WO2022180730A1 - 光導波路 - Google Patents
光導波路 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022180730A1 WO2022180730A1 PCT/JP2021/007028 JP2021007028W WO2022180730A1 WO 2022180730 A1 WO2022180730 A1 WO 2022180730A1 JP 2021007028 W JP2021007028 W JP 2021007028W WO 2022180730 A1 WO2022180730 A1 WO 2022180730A1
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- optical waveguide
- reo
- optical
- cap layer
- Prior art date
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003069 TeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000609 electron-beam lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001020 plasma etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 rare earth ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- LAJZODKXOMJMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Te]=O LAJZODKXOMJMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/13—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method
- G02B6/131—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by using epitaxial growth
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12035—Materials
- G02B2006/12061—Silicon
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12035—Materials
- G02B2006/1208—Rare earths
Definitions
- the present invention relates to optical waveguides using rare earth oxides.
- Si-based photonic integrated circuits are considered one of the most promising and low-cost technologies for realizing high-speed, low-power interconnects, for example, in data centers.
- Rare earth additive materials are one of the promising solutions for realizing Si-based optical amplifiers and lasers for constructing Si photonics integrated circuits. Rare earth materials are widely used as active media for optical amplifiers and lasers.
- erbium-doped fiber amplifiers EDFAs
- EDWA erbium-doped optical waveguide amplifier
- single crystal Rare Earth Oxides (REO) thin films have a higher Er concentration and higher crystal quality than any other material, and can be epitaxially grown on a Si substrate. REOs are therefore promising candidates for application in Si-based photonic integrated circuit technology.
- an optical waveguide structure with low propagation loss and high optical confinement factor using REO is desirable.
- a higher index core surrounded by a lower index cladding is usually important to ensure light propagation in an optical waveguide.
- the following two optical waveguide structures are known for conventional Er-containing amorphous or polycrystalline base materials.
- Non-Patent Document 1 there is a configuration in which a high refractive index base material (Al 2 O 3 ) is used as the Er-doped core and a low refractive index material is used as the clad (Non-Patent Document 1).
- the lower clad is typically made of SiO2 and the upper clad is made of SiO2 or air.
- Non-Patent Document 2 there is a configuration in which a high refractive index material (eg, SiN) is used as a core and a low refractive index base material doped with Er is used as an upper clad.
- a high refractive index material eg, SiN
- a low refractive index base material doped with Er is used as an upper clad
- An optical waveguide structure using single-crystal REO is a Si optical waveguide structure with REO as the upper clad. This structure can be produced by growing an REO thin film on an SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate and sequentially patterning the grown REO thin film and the surface silicon layer of the SOI substrate by etching or the like.
- SOI Silicon on Insulator
- the optical waveguide structure described above has two problems. First, since the refractive index of REO ( ⁇ 1.6-2.0) is much lower than that of Si ( ⁇ 3.45), most of the guided modes are concentrated in the Si layer. For this reason, the optical confinement factor ( ⁇ REO ) of a layer of REO is typically very small, typically less than 10%.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and aims to facilitate the fabrication of optical waveguides for realizing optical amplifiers, lasers, and the like.
- An optical waveguide according to the present invention comprises a clad layer, a Si layer made of single crystal Si formed on the clad layer, and a REO layer made of single crystal rare earth oxide formed on the Si layer. , and a striped cap layer formed on the REO layer and extending in the optical waveguide direction.
- the cap layer is provided on the REO layer, optical waveguides for realizing optical amplifiers, lasers, etc. can be easily manufactured.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing the configuration of an optical waveguide according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the calculation results of the leakage loss of guided light with a wavelength of 1462 nm for an optical waveguide with the width of the cap layer 104 ranging from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m using a numerical simulation based on a finite element optical waveguide mode solver. It is a characteristic diagram showing.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing calculation results of optical confinement factors in the REO layer 103 for optical waveguides using cap layers 104 with different widths.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing the configuration of an optical waveguide according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the calculation results of the leakage loss of guided light with a wavelength of 1462 nm for an optical waveguide with the width of the cap layer 104 ranging from
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the optical waveguide in an intermediate step for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the optical waveguide in an intermediate step for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the optical waveguide in an intermediate step for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the optical waveguide in an intermediate step for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5E is a cross-sectional view showing the state of the optical waveguide in an intermediate step for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing measurement results of propagation loss when light with a wavelength of 1490 nm is guided through the fabricated optical waveguide.
- FIG. 7 is a characteristic diagram showing calculation results of leakage loss and light confinement coefficient when the cap layer is made of Si and the width of the cap layer is changed.
- FIG. 8 is an electric field profile when the cap layer is composed of Si.
- This optical waveguide comprises a cladding layer 101 , a Si layer 102 , a REO layer 103 and a cap layer 104 .
- the cladding layer 101 is formed on the substrate 111 .
- the cladding layer 101 can be made of silicon oxide, for example.
- the Si layer 102 is made of single crystal Si and formed on the clad layer 101 .
- the surface of the Si layer 102 can be, for example, the (111) plane or the (100) plane.
- a well-known SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate can be used, the silicon substrate portion of the SOI substrate being the substrate 111, the buried insulating layer being the cladding layer 101, and the surface Si layer being the Si layer 102.
- the clad layer 101 generally has a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or more, and the Si layer 102 has a thickness of 50 to 200 nm.
- the REO layer 103 is composed of a single crystal rare earth oxide and formed on the Si layer 102 .
- the REO layer 103 can be composed of ( ErxGd1 -x ) 2O3 , for example. Also, the REO layer 103 can have a thickness of 50 to 200 nm.
- Cap layer 104 is formed on the REO layer 103 .
- Cap layer 104 may be composed of a material that is transparent to the light to be guided.
- the cap layer 104 can be composed of SiN or Si.
- the cap layer 104 has a stripe shape (mesa shape) extending in the optical waveguide direction.
- the cap layer 104 can have a thickness of 300 to 500 nm, for example, if it is made of SiN.
- the REO layer 103 is formed on the Si layer 102, and the cap layer 104 having a higher refractive index than air is further formed thereon, so that the waveguide mode moves to the cap layer 104 side.
- the center of the mode of guided light is near the interface between the Si layer 102 and the REO layer 103 in the region where the cap layer 104 is formed.
- the optical waveguide according to the embodiment can be optically connected to, for example, a Si optical waveguide with a Si core formed by patterning the Si layer 102 in another region of the cladding layer 101 .
- TM-polarized light propagates (guiding), and the electric field component thereof is a component perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 111 (cladding layer 101).
- the wavelength range of the guided light of this optical waveguide is near the S band, C band, and L band of the wavelength bands used in optical communication.
- the width of cap layer 104 is important to achieve low propagation loss.
- FIG. 2 shows the calculation result of the leakage loss of guided light with a wavelength of 1462 nm for the optical waveguide with the width of the cap layer 104 ranging from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m using numerical simulation based on the finite element optical waveguide mode solver. show.
- the clad layer 101 has a thickness of 2 ⁇ m
- the Si layer 102 has a thickness of 70 nm
- the REO layer 103 has a thickness of 60 nm
- the cap layer 104 made of SiN has a thickness of 300 nm.
- This width is hereinafter referred to as the optimized width.
- the width W the leakage loss can be optimized.
- Optical waveguides with different parameters (REO composition, layer thickness, wavelength) from the conditions described above can have different optimized cap layer 104 widths.
- the optimized width of cap layer 104 can be set using a similar numerical simulation method.
- FIG. 4 shows calculated optical confinement factors in the REO layer 103 for optical waveguides using cap layers 104 of different widths.
- the optical confinement factor is a value used to characterize the optical confinement strength in the REO layer 103; the larger the confinement factor, the stronger the light-matter interaction.
- the optical confinement factor at the optimized cap layer 104 width of 1.20 ⁇ m was calculated to be 17.4%. Further, when the optical confinement coefficient at the optimized width of the cap layer 104 of 2.45 ⁇ m was calculated, it was 18.8%. These values are larger than those for ordinary Si optical waveguides.
- an SOI substrate having a buried insulating layer to be the cladding layer 101 and a surface Si layer to be the Si layer 102 is prepared. or a known cleaning method using a chemical such as hydrofluoric acid.
- (Er x Gd 1-x ) 2 O 3 is epitaxially grown on the Si layer 102 by a well-known molecular beam epitaxy method to form a REO layer 103 as shown in FIG. 5B.
- a solid source can be used for rare earth elements, and a gas source can be used for oxygen.
- SiN is deposited by the well-known electron cyclotron resonance plasma CVD method to form a silicon nitride layer 201 on the REO layer 103, as shown in FIG. 5C.
- a resist pattern 202 is formed on the silicon nitride layer 201. Then, as shown in FIG. The resist pattern 202 is formed in a stripe shape (mesa shape) extending in the optical waveguide direction.
- a resist film is formed on the silicon nitride layer 201 by spin-coating a photoresist or an electron beam resist. Next, the resist film is exposed by known photolithography or electron beam lithography to form a latent image. Thereafter, the resist pattern 202 can be formed by developing the resist film on which the latent image is formed.
- the silicon nitride layer 201 is etched by known reactive ion etching to form the cap layer 104 as shown in FIG. 5E. After that, by removing the remaining resist pattern 202, the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.
- the manufacturing method described above is a normal technique generally used in the manufacture of semiconductor layers at present, and the optical waveguide according to the embodiment can be manufactured easily.
- FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of propagation loss when light with a wavelength of 1490 nm is guided through the fabricated optical waveguide. Note that the width of the cap layer 104 is 1.08 ⁇ m.
- the x-axis indicates the length of the optical waveguide (waveguide length), and the y-axis indicates the transmittance of the optical waveguide.
- the optical waveguide according to the present invention is not limited to the materials and dimensions described above.
- the REO layer is not limited to (Er x Gd 1-x ) 2 O 3 but may be composed of other rare earth oxides.
- SiO 2 instead of REO, SiO 2 , barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), etc. can also be applied.
- the cap layer is not limited to SiN, and may be made of other transparent materials. Examples include SiO2 , TiO2 , Si, and the like.
- the optimized cap layer width that minimizes the propagation loss can be determined by numerical simulation once the conditions such as material, thickness, etc. are determined.
- FIG. 7 shows calculation results of the leakage loss and the optical confinement factor when the cap layer is made of Si and the width of the cap layer is changed.
- the thickness of the Si layer under the REO layer was 70 nm
- the thickness of the REO layer was 60 nm
- the thickness of the cap layer made of Si was 150 nm.
- the wavelength of the guided light was set to 1462 nm.
- the width of the cap layer at which the leakage loss is minimized was 0.8 ⁇ m, 1.55 ⁇ m, and 2.3 ⁇ m. Also, with a cap layer width of 0.8 ⁇ m, the minimum leakage loss is 0.37 db/cm and the optical confinement factor is 43.2%. Also, with a cap layer width of 1.55 ⁇ m, the minimum leakage loss is 0.65 db/cm and the optical confinement factor is 45.3%. Also, with a cap layer width of 2.3 ⁇ m, the minimum leakage loss is 0.36 db/cm and the optical confinement factor is 45/9%. These results are significantly greater than when the cap layer is made of SiN.
- the mode profile of the optical waveguide with a cap layer width of 0.8 ⁇ m is shown in FIG. 8, which indicates a large amount of light confinement in the REO layer.
- the cap layer is provided on the REO layer, optical waveguides for realizing optical amplifiers, lasers, etc. can be easily manufactured.
- the optical waveguide according to the present invention replaces conventional optical waveguides by placing a mesa structure made of commonly used materials such as SiN and Si on top of a REO layer grown on top of a Si layer.
- the problem of low confinement factor and fabrication difficulty can be solved.
- the width of the cap layer is appropriately optimized according to each parameter of the optical waveguide.
- the optical confinement factor in the REO layer can be further enhanced by using a higher refractive index cap layer.
- the optical waveguide structure according to the present invention is general and can be applied to other functional materials grown on Si substrates.
- the optical waveguide structure according to the present invention can realize a low-loss optical waveguide with a large optical confinement factor for the REO layer grown on the Si layer.
- This optical waveguide can remarkably enhance the interaction between propagating light (guided light) and rare earth ions. realizable.
- the optical waveguide according to the present invention can be manufactured by processing only the cap layer without requiring REO etching. For each processing method related to the formation of the cap layer, currently established general semiconductor device manufacturing methods can be applied. Therefore, it is extremely easy to manufacture the optical waveguide according to the present invention. Furthermore, the optical waveguide structure of the present invention can be applied to other functional materials grown on Si, and can realize hetero-integrated photonic devices that cannot be realized with Si itself.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (4)
- クラッド層と、
前記クラッド層の上に形成された、単結晶SiからなるSi層と、
前記Si層の上に形成された、単結晶の希土類酸化物からなるREO層と、
前記REO層の上に形成されて光導波方向に延在するストライプ状のキャップ層と
を備える光導波路。 - 請求項1記載の光導波路において、
前記キャップ層は、SiNまたはSiから構成されていることを特徴とする光導波路。 - 請求項1または2記載の光導波路において、
前記クラッド層は、酸化シリコンから構成されていることを特徴とする光導波路。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の光導波路において、
導波する光のモードの中心は、前記キャップ層が形成されている領域の前記Si層と前記REO層との界面近傍とされていることを特徴とする光導波路。
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PCT/JP2021/007028 WO2022180730A1 (ja) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | 光導波路 |
JP2023501752A JPWO2022180730A1 (ja) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | |
US18/547,662 US20240230997A9 (en) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | Optical waveguide |
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PCT/JP2021/007028 WO2022180730A1 (ja) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | 光導波路 |
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Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2001235642A (ja) * | 2000-02-22 | 2001-08-31 | Minolta Co Ltd | フッ化物ガラス導波路及びフッ化物ガラス導波路の作製方法 |
US20190227233A1 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | Iqe Plc | RE-based Integrated Photonic and Electronic Layered Structures |
-
2021
- 2021-02-25 US US18/547,662 patent/US20240230997A9/en active Pending
- 2021-02-25 JP JP2023501752A patent/JPWO2022180730A1/ja active Pending
- 2021-02-25 WO PCT/JP2021/007028 patent/WO2022180730A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2001235642A (ja) * | 2000-02-22 | 2001-08-31 | Minolta Co Ltd | フッ化物ガラス導波路及びフッ化物ガラス導波路の作製方法 |
US20190227233A1 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | Iqe Plc | RE-based Integrated Photonic and Electronic Layered Structures |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
RUIZ-CARIDAD, ALICIA ET AL.: "Erbium-Doped Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thin Layers for Photonic Applications", IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, vol. 56, no. 2, April 2020 (2020-04-01), pages 1 - 7, XP011765251, DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2019.2955943 * |
XU XUEJUN, FILI VIVIANA, INABA TOMOHIRO, TAWARA TAKEHIKO, OMI HIROO, GOTOH HIDEKI: "Optical Properties of Er-incorporated Rare-Earth Oxide in Horizontal Slot Waveguide", APPL. PHYS. LETT. OPT. MATER. EXPRESS, 19 September 2019 (2019-09-19), XP055964476, [retrieved on 20220926] * |
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JPWO2022180730A1 (ja) | 2022-09-01 |
US20240230997A9 (en) | 2024-07-11 |
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