WO2022214547A1 - Verfahren zur additiven fertigung eines bauteils, lastabtragungselement, bewehrung zur verwendung innerhalb eines bauteils und additiv gefertigtes bauteil - Google Patents
Verfahren zur additiven fertigung eines bauteils, lastabtragungselement, bewehrung zur verwendung innerhalb eines bauteils und additiv gefertigtes bauteil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022214547A1 WO2022214547A1 PCT/EP2022/059133 EP2022059133W WO2022214547A1 WO 2022214547 A1 WO2022214547 A1 WO 2022214547A1 EP 2022059133 W EP2022059133 W EP 2022059133W WO 2022214547 A1 WO2022214547 A1 WO 2022214547A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- load transfer
- reinforcement
- transfer element
- component
- building material
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 title claims description 136
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 abstract 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002986 polymer concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/001—Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/35—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
- E04C5/02—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of low bending resistance
- E04C5/04—Mats
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/16—Auxiliary parts for reinforcements, e.g. connectors, spacers, stirrups
- E04C5/18—Spacers of metal or substantially of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/16—Auxiliary parts for reinforcements, e.g. connectors, spacers, stirrups
- E04C5/20—Auxiliary parts for reinforcements, e.g. connectors, spacers, stirrups of material other than metal or with only additional metal parts, e.g. concrete or plastics spacers with metal binding wires
- E04C5/205—Ladder or strip spacers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
- E04G21/04—Devices for both conveying and distributing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
- E04G21/04—Devices for both conveying and distributing
- E04G21/0418—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose
- E04G21/0445—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms
- E04G21/0463—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms with boom control mechanisms, e.g. to automate concrete distribution
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the additive manufacturing of a component from a building material, according to which a material dispensing unit separates the building material in layers, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a computer program and an additively manufactured component.
- the invention relates to a load transfer element according to the preamble of claim 22, and a reinforcement for use within a component, in particular within an additively manufactured component.
- Methods for the additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects are known for the manufacture of models, prototypes, tools and end products, for example.
- Starting materials in the form of liquids, powder or filaments made of thermoplastics are deposited by a print head attached to an end effector of an actuator device in order to build up the object layer by layer on the basis of 3D data of the object to be manufactured.
- Such a method is also referred to, among other things, as a “generative manufacturing method” or “3D printing”.
- 3D concrete printing means that buildings can be produced more quickly and at lower cost. With the help of a 3D concrete printer, concrete structures can be realized quickly and inexpensively, with the greatest freedom of design at the same time.
- reinforcements are known from the construction industry for reinforcing components.
- the bonding of the building material with the reinforcement can result in an increased bearing capacity and/or tensile strength.
- the combination of a 3D printer and the use of reinforcement is sometimes difficult, especially when it comes to minimizing manual intervention as much as possible.
- formwork anchors are used in the construction industry, which extend from one formwork component to the opposite formwork component, i.e. from one side of the formwork to the other side of the formwork, in order to hold the formwork in place during To stabilize filling and curing of the additional component.
- the formwork anchors can then be removed again in order to detach the formwork from the finished component.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for the additive manufacturing of components that ensures additional reinforcement of the component and preferably high process reliability.
- the present invention is also based on the object of providing an advantageous computer program and a particularly robust, additively manufactured component that can preferably be produced quickly and inexpensively.
- the object is achieved for the method with the features listed in claim 1.
- the object is achieved by the features of claim 21.
- the object is achieved by the features of claim 22, with regard to the reinforcement by the features of claim 23 and with regard to the additively manufactured component by claim 24.
- a method for the additive manufacturing of a component from a building material is provided.
- the component to be manufactured can in particular be part of a building or a formwork that is also mentioned below.
- the component can also be a complete structure or a act complete formwork.
- any components can be additively manufactured according to the invention.
- structures can be structures of all kinds, but in particular protective structures, such as buildings for housing and residence of people or animals, protective walls, dykes, shelters, enclosures, military and fortification systems, city walls and prison walls.
- a structure can also be a traffic structure, for example a street, a pedestrian walkway, a bridge or a tunnel.
- Supply and disposal structures such as wells, sewage treatment plants, dams, chimneys or temporary structures can also be manufactured additively within the scope of the invention.
- a structural part of a structure can in particular be a functional component of a structure, in particular a functionally or geometrically connected part of the structure, such as a wall, a support or a staircase.
- a part of a building made up of several components of the building (for example a storey or floor of a building) can also be summarized under the term “component” within the scope of the invention.
- the formwork or formwork component described below can also be a component within the scope of the invention, in particular if the formwork component or formwork then forms part of the structure, for example the outer part of a wall of the structure.
- a base can be provided on which the component is reached.
- a subsoil can be understood in particular as a subsoil and/or a foundation on which the structure or component is erected.
- the underground can also be a floor of a multi-storey building or a mobile, movable underground.
- the component including the subsurface is transported to its intended installation site after additive manufacturing.
- any surface on which the component can be erected (permanently or temporarily) can be used as a subsurface.
- the proposed method can also be used to produce a plurality of components, possibly also components that are not connected to one another.
- a material output unit separates the building material in layers along a predetermined print path.
- the print path can be calculated based on the 3D data of the component. Corresponding process steps are already known from conventional 3D printing.
- the 3D data of the component can in particular be three-dimensional CAD data.
- the component can be represented in the data in particular by point clouds, edge models, surface models and/or volume models.
- a control device can be provided which controls and/or regulates the method or individual method steps.
- the control device can be set up to calculate the print path using the entered 3D data.
- the control device can be set up, for example, to calculate a virtual model of the component in the known STL format (“Standard Triangulation/Tessellation Language” format) from the 3D data of the component.
- STL format Standard Triangulation/Tessellation Language
- the component data can be described using triangular facets. The principle is known and is therefore not described in detail.
- An STL interface is a standard interface of many CAD systems.
- the control device can be set up to initially calculate STL data for further processing from any 3D CAD data.
- the control device can also be set up to record and further process 3D data that is already in STL format. In principle, any other data format can also be provided.
- the control device can be set up to use the STL data (or other 3D data) to convert the component data into printer data for a 3D print ( or for additive manufacturing).
- the control device can be provided, among other things, to convert the 3D data or STL data into individual layers to be printed (so-called "slicing"), after which the print paths are calculated for the individual layers in order to specify the movements of the material output unit.
- the control device can be set up to control the material output unit as a function of the printed webs and/or to regulate the application or the separation of the building material.
- the material dispensing unit is designed as a nozzle, print head or extruder in order to dispense the building material.
- At least one load transfer element extends into the pressure path (or beyond it, as will be described below).
- the material output unit separates the building material onto the load transfer element located in the print path. Provision is made for a load transfer element located in a displacement path of the material output unit to be at least temporarily pushed out of the print path by the material output unit, while the material output unit separates the building material along the specified print path.
- the pressure or the movement of the material output unit can take place regardless of the positions of the load transfer elements. Unintentional damage to the material output unit or its actuators can be avoided in this way. Because the load transfer elements are displaced from the material output unit, the material output unit can finally work without interruption. This can lead to a reduced construction time. the Load transfer elements therefore do not have to be inserted manually or automatically in layers. This can be an advantage because the need to lay the load transfer elements in layers usually requires equal pressure on both sides of the reinforcement and/or may require the pressure to be temporarily interrupted. In a preferred embodiment, the load transfer elements can be designed to be flexible or at least partially flexible in order to enable displacement.
- the at least one load transfer element is designed in particular to absorb and dissipate tensile forces. In this way, the load transfer element is able to stabilize the component particularly well, in particular a formwork that is then filled with an additional building material.
- the pressure track runs at least in sections along a reinforcement, starting from which the at least one load transfer element extends into the pressure track.
- the load transfer elements can be positioned and/or attached to any mounts or objects.
- Reinforcements are known in principle and can be used arbitrarily within the scope of the invention. Any kind of reinforcement or reinforcement can be provided that increases the load-bearing capacity in combination with the building material.
- the load transfer elements are preferably introduced into the reinforcement or connected to the reinforcement before the additive manufacturing of the component.
- the load transfer elements can be attached to the reinforcement, for example. In principle, however, the load transfer elements can also be inserted loosely into the reinforcement - this is generally not preferred, however.
- the reinforcement can be set up or laid by a specialist, preferably before the start of the building material separation by the material output unit.
- the reinforcement can optionally be connected to other components and/or to the subsoil with a connection reinforcement or in some other way. However, a free-standing, ie unconnected reinforcement can also be provided if necessary.
- the position of the reinforcement can be taken into account in the 3D data when calculating the pressure path.
- the finished component can be significantly reinforced mechanically.
- the proposed method for the additive manufacturing of a formwork component is used.
- the component can therefore be a formwork component.
- the component can be a complete formwork (ie a hollow form in the manner of a casting mold) made up of two formwork components running parallel to one another.
- the invention is very particularly advantageous for additive manufacturing of a formwork or at least one formwork component of a formwork.
- the use of the invention should not be understood to be limited to the additive manufacturing of a formwork or a formwork component.
- the aforesaid compression is performed from both sides of the reinforcement in order to erect a double-sided, so-called "lost formwork" around the reinforcement.
- Such formwork can be used, for example, in buildings or parts of buildings that do not have to have a high load-bearing capacity (e.g. individual walls).
- the cavity between such formwork can either remain free or be provided with insulation.
- the formwork is filled with an additional building material.
- conventional concrete is preferably introduced into the finished formwork.
- the additional building material can be the same building material that is also used for the additive manufacturing of the component. However, it can also be a different building material.
- the additional building material that is introduced into the formwork can be conventional concrete and the building material for additive manufacturing can be concrete that is specifically suitable for additive manufacturing.
- the concrete recipe can thus preferably differ.
- different types of materials can also be provided, such as plastic for manufacturing the formwork and concrete for filling the formwork. Any combination is possible.
- fresh concrete fresh concrete
- mortar is used as the building material.
- a concrete recipe with small aggregate is preferred.
- a concrete can be provided which sets quickly and in particular has a high green strength.
- any other building material can also be provided which can be suitable for the manufacture or construction of buildings or their components, in particular polymer concrete, gypsum, clay, a plastic, preferably a thermoplastic but also metals or alloys.
- any building materials can be provided within the scope of the invention.
- the component can be made from one, two, three, four or even more starting materials or building materials.
- different concrete mixtures, plastics, metals and/or alloys can be combined with one another as desired.
- the pressure path runs parallel to the reinforcement, at least in sections.
- the pressure track is spaced from the reinforcement or is immediately adjacent to the reinforcement.
- the pressure web can also overlap with the reinforcement in order to bring the building material at least partially into the reinforcement during production.
- the stability of the component can optionally be further increased.
- the reinforcement is a reinforcement mat and/or a reinforcement cage and/or a reinforcement bar (in particular one or more quasi-free-standing reinforcement bars which are fastened to a substrate, for example) and/or a reinforcement wire or a reinforcement cable (e.g. one or more prestressed reinforcement wires/reinforcement cables).
- the reinforcement can in particular be made of reinforcement steel or structural steel.
- the reinforcement can also have carbon or carbon fibers, glass fibers, wood and/or plastic or be formed from these materials.
- the reinforcement can have, among other things, so-called reinforcement mats (lattice-like structures) and/or reinforcement cages and/or reinforcement rods.
- the reinforcement is preferably formed from at least one reinforcement cage or has at least one reinforcement cage, since a reinforcement cage can be set up freely with sufficient mechanical stability.
- Reinforcement cages are usually formed from two or more reinforcement mats that are connected parallel to one another with as much torsion resistance as possible to ensure that the reinforcement cage is stable after it has been set up and cannot or only insignificantly sway or "wobble". Normalized standard reinforcement cages can preferably be provided.
- a conventional reinforcement can be advantageously integrated into 3D-printed concrete structures and the reinforcement can be further increased by the load transfer elements.
- the reinforcement can have a number of horizontal struts and a number of vertical struts, particularly if it has a reinforcement mat or a reinforcement cage.
- the vertical struts preferably run in the perpendicular direction of the ground and the horizontal struts preferably run orthogonally to the vertical struts.
- the vertical direction is to be understood in relation to the plumb to the substrate and the horizontal direction is to be understood at right angles thereto.
- the at least one load transfer element is fastened to the reinforcement.
- the at least one load transfer element can rest, for example, on two horizontal struts of the reinforcement that are offset from one another, for example on the horizontal struts of a reinforcement cage that are spaced apart from one another or on two adjacent reinforcement meshes of the same height level, and can optionally be fastened to one or more of the horizontal struts and/or vertical struts.
- the at least one load transfer element does not necessarily have to rest on the reinforcement and can then, for example, also be attached only to the side of the reinforcement.
- this attachment can in principle be of any type. Any form-fitting, force-fitting and/or material-fit fastening techniques can thus be provided, such as gluing, welding, suitable reshaping or fastening using additional aids such as lashing elements (e.g. cable ties). In special cases it can even be provided that the at least one load transfer element is designed in one piece with the reinforcement.
- reinforcement is not absolutely necessary. Provision can also be made, for example, for the at least one load transfer element to be attached to a holder or other object and/or to rest on a holder or other object. Fastening to the subsoil on which the building is erected, or to a connecting reinforcement, can optionally be provided.
- the reinforcement is arranged between two parallel pressure tracks.
- load transfer elements preferably extend on both sides of the reinforcement into the respective pressure path.
- separate load transfer elements can be provided on each side of the reinforcement.
- a particularly good reinforcement can result if the at least one load transfer member extending from the first compression track to the second compression track through the reinforcement.
- the at least one load transfer element extends beyond the pressure path in order to protrude or protrude laterally from the finished component after the building material has been separated.
- the load transfer elements can also end within the pressure path or end with the side surface of the component.
- the load transfer elements protrude beyond the pressure track, they can be color-coded so that the extent of the building material cover or concrete cover, i.e. the lateral overlap of the load transfer element with the building material, is made visible in the finished component (e.g. a wall or a formwork component). becomes.
- the finished component e.g. a wall or a formwork component.
- a load transfer element that is still visible can indicate insufficient building material coverage and suggest rework.
- the load transfer elements if they later protrude laterally from the finished component, have a thread or other fastening option for a flat support element, such as a support element, at least on their protruding, free ends.
- a flat support element such as a support element
- one load transfer element is used for each layer to be deposited.
- 0.1 to 20 load transfer elements are provided per square meter of formwork, e.g. B. 0.2 to 10 load transfer elements, 0.4 to 5 load transfer elements or exactly one load transfer element, the number of load transfer elements depending on the diameter and/or the material of the load transfer elements and accordingly more or fewer load transfer elements per square meter of formwork can be provided.
- the load transfer element which is pushed out of the printing path, is a load transfer element that is located in the displacement path of the material delivery unit and is of a building material layer to be subsequently deposited, which is pushed at least temporarily out of the printing path by the material delivery unit, while the material dispensing unit deposits the building material along the predetermined print path of a (vertically) underlying layer of building material.
- the at least one load transfer element is connected to the reinforcement via an articulated connection.
- the articulated connection can be designed, for example, in the manner of a film hinge, ie in particular by a cross-sectional narrowing of the load transfer element.
- the at least one load transfer element is designed to be elastic at least in sections (e.g. in the area of one of its ends or also in a central area), in particular to enable the load transfer element to be deflected transversely to its longitudinal axis.
- the articulated connection and/or the sectionally elastic section of the load transfer element are designed to enable the section of the load transfer element extending into the pressure path to be displaceable by the material output unit.
- the deformability or the elasticity of the load transfer element or the articulation can be selected in such a way that the load transfer element can be displaced by the material dispensing unit out of the displacement path of the material dispensing unit and can bend sufficiently and reversibly for this purpose, preferably, but not necessarily, without an (irreversible) plastic experience deformation.
- the at least one load transfer element when the material output unit has moved further along the print path, the at least one load transfer element then experiences a restoring force and moves independently at least substantially, particularly preferably completely, back into the original position and alignment.
- the articulated connection and/or the sectionally elastic section of the load transfer element are designed to enable the section of the load transfer element that has been displaced from the printed web by the material dispensing unit to reset itself.
- the at least one load transfer element can preferably be pivoted at least in the direction of the pressure path or counter to the direction of the pressure path.
- the at least one load transfer element can have a vertically running pivot axis, which preferably runs parallel to the vertical struts of the reinforcement or to the plumb line on the ground.
- the load transfer element can be pivotable or the vertical pivot axis can be positioned in such a way that the load transfer element can be pivoted out of the displacement path of the print head.
- the load transfer elements can thus be in a resting state in a plan view of the subsoil in the pressure path (sometimes independently of the actual altitude).
- the at least one load transfer element is made of a rustproof material.
- a rustproof material for the configuration of the at least one load transfer element has proven to be particularly suitable, since the building material or concrete cover of the load transfer element is usually comparatively small, since the load transfer element extends into the pressure path (or even beyond).
- the load transfer element can thus be particularly susceptible to subsequent corrosion.
- the use of a rustproof material can be advantageous.
- the use of a rustproof material is also not absolutely necessary, for example if the reinforcement itself is made of a rustproof material or if subsequent corrosion of the load transfer element is not important.
- the at least one load transfer element is made of a plastic, a sheet metal material, a textile, a metal (e.g. steel or iron) or a combination of the materials mentioned. This list is not to be understood as conclusive.
- the at least one load transfer element can also be formed from individual fibers or fiber strands (e.g. from glass fibers, carbon fibers etc.), even from fibers of a fundamentally brittle material.
- a fiber composite for example a combination of a plastic and textile fibers, such as Kevlar fibers, can be particularly suitable. Kevlar fibers and fiber bundles can generally be well suited, as they are not able to stretch much in length.
- a composite material with a plastic matrix can also be sufficiently flexible.
- the material output unit is attached to an end effector of an actuator device and is moved by the actuator device along the print path.
- the end effector is preferably designed as a trolley of an actuator device designed as a gantry crane unit. Such a system is also known under the term “portal printer”.
- the end effector can also be designed as the end effector of a robot, in particular an industrial robot.
- a six-axis robot or another movement system for example a hexapod or a five-axis system or a combination of several movement units can be provided in order to move the material output unit.
- the material dispensing unit can be moved in at least one translational degree of freedom, preferably in at least two translational degrees of freedom, in order to dispense the building material, in particular by the actuator device. Due to the possibility of movement along two translational degrees of freedom, for example, a straight wall of a building or a formwork component of a formwork can be manufactured additively.
- a material output unit that can be moved along all translational degrees of freedom enables a flexible production of any three-dimensional structures or three-dimensional components of structures on the subsoil.
- the material dispensing unit can even be moved in at least four degrees of freedom, in particular in all three translational degrees of freedom and at least one rotational degree of freedom.
- a movement along five degrees of freedom (preferably all three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of freedom) and very particularly preferably along all six degrees of freedom can particularly preferably be provided.
- the material output unit is movable in all translational degrees of freedom and additionally in one or more rotational degrees of freedom, the individual printed webs can be deposited with the greatest flexibility.
- the geometry of the component can be specified in almost any way. For example, a tilting of the material delivery unit and/or a rotation of the material delivery unit during the separation of the building material can be provided.
- the material dispensing unit is aligned vertically or orthogonally to the substrate on which the component is erected, while the material dispensing unit is moved along the printing path and separates the building material.
- a vertical separation of the building material is technically particularly easy to implement and usually leads to a particularly good result.
- the at least one load transfer element can be displaced out of the displacement path by the material dispensing unit, a vertical separation of the building material can be advantageously suitable within the scope of the invention.
- the material dispensing unit is aligned at an angle to parallel to the substrate on which the component is erected, while the material dispensing unit is moved along the pressure path and separates the building material in the direction of the reinforcement.
- An oblique separation of the building material can be provided in particular when the at least one load transfer element is rigid. A collision with the material output unit can then be avoided by oblique or parallel deposition, in which case the building material can still be deposited on the load transfer elements of the current layer that are located in the printing path.
- the material delivery unit can be designed to deliver the building material in a defined form, for example in printed webs with rectangular or rounded edges.
- the individual printed webs can, for example, be applied with a rectangular (square or oblong), round or oval cross-section.
- the material dispensing unit preferably dispenses the building material in the intended wall thickness of the component to be printed.
- the material dispensing unit can optionally have lateral guide legs, in particular two opposing guide legs, in order to laterally stabilize and/or shape the building material during discharge.
- the material output unit is designed to selectively separate print webs from different building materials and/or that the material output unit can be exchanged manually or preferably automatically, with each material output unit being set up to separate a specific building material.
- the flexibility of the method can be further improved by the possibility of depositing different building materials and/or different cross-sectional geometries.
- the invention also relates to a computer program, comprising control commands which, when the program is executed by a control device, cause the latter to carry out a method according to the statements above and below.
- the control device can be designed as a microprocessor. Instead of a microprocessor, any other device for implementing the control device can also be provided, for example one or more arrangements of discrete electrical components on a printed circuit board, a programmable logic controller (PLC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or another programmable circuit, for example also a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), and/or a commercial computer.
- PLC programmable logic controller
- ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
- FPGA field programmable gate array
- PLA programmable logic array
- the invention also relates to a load transfer element, which extends along a longitudinal axis, for load transfer along the longitudinal axis, preferably for use within an additively manufactured component. Provision is made for the load transfer element to have an articulated connection and/or at least one elastic section in order to enable a pivoting movement of the load transfer element transversely to the longitudinal axis.
- the invention also relates to a reinforcement for use within a component, in particular within an additively manufactured component, having at least one load transfer element protruding laterally from the reinforcement.
- the invention also relates to an additively manufactured component, produced by a method according to the above and following statements, having a reinforcement that is encased by a building material applied in layers.
- the invention also relates to a device for additively manufacturing a component from a building material, which is set up to carry out a method according to the above and following statements.
- the device has a material dispensing unit for the building material in order to deposit the building material in layers along a predetermined printing path.
- the values and parameters described here are deviations or fluctuations of ⁇ 10% or less, preferably ⁇ 5% or less, more preferably ⁇ 1% or less, and very particularly preferably ⁇ 0.1% or less of the respectively named Include value or parameter, provided that these deviations are not excluded in the implementation of the invention in practice.
- the specification of ranges by means of initial and final values also includes all those values and fractions that are enclosed by the range specified in each case, in particular the initial and final values and a respective mean value.
- the invention also relates to a method, independent of claim 1, for the additive manufacturing of a component from a building material, according to which a material output unit deposits the building material in layers along a predetermined printing path. It is provided that at least one load transfer element extends into the pressure path, with the material dispensing unit depositing the building material onto the load transfer element located in the pressure path.
- FIG. 1 shows a material dispensing unit during the separation of a building material according to the invention for the additive manufacturing of a formwork component in several layers of building material along a reinforcement with several load transfer elements extending into the pressure path;
- FIG. 2 shows the additive manufacturing of a formwork around a reinforcement, with the load transfer elements according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a material dispensing unit which deposits the building material vertically adjacent to the reinforcement
- FIG. 4 shows a material dispensing unit which separates the building material obliquely adjacent to the reinforcement
- FIG. 5 shows an individual illustration of a load transfer element connected to a vertical strut of the reinforcement via an articulated connection.
- FIG. 1 the principle of the method according to the invention is indicated schematically and by way of example.
- a material dispensing unit 3 is provided, which separates the building material 2 in layers along a predetermined print path D.
- the print path D is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1 and the movement of the material output unit 3 is indicated by an arrow.
- the additively manufactured component can in particular be formwork 1 made from two formwork components 1' running parallel to one another (cf., for example, FIGS. 3 and 4).
- the invention is suitable for the production of any desired component 1 or even an entire building and is therefore not to be understood as being limited to the production of a formwork 1 or a formwork component 1′.
- the invention is particularly advantageous for the production of a so-called "lost" formwork 1, which is optionally (but not necessarily) filled with an additional building material (not shown) and which forms part of the later component.
- the building material 2 for additive manufacturing and/or the additional building material can in particular be a flowable mixed concrete. In principle, however, any building material 2 can be provided, for example a plastic or gypsum.
- the component 1 can be erected on a substructure 4 .
- the pressure path D runs at least in sections along a reinforcement 5, which can have, for example, a reinforcement mat (cf. FIG. 1) or an entire reinforcement cage (cf. FIGS. 2 to 4).
- the reinforcement 5 can be set up on the base 4 and optionally connected to the base 4, for example via a so-called connection reinforcement (not shown).
- the pressure track D is preferably spaced apart from the reinforcement 5, as shown in FIGS. But this is not necessarily the point.
- At least one load transfer element 7 is provided, which extends from the reinforcement 5 into the pressure path D, with the material output unit 3 separating the building material 2 onto the load transfer element 7 located in the pressure path D, which can be seen particularly well in Figure 1.
- the reinforcement 5 can be arranged between two parallel pressure tracks D, as is shown in FIG. 2, for example. At least one load transfer element 7 can then be provided on each side of the reinforcement 5 . However, load transfer elements 7 can also be provided, which extend from one side of the reinforcement 5 to the other side of the reinforcement 5, ie protrude into both pressure paths D. This is indicated in FIG. 2 by dashed lines.
- the at least one load transfer element 7 can be fastened to the reinforcement and/or rest on two horizontal struts 8 of the reinforcement 5 that are offset from one another.
- the load transfer element 7 can also be completely covered laterally by the building material 2, which is generally preferred.
- the load transfer elements 7 are distributed along the print path D and are distributed over several layers to be deposited.
- the use of as many load transfer elements 7 as possible can lead to an even and gentle load transfer.
- the number or density of the load transfer elements 7 in the subsequent component 1 can result from the diameter of the load transfer elements 7 .
- a load transfer element 7' (see Figure 1) of a subsequent or higher building material layer located in the acute displacement path of the material output unit 3 can be pushed at least temporarily out of the printing web D by the material output unit 3, while the material output unit 3 the building material 2 along the current pressure path D separates.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of how the material output unit 3 shifts or bends one of the load transfer elements 7′ out of its movement path. The load transfer element 7' can then move back into its original position due to an elastic restoring force.
- the load transfer elements 7 can, for example, be connected to the reinforcement 5 via an articulated connection 10 .
- An example of a joint connection 10 in the manner of a film hinge is shown in FIG.
- the articulated connection 10 or the film hinge can be formed by a cross-sectional reduction and in particular enable a movement in or against the print web D/advance direction of the material output unit 3 (cf. arrows in FIG. 5).
- the load transfer elements 7 can also be elastic at least on a section of their longitudinal axis L (cf. FIG. 5), in particular to enable bending/pivoting transversely to the longitudinal axis L.
- the load transfer elements 7 can also be designed to be completely elastic—however, an elastic design of one of the ends or of a central part can already be sufficient.
- the load transfer element 7 can be connected to the reinforcement 5, for example a vertical strut 9 of the reinforcement 5, in any desired manner.
- a welded connection 11 is indicated in FIG.
- the load transfer element 7 can have cross braces 12 or other anchor elements in order to create an even better connection with the respective building material layer. Recesses or cross-sectional tapering can also be optionally provided.
- the load transfer element 7 is preferably made of a rustproof material.
- the load transfer element 7 can be made of a plastic, a sheet metal material (in particular a stainless sheet metal material), a textile or a composite material, in particular a combination of the materials mentioned.
- the material output unit 3 can be attached to an end effector (not shown) of an actuator device (also not shown).
- a corresponding device for the additive manufacturing of the component can be designed, for example, as a so-called portal printer.
- the actuator device is able to move the end effector or the material output unit 3 along the print path D in preferably several degrees of freedom.
- the material dispensing unit 3 In order to separate the building material 2, provision can be made for the material dispensing unit 3 to be aligned vertically with respect to the substrate 4 on which the component 1 is erected (cf. FIG. 3).
- the load transfer elements 7 are not shown in FIGS. Vertical separation is particularly suitable when the load transfer elements 7 are designed to be flexible and can be displaced by the material dispensing unit 3, as shown in FIG.
- an oblique to parallel orientation of the material delivery unit 3 relative to the substrate 4 can also be suitable in order to deposit the building material 2 in the direction of the reinforcement 5, as indicated in FIG. In this way, a collision between the material dispensing unit 3 and the load transfer elements 7 of higher building material layers can be avoided.
- orientation of the material output unit 3 can be flexibly adjusted during additive manufacturing.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US18/547,983 US20240139996A1 (en) | 2021-04-07 | 2022-04-06 | Method of additively manufacturing a component, load transfer element, reinforcement for use within a component, and actively manufactured component |
EP22721291.7A EP4319952A1 (de) | 2021-04-07 | 2022-04-06 | Verfahren zur additiven fertigung eines bauteils, lastabtragungselement, bewehrung zur verwendung innerhalb eines bauteils und additiv gefertigtes bauteil |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102021108666.3A DE102021108666A1 (de) | 2021-04-07 | 2021-04-07 | Verfahren zur additiven Fertigung eines Bauteils, Lastabtragungselement, Bewehrung zur Verwendung innerhalb eines Bauteils und additiv gefertigtes Bauteil |
DE102021108666.3 | 2021-04-07 |
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WO2022214547A1 true WO2022214547A1 (de) | 2022-10-13 |
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PCT/EP2022/059133 WO2022214547A1 (de) | 2021-04-07 | 2022-04-06 | Verfahren zur additiven fertigung eines bauteils, lastabtragungselement, bewehrung zur verwendung innerhalb eines bauteils und additiv gefertigtes bauteil |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20240139996A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP4319952A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102021108666A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2022214547A1 (de) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3985329A (en) * | 1974-03-28 | 1976-10-12 | Karl Liedgens | Collapsible molds and spacers therefor |
DE102007063561A1 (de) * | 2007-12-30 | 2009-07-09 | Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden (FH) | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Erstellung von Bauwerken |
FR2981097A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-10 | 2013-04-12 | Francoise Dauron | Dispositif pour realiser des isolations de grande epaisseur. |
US20130295338A1 (en) * | 2012-04-03 | 2013-11-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Methods and Apparatus for Computer-Assisted Spray Foam Fabrication |
US20160012935A1 (en) * | 2014-07-11 | 2016-01-14 | Empire Technology Development Llc | Feedstocks for additive manufacturing and methods for their preparation and use |
KR20180085462A (ko) * | 2017-01-19 | 2018-07-27 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 모바일 콘크리트 건축물 3d 프린팅 시스템 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE19915621A1 (de) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-10-12 | Frank Asmus | Schutzzelt für Dacharbeiten |
GB2564083A (en) | 2017-05-04 | 2019-01-09 | Koivuharju Arto | Construction module printing |
DE102019131051B4 (de) | 2019-11-18 | 2024-05-08 | AEDITIVE GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines bewehrten Betonbauteils, bewehrtes Betonbauteil und Fertigungssystem |
-
2021
- 2021-04-07 DE DE102021108666.3A patent/DE102021108666A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-04-06 US US18/547,983 patent/US20240139996A1/en active Pending
- 2022-04-06 WO PCT/EP2022/059133 patent/WO2022214547A1/de active Application Filing
- 2022-04-06 EP EP22721291.7A patent/EP4319952A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3985329A (en) * | 1974-03-28 | 1976-10-12 | Karl Liedgens | Collapsible molds and spacers therefor |
DE102007063561A1 (de) * | 2007-12-30 | 2009-07-09 | Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden (FH) | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Erstellung von Bauwerken |
FR2981097A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-10 | 2013-04-12 | Francoise Dauron | Dispositif pour realiser des isolations de grande epaisseur. |
US20130295338A1 (en) * | 2012-04-03 | 2013-11-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Methods and Apparatus for Computer-Assisted Spray Foam Fabrication |
US20160012935A1 (en) * | 2014-07-11 | 2016-01-14 | Empire Technology Development Llc | Feedstocks for additive manufacturing and methods for their preparation and use |
KR20180085462A (ko) * | 2017-01-19 | 2018-07-27 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 모바일 콘크리트 건축물 3d 프린팅 시스템 |
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DE102021108666A1 (de) | 2022-10-13 |
US20240139996A1 (en) | 2024-05-02 |
EP4319952A1 (de) | 2024-02-14 |
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