同的优势。
所述用电装置可以但不限于是移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等。
所述用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择二次电池、电池模块或电池包。
作为另一个示例的用电装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该用电装置通 常要求轻薄化，可以采用二次电池作为电源。
为详细说明技术方案的技术内容、构造特征、所实现目的及效果，以下结合具体实施例详予说明。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
实施例
为了使本申请的发明目的、技术方案和有益技术效果更加清晰，以下结合实施例进一步详细描述本申请。但是，应当理解的是，本申请的实施例仅仅是为了解释本申请，并非为了限制本申请，且本申请的实施例并不局限于说明书中给出的实施例。实施例中未注明具体实验条件或操作条件的按常规条件制作，或按材料供应商推荐的条件制作。
实施例和对比例中使用的聚合物：
聚丙烯腈：分子量100万，购于西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma Aldrich)；
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮：分子量13万，购于西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma Aldrich)；
聚乙烯醇：分子量90万，购于西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma Aldrich)；
羧甲基纤维素：分子量100万，购于西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma Aldrich)；
聚砜酰胺：分子量100万，购于西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma Aldrich)。
电阻率和电阻率分布的测试方法：
在本申请中，聚合物膜层的电阻率和电阻率分布为本领域公知的含义，可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。作为示例的，在本实施例中，采用晶格电子生产的ST2253型数字式四探针测试仪，具体地，将聚合物膜层放置于四探针测试仪下方，待电阻率数据稳定后，读取数据即可。
聚合物膜层中元素分布的测试方法：
在本申请中，聚合物膜层中元素分布为本领域公知的含义，可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。在本实施例中，采用蔡司Gemini500扫面电镜，对聚合物膜层的断面进行EDX分析，即可得到聚合物膜层元素分布情况。
聚合物膜层的厚度的测试方法：
在本申请中，聚合物膜层的厚度为本领域公知的含义，可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。采用蔡司Gemini500扫面电镜，对聚合物膜层的断面进行SEM分析，测定聚合物 膜层断面的厚度。
多孔结构的测试方法：
在本申请中，聚合物膜层的多孔结构为本领域公知的含义，可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。在本申请中，使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM，ThermoFisher Scientific)。
循环次数的测试方法：
在以下实施例中，测试循环次数的方法为容量衰减至80％所对应的循环次数。
实施例1：
1)聚合物膜层的制备
步骤1：将5g聚丙烯腈和1g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于5mL二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中，配制含有聚丙烯腈、以及聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的聚合物溶液，在20KV的电压下、采用静电纺丝法将上述聚合物溶液匀速喷射在铝箔上，固化后形成高聚物纳米纤维，将高聚物纳米纤维从铝箔上揭下得到聚合物纤维膜(聚合物膜)，厚度控制在200μm；
步骤2：将聚合物纤维膜置于如图1所示的具有双温控系统的管式炉内，温控面板1的温度为400℃，温控面板2的温度为1000℃，中间为温度场，烧结2h，形成过程如图2所示，得到聚合物膜层，该聚合物膜层包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面，第一表面的电阻率记为R1，第二表面的电阻率记为R2，第一表面的电阻率R1以及第二表面的电阻率R2的具体数值参见表1，上述聚合物膜层的电阻率从第一表面至第二表面沿厚度方向连续降低。烧结前，集流体不导电；烧结后，集流体导电。通过SEM进行观察，聚合物膜层为多孔结构。
2)负极极片的制备
将得到的具有连续导电变化的聚合物膜层和锂金属(厚度20μm)进行辊压复合，其中导电性高的一侧贴近锂金属，得到负极极片。
3)电池的制备
将负极极片中聚合物膜层的导电性低的一侧放置隔膜(PP)，在隔膜另一侧放置NCM811正极极片组装成锂金属电池，然后注入电解液(含1mol/L双氟磺酰亚胺锂的碳酸乙烯酯)，注液量3g/Ah。
实施例2-4：
与实施例1不同的是，实施例2-4分别将实施例1中的聚丙烯腈替换为聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素、聚砜酰胺。
实施例5-9：
与实施例1不同的是，实施例5-9分别将实施例1的厚度为200μm的聚合物纤维膜(聚合物膜)替换为5μm、10μm、50μm、100μm、1000μm；
实施例10-12：
与实施例1不同的是，实施例10-12分别将实施例1的温度为1000℃的温控面板2替换为600℃、800℃、1500℃。
实施例13：
与实施例1不同的是，实施例13的温控面板1的温度为200℃，温控面板2的温度为1000℃。
实施例14：
与实施例1不同的是，实施例13的温控面板1的温度为200℃，温控面板2的温度为2000℃。
对比例1：
将5g聚丙烯腈和1g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于5mL的DMF中，配制以聚丙烯腈高聚物为主的静电纺丝液，后在15KV的高压下将静电纺丝液匀速喷射在铝箔上，固化后形成以聚丙烯腈为主的高聚物纤维膜，厚度控制在50μm。采用上述同样的方法，制备4张高聚物纤维膜。将4张膜分别在400℃、600℃、800℃和1000℃条件下烧结2h，不同温度烧结条件下纺丝膜的电阻率变化详见图3。后采用滚压的方法，将4张膜压在一起，形成具有非连续导电变化的锂金属集流体。然后，将得到的具有非连续导电变化的集流体置于锂金属表面，匹配NCM811组装锂金属电池，测试其循环性能。
对比例2：
与实施例1不同的是，对比例2温控面板1和温度面板2的温度均为1000℃。
对比例3：
与实施例1不同的是，对比例3温控面板1和温度面板2的温度均为400℃。
实施例1-14和对比例1-3的聚合物膜层的组成和产品参数详见表1。
Figure PCTCN2021087608-appb-000001
电池性能测试
电池采用软包电池，正极分别为实施例1-14和对比例1-3的NCM811，单位面积正极极片的容量为4mAh·cm -2，负极为锂箔(面积为40cm 2)，聚合物膜层置于负极表面。软包电池容量为140mAh。测试电压区间为2.8-4.3V，测试的充放电倍率均为0.2C，电池第一次充放电循环后的放电容量为首圈放电容量，多次充放电循环后的放电容量为循环放电容量，当循环放电容量降低至首圈放电容量的80％时的循环数即为该电池的循环次数。测试结果详见表2。
表2不同类型锂金属集流体的电池性能对比
  循环次数(容量衰减至80％)
实施例1 289
实施例2 282
实施例3 285
实施例4 283
实施例5 225
实施例6 238
实施例7 251
实施例8 267
实施例9 270
实施例10 271
实施例11 275
实施例12 288
实施例13 278
实施例14 246
对比例1 220
对比例2 167
对比例3 86
通过表2能够看出，采用本申请的负极极片进而制备的电池，能够明显提高循环次数。
测试实施例1(连续导电变化)与对比例1(非连续导电变化)沿截面方向的电阻率分布，横坐标为截面长度，纵坐标为电阻率，结果如图4所示。说明通过双温控系统制备 的聚合物膜层具有随截面长度连续变化的电阻率，而对比例1中通过四层膜压合方式制备的聚合物膜层不具有电阻率连续变化的特征。
测试实施例1(连续导电变化)与对比例1(非连续导电变化)沿截面方向的氧元素分布，结果如图5和图6所示，实施例1的氧元素分布自上而下逐渐减少，为连续变化，对比例1的氧元素分布具有明显的分层，为非连续变化。说明本申请的聚合物膜层的第一表面的电阻率至第二表面的电阻率连续升高。而对比文件1的聚合物膜层的第一表面的电阻率至第二表面的电阻率非连续变化。
还需补充说明的是，根据上述说明书的揭示和指导，本申请所属领域的技术人员还可以对上述实施方式进行适当的变更和修改。因此，本申请并不局限于上面揭示和描述的具体实方式，对本申请的一些修改和变更也落入本申请的权利要求的保护范围内。此外，尽管本说明书中使用了一些特定的术语，但这些术语只是为了方便说明，并不对本申请构成任何限制。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种负极极片，包括碱金属层以及至少设置于所述碱金属层一个表面的聚合物膜层，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层的表面电阻率逐渐增加。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的负极极片，其中，所述聚合物膜层包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面，所述第一表面为所述聚合物膜层的远离所述碱金属层的外侧表面，所述第二表面为所述聚合物膜层的朝向所述碱金属层的内侧表面，所述第一表面的电阻率记为R1，所述第二表面的电阻率记为R2，所述集流体满足：R2至R1连续增加。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的负极极片，其中，R1/R2＞10；可选地，R1/R2为20-200000；进一步可选地，R1/R2为50-150000。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的负极极片，其中，所述聚合物膜层的厚度为1μm-1200μm，可选为5μm-1000μm，进一步可选为50μm-200μm。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的负极极片，其中，所述聚合物膜层为多孔结构；和/或，所述碱金属为锂、钾、钠中的至少一种。
  6. 一种根据权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的负极极片的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
    将聚合物膜层设置于碱金属层表面，沿所述聚合物膜层远离所述碱金属层的厚度方向，所述聚合物膜层的表面电阻率逐渐增加。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的制备方法，其中，所述聚合物膜层的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
    S1，提供聚合物膜，所述聚合物膜包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面；
    S2，将S1中所述的聚合物膜进行烧结，其中第一表面的烧结温度T1小于第二表面的烧结温度T2，得到聚合物膜层；
    其中，所述聚合物膜层包括沿厚度方向相对的第一表面和第二表面，所述第一表面的电阻率记为R1，所述第二表面的电阻率记为R2，所述聚合物膜层满足：R1至R2连续降低。
  8. 根据权利要求6或7所述的制备方法，其中，所述聚合物膜包括腈类聚合物、醇类聚合物、纤维素类聚合物、砜类聚合物、胺类聚合物、酯类聚合物和酮类聚合物中的一种或几种；可选地，所述聚合物膜包括聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素和聚砜酰胺中的一种或几种。
  9. 根据权利要求6或7所述的制备方法，其中，T2-T1＞200℃；可选地，400℃≤T2-T1≤1500℃；进一步可选地，600℃≤T2-T1≤1500℃。
  10. 根据权利要求6或7所述的制备方法，其中，所述烧结的时间为0.5h-5h。
  11. 根据权利要求7或8所述的制备方法，其中，所述聚合物膜的厚度为1μm-1200μm，可选为5μm-1000μm，进一步可选为50μm-200μm。
  12. 一种二次电池，包括负极极片，所述负极极片为权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的负极极片或根据权利要求6-11中任意一项所述的方法制备的负极极片。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的二次电池，其特征在于，所述电池为碱金属电池，优选为锂金属二次电池、钾金属二次电池或钠金属二次电池。
  14. 一种电池模块，包括权利要求12或13所述的二次电池。
  15. 一种电池包，包括权利要求14所述的电池模块。
  16. 一种用电装置，包括权利要求12或13项所述的二次电池、权利要求14所述的电池模块或权利要求15所述的电池包中的至少一种。
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