WO2022191199A1 - 物理定数の推定値取得方法 - Google Patents
物理定数の推定値取得方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention provides a method for obtaining an estimated value of a physical constant at a predetermined temperature, a program for causing a computer to execute the method, a recording medium for storing the program, a device comprising an arithmetic unit for executing the program, and the method.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a processed product that has been damaged and a method for monitoring fatigue damage.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a method of obtaining predicted values by simulation using finite element method (FEM) analysis is widely used.
- FEM finite element method
- the strength of the hull is a very important parameter from the viewpoint of ensuring safety, but when designing the hull structure, it is necessary to consider various external forces such as the weight of cargo, fluctuating loads due to waves, and loads due to hull motion. Therefore, it was very difficult to accurately evaluate the strength of the hull.
- FEM analysis is used for hull strength evaluation, and the hull structure is designed based on the FEM analysis results.
- the stress applied to the hull by FEM analysis is estimated to be larger than the actual phenomenon, the strength of the hull will be excessively increased by increasing the plate thickness, etc. As a result, fuel consumption will be worsened due to the increase in weight. was the problem.
- the protected hot plate method is known as a method for measuring the thermal conductivity of solid materials.
- a problem with this method is the use of complex test equipment. Furthermore, a test piece of 300 mm or more is required, and there is a problem that the size of the test piece is limited. Furthermore, in the above method, the maximum operating temperature is 700° C., making measurement in a higher temperature range difficult.
- Another known method for measuring the thermal conductivity of solid materials is the laser flash method.
- a specimen having a thickness of 1 mm or more is required, and there is a problem in that the size of the specimen is limited.
- errors there is a tendency for errors to increase due to heat loss due to radiation, etc., resulting in the problem of low accuracy at high temperatures.
- the object of the present invention is to obtain estimated values of physical constants of solid substances that are temperature-dependent, in accordance with actual phenomena, by accurately reproducing changes accompanying temperature rise up to high-temperature regions in cyberspace.
- Another object of the present invention is to accurately estimate the physical constants of solid substances that have temperature dependence, using a simple device, to accurately estimate changes due to temperature rise up to a high temperature range, and to obtain estimated values that are in line with actual phenomena.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer program for obtaining an estimated value of a temperature-dependent physical constant of a solid substance at a predetermined temperature, which corresponds to an actual phenomenon.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a recording medium storing the computer program.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that the temperature-dependent physical constants of solid substances are the predicted value F obtained by FEM analysis, and the actual measured value Y obtained by simple measurement. It was found that the estimated value A obtained by assimilating the data to can reproduce the phenomenon more realistically in cyberspace. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
- the present invention is a method for obtaining an estimated value A at a predetermined temperature of a physical constant having temperature dependence of a solid substance, comprising: Provided is an estimated value obtaining method for obtaining an estimated value A by assimilating the predicted value F of the physical constant obtained by the finite element method analysis with the measured value Y of the physical constant.
- the present invention also obtains the estimated value A from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves at every ⁇ t° C., and the estimated value A at (t ⁇ t)° C.
- t ⁇ t is the physical constant t given as an initial value to the finite element method analysis at °C to obtain the predicted value Ft, and the obtained predicted value Ft is data assimilated to the measured value Yt at t °C to obtain the estimated value At at t °C.
- the present invention also provides a method for obtaining the estimated value that performs data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter.
- the present invention also provides a method for obtaining the estimated value, wherein the finite element method analysis is heat conduction analysis or thermal elastic-plastic analysis by the finite element method.
- the present invention also provides a program for causing a computer to acquire an estimated value at a predetermined temperature of a physical constant having temperature dependence of a solid substance, comprising: a first step of inputting the measured value Y of the physical constant into a computer; a second step of causing a computer to perform a finite element method analysis to obtain a predicted value F of the physical constant; a third step of causing a computer to perform data assimilation of the predicted value F to the measured value Y to obtain the estimated value A;
- the present invention also provides a computer-readable recording medium for storing the program.
- the present invention also provides a device comprising a computing unit that executes the program.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a processed product, which obtains a processed product of solid material through the following steps.
- Step 1 Acquire an estimated value at a predetermined temperature of the temperature-dependent physical constant of the solid substance by the method for acquiring an estimated value
- Step 2 Use the acquired estimated value to determine a processing method for the solid substance decide
- the present invention also obtains an estimated value at a predetermined temperature of a temperature-dependent physical constant of a solid substance by the method for obtaining an estimated value, and uses the obtained estimated value to form a solid substance.
- a fatigue damage monitoring method for monitoring the fatigue damage of a constructed structure.
- the method of obtaining an estimated value of the present invention obtains an estimated value of a physical constant having a temperature dependence of a solid substance by assimilating the predicted value obtained by FEM analysis with the measured value using a simple device. The method. Then, according to the above method, an estimated value that is very close to the actual phenomenon is obtained.
- the estimation value acquisition method of the present invention it is possible to estimate all physical constants that govern specific physical properties that change with temperature rise. Therefore, the estimated value acquisition method of the present invention can be utilized in any situation by selecting physical constants.
- the thermal conductivity of a solid substance can be estimated with high accuracy, and based on the obtained estimated value, a processing method for the solid substance can be set. If so, it is possible to improve production efficiency and reduce costs.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a data assimilation method using an ensemble Kalman filter
- Fig. 3 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method for obtaining an estimate according to the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a heat input point of a solid substance in the present invention
- It is a figure which shows an example of the model diagram used for the acquisition method of the estimated value of this invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing that by repeating FEM analysis and data assimilation a plurality of times, the obtained estimated value approximates the true value more.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing that the estimated values of specific heat (c) and thermal conductivity ( ⁇ ) obtained by the estimated value acquisition method according to the present invention were very close to the true values over the entire temperature range.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing that the estimation results of temperature histories at points A, B, and C obtained in Example 2 were very close to the true values.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing that the estimation result of the thermal conductivity at point A obtained in Example 2 was very close to the true value.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing that the estimation result of the specific heat obtained in Example 3 was very close to the true value.
- a method for obtaining an estimated value of the present invention acquires an estimated value A of a physical constant having temperature dependence of a solid substance at a predetermined temperature (or an estimated value A of a physical constant that varies with heat input at a predetermined temperature).
- a method In this method, the predicted value F of the physical constant obtained by FEM analysis is assimilated into the actual measured value Y of the physical constant to acquire the estimated value A of the physical constant.
- the predetermined temperature is, for example, a temperature within a range from room temperature (20°C) to a temperature at which the solid substance dissolves (for example, 1300°C when the solid substance is SUS304).
- the solid substance is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include stainless steel (eg, SUS304, SUS316, etc.), steel, steel, iron, aluminum, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, magnesium, tin, molybdenum, and alloys thereof.
- stainless steel eg, SUS304, SUS316, etc.
- steel steel, iron, aluminum, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, magnesium, tin, molybdenum, and alloys thereof.
- a metal material is mentioned.
- the above physical constants include all physical constants that govern changes in the physical properties of solid substances as the temperature rises.
- Examples of the physical constants include specific heat, thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, coefficient of linear expansion, yield stress, and the like.
- the predicted value F is data assimilated to the measured value Y for the physical constant at at least one temperature in the temperature range from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance melts.
- the method of data assimilation of the predicted value F to the measured value Y is selected from the range of 10 to 500°C, such as every 10°C, every 50°C, every 100°C, every 200°C, and every 500°C. It is preferable to assimilate the predicted value F of the physical constant into the measured value Y for each specific temperature ( ⁇ t ° C.), and from the viewpoint of reducing the calculation load and estimating with high accuracy, the physical constant Data assimilation of the predicted value F of to the measured value Y is particularly preferred. Therefore, the ⁇ t°C is preferably 100°C.
- the data assimilation is performed every ⁇ t° C. in the temperature range from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves, from the viewpoint of obtaining highly accurate estimated values while reducing the computational load. It is preferable to obtain an estimate A.
- the FEM analysis may be performed with the initial value fixed, thereby obtaining the predicted value F from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves. Meanwhile, from the viewpoint of reducing the error and obtaining a highly accurate predicted value F, the initial value is reset periodically (for example, every ⁇ t ° C.) in the temperature range from room temperature to where the solid substance melts. FEM analysis is preferably performed.
- the estimated value A t- ⁇ t at (t ⁇ t)° C. is preferably given as an initial value to the FEM analysis of the physical constants at t° C.
- the estimated value A is obtained at every ⁇ t° C. from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves
- the estimated value A t ⁇ t at (t ⁇ t)° C. is obtained as follows: Given as an initial value to the FEM analysis of the physical constant at t ° C. to obtain a predicted value F t , the obtained predicted value F t is data assimilated to the measured value Y t of the physical constant at t ° C., It is preferable to obtain an estimate of A t . Both (t ⁇ t)° C. and t° C. fall within the range from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves.
- ⁇ t°C is, for example, a temperature selected from 10 to 500°C, preferably 100°C.
- the method for acquiring the estimated value is to acquire the estimated value A from the low temperature side every ⁇ t ° C. from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves, and to obtain the physical constant at a predetermined temperature [t (° C.)].
- the estimated value A t- ⁇ t at the temperature [(t- ⁇ t) ° C.] closest to the temperature is given as an initial value to obtain the predicted value F t . It is preferable to assimilate the obtained predicted value F t with the measured value Y t at the temperature [t (° C.)] to obtain the estimated value A t at the temperature [t (° C.)].
- Both the (t ⁇ t)° C. and t° C. are included in the range from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves.
- ⁇ t°C is, for example, a temperature selected from 10 to 500°C, preferably 100°C.
- the initial values given in the FEM analysis of the physical constants at a predetermined temperature (t2) above 100° C. and up to the melting temperature of the solid substance are: Starting the estimation from the room temperature (or from the low temperature side) and using the estimated value A at the temperature closest to the predetermined temperature (t2) among the already obtained estimated values A as the initial value corrects the error. This is preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining a more accurate estimated value.
- Step 1 A step of obtaining an estimated value A t1 at a predetermined temperature (t1) from room temperature to 100° C.
- Step 2 Predetermined temperature exceeding 100 ° C to the temperature at which the solid substance melts ( This is a step of obtaining an estimated value A t2 at t2).
- the estimated value at the temperature closest to the predetermined temperature (t2) is given as an initial value, and the physical constant at the temperature (t2) is calculated.
- a predicted value F t2 is obtained by FEM analysis, and the obtained predicted value F t2 is data assimilated to the measured value Y t2 to obtain an estimated value A t2
- the predicted value F t1 is the predicted value F at the temperature (t1), and the measured value Y t1 is the measured value Y at the temperature (t1).
- the predicted value F t2 is the predicted value F at the temperature (t2), and the measured value Y t2 is the measured value Y at the temperature (t2).
- the method for obtaining the estimated value it is particularly preferable to repeatedly obtain the estimated value A in step 2 by setting a predetermined temperature every ⁇ t° C. from the viewpoint of accurately estimating the physical constant. .
- the predicted value F at a given temperature is obtained by FEM analysis.
- the estimated value A is obtained in order from the low temperature side to the high temperature side, and the estimated value A obtained by estimating the physical constant at the previous temperature is used as the initial value for the FEM analysis of the physical constant at the next temperature. to obtain the predicted value F.
- the estimated value A is obtained from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves, in order from the low temperature side, every ⁇ t ° C.
- FEM analysis of the physical constant at t ° C. is performed, the already obtained estimated value Of A, it is preferable to give the estimated value A at the temperature [(t ⁇ t)° C.] closest to t° C. as the initial value.
- the initial value is the temperature one before (that is, (t2 ⁇ t)°C)
- the estimated value of A t2 ⁇ t obtained by performing FEM analysis and data assimilation of the physical constants are given.
- the predicted value F t2 at t2°C is obtained.
- the estimated value A t2 obtained by data assimilation of the predicted value F t2 at t2 ° C. to the actual value Y t2 is the initial value for the FEM analysis of the physical constant at the next temperature (that is, (t2 + ⁇ t) ° C.) give as
- the number of elements and the number of nodes can be set appropriately. As the number of elements and nodes increases, the prediction accuracy increases, but the computational load tends to increase.
- an analysis program can be appropriately selected and used according to the physical constant for which an estimated value is to be obtained. For example, when estimating specific heat or thermal conductivity, it is preferable to select an analysis program capable of executing thermal conduction analysis or thermal elastic-plastic analysis.
- ensemble members (the number of members is, for example, 2 to 10, preferably 3 to 8) are given as initial values, and corresponding to each member Preferably, FEM analysis is performed.
- the idealized explicit method FEM is a method using the dynamic explicit method FEM, and is a method in which analysis is performed by independent calculation for each element and each analysis degree of freedom.
- the FEM analysis is performed by setting state vectors for the nodes of each element obtained by mesh division.
- the state vector has a degree of freedom and a displacement vector.
- the degrees of freedom are appropriately selected and set according to the properties of physical constants to be predicted. For example, when predicting physical constants that govern heat conduction, nodal temperatures are set. Also, when predicting physical constants that govern dynamic phenomena, nodal temperatures and strains are set. Then, the desired physical constant can be added to the displacement vector.
- the state vector of each node when estimating the specific heat (c t ) and the thermal conductivity ( ⁇ t ) at the same time as the physical constants governing heat conduction can be expressed, for example, by the following equation (1).
- the state vector represented by the following formula (1) includes the node temperature ( ⁇ dof ) as the degree of freedom, and the specific heat (c t ) and thermal conductivity ( ⁇ t ) as the displacement vector.
- the state vector of each node when estimating the Young's modulus (E) and the Poisson's ratio (v) simultaneously as physical constants governing the dynamic phenomenon can be expressed by the following equation (2), for example.
- the state vector represented by the following formula (2) includes nodal temperature ( ⁇ dof ) and strain ( ⁇ ) as degrees of freedom, and Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (v) as a displacement vector.
- Data assimilation is a technique for correcting a physical model by reflecting measured values in simulations based on optimization theory. Data assimilation of the predicted value F t to the measured value Y t makes it possible to modify the predicted value F t to bring it closer to the actual phenomenon. Therefore, the estimated value A t obtained by data assimilation is highly accurate compared to the measured value Y t .
- Data assimilation is performed using, for example, a Kalman filter or an ensemble Kalman filter.
- a Kalman filter or an ensemble Kalman filter.
- an ensemble Kalman filter it is preferable to use an ensemble Kalman filter.
- the estimated value A t is obtained by weighting the predicted value F t and the measured value Y t with the Kalman gain.
- the Kalman gain is a weighting coefficient for minimizing the error between the predicted value Ft and the measured value Yt .
- the estimated value A t at the predetermined temperature (t) is obtained from the following equation (3).
- Figure 1 shows a diagram explaining the data assimilation method using the ensemble Kalman filter.
- Data assimilation may be performed at least once for each predetermined temperature, but it is preferable to perform data assimilation multiple times in order to further improve the accuracy of the obtained estimated value.
- the number of iterations of data assimilation until the estimation result converges, that is, the estimated value obtained by the first data assimilation is given as the initial value and the FEM analysis is performed again. It is preferable to perform the assimilation work, for example, about 2 to 50 times (preferably 2 to 5 times) until the displacement satisfies the static equilibrium state. After a static equilibrium state is obtained, one can proceed to the next predetermined temperature.
- FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of the method for obtaining the estimated value.
- the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves is, for example, 1300° C. when the solid substance is SUS304.
- the actual measured value Y t at the predetermined temperature (t) includes the actual measured value Y t during the heating process, that is, the actual measured value Y t at t ° C. when the temperature rises, and the actual measured value Y t during the cooling process, that is, when the temperature drops at t° C. of Y t ".
- a combination of these may be included.
- These can be selected according to the type of physical constant for which an estimated value is to be obtained. For example, when estimating thermal efficiency, etc., it is better to use the measured values in the heating process, and when estimating the heat conduction coefficient, specific heat, etc., it is better to use the measured values in the cooling process. It is preferable in that a more accurate estimated value can be obtained.
- the measured value Y t includes the temperature history from room temperature (20° C.) to t° C. of the temperature-dependent physical constants of solid substances, and the physical constants of solid substances that fluctuate along with the temperature history.
- the actually measured value Y t can be obtained simply by inputting heat of t° C. into a solid substance and actually measuring its temperature history and physical constants.
- a solid material for heat input for example, a thin plate (size is 200 mm ⁇ 200 mm ⁇ 10 mm, for example) made of the solid material for which the estimated value is to be obtained can be used.
- the actual measurement points are at least 2 points, for example, 2 to 10 points, preferably 2 to 6 points, from the viewpoint of reducing the calculation load and estimating with high accuracy.
- the point where the room temperature rises to t ° C. is the closest measurement point 1 to the heat input point, and the position gradually moves away from the heat input point. It is preferable to provide a plurality of measurement points such as measurement points 2, 3, 4, . . . As a result, from a single heat input experiment, it is possible to obtain multiple temperature histories from room temperature (20°C) with an upper limit of t°C, and the fluctuations in physical constants accompanying these temperature histories, improving the accuracy of estimated values. To contribute.
- thermocouples there are no particular restrictions on the method of inputting heat into a solid substance, and examples include methods using thermocouples. Further, the heat may be input at a point using a fixed heat source, or may be input through a wire using a line heat source.
- the estimated value acquisition method of the present invention can be used, for example, in a method for manufacturing processed products. More specifically, by using the estimated values obtained by the estimated value acquisition method, it is possible to design an optimum processing method according to the physical phenomenon of the solid substance. This makes it possible to improve production efficiency and reduce costs.
- the estimated value obtained by the method for obtaining the estimated value it is possible to accurately predict the portion of the structure formed of the solid material that is prone to fatigue damage. By focused monitoring, the occurrence of fatigue damage can be monitored efficiently and cost-effectively.
- a program of the present invention is a program for causing a computer to acquire an estimated value at a predetermined temperature of a physical constant having temperature dependence of a solid substance, a first step of inputting the measured value Y of the physical constant into a computer; a second step of causing a computer to perform an FEM analysis to obtain a predicted value F of the physical constant; a third step of causing a computer to perform data assimilation of the predicted value F to the measured value Y to obtain the estimated value A; including.
- the first step is to input the measured value Y into the computer.
- Data of the measured value Y to be input is obtained by the measuring method of the measured value Y described above.
- the second step is to have the computer perform the FEM analysis to obtain the predicted value F.
- the third step is to obtain an estimated value A by causing the computer to perform data assimilation of the predicted value F to the measured value Y.
- the second step and the third step are preferably repeatedly executed a plurality of times until the estimation result converges.
- the program is preferably a program for causing a computer to acquire an estimated value at a predetermined temperature of a physical constant having temperature dependence of a solid substance, Step I of inputting the measured value Y of the physical constant at every ⁇ t° C. from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance melts into a computer; Step II of causing a computer to select an appropriate initial value and to perform an FEM analysis using the selected initial value to obtain a predicted value F of the physical constant; A step III in which the computer assimilates the predicted value F to the measured value Y to obtain the estimated value A; a step IV of causing a computer to execute the steps II and III every ⁇ t° C. in the range from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance dissolves; including.
- Step I is a step of inputting into the computer the actual measured values of the physical constants from room temperature to the temperature at which the solid substance melts at every ⁇ t°C.
- Step II The second step is to have the computer select appropriate initial values and perform FEM analysis using the selected initial values to obtain the predicted value F.
- the initial values in the FEM analysis of the physical constants at a predetermined temperature from room temperature to 100° C., for example, it is preferable to use, for example, the physical constants in the literature or the measured values as the initial values.
- the above literature value cannot be obtained, it is also possible to use the literature values of other solid substances with similar physical properties.
- the estimated value A at the nearest temperature is preferable to use as the initial value.
- the third step is a step in which the computer assimilates the predicted value F to the measured value Y to obtain the estimated value A.
- FIG. More specifically, it is a step of assimilating the predicted value F at the predetermined temperature obtained in step II with the measured value Y of the temperature to obtain the estimated value A of the temperature.
- FEM analysis is performed using the obtained estimated value A as an initial value until the estimation result converges, and the obtained predicted value F is data assimilated into the measured value Y. It is preferable to repeat the execution multiple times.
- the fourth step is a step of causing the computer to execute the second step and the third step every ⁇ t° C. in the range from room temperature to the melting temperature of the solid substance.
- every ⁇ t°C means, for example, every temperature selected from 10 to 500°C, preferably every 100°C.
- the computer is not particularly limited as long as it is a device that can perform necessary calculations, and for example, an electronic calculator or the like is preferably used.
- the program of the present invention by providing the program to a computer and having the computer execute it, it is possible to highly accurately estimate changes in physical constants associated with temperature rises in solid substances.
- the program of the present invention is provided to a computer, for example, by recording it on a recording medium or via various transmission media.
- the transmission medium is a communication medium in a computer network system for propagating and supplying program information as carrier waves, and includes, for example, wired lines such as optical fibers and wireless lines.
- a recording medium of the present invention is a computer-readable recording medium for storing the program.
- the recording medium is not particularly limited as long as it can provide the program to a computer and cause the computer to execute it. Examples include CD-ROM, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, magneto-optical disk, A non-volatile memory card and the like are included.
- a device is a device (computer system) including an arithmetic unit that executes the above program.
- the device is composed of, for example, a calculation unit, a display unit, a storage unit, a keyboard, a pointing device, and the like.
- the device may include other components as desired.
- the computing unit is the central processing unit that controls the entire computer.
- the display unit is a device that displays various input conditions, analysis results, and the like in the control executed by the calculation unit.
- the storage unit is a device that stores analysis results derived by the calculation unit.
- a keyboard is a device used by an operator to input various input conditions.
- a pointing device is composed of a mouse, a trackball, or the like.
- each configuration and combination thereof of the present invention is an example, and addition, omission, replacement, and modification of the configuration are possible as appropriate within the scope of the present invention.
- Example 1 The precision of the estimated values obtained by the method of the present invention for the specific heat (c) and thermal conductivity ( ⁇ ) of the stainless steel plate was evaluated by twin experiments.
- the true values of the temperature history, specific heat, and thermal conductivity at the following six points were obtained by the following method.
- heat is input by a linear heat source to raise the temperature from room temperature (20 ° C.) to 1300 ° C., and the temperature history at each point.
- specific heat, and thermal conductivity were measured and used as true values.
- the measurement was performed at six points near the heat source.
- six points six points with temperatures of 20.5° C., 22° C., 28° C., 41° C., 68° C., and 100° C. at a heat input time of 10 seconds (see FIG. 3) were adopted. .
- a pseudo measured value of 20 and a pseudo measured value of 100 were given as initial values, respectively, an analysis program capable of executing thermal conduction analysis or thermal elastic-plastic analysis was selected, element division was performed, and FEM analysis was performed (see Fig. 4). .
- the number of nodes of the analysis model was set to 16000, and the number of elements was set to 12800. This gave a predicted value of 20 for specific heat and thermal conductivity at 20 °C and a predicted value of 100 for 100°C.
- the estimated values 20 and 100 were obtained by assimilating the obtained predicted values 20 and 100 with the simulated measured values 20 and 100 , respectively.
- SUS316 stainless steel plate
- An analysis program capable of executing thermal conduction analysis or thermal elastic-plastic analysis was selected, element division was performed, and FEM analysis of temperature history and thermal conductivity was performed.
- Example 1 except that the number of nodes in the analysis model was 15954 and the number of elements was 13070, and that the literature value of 0.355 was given as the initial value in the FEM analysis of the physical constants at 20 ° C. and 100 ° C.
- the predicted values of the temperature history and thermal conductivity at each temperature from 20°C to 1100°C were calculated.
- An estimated value was obtained by data assimilation of the above-mentioned pseudo measured value to the predicted value thus calculated.
- Fig. 7 shows the estimation results and true values of the temperature history at the three points. It can be seen from FIG. 7 that the estimated values at the three points are all very close to the true values.
- Fig. 8 shows the estimation result and the true value of the thermal conductivity at point A. From FIG. 8, it can be seen that all the estimated values are very close to the true values.
- Example 3 The true values of the temperature history and specific heat at the following four points were obtained by the following method.
- the temperature history and changes in specific heat were measured at each point as the temperature was raised, and these were taken as true values.
- the measurement was performed on the center line of the heat input point, point A 7 mm away from the heat input point, point B further 2 mm away from point A, point C further 2 mm away from point B, and further 2 mm away from point C. It was performed at four points of the D point.
- An analysis program capable of executing thermal conductivity analysis or thermal elastic-plastic analysis was selected, element division was performed, and FEM analysis of temperature history and specific heat was performed. Except for the fact that the number of nodes in the analysis model was 16673 and the number of elements was 18568, and that a random number of 0.45 to 0.67 was given as an initial value in the FEM analysis of physical constants at 20 ° C. and 800 ° C.
- Example 1 the temperature history and the predicted value of the specific heat at each temperature of 20° C. and 800° C. were calculated. An estimated value was obtained by data assimilation of the above-mentioned pseudo measured value to the predicted value thus calculated.
- Fig. 9 shows the estimation result and the true value of the specific heat. It can be seen from FIG. 9 that the estimated values are very close to the true values.
- the estimation method of the present invention provides estimates that are very close to actual phenomena for all physical constants that govern specific physical properties that change with increasing temperature. Therefore, according to the estimated value acquisition method of the present invention, it is possible to accurately estimate the thermal conductivity of a solid substance. improvement and cost reduction can be realized.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の他の目的は、温度依存性を有する固体物質の物理定数について、簡便な装置を利用して、温度上昇に伴う変化を高温領域まで精度良く推定して、実現象に即した推定値を取得する方法を提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、温度依存性を有する固体物質の物理定数の、所定温度における推定値について、実現象に即した推定値を取得する、コンピュータプログラムを提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、前記コンピュータプログラムを格納する記録媒体を提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、前記コンピュータプログラムを実行する演算部を備えた装置を提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、前記推定値の取得方法を利用して、加工製品を製造する製造方法を提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、前記推定値の取得方法を利用して、疲労損傷をモニタリングする方法を提供することにある。
有限要素法解析により求めた前記物理定数の予測値Fを、前記物理定数の実測値Yにデータ同化させて推定値Aを取得する、推定値の取得方法を提供する。
コンピュータに、前記物理定数の実測値Yを入力する第1ステップと、
コンピュータに、有限要素法解析を実行させて、前記物理定数の予測値Fを得る第2ステップと、
コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させる作業を実行させて、推定値Aを得る第3ステップと、
を含む、プログラムを提供する。
工程1:前記推定値の取得方法により、固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値を取得する
工程2:取得された推定値を利用して、固体物質の加工方法を決定する
また、本発明の推定値の取得方法によれば、温度の上昇に伴って変化する特定の物理的性質を支配する全ての物理定数の推定が可能である。そのため、本発明の推定値の取得方法は、物理定数を選択することで、あらゆる場面で活用することができる。例えば、前記物理定数として、熱伝導を支配するパラメータを選択すれば、固体物質の熱伝導性を精度良く推定することができ、得られた推定値を元に、固体物質の加工方法を設定すれば、生産効率の向上やコスト削減が実現可能である。
本発明の推定値の取得方法は、固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値A(或いは、所定温度の入熱に伴い変動する物理定数の推定値A)を取得する方法であって、
FEM解析により求めた前記物理定数の予測値Fを、前記物理定数の実測値Yにデータ同化させて、前記物理定数の推定値Aを取得する方法である。
工程1:室温から100℃までの所定温度(t1)における推定値At1を得る工程であり、文献値或いは実測値を初期値として与えて前記温度(t1)における物理定数をFEM解析することにより予測値Ft1を得、得られた予測値Ft1を実測値Yt1にデータ同化させて、推定値At1を得る
工程2:100℃を超え、固体物質が溶解する温度までの所定温度(t2)における推定値At2を得る工程であり、すでに得ている推定値Aのうち、所定温度(t2)に最も近い温度における推定値を初期値として与えて前記温度(t2)における物理定数をFEM解析することにより予測値Ft2を得、得られた予測値Ft2を実測値Yt2にデータ同化させて、推定値At2を得る
また、前記予測値Ft2は、温度(t2)における予測値Fであり、前記実測値Yt2は、温度(t2)における実測値Yである。
本発明においては、FEM解析により所定温度における予測値Fを求める。本発明においては、定期的に(例えば、Δt℃毎に)初期値を設定し直して、FEM解析することが好ましい。そして、低温側から高温側に向かって順に推定値Aの取得を行い、1つ前の温度における物理定数の推定で得られた推定値Aを、次の温度における物理定数のFEM解析に初期値として与えて予測値Fを得ることが好ましい。言い換えると、前記推定値Aの取得を、室温から固体物質が溶解する温度まで、低温側から順に、Δt℃毎に実施し、t℃における物理定数をFEM解析するときには、すでに得ている推定値Aのうち、t℃に最も近い温度[(t-Δt)℃]における推定値Aを初期値として与えることが好ましい。
前記データ同化では、所定温度(t)における予測値Ftを所定温度(t)における実測値Ytにデータ同化させて、所定温度(t)における推定値Atを得る。尚、実測値Ytの取得方法は後で詳述する。
「所定温度(t)における実測値Yt」には、加熱過程での実測値、すなわち「温度上昇時のt℃における実測値Yt」と、冷却過程での実測値、すなわち「温度降下時のt℃における実測値Yt」が含まれる。これらを組み合わせて含んでいても良い。これらは、推定値を得ようとする物理定数の種類に応じて、選択することができる。例えば、熱効率等を推定する場合には、加熱過程での実測値を使用し、熱伝導係数、比熱等を推定する場合には、冷却過程での実測値を使用することが、より一層精度良好な推定値が得られる点で好ましい。
より詳細には、前記推定値の取得方法で得られた推定値を利用して、固体物質の物理現象に応じた最適の加工方法を設計することができる。これによれば、生産効率の向上やコスト削減等が可能となる。
より詳細には、前記推定値の取得方法で得られた推定値を利用して、前記固体物質で形成された構造物の、疲労損傷し易い部位を的確に予測することができ、この部位を重点的に監視することにより、疲労損傷の発生を、コストを抑制しつつ効率的にモニタリングすることができる。
本発明のプログラムは、固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値の取得をコンピュータに実行させるためのプログラムであって、
コンピュータに、前記物理定数の実測値Yを入力する第1ステップと、
コンピュータに、FEM解析を実行させて、前記物理定数の予測値Fを得る第2ステップと、
コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させる作業を実行させて、推定値Aを得る第3ステップと、
を含む。
第1ステップは、コンピュータに、実測値Yを入力するステップである。入力する実測値Yのデータは、上記実測値Yの測定方法によって求められる。
第2ステップは、コンピュータに、FEM解析を実行させて、予測値Fを得るステップである。
第3ステップは、コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させる作業を実行させて、推定値Aを得るステップである。
コンピュータに、室温から前記固体物質が溶解する温度までのΔt℃毎の前記物理定数の実測値Yを入力する第Iステップと、
コンピュータに、適切な初期値を選択させ、選択した初期値を用いたFEM解析を実行させて前記物理定数の予測値Fを得る第IIステップと、
コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させて、推定値Aを得る第IIIステップと、
コンピュータに、前記第IIステップ及び第IIIステップを、室温から前記固体物質が溶解する温度までの範囲において、Δt℃毎に実行させる第IVステップと、
を含む。
第Iステップは、コンピュータに、前記物理定数の室温から前記固体物質が溶解する温度までΔt℃毎の実測値を入力するステップである。
第IIステップは、コンピュータに、適切な初期値を選択させ、選択した初期値を用いたFEM解析を実行させて予測値Fを得るステップである。
第IIIステップは、コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させて、推定値Aを得るステップである。より詳細には、第IIステップで得られた、所定温度における予測値Fを、当該温度の実測値Yにデータ同化させて、当該温度の推定値Aを得るステップである。
第IVステップは、コンピュータに、前記第IIステップ及び第IIIステップを、室温から前記固体物質が溶解する温度までの範囲において、Δt℃毎に実行させるステップである。尚、Δt℃毎とは、例えば10~500℃から選択される温度毎、好ましくは100℃毎である。
本発明の記録媒体は、コンピュータで読み取り可能な記録媒体であって、上記プログラムを格納する記録媒体である。
本発明の装置は、上記プログラムを実行する演算部を備えた装置(コンピュータシステム)である。
ステンレス板の比熱(c)と熱伝導率(λ)について、本発明の方法で得られた推定値の精度を双子実験により評価した。
ステンレス板(SUS304;縦×横×厚さ=200mm×200mm×10mm)について、線熱源による入熱を行って、室温(20℃)から1300℃まで温度を上昇させて、各地点における、温度履歴、比熱、及び熱伝導率の推移を測定してこれらを真値とした。尚、測定は、熱源付近の6地点において行った。また、前記6地点としては、入熱時間10秒における温度が、20.5℃、22℃、28℃、41℃、68℃、及び100℃となる6つの地点(図3参照)を採用した。
前記方法で得られた真値に誤差を与えたものを、データ同化において、疑似実測値として使用した。
具体的には、前記6地点における温度履歴の疑似実測値としては、温度履歴の真値に対して正規分布の誤差を与えたものを使用した。
また、前記6地点における比熱及び熱伝導率の疑似実測値としては、比熱及び熱伝導率の真値に対して20%の誤差を与えたものを使用した。
疑似実測値20及び疑似実測値100をそれぞれ初期値として与えて、熱伝導解析又は熱弾塑性解析を実行可能な解析プログラムを選定し、要素分割を行ってFEM解析を行った(図4参照)。解析モデルの節点数を16000、要素数を12800とした。これによって、比熱と熱伝導率の20℃における予測値20及び、100℃における予測値100を得た。
得られた予測値20及び予測値100に、疑似実測値20及び疑似実測値100をそれぞれデータ同化させて、推定値20及び推定値100を得た。
得られた推定値20及び推定値100を初期値として与えて、再度FEM解析を行い、比熱と熱伝導率の20℃における予測値20-1及び、100℃における予測値100-1を得、疑似実測値とのデータ同化を行って、推定値20-1及び推定値100-1を得た。
この作業を3回繰り返したところ、真値に極めて近似する推定値20-3及び推定値100-3が得られた(図5参照)。
100℃における予測値100-3を初期値として与え、熱伝導解析又は熱弾塑性解析を実行可能な解析プログラムを選定してFEM解析を行い、200℃における予測値200を得た。得られた予測値200を200℃における疑似実測値Y200にデータ同化させて、推定値C200を得た。
上記のFEM解析とデータ同化とを、100℃刻みに1300℃まで繰り返し行って、推定値を得た。上記真値と得られた推定値を図6にまとめて示す。図6より、上記方法得られた比熱(c)と熱伝導率(λ)の推定値(assimilation)は、全温度領域において、真値(true)に極めて近似していることが分かる。
下記3地点における温度履歴及び熱伝導率について、真値を以下の方法で取得した。
ステンレス板(SUS316;縦×横×厚さ=200mm×200mm×10mm)に、点熱源による入熱を行って、室温(20℃)から1100℃まで温度を上昇させて、各地点における、温度履歴、比熱、及び熱伝導率の推移を測定してこれらを真値とした。尚、測定は、入熱点の中心線上において、入熱点から2mm離れたA点、A点からさらに2mm離れたB点、及びB点からさらに2mm離れたC点の3地点において行った。
温度履歴の真値に対して正規分布の誤差を与えたものを、温度履歴の疑似実測値として使用した。
また、熱伝導率の真値に対して20%の誤差を与えたものを、熱伝導率の疑似実測値として使用した。
このようにして算出した予測値に、上記疑似実測値をデータ同化して、推定値を得た。
下記4地点における温度履歴及び比熱について、真値を以下の方法で取得した。
ステンレス板(SUS316;縦×横×厚さ=200mm×200mm×10mm)に、TIG溶接(150A、9cm/分)を用いた線入熱を行って、室温(20℃)から800℃まで温度を上昇させて、各地点における、温度履歴及び比熱の推移を測定してこれらを真値とした。尚、測定は、入熱点の中心線上において、入熱点から7mm離れたA点、A点からさらに2mm離れたB点、B点からさらに2mm離れたC点、及びC点からさらに2mm離れたD点の4地点において行った。
温度履歴の真値に対して正規分布の誤差を与えたものを、温度履歴の疑似実測値として使用した。
このようにして算出した予測値に、上記疑似実測値をデータ同化して、推定値を得た。
そのため、本発明の推定値の取得方法によれば、固体物質の熱伝導性を精度良く推定することができ、得られた推定値を元に、固体物質の加工方法を設定すれば、生産効率の向上やコスト削減が実現可能である。
Claims (9)
- 固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値Aを取得する方法であって、
有限要素法解析により求めた前記物理定数の予測値Fを、前記物理定数の実測値Yにデータ同化させて推定値Aを取得する、推定値の取得方法。 - 前記推定値Aの取得を、室温から固体物質が溶解する温度までΔt℃毎に実施し、(t-Δt)℃における推定値At-Δtを、前記物理定数のt℃における有限要素法解析に初期値として与えて予測値Ftを得、得られた予測値Ftをt℃における実測値Ytにデータ同化させて、t℃における推定値Atを得る、請求項1に記載の推定値の取得方法。
- データ同化をアンサンブルカルマンフィルタにて行う、請求項1又は2に記載の推定値の取得方法。
- 有限要素法解析が、有限要素法による熱伝導解析又は熱弾塑性解析である、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の推定値の取得方法。
- 固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値の取得をコンピュータに実行させるためのプログラムであって、
コンピュータに、前記物理定数の実測値Yを入力する第1ステップと、
コンピュータに、有限要素法解析を実行させて、前記物理定数の予測値Fを得る第2ステップと、
コンピュータに、予測値Fを実測値Yにデータ同化させる作業を実行させて、推定値Aを得る第3ステップと、
を含む、プログラム。 - コンピュータで読み取り可能な記録媒体であって、請求項5に記載のプログラムを格納する記録媒体。
- 請求項5に記載のプログラムを実行する演算部を備えた装置。
- 下記工程を経て固体物質の加工製品を得る、加工製品の製造方法。
工程1:請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の推定値の取得方法により、固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値を取得する
工程2:取得された推定値を利用して、固体物質の加工方法を決定する - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の推定値の取得方法により、固体物質の温度依存性を有する物理定数の、所定温度における推定値を取得し、取得された推定値を利用して、前記固体物質で形成された構造物の疲労損傷を監視する、疲労損傷モニタリング方法。
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JP2003194637A (ja) * | 2001-12-26 | 2003-07-09 | Toshiba Corp | 有限要素法による残留応力解析方法 |
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JP2021037203A (ja) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-11 | Necエンベデッドプロダクツ株式会社 | モータシステム、回胴式遊技機、制御方法及びプログラム |
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