WO2022182268A1 - Способ извлечения платины и палладия из серебряных электролитов - Google Patents
Способ извлечения платины и палладия из серебряных электролитов Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022182268A1 WO2022182268A1 PCT/RU2022/050016 RU2022050016W WO2022182268A1 WO 2022182268 A1 WO2022182268 A1 WO 2022182268A1 RU 2022050016 W RU2022050016 W RU 2022050016W WO 2022182268 A1 WO2022182268 A1 WO 2022182268A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- silver
- palladium
- electrolyte
- platinum
- electrorefining
- Prior art date
Links
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 163
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- -1 platinum metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005375 photometry Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003957 anion exchange resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 10
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical class [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Natural products O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical class Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JGUQDUKBUKFFRO-CIIODKQPSA-N dimethylglyoxime Chemical compound O/N=C(/C)\C(\C)=N\O JGUQDUKBUKFFRO-CIIODKQPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005363 electrowinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
- C25C1/20—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of noble metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the invention relates to chemistry, in particular to the process of silver electrorefining using anodes containing platinum and palladium, and can be used in the production of high purity silver, as well as platinum and palladium.
- the method of selection of palladium involves the introduction of formaldehyde sulfoxyl sodium salt into a palladium-containing nitric acid solution with an acidity of 0.01-1.4M, followed by heating the mixture to 70-80 ° C, which seems impossible under industrial production conditions.
- the method of selection of palladium [3. RU 2228380, 10.05.2004] consists in the precipitation of metallic palladium with carbon monoxide from nitric acid solutions. This operation requires the use of sealed process equipment and high security measures due to the use of toxic carbon monoxide.
- JP 3199392 20.01.1989 consists in passing a silver electrolyte (Ad 90g/l, Cu 1.4g/l, Pd 0.16g/l) through a fixed layer of activated carbon modified with amine chelate groups. Residual concentrations of palladium are less than 1 mg/l. Desorption is carried out by nitric and hydrochloric acids.
- the disadvantages of the method are the relatively low peak concentration of palladium in the desorbate: about bg/l, as well as the fact that the desorbate contains up to 13 g/l of silver, and, accordingly, requires an additional operation to separate silver from palladium during further processing of the desorbate.
- Method for the production of compounds of platinum metals [5. DD 299876, 14.05.1992] consists in the implementation of ion exchange between the electrolyte and the sorbent containing iminodiacetic groups.
- the composition of the electrolyte contains Ad 190 g/l, Cu 35 g/l, 1.3 g/l platinum metals with solution acidity in the pH range from 0.5 to 1.5. Desorption is performed with a 2-5% ammonia solution with the addition of 1-3M sulfate or ammonium/sodium nitrate.
- the closest in technical essence to the claimed invention is a method for the extraction of platinum metals [6. RU 2111272, May 20, 1998], in which silver-containing materials are dissolved in nitric acid, sorption is carried out on an anion exchanger, which is a copolymer of vinylpyridine and divinylbenzene, and the process of desorption with an ammonia solution with a concentration of 3-8 mol/dm 3 , after which a concentrate of platinum metals is isolated from the obtained desorbate.
- This method is chosen as a prototype.
- the main disadvantage of the prototype method is the complete involvement of platinum and palladium in the sorption process, due to the quantitative transition of platinum and palladium into a silver-containing nitric acid solution (silver electrolyte), which in turn leads to a limitation on the maximum content of PGM in the original silver-containing raw materials. This circumstance also leads to technical difficulties in the practice of the process of sorption purification of silver electrolyte from the point of view of the organization of technological control.
- the objective of the present invention is the extraction of platinum and palladium from a silver electrolyte during the electrorefining of silver.
- the technical result of the invention is to increase the productivity of the process of obtaining high-purity cathode silver by increasing the current density of the electrorefining process and expanding the range of allowable platinum and palladium contents in the anode raw material.
- the technical result is achieved by the fact that in the described method for extracting platinum and palladium from silver electrolytes during the production of silver by electrolysis, including the formation of a silver electrolyte through dissolution of the starting material in a nitric acid solution, sorption extraction of platinum metals from a silver electrolyte using an anion exchanger, desorption with an ammonia solution, according to of the invention, the process of sorption extraction of platinum metals from a silver electrolyte solution is carried out in parallel with the process of silver electrorefining, the silver electrolyte circulates through the immobile sorbent layer at a rate of 1-15 KO/h, while the saturation of the sorbent is carried out until the specified critical value of the palladium content in the silver electrolyte is fixed .
- Saturation of the sorbent is carried out until the specified critical value of the palladium content in the silver electrolyte is fixed to a value from 0 to 200 mg/l. Fixing a given critical value of the palladium content in the silver electrolyte is determined by photometric measurements.
- the value of the allowable current density of the electrorefining process is directly dependent on the degree of purification of the silver electrolyte, which in turn allows you to increase the performance of electrorefining and, consequently, reduce the duration of the refining of silver, palladium and platinum.
- the possibility of using silver-containing raw materials with a high content of platinum and palladium leads to a significant reduction in the consumption of reagents in the processes preceding the production of anode raw materials.
- Operating an electrorefining process to produce cathode silver reduces the one-time sorbent requirement compared to an electrowinning process of similar capacity. At the same time, high purity of the obtained products is ensured.
- the sorption extraction of platinum and palladium from a silver electrolyte makes it possible to refuse from the operations of partial withdrawal of the electrolyte upon reaching the critical concentration of platinum or palladium, from the need to process the withdrawn electrolyte, as well as from the preparation of the electrolyte and its input into the electrorefining system instead of the withdrawn one.
- the required capacity of the sorption equipment is selected according to the criterion of the rate of circulation of the silver electrolyte through the immobile sorbent layer in the range from 1 to 15 KO/h, where KO is the column volume, h is the hour.
- the column volume is understood as the volume of the sorbent involved in the technological stage/operation.
- Example 1 Main parameters of the electrorefining process without sorption purification of silver electrolyte from platinum and palladium.
- the value of the critical content of palladium in the electrolyte is associated with the mode of the electrorefining process in terms of the value of the current density.
- the current density determines the productivity of the process and is inversely proportional to the critical concentration of palladium in the electrolyte.
- Example 2 Selection of the optimal mode of operation of the sorbent.
- KO/h is meant the rate of passage of the silver electrolyte through the fixed bed of the sorbent, where KO is the column volume, h is the hour.
- the column volume corresponds to the volume of the sorbent involved in the technological stage/operation.
- the sorbent which is a copolymer of vinylpyridine and divinylbenzene, was placed in four sorption columns. For each of the columns ensured the transfer of the sorbent into a working form by passing a solution of nitric acid with a concentration of 1-5% of the mass in an upward flow.
- the solution feed rate was 10 KO/h; the duration of the operation is 2 hours.
- a solution of silver electrolyte was fed through 3 columns with a sorbent in a downward flow to extract palladium and platinum from a silver electrolyte under dynamic conditions at a rate of passing the processed solution through a layer of immobile sorbent 1–15 KO/h.
- the fourth column was placed in reserve.
- the electrolyte was supplied to the sorption unit by taking the solution from the circulation vessel of the silver electrorefining unit during the electrorefining process.
- the return of the electrolyte obtained as a result of the sorption extraction of platinum and palladium was carried out in the circulation tank of the electrorefining unit.
- the duration of this operation depends on the currently implemented solution feed rate, as well as on the initial concentration of palladium. Saturation of the sorbent was carried out until the specified critical value of the palladium content in the silver electrolyte was recorded in the range from 0 to 200 mg/l.
- the sorption unit was re-switched: the most saturated column was removed from the sorption unit, and the column, which was in reserve, was connected to the unit.
- the sorption purification of the electrolyte is suspended. The switching time does not exceed 3 minutes.
- the sorption mode was resumed, and the column with saturated sorbent removed from the installation was subjected to desorption operations, after which it was transferred to the reserve.
- Desorption included a successive series of technological procedures: 1 - washing the saturated sorbent with water with a downward flow (10 KO/h, 1 hour) with the displacement of the electrolyte into the circulation tank of the silver electrorefining unit and collecting the wash water into the appropriate tank; 2 - washing the saturated sorbent with a downward flow (2 KO/h, 2 hours) with an ammonia solution with a concentration of 3-8 mol/dm 3 with the collection of the resulting desorbate in the appropriate containers; 3 - washing of the sorbent with a solution of nitric acid with a concentration of 1-5% of the mass in an upward flow (10 KO/h, 2 hours) with the collection of the resulting spent regenerating solution in an appropriate container.
- Table 2 lists the compositions of solutions involved in the sorption cycle.
- the described operations can be carried out both in the manual control mode of the equipment and in the automatic one.
- the key role is played by the flow photometer, which continuously measures the palladium content in the electrolyte at wavelengths of 380 and 510 nm.
- the use of a flow photometer is also useful, since the efficiency of estimating the composition of the electrolyte sharply increases with no operating costs.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP22760143.2A EP4299775A1 (en) | 2021-02-25 | 2022-01-19 | Method for extracting platinum and palladium from silver electrolytes |
CN202280029992.3A CN117203357A (zh) | 2021-02-25 | 2022-01-19 | 从银电解质中提取铂和钯的方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU2021104839 | 2021-02-25 | ||
RU2021104839A RU2758043C1 (ru) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | Способ извлечения платины и палладия из серебряных электролитов |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2022182268A1 true WO2022182268A1 (ru) | 2022-09-01 |
Family
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PCT/RU2022/050016 WO2022182268A1 (ru) | 2021-02-25 | 2022-01-19 | Способ извлечения платины и палладия из серебряных электролитов |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP4299775A1 (ru) |
CN (1) | CN117203357A (ru) |
RU (1) | RU2758043C1 (ru) |
WO (1) | WO2022182268A1 (ru) |
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CN114774700B (zh) * | 2022-04-27 | 2024-05-24 | 长沙华时捷环保科技发展股份有限公司 | 一种高效提取银电解系统中铂钯资源的方法 |
CN117049971B (zh) * | 2023-08-22 | 2024-04-09 | 株洲环冠新材料科技有限公司 | 胺基改性材料及其制备方法和应用 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03199392A (ja) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-08-30 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | 銀電解液の浄液方法 |
RU2111272C1 (ru) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-05-20 | Акционерное общество открытого типа "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ выделения платиновых металлов |
RU2238244C2 (ru) * | 2002-11-12 | 2004-10-20 | Открытое акционерное общество "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ выделения платиновых металлов |
US20100258448A1 (en) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-14 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Use of a rare earth for the removal of antimony and bismuth |
RU2680552C1 (ru) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-02-22 | Акционерное общество "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ получения серебра и металлов платиновой группы |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3199392B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-01 | 2001-08-20 | 日本放送協会 | 映像信号処理装置 |
-
2021
- 2021-02-25 RU RU2021104839A patent/RU2758043C1/ru active
-
2022
- 2022-01-19 CN CN202280029992.3A patent/CN117203357A/zh active Pending
- 2022-01-19 EP EP22760143.2A patent/EP4299775A1/en active Pending
- 2022-01-19 WO PCT/RU2022/050016 patent/WO2022182268A1/ru active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03199392A (ja) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-08-30 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | 銀電解液の浄液方法 |
RU2111272C1 (ru) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-05-20 | Акционерное общество открытого типа "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ выделения платиновых металлов |
RU2238244C2 (ru) * | 2002-11-12 | 2004-10-20 | Открытое акционерное общество "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ выделения платиновых металлов |
US20100258448A1 (en) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-14 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Use of a rare earth for the removal of antimony and bismuth |
RU2680552C1 (ru) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-02-22 | Акционерное общество "Уралэлектромедь" | Способ получения серебра и металлов платиновой группы |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
I.N. MASLENITSKYL.V. CHUGAEVV.F. BORBAT ET AL.: "Metallurgy of noble metals", M.: METALLURGY, 1987, pages 432 |
WU, C.LIN, Y.JIANG, L., J. NUCL. RADIOCHEM., vol. 8, no. 3, 1986, pages 147 |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2758043C1 (ru) | 2021-10-25 |
EP4299775A1 (en) | 2024-01-03 |
CN117203357A (zh) | 2023-12-08 |
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