WO2022215424A1 - 低速原子ビーム生成装置、物理パッケージ、光格子時計用物理パッケージ、原子時計用物理パッケージ、原子干渉計用物理パッケージ、量子情報処理デバイス用物理パッケージ、及び、物理パッケージシステム - Google Patents
低速原子ビーム生成装置、物理パッケージ、光格子時計用物理パッケージ、原子時計用物理パッケージ、原子干渉計用物理パッケージ、量子情報処理デバイス用物理パッケージ、及び、物理パッケージシステム Download PDFInfo
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- magnetic field
- atomic
- physical package
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F5/00—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards
- G04F5/14—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards using atomic clocks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S1/00—Masers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range
- H01S1/06—Gaseous, i.e. beam masers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/26—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using energy levels of molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles as a frequency reference
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a slow atom beam generator, a physics package, an optical lattice clock physics package, an atomic clock physics package, an atom interferometer physics package, a quantum information processing device physics package, and a physics package system.
- An optical lattice clock is an atomic clock proposed in 2001 by Hidetoshi Katori, one of the inventors of this application.
- Optical lattice clocks confine atomic clusters in an optical lattice formed by laser light and measure the resonance frequency in the visible light region. is.
- Optical lattice clocks have been intensively researched and developed by the group of the inventors, and have been developed as next-generation atomic clocks by research and development by various groups both in Japan and overseas.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 For recent optical lattice clock technology, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3 below can be cited.
- Patent Document 1 describes forming a one-dimensional moving optical grating inside an optical waveguide having a hollow passage.
- Patent Literature 2 describes an aspect of setting the effective magic frequency. In fact, magical wavelengths have been theoretically and experimentally determined for strontium, ytterbium, mercury, cadmium and magnesium, among others.
- Patent Document 3 describes a radiation shield that reduces the influence of black body radiation emitted from surrounding walls.
- the optical lattice clock measures time with high accuracy, it is possible to detect a 1 cm altitude difference on the earth based on the general relativistic effect of gravity as a deviation in the progress of time. Therefore, if the optical lattice clock can be miniaturized and made portable so that it can be used in fields outside the laboratory, the possibility of applying it to new geodetic technologies such as the detection of underground resources, underground cavities, and magma chambers will expand. By mass-producing optical lattice clocks and distributing them in various locations to continuously monitor temporal variations in gravitational potential, applications such as the detection of crustal deformation and spatial mapping of the gravitational field will become possible. In this way, the optical lattice clock is expected to contribute to society as a new basic technology that transcends the framework of highly accurate time measurement.
- the above-mentioned optical lattice clock is an example of a device that can use a slow atom beam generator, which is a device that generates a slow atom beam.
- Neutral atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures have recently attracted attention as qubits for quantum computing.
- Quantum computers using cold atoms as qubits are less affected by the surrounding environment than when using other qubits such as electron spins and nuclear spins in solids and liquids. Therefore, quantum information can be retained for a long time.
- advantages such as being able to increase the number of qubits using the Bose condensate technology are expected.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a magneto-optical trap using a transition from the ground state 1 S 0 to an excited state 1 P 1 for a calcium (Ca) atom, and a metastable state 3 P 2 from 1 P 1 to the excited state 1 P 2 .
- a magneto-optical trap utilizing the 3 P 2 to 3 D 3 transition is combined with a 3 P 2 to 3 D 3 transitioned atom.
- the transition from the 3P2 level which is a metastable state
- to the 3D3 level has a narrow natural width, and is expected to cool down to a low temperature with a long lifetime.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes a magneto-optical trap using a transition from the ground state 1 S 0 to an excited state 1 P 1 and a transition from 1 S 0 to 3 P 1 for ytterbium (Yb) atoms. Experiments with combined magneto-optical traps are described. The natural width of the former transition is wide, and the natural width of the latter transition is narrow. By combining these transitions, it is possible to capture atoms with a relatively low magnetic field gradient compared to using a single transition. , simplification and cost reduction of the apparatus can be expected.
- Yb ytterbium
- Non-Patent Document 3 it is difficult to achieve two-stage cooling with the same MOT device because the optimum magnetic field of each magneto-optical trap is different in two-stage cooling that achieves a wide trapping rate range and a low cooling temperature. is being discussed.
- Equation (2) The Doppler temperature T D of the trapped atoms is described as in Equation (2) below.
- Equation (3) The acceleration a0 and the Doppler temperature T D are described as in Equation (3) below.
- Equation (4) shown below is derived from equations (1) and (3).
- transitions to be used for atomic cooling and atomic capture determines the natural width ( ⁇ ) of the transitions. Its natural width gives uniquely the Doppler temperature TD from equation (2), the maximum acceleration from equation (3), and the magnetic field gradient from equation (1). For example, if you want to increase the magnetic field gradient and shorten the deceleration distance, you will use a transition with a large natural width, which will result in a high Doppler temperature. Also, for example, if the Doppler temperature is to be lowered, a transition with a small natural width is used, and the magnetic field gradient must be small.
- the content of (1) and the content of (2) above are realized in separate spaces, and each If an appropriate magnetic field gradient according to the atomic level can be given, it can be expected to efficiently generate an atomic beam in a much more cooled state.
- Non-Patent Document 3 As described in Non-Patent Document 3 above, with the configuration of the conventional MOT device, it was difficult to achieve two-stage cooling with the same MOT device.
- An object of the present invention is to realize a magneto-optical trap for atoms at a certain level and another magneto-optical trap for atoms at a different level from that level in the same device.
- One aspect of the present invention has an atom source, an optical window provided at one end for transmitting laser light, and an opening at the other end provided at the vertex, and the laser light incident from the optical window is a mirror that reflects toward the one end at a portion other than the opening; a heater that heats the high-temperature bath to generate atomic gas from the atomic source in the high-temperature bath; a magnetic field generator that generates a magnetic field in an area where the laser beams reflected by the mirror intersect; and a magnetic field gradient relaxation module that generates a relaxation magnetic field that relaxes the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generator at the opening. and forming an atomic beam from an atomic gas by utilizing a magneto-optical trap realized by a laser beam and a magnetic field, and emitting the atomic beam to the outside from the opening. generator.
- the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generator is relaxed by the magnetic field gradient relaxation module at the opening.
- the magnetic field generator is an anti-Helmholtz coil that forms a magnetic field gradient
- the relaxation module is a coil that has a shape similar to the anti-Helmholtz coil and has a current flowing in the opposite direction to the anti-Helmholtz coil. good too.
- the magnetic field generator is a cylindrical permanent magnet that forms a magnetic field gradient
- the relaxation module has a similar shape to the cylindrical permanent magnet and faces in the opposite direction to the cylindrical permanent magnet. It may be magnetized.
- the magnetic field generator may form a magnetic field gradient
- the relaxation module may be made of a soft magnet and absorb the magnetic flux inside it, thereby relaxing the magnetic field gradient inside.
- the opening may be formed at a location other than on the axis of the laser beam.
- the atomic source is, for example, strontium or ytterbium.
- strontium or ytterbium By using the above configuration, it is possible to generate a slow atom beam of strontium or ytterbium.
- Strontium and ytterbium are only examples, and other elements whose saturated vapor pressure is low at room temperature and sufficient atomic gas cannot be obtained may be used.
- the set temperature of the heater may be changed according to the element used. For example, by setting the temperature setting of the heater to a temperature at which the atomic gas of the element used can be obtained, sufficient atomic gas can be obtained for such element.
- One aspect of the present invention is a physics package comprising the slow atom beam generator described above and a vacuum chamber surrounding a clock transition space in which atoms are arranged.
- One aspect of the present invention is a physical package for an optical lattice clock characterized by including this physical package.
- One aspect of the present invention is an atomic clock physics package characterized by including this physics package.
- One aspect of the present invention is an atomic interferometer physics package characterized by including this physics package.
- One aspect of the present invention is a physics package for a quantum information processing device for atoms or ionized atoms, characterized by including this physics package.
- One aspect of the present invention is a physical package system including this physical package and a control device that controls the operation of the physical package.
- a magneto-optical trap for atoms at a certain level and another magneto-optical trap for atoms at a different level from that level are realized in the same device.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of an optical lattice clock according to an embodiment
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a slow atom beam generator according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a slow atom beam generator according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a hot bath and a magnetic field gradient relaxation module
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a hot bath and a magnetic field gradient relaxation module
- It is a figure which shows the calculation result of magnetic field distribution.
- FIG. 4 shows a magnetic field profile;
- FIG. 4 shows a magnetic field profile;
- 1 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a slow atom beam generator according to a first embodiment;
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing energy transitions;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a slow atom beam generator according to a second embodiment;
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of an optical lattice clock 10. As shown in FIG. Here, the optical lattice clock 10 will be described as an example of an apparatus using the slow-atom beam generator. may be used.
- the optical lattice clock 10 includes, for example, a physical package 12, an optical system device 14, a control device 16, and a PC (Personal Computer) 18.
- the physics package 12 is a device that captures atomic groups, confines them in optical lattices, and causes clock transitions.
- the optical system device 14 is a device having optical devices such as an atom capture laser light source, a clock transition excitation laser light source, and a laser frequency control device. In addition to sending laser light to the physics package 12, the optical system device 14 receives fluorescence signals emitted by the atomic clusters in the physics package 12, converts them into electric signals, and feeds them back to the laser light source so as to match the resonance frequency of the atoms. etc. are processed.
- the control device 16 is a device that controls the physical package 12 and the optical system device 14 .
- the control device 16 performs, for example, operation control of the physics package 12, operation control of the optical system device 14, and analysis processing such as frequency analysis of clock transitions obtained by measurement.
- the functions of the optical lattice clock 10 are realized by the physics package 12, the optical system device 14, and the control device 16 cooperating with each other.
- the PC 18 is a general-purpose computer including a processor and memory. The functions of the PC 18 are realized by software being executed by hardware including a processor and memory.
- An application program for controlling the optical lattice clock 10 is installed in the PC 18 .
- the PC 18 is connected to the control device 16 and may control not only the control device 16 but also the entire optical lattice clock 10 including the physics package 12 and the optical system device 14 .
- the PC 18 also provides a UI (User Interface) for the optical lattice clock 10 . The user can activate the optical lattice clock 10, measure the time, check the results, and the like via the PC 18.
- a system that includes the physical package 12 and a configuration necessary for controlling the physical package 12 is sometimes referred to as a "physical package system".
- the configuration required for control may be included in the control device 16 or PC 18, or may be included in the physical package 12.
- FIG. Also, some or all of the functionality of the controller 16 may be included in the physical package 12 .
- the slow atom beam generator according to this embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of the slow atom beam generator 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the axis parallel to the longitudinal direction of the slow-atom beam generator 100 will be referred to as the Z-axis.
- the slow atom beam generating apparatus 100 is roughly divided into a high temperature section and a room temperature section, and by forming magnetic fields with locally different gradients, magneto-optical traps for atoms at a certain level and different It is a device that realizes another magneto-optical trap for atoms in levels.
- the hot section includes a right-angled cone mirror 102, an optical window 104, an opening 106, a heater 108, a sample 110, a magnetic field generator 112, a thermometer 114, and a hot bath 116.
- the room temperature section includes a flange 118, a heat radiation shield 120, a heat insulating support rod 122, a cooling filter window 124, a vacuum resistant window 126, and a vacuum resistant electrical connector 128.
- the hot section further includes a magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 .
- the hot bath 116 has a shape that is axially symmetrical with respect to the Z axis.
- the hot bath 116 may have a cylindrical shape or a polygonal pyramid shape.
- a high-temperature bath 116 includes a sample 110 that serves as an atom source, an optical window 104 provided at one end for transmitting laser light, and a right-angled conical mirror 102 provided at the other end.
- a space axially symmetrical with respect to the Z-axis is formed inside the hot bath 116, and a right-angle conical mirror 102 is provided on the inner surface thereof so as to face an optical window 104 provided at one end. .
- a right-angled quadrangular pyramid mirror is provided instead of the right-angled cone mirror 102 .
- the right-angled conical mirror 102 reflects the laser light (laser light 132 described later) that has entered the space inside the high-temperature chamber 116 from the optical window 104 toward the optical window 104 .
- An opening 106 is formed at the vertex of the right-angle conical mirror 102 .
- the opening 106 is a hole drilled at its vertex. Since the vertex is located on the Z-axis, the opening 106 is located on the Z-axis. As will be described later, the atomic beam is emitted from the opening 106 to the outside of the hot bath 116 .
- the thermometer 114 is provided on the side of the hot bath 116 and measures the temperature of the hot bath 116 .
- the thermometer 114 is, for example, a thermocouple thermometer or a resistance thermometer using platinum or the like.
- a heater 108 for heating the high temperature bath and a magnetic field generator 112 for generating a magnetic field are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the high temperature bath 116 .
- a magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 is provided inside the magnetic field generator 112 . The magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 will be described in greater detail below.
- the magnetic field generator 112 generates a magnetic field inside the high temperature chamber 116 for capturing (trapping) atoms using a magneto-optical trap (MOT) method.
- the magnetic field generator 112 may be provided on the outer peripheral surface of the high temperature bath 116 or may be provided on the inner surface of the thermal radiation shield 120 .
- the magnetic field generator 112 is, for example, a coil.
- the coil is, for example, an anti-Helmholtz coil having a shape symmetrical with respect to the Z-axis and through which current flows antisymmetrically with respect to the central axis.
- a uniform gradient magnetic field is formed by passing an electric current through the coil.
- other coils may be used.
- the set temperature of the high-temperature bath 116 is 250°C or less, a coated copper wire or the like that can withstand that temperature is used as the coil.
- the slow atom beam generator 100 When the slow atom beam generator 100 is used in a high-temperature environment, such as when the temperature of the high-temperature bath 116 is set to 270°C, for example, copper wire without coating is used as the coil.
- a bobbin made of alumina ceramic or the like is used, a groove is formed in the bobbin so that adjacent copper wires do not contact each other, and the groove is used as a guide to wind the copper wire around the bobbin.
- the magnetic field generator 112 may be a permanent magnet.
- the permanent magnet is, for example, a pair of permanent magnets having an axially symmetrical ring shape and magnetized antisymmetrically with respect to the central axis.
- the permanent magnet may be a radially magnetized permanent magnet having an axisymmetric cylindrical shape that covers the hot bath 116 .
- permanent magnets other than these may be used.
- a uniform gradient magnetic field is created by the permanent magnets.
- a permanent magnet with a Curie temperature that is sufficiently higher than the set temperature is used.
- samarium-cobalt magnets, alnico magnets, strontium ceramic magnets, or the like are used as permanent magnets according to this embodiment.
- the magnetic field generator 112 forms a quadrupole magnetic field distribution suitable for the right-angled conical mirror 102 .
- the hot bath 116 may have a right-angled pyramidal shape instead of a right-angled conical shape. That is, a right-angled quadrangular pyramid mirror may be used instead of the right-angled cone mirror 102 .
- the control device 16 causes the magnetic field generator 112 to generate a two-dimensional quadrupole magnetic field by causing currents in opposite directions to flow in coils facing each other across the 2n rotational symmetry axis.
- the magnetic field generator 112 is composed of 2n rectangular or arc-shaped permanent magnets having the same shape and provided on the side surface (on the outer peripheral surface of the high temperature chamber 116) surrounding the 2n rotational symmetry axis of the high temperature chamber 116. It may be a magnet (a columnar permanent magnet with a square or arcuate cross section). The permanent magnet is magnetized in an angular direction (circumferential direction surrounding the axis of symmetry) with respect to the axis of symmetry. Also, the magnetization directions of the permanent magnets facing each other across the 2n rotational symmetry axis are opposite to each other. This creates a quadrupole magnetic field.
- the heater 108 heats the hot bath 116 so that the hot bath 116 reaches the set temperature. For example, heater 108 heats part or all of hot bath 116 . Heating by the heater 108 causes the state of the atomic source to transition from the solid phase to the gas phase, thereby generating atomic gas and releasing it into the space inside the hot bath 116 . Moreover, the heating of the heater 108 can prevent the atomic gas from recondensing when it collides with the optical window 104 or the inner wall of the high-temperature chamber 116 . The role of transitioning the state of the atom source from the solid phase to the gas phase can be achieved not only by the heater 108 but also by ablation using a laser.
- the sample 110 contains an atomic source and is housed in a small chamber provided on the side of the inner wall of the high temperature bath 116 .
- the sample 110 may be moved in and out through the opening 106, or the sample 110 may be moved in and out by disassembling the slow atom beam generator and removing the optical window.
- the high-temperature bath 116 is made of a material that does not chemically react with the atomic gas at the set temperature and does not form an alloy with the atomic gas.
- the temperature of the high-temperature chamber 116 is such that the saturated vapor pressure of the sample 110 is sufficiently higher than the degree of vacuum of the environment in which the sample 110 is installed, and the saturated vapor pressure of the portion to be heated such as the high-temperature chamber 116 is sufficiently low.
- the materials of the right-angle cone mirror 102 and the hot bath 116 are, for example, aluminum, aluminum-coated metal, aluminum-coated insulator, silver, silver-coated metal, silver-coated insulator, SUS ( stainless steel), or glass coated with an optical multilayer film.
- the insulator is, for example, ceramic (such as high-purity alumina) or glass.
- the material of the right-angle cone mirror 102 may be the same material as the material of the hot bath 116, or may be a different material.
- the surface that functions as the right-angle cone mirror 102 can be mechanically polished to give it a mirror finish.
- the surface that functions as the right-angled cone mirror 102 can be coated with aluminum plating, silver plating, or the like.
- the surface that functions as right-angle conical mirror 102 can be coated with an optical multilayer coating.
- the right-angled conical mirror 102 and the high-temperature bath 116 for example, materials that have a low vapor pressure when heated to the set temperature and that suppress the amount of gas released under an ultra-high vacuum are used.
- the right-angle cone mirror 102 and the high-temperature bath 116 the right-angle cone mirror 102 has a sufficient reflectance with respect to an incident laser beam (laser beam 132 described later) in a state of being heated to a set temperature.
- a material may be used for the surface of the conical mirror 102 that does not chemically react with atomic gases, does not alloy with atomic gases, and maintains sufficient reflectance. Further, the surface of the right-angle cone mirror 102 is polished so that the surface roughness of the right-angle cone mirror 102 is sufficiently small relative to the wavelength of the incident laser light.
- a material that maintains transparency at the set temperature eg sapphire
- a film that can maintain transparency at a set temperature may be formed on the optical window 104 made of sapphire.
- a titanium oxide alloy/silica-based multilayer laminated film may be formed on the optical window 104 by using an electron beam evaporation method.
- the thermal radiation shield 120 is installed to prevent thermal radiation to parts arranged around the slow atom beam generator 100 .
- a thermal radiation shield 120 is provided to cover the heater 108 , the magnetic field generator 112 and the hot bath 116 . That is, the heater 108 , the magnetic field generator 112 , and the hot bath 116 are arranged in a space surrounded by the thermal radiation shield 120 .
- a material with a low surface emissivity eg, mirror-finished aluminum, mirror-finished stainless steel
- a plurality of thermal radiation shields 120 may be stacked and installed.
- the outer sheet can be made of a material having a high magnetic permeability, such as permalloy, to serve as both a thermal radiation shield and an electromagnetic shield.
- Each window is arranged on the Z-axis in the order of the optical window 104, the cooling filter window 124, and the vacuum-resistant window 126.
- An optical window 104 is provided at one end of the hot bath 116 facing the right-angled conical mirror 102 .
- the material of the vacuum-resistant window 126 is, for example, Pyrex (registered trademark) glass, quartz glass, or the like. Also, the surface of the vacuum-resistant window 126 may be coated with a film such as an antireflection coating that can maintain transparency.
- the cooling filter window 124 is coated with a coating that increases the reflectance at the center wavelength of the spectrum of radiation from the high temperature section, and is located between the optical window 104 and the vacuum-resistant window 126 on the optical path of the laser light incident on the optical window 104. to prevent heat from flowing from the optical window 104 to the vacuum-resistant window 126 .
- an anti-reflection coating [against the laser light incident on the optical window 104] may be applied to the cooling filter window 124.
- the material of the cooling filter window 124 is, for example, the same material as the vacuum resistant window 126 .
- a heat ray cut filter may be used instead of the cooling filter window 124 .
- the heat insulating support rod 122 is provided from the high temperature bath 116 to the flange 118.
- a material with low thermal conductivity is used to prevent heat from flowing out from the high temperature section to the room temperature section, improve the thermal efficiency of the heater in the high temperature section, and maintain the temperature stability of the room temperature section. is used.
- magnesia, steatite ceramic, or the like is used as the material for the heat insulating support rods 122 .
- the vacuum-resistant electrical connector 128 is a hermetic connector for transmitting and receiving electrical signals between a vacuum space and an atmospheric space.
- the vacuum-resistant electrical connector 128 is used, for example, for signal input/output of the thermometer 114, current supply to the heater 108, current supply to the magnetic field generator 112, and the like. Note that wiring is not shown in FIG. 2 for convenience of explanation.
- the flange 118 is a member for attaching the slow atom beam generator 100 to a physics package such as an atomic clock device such as the optical lattice clock 10, an atomic interferometer device, or a quantum computer device that uses atoms as qubits.
- the physics package includes a vacuum vessel, and the slow atom beam generator 100 has a high temperature chamber 116 which is used in an ultra-high vacuum environment, and the interior of the high temperature chamber 116 is maintained at an ultra-high vacuum. Therefore, the flange 118 has a sealing mechanism for sealing a vacuum, such as a metal gasket system. It should be noted that heat may be transferred from the high temperature section to the flange 118 . To address this, the flange 118 may be provided with a water cooling mechanism.
- the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 will be described below.
- the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 is installed in a position inside the magnetic field generator 112 (that is, a position closer to the opening 106 than the magnetic field generator 112) and in a narrower range than the magnetic field generator 112 in the Z-axis direction. , the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generator 112 is relaxed at and around the opening 106 . Further, the magnetic gradient relaxation module 130 is arranged in the hot bath 116 without being arranged in the area surrounded by the hot bath 116, that is, the area where the right-angled conical mirror 102 is formed. In this way, the laser light 132 is incident on the right-angled conical mirror 102 and reflected by the right-angled conical mirror 102 unobstructed by the magnetic grading module 130 .
- a space that is axially symmetrical with respect to the Z-axis is formed inside the high-temperature bath 116 .
- regions A and B indicated by dashed lines are formed. Areas A and B are areas surrounded by hot bath 116 . Region B is a region closer to opening 106 than region A, and region A is a region farther from opening 106 than region B is.
- the magnetic field generator 112 is designed to form a magnetic field gradient that is as uniform as possible in the space inside the hot bath 116 (that is, the space containing regions A and B).
- the magnetic gradient relaxation module 130 is designed to locally create a magnetic field gradient in region B while leaving region A unaffected by the magnetic field. That is, the magnetic field gradient reduction module 130 is configured to form a magnetic field gradient in a region B that is narrower than the entire region including regions A and B in which the magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and that is inside the entire region.
- the magnetic field gradient reduction module 130 is provided around the opening 106 with the Z-axis as the center axis to form a magnetic field gradient in region B.
- the magnetic gradient relaxation module 130 is designed, for example, to achieve magnetic poles having a shape similar to that of the magnetic field generator 112 and having a sign opposite to the magnetic poles formed by the magnetic field generator 112 .
- the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 is an anti-Helmholtz coil having a shape similar to that of the anti-Helmholtz coil and centered on the Z-axis. It is installed around the opening 106 as. The direction of the current flowing through each coil is set so that the current flows in the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field generator 112 and the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 in opposite directions.
- the direction of the current in each coil is set so that the current flows in the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 in the direction opposite to the direction of the current flowing in the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field generator 112 .
- the magnetic field gradient reduction module 130 may be a tubular permanent magnet having a shape similar to that of the tubular permanent magnet. It is a permanent magnet magnetized in the opposite direction to the permanent magnet of the magnetic field generator 112 .
- the magnetic field gradient relaxation module is a soft magnet with high magnetic permeability such as Permalloy.
- FIG. 3 shows a slow atom beam generator in which soft magnets are used.
- the magnetic field grading module 130a shown in FIG. 3 is a soft magnet.
- a soft magnet with high permeability absorbs the magnetic flux around it. The magnetic flux of the absorbed portion will be relaxed.
- the magnetic grading module 130a consists of an annular soft magnet and is spaced from the center of the quadrupole magnetic field produced by the magnetic field generator 112 by a distance approximately equal to its radius.
- Magnetic field grading modules consisting of annular soft magnets may be arranged such that their axes are parallel to the central axis of the magnetic field generator 112 and their central points coincide with each other.
- FIG. 4 shows a specific example of attaching the magnetic field gradient relaxation module to the high temperature bath 116 .
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the hot bath 116 and the magnetic field grading module 130a composed of soft magnets.
- a groove 116 a surrounding the opening 106 is formed around the opening 106 in the hot bath 116 .
- a ring-shaped magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130a is fitted in the groove 116a.
- a magnetic field grading module 130 consisting of a ring-shaped permanent magnet may be fitted in the groove 116a.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the hot bath 116 and the magnetic field grading module 130a composed of soft magnets.
- the high-temperature bath 116 is formed with a protrusion 116 b surrounding the opening 106 around the opening 106 .
- a ring-shaped magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130a is fitted in the protrusion 116b.
- a magnetic field grading module 130 consisting of a ring-shaped permanent magnet may be fitted into the protrusion 116b.
- FIG. 6 shows the calculation results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130.
- Calculation results A1 and A2 are calculation results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generator 112 .
- Calculation results B1 and B2 are calculation results when using the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 composed of two ring-shaped soft magnets arranged side by side, and are formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130. It is a calculation result of magnetic field distribution.
- Calculation results C1 and C2 are the calculation results when the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 made of a cylindrical soft magnet is used, and are the calculation results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130. is.
- Calculation results A1, B1, and C1 show a magnetic field map that expresses the magnetic field strength by color tone (shading). Calculation results A2, B2, and C2 indicate contour lines of the magnetic field.
- the same contour lines as in the calculation results A1 and A2 are formed at positions away from the center, but the contour lines are sparse near the center, that is, the magnetic field It can be seen that a region with a moderated gradient is formed.
- FIG. 7 shows magnetic field profiles corresponding to the calculation results B1 and B2.
- FIG. 8 shows magnetic field profiles corresponding to the calculation results C1 and C2.
- the vertical axis indicates the magnetic field
- the vertical axis indicates the gradient of the magnetic field.
- the horizontal axis indicates the distance in the radial direction
- the horizontal axis indicates the distance in the Z-axis direction.
- a profile D1 in FIGS. 7 and 8 is a magnetic field profile formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130.
- a profile D2 is a magnetic field profile formed by the magnetic field generator 112 alone without using the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 . It can be understood that the magnetic field gradient is locally relaxed by using the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 .
- a strong magnetic field gradient is formed in the region A and a weak magnetic field gradient is formed in the region B. That is, in region B, a strong magnetic field gradient generated by the magnetic field generator 112 is relaxed by the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130, thereby locally forming a weak magnetic field gradient.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of the slow atom beam generator according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing energy transitions.
- the laser light 132 enters the slow atom beam generator 100 from outside the slow atom beam generator 100 through the vacuum-resistant window 126 .
- Laser light 132 has circular polarization (eg, ⁇ +).
- a laser beam 132 entering the slow atom beam generator 100 passes through the cooling filter window 124 and the optical window 104 and is reflected twice by the right-angle conical mirror 102 in the hot bath 116 (see reference numeral 136).
- the reflected laser beam 132 has circular polarization opposite to that of the forward path (eg, ⁇ -), passes through the optical window 104, the cooling filter window 124, and the vacuum-resistant window 126, and exits the slow atom beam generator 100. emit.
- the laser beam 134 shown in FIG. 2 is a push laser beam, which passes through the vacuum-resistant window 126 from the outside of the slow-atom beam generator 100 along the X-axis and enters the slow-atom beam generator 100. .
- the heater 108 heats the high-temperature chamber 116 to heat the atom source, which evaporates the atoms and releases them into the space inside the high-temperature chamber 116 .
- Atomic gases are trapped and cooled inside the hot bath 116 using a magneto-optical trap.
- the magnetic field generator 112 forms a gradient magnetic field in the space inside the high-temperature bath 116 (the area including areas A and B), and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130 relaxes the magnetic field gradient in the area B.
- the magnetic field and magnetic field gradient indicated by the magnetic field profile D1 shown in FIG. 7 or 8 are formed.
- the reflected laser light 132 and the magnetic field formed by the magnetic field generator 112 and the magnetic field grading module 130 form a trapping space inside the hot chamber 116 for trapping atoms, thereby trapping the atoms.
- a magneto-optical trap (MOT) is realized.
- FIG. 1 The transition from the 3P2 level , which is a metastable state , to the 3D3 level has a narrow natural width, and is expected to cool down to a low temperature with a long lifetime.
- the atoms trapped and cooled by the magneto-optical trap in this way are output from the opening 106 to the outside of the high temperature bath 116 by the laser light 134, which is push laser light.
- the atoms output in this way form a slow atom beam.
- the thermal radiation shield 120 is formed with an opening on the Z-axis, and the slow atom beam emitted from the high-temperature chamber 116 passes through the opening formed in the thermal radiation shield 120 to the outside of the thermal radiation shield 120.
- the entire high temperature chamber 116 including the optical window 104 is heated in addition to the sample 110. Therefore, even an element that has a low saturated vapor pressure at room temperature and cannot obtain a sufficient atomic gas can obtain a sufficient atomic gas by increasing the saturated vapor pressure by heating.
- strontium is used as the atomic source. By heating the high-temperature bath 116 to about 270° C., sufficient atomic gas can be obtained even when strontium is used as the atomic source.
- a magneto-optical trap can be used to generate a high flux of cold atom beams.
- An element other than strontium may be used as the element having a low saturated vapor pressure at room temperature.
- ytterbium may be used as an atomic source.
- the thermal radiation emitted by the high-temperature part is suppressed. be able to.
- the length of the heat insulation support rod 122 which mainly conducts heat between the high temperature part and the room temperature part, is an important parameter.
- Magnesia (MgO) is suitable as a material for the heat insulating support rods 122 in consideration of less outgassing in a UHV environment.
- the number of heat insulating support rods 122 is preferably three from the viewpoint of heat release. Of course, this number is only an example, and the number may be other than three.
- As the material of the high-temperature bath 116 it is preferable to use aluminum, which has a high reflectance and does not readily react chemically with atomic gases. By using aluminum, which is a light metal, as a material, it is possible to reduce the weight of the slow atom beam generator and reduce the risk of deformation of the support.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a slow atom beam generator 200 according to the second embodiment.
- a slow-atom beam generator 200 according to the second embodiment includes a high-temperature chamber 202 instead of the high-temperature chamber 116 of the slow-atom beam generator 100 according to the first embodiment. Since the configuration of the slow-atom beam generating apparatus 200 other than the high-temperature chamber 202 is the same as the configuration of the slow-atom beam generating apparatus 100, the configuration of the high-temperature chamber 202 will be described below, and the configuration other than the high-temperature chamber 202 will be described. are omitted. Note that FIG. 11 shows the magnetic gradient relaxation module 130a made of a soft magnet as the magnetic gradient relaxation module, but the magnetic gradient relaxation module 130 may be used.
- a right-angle conical mirror 102 is provided on the inner surface of the high-temperature bath 202 as in the first embodiment.
- the opening 106 is not formed at the vertex of the right-angle conical mirror 102, but a passage 204 extending along the X-axis perpendicular to the Z-axis is formed near the vertex.
- a passageway 204 extends through the hot bath 202 extending in the X-axis.
- the magnetic field generator 112 forms a gradient magnetic field in the space inside the high-temperature chamber 202 (the region including regions A and B), and the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130a (or the magnetic field gradient relaxation module 130) , the magnetic field gradient in region B is relaxed.
- the optical grating By irradiating the optical grating light beam into the passage 204 and slightly changing the wavelength of the optical grating light beam, the optical grating can be aligned in the traveling direction of the optical grating light beam. Atoms trapped in the region B can be moved within the passage 204 by the moving means of the moving optical grating. Atoms moved within passage 204 are output to the outside from opening 206 . The atoms output in this way form a slow atom beam.
- two-stage cooling can be realized in the same slow-atom beam generator 200. Moreover, according to the second embodiment, there is an advantage that the laser light 132 used for the magneto-optical trap does not leak outside from the opening 106 .
- the physical package 12 of the optical lattice clock according to this embodiment will be described below.
- the physics package 12 includes the slow atom beam generator 100 according to the first embodiment, a vacuum chamber surrounding a clock transition space in which atoms are arranged, and a mechanism for realizing magneto-optical traps and clock transitions in the vacuum chamber 6. including. The operation of the physical package 12 will be described below.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber is evacuated.
- the slow-atom beam sufficiently decelerated by the slow-atom beam generator 100 is emitted from the slow-atom beam generator 100 and reaches a magneto-optical trap device (MOT device) in the vacuum chamber.
- MOT device magneto-optical trap device
- a magnetic field having a linear spatial gradient is formed around the trapping space in which atoms are trapped, and MOT light is irradiated.
- atoms are captured in the trapping space.
- the slow atom beam reaching the MOT device is decelerated in the trapping space, thereby trapping the atomic population in the trapping space.
- the optical lattice light beam enters the trapping space and is reflected by the optical resonator provided in the vacuum chamber, thereby forming an optical lattice potential in which standing waves continue in the traveling direction of the optical lattice light beam. be. Atomic ensembles are trapped in the optical lattice potential.
- the optical grating can be moved in the traveling direction of the optical grating light beam.
- a group of atoms is moved to the clock transition spectroscopic region by means of the moving optical grating.
- the clock transition space is off the beam axis of the slow atom beam.
- atoms are irradiated with laser light whose optical frequency is controlled, and high-precision spectroscopy of clock transitions (that is, atomic resonance transitions that serve as the reference for clocks) is performed to measure the unique and unchanging frequencies of atoms. This realizes an accurate atomic clock. If it is not necessary to move the atomic population from the capture space to the clock transition space, spectroscopy may be performed in the capture space.
- the emitted light is received by the optical system device 14, subjected to spectroscopic processing by the control device 16, and the frequency is obtained.
- the slow-atom beam generator 200 according to the second embodiment may be used instead of the slow-atom beam generator 100 according to the first embodiment.
- each embodiment can be applied to other than the optical lattice clock by those skilled in the art. Specifically, it is applicable to atomic clocks other than optical lattice clocks, or atomic interferometers which are interferometers using atoms.
- atomic clocks other than optical lattice clocks, or atomic interferometers which are interferometers using atoms.
- a physics package for an atomic clock or a physics package for an atomic interferometer that includes the slow atom beam generator and the vacuum chamber according to the embodiment may be constructed.
- the present embodiment can also be applied to various quantum information processing devices for atoms or ionized atoms. Quantum information processing device refers to a device that performs measurement, sensing, and information processing using the quantum state of atoms and light.
- Quantum simulators can be exemplified.
- the physical package of the quantum information processing device can achieve miniaturization or portability similar to the physical package of the optical lattice clock.
- the clock transition space may simply be treated as a space in which clock transition spectroscopy occurs, rather than a space intended for time measurement.
- optical lattice clock 10 optical lattice clock, 12 physics package, 14 optical system device, 16 control device, 100, 200 slow atom beam generator, 102 right angle cone mirror, 104 optical window, 106 aperture, 108 heater, 110 sample, 112 magnetic field generator , 116 hot chamber, 120 thermal radiation shield, 130, 130a magnetic field gradient relaxation module, 132, 134 laser light.
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Abstract
Description
図1を参照して、本実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置が用いられる光格子時計10の概略構成について説明する。図1は、光格子時計10の全体構成を示すブロック図である。ここでは、低速原子ビーム生成装置が用いられる装置の一例として光格子時計10を例に挙げて説明するが、もちろん、本実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置は、光格子時計10以外の装置に用いられてもよい。
図2を参照して、第1実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置の構成について説明する。図2は、第1実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置100の構成を模式的に示す図である。以下では、低速原子ビーム生成装置100の長手方向に平行な軸をZ軸と称することとする。
図11を参照して、第2実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置の構成について説明する。図11は、第2実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置200の構成を模式的に示す図である。
以下、本実施形態に係る光格子時計の物理パッケージ12について説明する。物理パッケージ12は、第1実施形態に係る低速原子ビーム生成装置100と、原子が配置される時計遷移空間を囲む真空チャンバーと、真空チャンバー6内にて磁気光学トラップ及び時計遷移を実現する機構とを含む。以下、物理パッケージ12の動作について説明する。
Claims (15)
- 原子源と、一方端に設けられてレーザー光を通す光学窓と、他方端に設けられて頂点に開口部を有し、前記光学窓から入射したレーザー光を前記開口部以外の部分で前記一方端に向けて反射するミラーと、を含む高温槽と、
前記高温槽を加熱することで、前記原子源から前記高温槽内に原子気体を発生させるヒーターと、
前記ミラーによって反射されたレーザー光が交差する領域に磁場を発生させる磁場発生装置と、
前記開口部にて、前記磁場発生装置が発生させる磁場の勾配を緩和させる緩和磁場を発生させる磁場勾配緩和モジュールと、
を含み、
レーザー光と磁場とによって実現される磁気光学トラップを利用することで原子気体から原子ビームを形成し、前記開口部から原子ビームを外部に出射させる、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記磁場発生装置は、磁場勾配を形成する反ヘルムホルツコイルであり、
前記緩和モジュールは、前記反ヘルムホルツコイルと相似の形状を有し、前記反ヘルムホルツコイルとは反対向きに電流が流れるコイルである、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記磁場発生装置は、磁場勾配を形成する筒状の永久磁石であり、
前記緩和モジュールは、前記筒状の永久磁石と相似の形状を有し、前記筒状の永久磁石とは反対向きに着磁されている、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記磁場発生装置は、磁場勾配を形成し、
前記緩和モジュールは、ソフト磁石からなり、その内部の磁束を吸収することで、内部の磁場勾配を緩和する、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項4のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記開口部は、レーザー光の軸上以外の場所に形成されている、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記原子源はストロンチウムである、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記原子源はイッテルビウムである、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記高温槽は、2n(n=2以上の整数)軸対称の直角円錐状の形状を有する、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置において、
前記高温槽は、直角四角錐状の形状を有する、
ことを特徴とする低速原子ビーム生成装置。 - 請求項1から請求項9のいずれか一項に記載の低速原子ビーム生成装置と、
原子が配置される時計遷移空間を囲む真空チャンバーと、
を含む、
ことを特徴とする物理パッケージ。 - 請求項10に記載の物理パッケージを含む、
ことを特徴とする光格子時計用物理パッケージ。 - 請求項10に記載の物理パッケージを含む、
ことを特徴とする原子時計用物理パッケージ。 - 請求項10に記載の物理パッケージを含む、
ことを特徴とする原子干渉計用物理パッケージ。 - 請求項10に記載の物理パッケージを含む、
ことを特徴とする原子又はイオン化された原子についての量子情報処理デバイス用物理パッケージ。 - 請求項10に記載の物理パッケージと、
前記物理パッケージの動作を制御する制御装置と、
を含む物理パッケージシステム。
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EP22784409.9A EP4322344A1 (en) | 2021-04-08 | 2022-03-09 | Slow atomic beam generator, physical package, physical package for optical grid clock, physical package for atomic clock, physical package for atomic interferometer, physical package for quantum information processing device, and physical package system |
KR1020237034052A KR20230167364A (ko) | 2021-04-08 | 2022-03-09 | 저속 원자빔 생성 장치, 물리 패키지, 광격자 시계용 물리 패키지, 원자 시계용 물리 패키지, 원자 간섭계용 물리 패키지, 양자 정보 처리 디바이스용 물리 패키지 및 물리 패키지 시스템 |
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CN109781088A (zh) * | 2019-03-12 | 2019-05-21 | 中国计量大学 | 一种小型化的原子干涉陀螺仪装置及测量方法 |
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CN117136476A (zh) | 2023-11-28 |
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JPWO2022215424A1 (ja) | 2022-10-13 |
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