WO2022196462A1 - 高分子イオン交換膜、固体電解質形電解装置およびそれを用いた二酸化炭素電解方法 - Google Patents
高分子イオン交換膜、固体電解質形電解装置およびそれを用いた二酸化炭素電解方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022196462A1 WO2022196462A1 PCT/JP2022/010131 JP2022010131W WO2022196462A1 WO 2022196462 A1 WO2022196462 A1 WO 2022196462A1 JP 2022010131 W JP2022010131 W JP 2022010131W WO 2022196462 A1 WO2022196462 A1 WO 2022196462A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2275—Heterogeneous membranes
- C08J5/2281—Heterogeneous membranes fluorine containing heterogeneous membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/23—Carbon monoxide or syngas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a polymer ion exchange membrane, a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device, and a carbon dioxide electrolysis method using the same.
- the ion exchange membrane used as a separator in the carbon dioxide electrolysis device disclosed in Patent Document 1 is arranged between the anode and the cathode.
- Ion-exchange membranes have the property of permeating not only ions but also electrolytes due to their structure.
- a phenomenon in which a very small amount of electrolyte supplied to the anode permeates the ion exchange membrane and deposits as a salt in the vicinity of the cathode (hereinafter sometimes referred to as crossover) is often found.
- the precipitated salt has an adverse effect such as obstructing the supply of carbon dioxide to the cathode catalyst, and may cause deterioration of electrolysis performance such as current density and selectivity.
- the cause of the crossover phenomenon is, for example, water in the molecular state, alcohol, or water in which the ion exchange functional group of the ion exchange membrane, which is a polymer membrane, is combined with H + or OH - , and the ion exchange membrane swells when it absorbs water. It is due to That is, when the ion exchange membrane swells, gaps are formed between the polymer linear chains, allowing hydrated electrolyte ions to permeate the membrane. Therefore, in particular, a membrane having a high ion conductivity and a large ion exchange capacity has a high swellability and easily causes a crossover phenomenon.
- a pore-filling membrane has been developed to prevent such a crossover phenomenon.
- a pore-filling membrane has a structure in which the pores of a porous resin membrane having no ion-exchange properties are filled with an ion-exchange polymer. Since such a porous resin does not swell, the ion-exchange polymer is fixed in the pores, so swelling of the membrane can be suppressed.
- the ionic conductivity of the membrane is greatly reduced, and there is a possibility that the electrolytic performance of the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device may be deteriorated.
- an object of the disclosed technique is to provide a polymer ion exchange membrane capable of suppressing the crossover phenomenon without using a pore-filling membrane, and a technique related to a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device using the same. Make it an issue.
- the present inventors found that an ion-exchange membrane using a combination of two types of ion-exchange resins with different base point densities can suppress swelling due to water absorption, and the present disclosure technology. was completed. That is, the disclosed technology is as follows.
- a polymeric ion exchange membrane including an ion exchange resin (A) and an ion exchange resin (B),
- the difference (DA-DB) between the base point density DA of the ion exchange resin (A) and the base point density DB of the ion exchange resin (B) is 0.3 mmol/cm 3 or more,
- a polymeric ion exchange membrane can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device in the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing how CO 2 can be efficiently adsorbed locally by adding a solid base to the cathode surface in a solid electrolyte type electrolysis device that is preferably used in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the cross-sectional structure of the polymer ion-exchange membrane in the present disclosure in the ZY-axis direction, and (a) is a solid electrolyte in which the ion-exchange resin (A) and the ion-exchange resin (B) are laminated in the Y-axis direction. It is the figure which showed an example.
- (b) is a diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte in which an ion-exchange resin (B) is provided between ion-exchange resins (A).
- (c) is a diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte in which an ion-exchange resin (A) is provided between ion-exchange resins (B).
- (d) is a diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte in which ion-exchange resin (A) and ion-exchange resin (B) are laminated in the Y-axis direction in a checkerboard pattern.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte in which ion-exchange resin (A) and ion-exchange resin (B) are alternately laminated in the Z-axis direction.
- (f) is a diagram showing an example of a solid electrolyte in which an ion-exchange resin (A) is filled in an ion-exchange resin (B).
- 4 is a flow chart showing a synthesis gas generation method using a solid electrolyte type electrolyzer suitably used in an embodiment of the present disclosure. It is an application example of a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device suitably used in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph of the backside of an unused cathode (a) and an unused CO 2 channel (b) used for evaluation in the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph (a) of the back surface of the cathode of Example 1 and a photograph (b) of the CO 2 channel of Example 1, which are evaluation results in the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a photograph (a) of the back surface of the cathode of Comparative Example 2 and a photograph (b) of the CO 2 channel of Comparative Example 2, which are evaluation results in the present disclosure.
- the polymer ion exchange membrane and the solid electrolyte type electrolytic device according to the present disclosure will be specifically described below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.
- FIG. the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described below.
- the term " ⁇ " in relation to the description of numerical values is a term indicating a lower limit value or more and an upper limit value or less.
- a solid electrolyte type electrolysis device (also referred to as an electrolysis cell or an electrolysis module) according to this embodiment will be described.
- a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device 100 includes a cathode (cathode) 101, an anode (anode) 102 forming a pair of electrodes with the cathode 101, the cathode 101 and the At the surface 101-2 of the cathode 101 opposite to the contact surface 101-1 with the solid electrolyte 103 attached in a state where at least a part thereof is in contact with the anode 102
- the current collector plate 104 in contact with the support plate 105 in contact with the surface 102-1 opposite to the contact surface 102-2 of the anode 102 with the solid electrolyte 103, and the current collector plate 104.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device 100 shown in FIG. 1 is shown in a state where each component such as the cathode 101 and the anode 102 is separated for the sake of explanation. , the solid electrolyte 103, the anode 102, and the support plate 105 are bonded by a predetermined method and integrated. Each component may be detachably configured to constitute one solid electrolyte type electrolytic device 100 .
- the polymer ion exchange membrane of the present disclosure is used as the solid electrolyte 103 . Each component will be described in detail below.
- Cathode 101 is a gas diffusion electrode that includes a gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layer includes, for example, carbon paper or non-woven fabric, or metal mesh, or any other conductive or porous material.
- electrode materials for the cathode 101 include graphite carbon, vitreous carbon, titanium, and SUS.
- the cathode catalyst capable of reducing CO 2 (carbon dioxide) to CO (carbon monoxide), which the cathode 101 has includes a metal selected from, for example, silver, gold, copper, or a combination thereof. More specifically, the catalyst includes, for example, gold, gold alloys, silver, silver alloys, copper, copper alloys, or mixed metals including any one or more thereof.
- the type of catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it has a function as a catalyst, and can be determined in consideration of corrosion resistance and the like. For example, if the catalyst does not contain amphoteric metals such as Al, Sn, and Zn, corrosion resistance can be improved.
- a catalyst can be supported on the cathode 101 (or electrode material) by performing known methods such as vapor deposition, deposition, adsorption, deposition, adhesion, welding, physical mixing, and spraying.
- the cathode 101 has a solid base 107 as shown in FIG.
- the solid base 107 is not particularly limited as long as it is a base that is solid at normal temperature (25° C.).
- inorganic compounds include potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides or alkaline earth metal carbonates ⁇ e.g., magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ), calcium oxide ( CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH) 2 ), strontium carbonate (SrCO3) , barium oxide (BaO) , barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ), barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ), etc. ⁇ , rare earth metal oxides, rare earth metal hydro
- organic compound it is preferable to use amines; polymers having functional groups such as quaternary ammonium groups, primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, and tertiary amino groups.
- amines polymers having functional groups such as quaternary ammonium groups, primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, and tertiary amino groups.
- a weakly basic solid base with a small atomic number is more preferable.
- the solid base 107 is preferably present on the contact surface 101 - 1 side of the cathode 101 with the solid electrolyte 103 .
- the reason for this configuration is that the interface between the cathode 101 and the solid electrolyte 103 is the reaction site.
- the solid base 107 may exist as a mixture with the material of the cathode 101, or may exist in an integrated state as a compound.
- Solid base 107 can be supported on cathode 101 (or electrode material) by performing known methods such as coating, vapor deposition, deposition, and physical mixing.
- the mass per unit area of the solid base is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.1-10 mg/cm 2 , preferably 0.1-6 mg/cm 2 .
- the reason why the use of the solid base 107 increases the efficiency is presumed to be the following action mechanism.
- a low-concentration CO 2 gas with a concentration of 10 to 20% such as exhaust gas from a factory
- the low concentration of CO 2 causes the surface of the cathode 101 to Not easily adsorbed. Therefore, by adding a solid base 107 to the surface of the cathode 101 as shown in FIG . It is understood that it is possible.
- a cation exchange membrane is employed as the solid electrolyte 103, it is understood that if there is a large amount of H + on the surface of the cathode 101, CO 2 cannot be sufficiently adsorbed.
- an electrode having such a solid base and a catalyst is defined as an "electrode having a catalyst, an electrode material having the catalyst, and at least a solid base provided on the electrode material" (in other words, the catalyst and the solid electrode material having a base), or "a cathode having a catalyst and further having a solid base", or the like.
- ⁇ Anode 102> (Oxidation reaction at anode 102)
- the oxidation reaction at anode 102 varies depending on the type of solid electrolyte 103 used in solid electrolyte type electrolytic device 100 .
- a cation exchange membrane is used as the solid electrolyte 103, the oxidation reaction of formula (5) below occurs, and when an anion exchange membrane is used as the solid electrolyte 103, the oxidation reaction of formula (6) below occurs. Get up.
- Anode 102 is a gas diffusion electrode that includes a gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layer includes, for example, metal mesh.
- Electrode materials for the anode 102 include, for example, Ir, IrOx , Ru, RuO2 , Rh, RhOx , Co, CoOx , Cu, CuOx , Fe, FeOx , FeOOH, FeMn, Ni, NiOx , NiOOH , NiCo, NiCe, NiC, NiFe, NiCeCoCe, NiLa, NiMoFe, NiSn, NiZn, SUS, Au, Pt.
- Solid electrolyte 103 A solid electrolyte 103 is interposed in at least partial contact between the cathode 101 and the anode 102 .
- the solid electrolyte 103 is the polymeric ion exchange membrane of the present disclosure.
- the polymeric ion-exchange membrane of the present disclosure comprises an ion-exchange resin (A) and an ion-exchange resin (B), wherein the base point density DA of the ion-exchange resin (A) and the base of the ion-exchange resin (B)
- the difference in point density DB (DA-DB) is 0.3 mmol/cm 3 or more.
- the ion-exchange resin (A) and the ion-exchange resin (B) are such that the difference (DA-DB) between the base point density DA of the ion-exchange resin (A) and the base point density DB of the ion-exchange resin (B) is 0. It is not particularly limited as long as it is 3 mmol/cm 3 or more, and the same resin or different resins having different base point densities can be used.
- the base point densities of the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) indicate the degree of ion exchangeability (ion exchange efficiency) of each resin. Highly interchangeable.
- the ion exchange resin (A) is a resin having higher ion exchange properties than the ion exchange resin (B). Therefore, the ion-exchange resin (A) is characterized by being more likely to swell, while the ion-exchange resin (B) is less likely to swell.
- the base point density DA of the ion exchange resin ( A) is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effect of the technology disclosed herein. 1.0 mmol/cm 3 or more and 3.0 mmol/cm 3 or less is preferable. When the basic point density DA of the ion exchange resin (A) is within this range, the effect of ensuring sufficient ion conductivity can be obtained.
- the base point density DB of the ion exchange resin ( B) is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effect of the technology disclosed herein. 0.5 mmol/cm 3 or more and 1.8 mmol/cm 3 or less is preferable. When the base point density DB of the ion exchange resin (B) is within this range, the effect of suppressing the progress of crossover is obtained.
- the ion-exchange resin (A) and the ion-exchange resin (B) are not particularly limited as long as they do not impair the effect of the technology disclosed herein.
- Tertiary amino groups and anion-exchange membranes in which a plurality of these ion-exchange groups are mixed can be mentioned, and ionomers are preferable because they can obtain a high base point density.
- the base resin of the ionomer is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effect of the disclosed technology.
- the base point density DA of the ion exchange resin (A) and the base point density DB of the ion exchange resin (B) can be adjusted by adjusting the ratio of the hydrophobic structure to the hydrophilic structure in the molecular structure of each resin. Therefore, as a method for adjusting the base point density of the anion exchange resin, a monomer having a hydrophobic structure or a polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer in advance and a monomer having a hydrophilic structure or a polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer in advance are used. , can be adjusted by adjusting the respective compounding ratios and copolymerizing them.
- Ionomers include, for example, those having an amino group or a quaternary ammonium group. Since these are hydrophilic groups, in order to adjust the base site concentration, they are added to monomers or polymers in advance. It is preferable to use.
- a halide-based monomer, an aromatic monomer, or a polymer thereof can be used because of their high hydrophobicity, and particularly a fluorine-based monomer. is preferably used.
- the base point densities of the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) are determined by 1H-NMR measurement, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, and other functional groups serving as base points from the integrated value of the signal. obtain.
- the polymeric ion-exchange membrane of the present disclosure includes an ion-exchange resin (A) and an ion-exchange resin (B). Separately form one or more regions, a structure in which they are combined (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a hybrid membrane), and an ion exchange resin (A) and an ion exchange resin (B) Any product formed by melting and mixing in an arbitrary compounding ratio (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a composite film) can be used.
- the ion-exchange resin (A) which has high ion-exchangeability and is easy to swell, maintains the ion-exchangeability as a polymer ion-exchange membrane, and the ion exchange resin (A), which has relatively low ion-exchangeability and is difficult to swell It prevents the exchange resin (B) from swelling as a whole polymer ion exchange membrane. As a result, the crossover phenomenon can be suppressed, and the solid electrolyte type electrolytic device using this polymer ion exchange membrane can continuously maintain excellent electrolytic performance.
- the difference (DA-DB) between the base point density DA of the ion exchange resin (A) and the base point density DB of the ion exchange resin (B) is 0.3 mmol/cm 3 or more, preferably 0. .5 mmol/cm 3 or more.
- FIG. 3(a) to 3(f) show cross-sectional views in the ZY axis direction of structural examples of hybrid membranes of ion-exchange resin (A) and ion-exchange resin (B).
- FIG. 3(a) shows a polymer ion-exchange membrane having a structure in which ion-exchange resin (A) and ion-exchange resin (B) are laminated in the Y-axis direction.
- the laminated structure may be a film in which a plurality of membranes are laminated or a membrane in which a plurality of ion exchange resin layers are integrally laminated.
- FIG. 3(a) shows a polymer ion-exchange membrane having a structure in which ion-exchange resin (A) and ion-exchange resin (B) are laminated in the Y-axis direction.
- the laminated structure may be a film in which a plurality of membranes are laminated or a membrane in which a plurality of i
- FIG. 3(b) shows a polymer ion-exchange membrane having a structure in which an ion-exchange resin (B) is sandwiched between two ion-exchange resins (A) and laminated in the Y-axis direction
- FIG. 3(c). shows a structure in which the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) in FIG. 3(b) are exchanged.
- FIGS. 3(a) to 3(c) show cases where the number of layers is two and three. It is also possible to use a structure in which the layers are laminated in the surface direction of the film.
- FIG. 3(e) shows a structure in which the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) are alternately laminated in the Z-axis direction.
- This structure may be a structure obtained by filling the porous film of the ion exchange resin (A) with the ion exchange resin (B).
- a structure obtained by filling A) may also be used.
- FIG. 3(d) shows two polymer ion-exchange membranes of FIG. It shows a structure in which they are arranged (in a checkerboard pattern) and stacked in the Y-axis direction.
- FIG. 3(f) shows a structure in which the ion exchange resin (A) is packed in the form of being included in the ion exchange resin (B). If one of the ion-exchange resin (A) part and the ion-exchange resin (B) part contained in these polymer ion-exchange membranes is a dense resin, the other resin is a mesh-like or porous resin. It may have a pore structure.
- the arrangement of the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) is not particularly limited.
- a molecular ion-exchange membrane may be used, or a polymeric ion-exchange membrane may be used in which the ion-exchange resin (B) is placed on the cathode side and the ion-exchange resin (A) is placed on the anode side.
- the fabrication described above can be performed using a known method.
- the mass ratio (A:B) of the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) in the polymeric ion exchange membrane is preferably 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:5 to 5. :1, particularly preferably 1:3 to 3:1.
- the polymer ion-exchange membrane has a laminated structure of the ion-exchange resin (A) layer and the ion-exchange resin (B) layer
- the total thickness of the ion-exchange resin (A) layers and the ion-exchange resin (B) is preferably 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:5 to 5:1, particularly preferably 1:3 to 3:1. is.
- the polymeric ion-exchange membrane may contain other components as long as they do not impair the effects of the present invention.
- the total mass of the ion exchange resin (A) and the ion exchange resin (B) is, for example, 50% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, 95% by mass or more, 99% by mass or more in the polymer ion exchange membrane. It can be set to 100% by mass or more or 100% by mass.
- the current collector plate 104 examples include metal materials such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), stainless steel (SUS), nickel-plated steel, and brass. Among them, copper is preferable in terms of ease of processing and cost. .
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector plate includes, for example, metal foil, metal plate, thin metal film, expanded metal, punched metal, and foamed metal.
- the current collector plate 104 is provided with a gas supply hole 104-1 and a gas recovery hole 104-2 for supplying and recovering gas (source gas and generated gas) to the cathode 101. It is Through the gas supply hole 104-1 and the gas recovery hole 104-2, it is possible to uniformly and efficiently feed the raw material gas to the cathode 101 and discharge the produced gas (including the unreacted raw material gas).
- gas supply hole 104-1 and the gas recovery hole 104-2 it is possible to uniformly and efficiently feed the raw material gas to the cathode 101 and discharge the produced gas (including the unreacted raw material gas).
- the number, location, and size thereof are not limited and can be set as appropriate.
- the gas supply holes and the gas recovery holes are not necessarily required.
- collector plate 104 is not necessarily required when the cathode 101 has a role of transmitting electrons.
- the support plate 105 plays a role of supporting the anode 102 . Therefore, the required rigidity of the support plate 105 varies depending on the thickness, rigidity, etc. of the anode 102 . Also, the support plate 105 must have electrical conductivity to receive electrons from the anode 102 . Examples of materials for the support plate 105 include Ti, SUS, and Ni.
- the support plate 105 is provided with a gas flow path 105-1 for sending a raw material gas (such as H 2 O) to the anode 102.
- a raw material gas such as H 2 O
- the gas passage makes it possible to feed the source gas to the anode 102 uniformly and efficiently. Although nine gas passages are provided in the figure, the number, location, and size are not limited and can be set as appropriate.
- the anode 102 and the support plate 105 are described as being separate members, but the anode 102 and the support plate 105 may be of an integral structure (that is, the integrated anode 102 having a support function). may be configured as
- the voltage applying unit 106 serves to apply voltage between the cathode 101 and the anode 102 by applying voltage to the collector plate 104 and the support plate 105 .
- the current collector plate 104 since the current collector plate 104 is a conductor, it supplies electrons to the cathode 101 , while the support plate 105 is also a conductor, so it receives electrons from the anode 102 .
- the collector plate 104 is not required as described above, voltage is applied between the cathode 101 and the support plate 105 .
- a control unit (not shown) may be electrically connected to the voltage application unit 106 in order to apply an appropriate voltage.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device 100 in the present disclosure may be provided with a reaction gas supply unit (not shown) outside the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device 100 . That is, the reaction gas, CO 2 , may be supplied to the surface 101-2.
- the electrode plate 104 may be provided so that the reaction gas is sprayed onto the surface 104-A opposite to the contact surface 104-B with the cathode 101.
- FIG. it is preferable from an environmental point of view to use the factory exhaust gas discharged from the factory as the reaction gas.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device 100 in the present disclosure can include, as other components, electrical components, control components, valves, pipes, tanks and other piping components necessary for the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device.
- ⁇ Reactive gas supply step S301> First, CO 2 contained in a reaction gas as a raw material is supplied to the solid electrolyte type electrolysis device 100 in a gaseous state by a reaction gas supply unit (not shown). At this time, CO 2 is supplied to the cathode 101 through the gas supply hole 104-1 provided in the current collecting plate 104 (S301).
- renewable energy such as a solar battery is applied to the voltage application unit 106 using, for example, CO 2 gas discharged from a factory as a raw material.
- CO 2 gas discharged from a factory can be used to produce synthesis gas containing at least CO and H 2 in the desired production ratio.
- the syngas produced in this way can be used to produce fuel base materials and chemical raw materials by means of FT synthesis, methanation, and the like.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolytic device was described as an example, but the ion exchange membrane of the present disclosure is not limited to this, and can be used for ion conduction in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, electrodialysis, desalination processing devices, etc. It can be applied to any device where salt precipitation is possible depending on the balance of degree and permselectivity.
- a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device was assembled using the following members.
- a cathode a mixture of conductive carbon black and silver nano-catalyst was adhered to carbon paper and used as a cathode.
- a titanium mesh supporting iridium oxide was used as the anode.
- the polymer ion-exchange membrane of Example 1 As the solid electrolyte, the polymer ion-exchange membrane of Example 1, the ion-exchange resin (A) having a base point density of 2.9 mmol/cm 3 having an aromatic main chain and a quaternary ammonium group
- a fluororesin-based ionomer anion exchange membrane (thickness: 30 ⁇ m) in the side chain and an aromatic group having a base point density of 1.4 mmol/cm 3 as the ion exchange resin (B) are in the main chain.
- a polymer ion-exchange membrane having the structure shown in FIG. 3(a) was used as a polymer ion-exchange membrane.
- a layer of ion exchange resin (A) was also placed on the anode side.
- each polymer ion exchange membrane of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 the base point densities are 2.9 mmol/cm 3 , 2.1 mmol/cm 3 , and 1.4 mmol/cm 3 , respectively, and aromatics are present in the main chain
- a two-layer laminate of anion exchange membranes (thickness: 30 ⁇ m) of fluororesin-based ionomer having quaternary ammonium groups on the side chains was used.
- the ion-exchange membrane of Comparative Example 4 the ion-exchange resin (A) was fluorine having a base point density of 2.9 mmol/cm 3 , an aromatic group in the main chain, and a quaternary ammonium group in the side chain.
- a polymer ion-exchange membrane having the structure shown in FIG. 3(a) was used, in which each layer was laminated with an anion-exchange membrane (film thickness: 40 ⁇ m) of fluororesin-based ionomer in the chain.
- a layer of ion exchange resin (A) was also placed on the anode side.
- a 0.5 M KHCO 3 aqueous solution was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolyzer was operated to continue the CO 2 reduction reaction for 20 hours, and the CO production current density (J CO ), H 2 production current density (J H2 ), and CO selectivity (S CO ) were measured.
- the potential applied to the cathode was ⁇ 1.8 V with respect to the silver/silver chloride reference electrode.
- Table 1 shows the results.
- Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were disassembled, and precipitated salts adhering to the cathode and CO 2 channel were observed with the naked eye.
- no precipitated salt was observed on the cathode and the CO 2 channel used in the evaluation of Example 1, and the precipitated salt was noticeable on the cathode and the CO 2 channel used in the evaluation of Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- 6 to 8 show photographs of unused cathodes of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 and CO 2 channel portions.
- the deposited portions of the precipitated salt are indicated by arrows.
- a solid electrolyte type electrolytic device was assembled using the following members.
- a cathode a mixture of conductive carbon black and silver nano-catalyst was adhered to carbon paper and used as a cathode.
- a titanium mesh supporting iridium oxide was used as the anode.
- the polymer ion-exchange membranes of Examples 2 and 3 the ion-exchange resin (A) has a base point density of 3.3 mmol/cm 3 , an aromatic group in the main chain, and a quaternary ammonium group in the side chain.
- a fluororesin-based ionomer anion exchange membrane (thickness 50 ⁇ m) and an ion exchange resin ( B) having a base point density of 2.7 mmol/cm was used as an anion exchange membrane (thickness: 40 ⁇ m) of a fluororesin-based ionomer having in the side chain.
- Example 2 as shown in FIG. 3(b) or FIG. 3(c), a laminated structure in which a layer of ion exchange resin (A) is sandwiched between a pair of layers of ion exchange resin (B) was employed. Further, in Example 3, a laminated structure in which a layer of the ion exchange resin (B) was sandwiched between a pair of layers of the ion exchange resin (A) was employed.
- the base point densities are 3.3 mmol/cm 3 and 2.7 mmol/cm 3 , respectively, and the main chain is aromatic and the quaternary ammonium groups are side chains.
- Anion-exchange membranes of fluororesin-based ionomers described in the above were laminated to a film thickness of 120 to 150 ⁇ m.
- a 0.5 M KHCO 3 aqueous solution was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the solid electrolyte type electrolyzer was operated to continue the CO 2 reduction reaction for 20 hours, and the CO production current density (J CO ), H 2 production current density (J H2 ), and CO selectivity (S CO ) were measured.
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Abstract
Description
イオン交換樹脂(A)と、イオン交換樹脂(B)と、を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂(A)の塩基点密度DAと、前記イオン交換樹脂(B)の塩基点密度DBの差(DA-DB)が、0.3mmol/cm3以上であることを特徴とする、高分子イオン交換膜を提供することができる。
まず、図1を参照しながら、本実施形態にかかる固体電解質形電解装置(電解セル、電解モジュールとも称される)を説明する。図1に示すように、本実施形態にかかる固体電解質形電解装置100は、カソード(陰極)101と、前記カソード101と1対の電極を構成するアノード(陽極)102と、前記カソード101と前記アノード102との間に少なくとも一部が接触している状態にて着設する固体電解質103と、前記カソード101の前記固体電解質103との接触面101-1とは反対側の面101-2で接触している集電板104と、前記アノード102の前記固体電解質103との接触面102-2とは反対側の面102-1で接触している支持板105と、前記集電板104と前記支持板105との間(即ち、前記カソード101と前記アノード102との間)に電圧を印加する電圧印加部106と、を有している。また、図示しない供給源および供給装置によって、気相状態でのCO2を供給することとしている。なお、図1に記載した固体電解質形電解装置100は、説明のためにカソード101やアノード102などの各部品を離した状態で図示しているが、実際には、集電板104、カソード101、固体電解質103、アノード102、支持板105のそれぞれは所定の方法によって接着され、一体化して構成されている。各部品が、着脱可能に構成されて1つの固体電解質形電解装置100を構成していてもよい。本開示の高分子イオン交換膜は、前記固体電解質103として用いられるものである。以下、各構成要素を詳述する。
(カソード101での還元反応)
カソード101での還元反応は、固体電解質形電解装置100で用いる固体電解質103の種類によって変化する。固体電解質103として陽イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、下記式(1)と(2)の還元反応が起き、固体電解質として陰イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、下記式(3)と(4)の還元反応が起きる。
カソード101は、ガス拡散層を含むガス拡散電極である。ガス拡散層は、例えば、カーボン紙若しくは不織布、又は金属メッシュ等、伝導性や多孔性を有する材料を含む。カソード101の電極材料には、例えば、グラファイトカーボン、ガラス状カーボン、チタン、SUSを挙げることができる。また、カソード101が有する、CO2(二酸化炭素)をCO(一酸化炭素)に還元可能なカソードの触媒は、例えば、銀、金、銅又はそれらの組合せから選択される金属を含む。触媒は、より詳細には、例えば、金、金合金、銀、銀合金、銅、銅合金、又は、それらのいずれか1種以上を含む混合金属を含む。触媒の種類は、触媒としての機能を有するものであれば特に限定されず、耐腐食性等を考慮して決定することができる。例えば、触媒が、Al、Sn、Zn等の両性金属を含まないことで、耐腐食性を向上させることができる。蒸着、析出、吸着、堆積、接着、溶接、物理混合、噴霧等の公知の方法を実施することで、カソード101(乃至は電極材料)に対して、触媒を担持させることができる。
ここで、図2に示すようにカソード101は、固体塩基107を有する。固体塩基107としては、常温(25℃)で固体である塩基であれば特に限定されず、例えば、無機化合物としては、炭酸水素カリウム(KHCO3)、水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)、アルカリ土類金属の酸化物、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物又はアルカリ土類金属の炭酸物{例えば、酸化マグネシウム(MgO)、水酸化マグネシウム(Mg(OH)2)、炭酸マグネシウム(MgCO3)、酸化カルシウム(CaO)、水酸化カルシウム(Ca(OH)2)、炭酸カルシウム(CaCO3)、酸化ストロンチウム(SrO)、水酸化ストロンチウム(Sr(OH)2)、炭酸ストロンチウム(SrCO3)、酸化バリウム(BaO)、水酸化バリウム(Ba(OH)2)、炭酸バリウム(BaCO3)など}、希土類金属の酸化物、希土類金属の水酸化物又は希土類金属の炭酸塩{例えば、酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)、酸化ランタン(La2O3)など}、ハイドロタルカイト(例えば、金属複合水酸、炭酸塩、LDH、HT-CO3、HT-OHなど)、表面塩基処理したゼオライト、塩基処理したモレキュラーシーブ、表面塩基処理した多孔質アルミナ(KF-Al2O3)、アンモニウム塩などを用いることが好ましい。また、有機化合物としては、アミン類;第4級アンモニウム基、第1級アミノ基、第2級アミノ基、第3級アミノ基などの官能基を有する高分子などを用いることが好ましい。特に、原子番号の小さい弱塩基性の固体塩基がより好ましい。また、水不溶性の固体塩基であるアルカリ土類金属の酸化物、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物又はアルカリ土類金属の炭酸物、希土類金属の酸化物、希土類金属の水酸化物又は希土類金属の炭酸塩を用いることがガス中の水や反応で発生する水により流されず、固体塩基107を有するカソードとしての耐久性が低下しないため、より好ましい。ここで、「水不溶性」とは、10mgが20℃の水100mLに溶解しないものをいう。なお、固体塩基107は、カソード101の、固体電解質103との接触面101-1側に存在することが好適である。このように構成する理由は、カソード101と固体電解質103との界面が反応サイトであるからである。また、固体塩基107は、カソード101の材料との混合物として存在しても良く、また、化合物として一体化された状態で存在してもよい。塗布、蒸着、析出、物理混合等の公知の方法を実施することで、カソード101(乃至は電極材料)に対して固体塩基107を担持させることができる。固体塩基の単位面積あたりの質量は、特に限定されないが、例えば、0.1~10mg/cm2、好ましくは0.1~6mg/cm2である。
(アノード102での酸化反応)
アノード102での酸化反応は、固体電解質形電解装置100で用いる固体電解質103の種類によって変化する。固体電解質103として陽イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、下記式(5)の酸化反応が起き、固体電解質103として陰イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、下記式(6)の酸化反応が起きる。
アノード102は、ガス拡散層を含むガス拡散電極である。ガス拡散層は、例えば、金属メッシュを含む。アノード102の電極材料には、例えば、Ir、IrOx、Ru、RuO2、Rh、RhOx、Co、CoOx、Cu、CuOx、Fe、FeOx、FeOOH、FeMn、Ni、NiOx、NiOOH、NiCo、NiCe、NiC、NiFe、NiCeCoCe、NiLa、NiMoFe、NiSn、NiZn、SUS、Au、Ptを挙げることができる。
固体電解質103は、カソード101とアノード102との間に少なくとも部分的に接触状態にて介在する。ここで、固体電解質103は、本開示の高分子イオン交換膜である。
集電板104としては、例えば、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、ニッケルメッキ鋼、真鍮等の金属材料が挙げられ、中でも加工し易さとコストの点から銅が好ましい。負極集電板の形状は、集電板104が金属材料の場合は、例えば、金属箔、金属板、金属薄膜、エキスパンドメタル、パンチングメタル、発泡メタル等が挙げられる。
支持板105は、アノード102を支持する役割を果たす。従って、アノード102の厚み・剛性等により、求められる支持板105の剛性も変わる。また、当該支持板105は、アノード102からの電子を受け取るべく、電気伝導性を有している必要がある。支持板105の材料としては、例えば、Ti、SUS、Niを挙げることができる。
電圧印加部106は、図1に示すように、集電板104と支持板105に電圧を印加することを通じ、カソード101とアノード102との間に電圧を印加する役割を担う。ここで、前記のように、集電板104は導電体であるため、カソード101に電子を供給する一方、支持板105も導電体であるため、アノード102からの電子を受け取ることになる。なお、前記のように集電板104が必要無い場合においては、カソード101と支持板105との間に電圧は印加される。また、電圧印加部106には、適切な電圧を印加するために、図示しない制御部が電気的に接続されていてもよい。
本開示における固体電解質形電解装置100には、図示しない反応ガス供給部が、固体電解質形電解装置100の外側に備えられていてもよい。すなわち、面101-2に反応ガスであるCO2が供給されればよく、図示しない配管などを介して反応ガス供給部からガス供給孔104-1に反応ガスが供給されてもよいし、集電板104の、カソード101との接触面104-Bとは反対側の面104-Aに反応ガスが吹付けられるように設けられていてもよい。また、この反応ガスは、工場から排出される工場排出ガスを用いることが、環境面から好適である。
本開示における固体電解質形電解装置100には、その他の部品として、固体電解質形電解装置として必要な、電装部品、制御部品、バルブや配管、タンクなどの配管部品などを含むことができる。
次に、上述した固体電解質形電解装置100を用いた二酸化炭素電解方法(CO生成方法)について、図4を用いて説明する。
まず、図示しない反応ガス供給部によって、原料としての反応ガスに含まれるCO2が気相状態にて固体電解質形電解装置100へ供給される。このとき、CO2は集電板104に設けられたガス供給孔104-1を介してカソード101に供給される(S301)。
次に、カソード101に供給されたCO2は、カソード101表面において、還元反応により、固体電解質103として陽イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、上述した式(1)および式(2)の還元反応が起き、固体電解質として陰イオン交換膜を使用した場合には、上述した式(3)および式(4)の還元反応が起きることで、COとH2を少なくとも含んだ合成ガスを生成する(S302)。
次に、生成されたCOとH2を含んだ合成ガスは、集電板104に設けられたガス回収孔104-2を介して図示しないガス回収装置に送られ、所定のガス毎に回収されることとなる(S303)。
図5に示すように、上述したような本開示にかかる固体電解質形電解装置に対して、例えば工場より排出されたCO2ガスを原料として、電圧印加部106への太陽電池等の再生可能エネルギーを利用することで、所望の生成割合による少なくともCOとH2を含有した合成ガスを生成することが可能となる。このようにして生成された合成ガスは、FT合成やメタネーション等の手法により燃料基材や、化学品原料を生成することができる。また、本実施形態では固体電解質形電解装置を例として説明をしたが、本開示のイオン交換膜はこれに限らず、燃料電池、金属-空気電池、電気透析、脱塩処理装置などのイオン伝導度と透過選択性のバランスによって塩が析出する可能性のある装置のいずれにも適用することが可能である。
固体電解質形電解装置を稼働させ、CO2還元反応を20時間継続させるとともに、CO生成電流密度(JCO)、H2生成電流密度(JH2)、CO選択率(SCO)を測定した。この際、カソードの印加電位は、銀/塩化銀参照電極に対して、-1.8Vとした。結果を表2に示した。20時間の連続電解によって、比較例4、5ではJCOの低下とSCOの低下が確認された一方で、実施例2、3ではJCOのおよびSCOの低下量は比較例4、5よりも低減され、本開示技術の効果が確認された。
11,21,31,41,51,61 イオン交換樹脂(A)
12,22,32,42,52,62 イオン交換樹脂(B)
101 陰極(カソード)
101-1 陰極の固体電解質と接する面
101-2 陰極の集電板と接する面
102 陽極(アノード)
102-1 陽極の支持板と接する面
102-2 陽極の固体電解質と接する面
103 固体電解質
104 集電板
104-1 集電板のガス供給孔
104-2 集電板のガス回収孔
105 支持板
105-1 支持板のガス流路
106 電圧印加部
Claims (5)
- イオン交換樹脂(A)と、イオン交換樹脂(B)と、を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂(A)の塩基点密度DAと、前記イオン交換樹脂(B)の塩基点密度DBの差(DA-DB)が、0.3mmol/cm3以上であることを特徴とする、高分子イオン交換膜。 - 前記イオン交換樹脂(A)の塩基点密度DAが、0.6mmol/cm3以上4.0mmol/cm3以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の高分子イオン交換膜。
- 前記イオン交換樹脂(B)の塩基点密度DBが、0.3mmol/cm3以上3.0mmol/cm3以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の高分子イオン交換膜。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の高分子イオン交換膜を有することを特徴とする、固体電解質形電解装置。
- 請求項4に記載の固体電解質形電解装置を用いた二酸化炭素電解方法。
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015067770A (ja) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-13 | 株式会社クラレ | 陰イオン交換膜 |
| JP2016091639A (ja) * | 2014-10-30 | 2016-05-23 | 日東電工株式会社 | 膜−電極接合体および燃料電池 |
| WO2016147640A1 (ja) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-09-22 | 日東電工株式会社 | アニオン交換基を有する樹脂、それを用いた樹脂含有液、積層体、部材、電気化学素子及び電気化学デバイス |
| WO2017038328A1 (ja) * | 2015-08-31 | 2017-03-09 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | イオン交換ポリマー、硬化性組成物、硬化物、部材、及び、装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20240191047A1 (en) | 2024-06-13 |
| JP7359993B2 (ja) | 2023-10-11 |
| JPWO2022196462A1 (ja) | 2022-09-22 |
| CN117043242A (zh) | 2023-11-10 |
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