WO2022136810A1 - Procédé de préparation d'une electrode à charge massique élevée remplie d'électrolyte pour batterie à haute densité énergétique - Google Patents
Procédé de préparation d'une electrode à charge massique élevée remplie d'électrolyte pour batterie à haute densité énergétique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022136810A1 WO2022136810A1 PCT/FR2021/052450 FR2021052450W WO2022136810A1 WO 2022136810 A1 WO2022136810 A1 WO 2022136810A1 FR 2021052450 W FR2021052450 W FR 2021052450W WO 2022136810 A1 WO2022136810 A1 WO 2022136810A1
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- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- electrolyte
- electrode
- lithium
- doped
- Prior art date
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021201 NaFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000157 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)N([Na])S(F)(=O)=O VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Na+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O.CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007580 dry-mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001566 impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000327 poly(triphenylamine) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100317222 Borrelia hermsii vsp3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000925 Cd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101000916289 Ctenocephalides felis Salivary antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004563 Na2Fe2 (SO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001373 Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021260 NaFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021312 NaFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001222 NaVPO4F Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001599 direct drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001317 nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015927 pasta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001485 poly(butyl acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001251 solid state electrolyte alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0416—Methods of deposition of the material involving impregnation with a solution, dispersion, paste or dry powder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0411—Methods of deposition of the material by extrusion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H01M4/0414—Methods of deposition of the material by screen printing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
- H01M4/0423—Physical vapour deposition
- H01M4/0426—Sputtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/043—Processes of manufacture in general involving compressing or compaction
- H01M4/0435—Rolling or calendering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- TITLE PROCESS FOR PREPARING A HIGH MASS CHARGE ELECTRODE FILLED WITH ELECTROLYTE FOR A HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BATTERY
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of high energy density electrochemical batteries. It relates more particularly to an improved process for preparing a high mass charge electrode for a high energy density metal-ion battery.
- This method includes preparing a solid electrode filled with electrolyte by mixing a salt, a solvent, a binder and an active material to produce a paste.
- Charge storage in the electrochemical battery is based on faradic reactions that occur simultaneously at the negative electrode (reduction of anode material and oxidation of electrolyte components) and at the positive electrode (oxidation of cathode material and reduction of electrolytic components) by charging the battery.
- a battery is charged by converting external electrical energy into chemical energy. Electrons from an external power source travel to the anode, and on the other side of the external circuit, electrons are removed from the cathode.
- a battery is discharged by converting chemical energy into electrical energy to power an external electrical system.
- the cathode active materials are usually metal-based oxides made up of critical metals such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium.
- Electrode plays an important role in transporting ions between anodes and cathodes.
- Filling the electrolyte into the tightly wound battery device is difficult when the thickness of the electrode increases or for example when ionic liquids (slightly more viscous than organic based electrolytes) are used. This electrolyte filling step usually takes place after assembly of the electrochemical cell and can take time, the duration of filling increases with the viscosity of the electrolyte.
- Current electrolyte technology uses solvents that are flammable and have high vapor pressure. This leads to a build-up of high pressure in the device in the event of temperature fluctuations or high temperatures.
- US 10,276,856 describes a method comprising a solvent evaporation step.
- EP3444869 describes a method for the dry manufacture of an electrode for a secondary lithium battery comprising the steps consisting in:
- step (S1) dry mixing the product resulting from step (S1) with a binder to obtain an electrode mixture powder
- the thickness of the electrode must be optimized.
- Prior art methods of preparing an electrode of this type require a support to control the thickness of the electrode, for example as described in US 10,361,460.
- the inventors of the present invention have implemented a new process for manufacturing electrodes intended for high energy density batteries.
- This process involves preparing a high mass charge electrode filled with electrolyte for a high energy density battery by following the steps of: a) preparing a mixture A comprising said electrolyte by mixing a metal salt with a solvent; b) mixing said mixture A with an active material to obtain a paste; a binder being added to one of steps a) or b); c) forming said electrode with a predetermined thickness.
- the invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out said method, as well as the high mass charge electrode filled with electrolyte obtained by said method and the high energy density battery comprising said electrode.
- the invention proposes a new type of high energy density battery comprising an electrode with a high mass charge filled with electrolyte prepared using an innovative process. This process makes it possible to control the thickness of the electrode, which makes it possible to increase the energy density of the battery since the two parameters are correlated: in fact, the thicker the electrode, the more energy the battery contains.
- the method according to the invention has several advantages.
- the electrode is prepared without the need for a support to obtain the desired thickness.
- the thickness of the electrode is controlled during the process based on the fact that the material of the electrode has the consistency of a paste with mechanical strength.
- the paste must be coated on current collectors before being fed, for assembly of the "roll-to-roll” type, in battery production lines.
- the mechanically stable and electrolyte-filled electrode can be directly calendered without support and can be easily implemented in "roll-to-roll” type battery assembly lines.
- the electrode components are mixed with the electrolyte to form a paste which optimizes the cohesion between the active material and the electrolyte.
- This conformation allows a close contact and close proximity between the surface of the electrode material and the electrolyte ions.
- the thickness of conventional electrodes is limited to 100 ⁇ m, not only due to the unstable behavior of the electrode and the poor adhesion to the current collector, but also the poor kinetics caused by the inhomogeneity, and the paths long and tortuous ionic/electronic diffusion patterns in the thick film.
- This invention makes it possible both to reduce the series resistance of the electrode/electrolyte interface and to increase the kinetics and the accessibility of the electrolyte to the electrode particles so that the power of the battery is optimized.
- Electrode materials improves kinetics by bringing electrolyte ions directly close to the surface of the active material particles, reducing the time required for electrolyte diffusion into the bulk of the electrode compared to the state of the art method of preparing dry electrodes. By reducing the diffusion time and increasing the homogeneity of the distribution of the electrolyte in the entire volume of the electrode, it is possible to improve the powers delivered.
- a wide range of products can thus be prepared using the principles of the electrode filled with electrolyte, by combining different types of components such as solvent, salt, binder and active material according to the needs of the battery.
- the method eliminates the tedious step of optimizing the paste and coating it using it.
- the electrode pastes must be optimized from the point of view of their rheological properties in order to obtain a good interaction surface, in order to obtain calendering at a desired porosity. Such optimization must be performed for each different type of active material, electrode components and process medium (aqueous or organic solvents). Additionally, differential capillary stresses in the electrodes must be absorbed during the drying step to minimize cracking.
- the preparation of the paste is important and it is necessary to control its viscosity and its resistance to sedimentation, both of which can negatively affect the physical and electrochemical properties of an electrode.
- the paste viscosity directly affects the coating process. Materials that flow too fast tend to disperse during coating, resulting in a coating layer that is not uniform, while materials that are too viscous will take longer to coat, dry, and may reduce effectiveness under vacuum pressure.
- the viscosity of a paste depends on the ratio of solid matter to solvent. In the interests of environmental protection, it is important to maximize the solids content and reduce the solvent content.
- There are two methods for preparing pasta 1) using an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which is a dangerous chemical and 2) using water as the solvent, which requires intense efforts to adjust the pH of the pastes for the stability of electrode materials.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the viscosity of the paste can also be adjusted by varying the temperature.
- the solvent in the mixing medium is the electrolyte and therefore there is no need to optimize paste viscosity, pH values or temperature because the process can be carried out at room temperature. ambient due to the fact that there is no organic solvent
- the preparation of a high energy density battery comprising an electrode according to the invention is advantageous at the industrial level because the electrolyte is already in the electrode; the step of adding the electrolyte after assembly of the battery is therefore dispensed with.
- the method is quite versatile and can be easily implemented at the industrial level.
- a first object of the invention relates to a method for preparing a high mass charge electrode filled with electrolyte for a high energy density battery comprising two current collectors separated by an electrolyte composition, a separator and either:
- said method comprising the steps of: a) preparing a mixture A comprising said electrolyte by mixing a metal salt with a solvent; b) mixing said mixture A with an active material to obtain a paste; a binder being added in one of steps a) or b) c) forming said electrode with a predetermined thickness.
- the battery has a high energy density in particular due to the nature of the electrode which is filled (or impregnated, which is equivalent within the meaning of the invention) with electrolyte, as described above.
- the metal salt comprises (i) a cation selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc, and (ii) an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6) , tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), dicyanamide (DCA), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (TDI), fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSI),
- DTFSI difluoromethanesulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- BOB bis(oxalato)borate
- DFOB difluoro(oxalato)borate
- the Li-ion batteries according to the invention can provide energy densities of 100 to 265 Wh/kg or of 250 to 670 Wh/l.
- the sodium-ion battery according to the invention can supply approximately 90 Wh/kg or approximately 270 Wh/I.
- the method comprises a step a) of preparing an electrolyte by mixing a metal salt, such as a salt containing Li or Na, with a solvent and optionally a binder to obtain a mixture A.
- a metal salt such as a salt containing Li or Na
- electrospray or “electrolyte composition” refers to the mixture of the metal salt and the solvent.
- the solvent is chosen from an aprotic organic solvent, a protic organic solvent or a mixture thereof.
- the aprotic solvent can be chosen from an ionic liquid, propylene carbonate, glyme, a concentrated salt in aqueous systems in solution.
- the solvent is an ionic liquid.
- ionic liquid refers to a molten salt at a temperature below 100°C.
- the solvent comprises (i) a cation chosen from alkylimidazolium, or based on alkylpyrrolidinium, morpholinium, pyridinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, ammonium and (ii) an anion chosen among hexafluorophosphate (PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), dicyanamide (DCA), 4,5-dicyano-2-( trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (TDI), fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSI), (difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluorome
- the ionic liquids chosen are of high quality [purity 99.9%; H2O ⁇ 5ppm; halides ⁇ 1 ppm; lithium, sodium and potassium ⁇ 10 ppm; nitrogenous organic compounds ⁇ 10 ppm; color test 20-10 Hazen],
- the binder can be selected from styrene butadiene latex copolymer (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), polyvinylidene fluoride -co-trichlorethylene, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate priopionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or a combination of two or more of among themselves, as well as among
- ionic liquid polymers which can be used as binders are compounds formed from poly(diallyldimethylammonium) with an anion chosen from hexafluorophosphate (PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis (fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), dicyanamide (DCA), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (TDI), fluorosulfonyl- (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSI) and
- the method comprises a step b) consisting in mixing the mixture A obtained in step a) with an active material to obtain a paste which is the material of the electrode, that is to say an electrode filled with electrolyte .
- a binder is added in step a) or in step b), indifferently.
- the electrode filled with electrolyte can be the cathode or the anode, or both.
- the electrolyte may be different or the same in both the cathode and the anode which are to be used in the same battery cell.
- the active material for said cathode is a material containing: a. for a Li-ion battery: a lithium intercalating compound, chosen from lithium-iron phosphate, (LiFePO 4 ), lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, (LiNi x Mn y Co z O2), the doped lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, (LiNi x Mn y Co z O2), lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoCh), doped lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide ( LiNiCh), doped lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide (LiM ⁇ C ), doped lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-vanadium oxide, doped lithium-vanadium oxide , lithium and mixed metal oxides (LMNO), lithium and mixed transition metal oxides, doped lithium and mixed transition metal oxides, lithium-vanadium
- i a metal oxide such as VO2, V2O5, H2V3O8, b-MnCh; ii layered NaMOX such as Na0.71CoC>2, Na0.7MnC>2, b-NaMnCh, Nal.lV3O7.9,
- a Ca-ion battery sulphide/selenide in layers e.
- i 3D tunnel structures such as CaMmC spinel
- iii layered transition metal oxides iii layered transition metal oxides
- iv analogues Prussian blue v Analogs of Prussian white
- the active material for said anode is chosen from a. for a Li-ion battery: i a titanium composite oxide containing lithium (LTO); ii metals (Me) such as Si, Sn, Li, Zn, Mg, Cd, Ce, Ni and Fe; iii graphite, graphene, including natural graphite, artificial graphite, meso-carbon microbeads (MCMB) and carbon particles (including soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes) carbon; iv silicon (Si), silicon/graphite composites, silicon germanium (Ge) combinations, tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) , zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe) and cadmium (Cd); v alloys or intermetallic compounds of Si, Ge
- i materials based on oxides, sulphides, selenides, phosphides and MOFs and materials based on carbon include expanded graphite, N-doped expanded graphite, carbon black, amorphous carbon, carbon microspheres, hard carbon, meso-powered soft carbon, carbon nanotubes, nanosheets N-doped CNTs, N-doped graphene foam, N-doped porous nanofibers, microporous carbon, and porous cube-shaped carbon.
- iii oxides include MnCh nanoflowers, NiO nanosheets, porous SnO, porous SnCh nanotubes, porous 3D FegC-C, porous CuO-RGO, ultrasmall nitrogen doped MnO-CNTs, micro -flowers of CuS, SnS2-RGO, C03S4-PANI, ZnS-RGO, NiS-RGO, C03S4-PANI, M0S2-C, the nanosheets of WS2-conductive carbon doped with nitrogen, the nanorods of SbgSeg-RGO, the MoSe2-carbon fiber, multi-shell Sn 4 P3 nanostructures, Sn 4 P3-C nanospheres, Se 4 P4, CoP nanoparticles, FeP nanorod arrays on carbon fabric, MoP-C, CUP2 -C, hollow NiO/Ni graphene, nitrogen-doped yellow-shell structured CoSe/C iv Na metal c.
- Mg-ion and Zn-ion batteries graphite, polynanocrystalline graphite, expanded graphite, hard carbon/carbon black, hard-soft composite carbon, hard carbon microspheres, activated carbon, doped graphene F few layers, the nitrogen-doped carbon microsphere, the hierarchically porous N-doped carbon, the double phosphorus and oxygen doped graphene, the nitrogen and oxygen doped carbon nanofiber, tire rubber-derived hard carbon, porous carbon nanofiber paper, polycrystalline soft carbon, natural nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers, nitrogen/oxygen dual-doped hard carbon, K2Ti 4 0g and K2Ti 4 0g. d. for Zn-ion batteries:
- a conductive material is mixed with the mixture A and with the active material in step b) of the process.
- the electrolyte comprises an additive, for example LiTDI.
- This additive improves battery capacity.
- the conductive material can be selected from carbon black consisting of acetylene black, carbon black, ketjen black, tunnel black, furnace black, lamp black or thermal black; graphite, such as natural graphite or artificial graphite and a mixture thereof, or a combination of at least two of them; a conductive material comprising conductive fibers, such as carbon fibers or metal fibers; a metallic powder, such as a fluorocarbon, aluminum or nickel powder; conductive metal monocrystalline filaments, such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; titanium dioxide; a polyphenylene derivative.
- step b) The paste obtained in step b) is then mechanically treated to form the electrode.
- the process for forming the electrode in step c) can be chosen from any of the techniques known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, it is selected from the dough rolling technique, the dough 3D printing technique, an extrusion technique and a jet milling technique.
- the formation of the electrode can also include a step of drying the paste. This can be carried out either by direct drying (in an oven or vacuum oven at 80°C) or by producing the electrode in a dry room with a relative humidity of less than 0.5%; such a condition can be obtained for example in an anhydrous room or in an argon atmosphere. In an argon atmosphere, the water content is generally less than 5 ppm and the oxygen content is generally less than 1 ppm.
- the mass percentage of electrolyte: dry electrode material is comprised in a ratio [15:85] and preferably in a ratio [30:75], or even more preferably in a ratio [40:60],
- the optimization of this ratio makes it possible to optimize the capacity of the battery and to obtain a mechanically stable pulp.
- the electrode comprises 15 g of electrolyte and 85 g of dry electrode material (LFP+C65+PTFE).
- the optimization of this ratio can be based on the absorption of electrolyte into the electrode material during the process to obtain a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte without excess electrolyte.
- Another optimization method includes measurement of series resistance and electrochemical performance.
- the preparation of the electrodes according to the invention makes it possible to improve the surface charge of the electrodes, the energy densities and the safety of the batteries, for example for automobiles, aeronautics, space, portable tools, robots.
- the battery comprising the electrodes prepared by the process of the invention can also be applied for sensory sensors based on ionic gel (pressure/deformation sensors, double-layer electric transistors, etc.), flexible screens and flexible actuators, portable devices, depending on the choice of the nature of the solvent and the active material.
- a second object of the invention relates to an apparatus for implementing the method as defined above.
- Said apparatus intended to manufacture an electrode according to the invention comprises: means for manufacturing a paste resulting from the mixture of a metal salt, a solvent, a binder and a material active at room temperature, means for forming said electrode from the mechanical treatment of said paste, and it is characterized in that the metal parts likely to be in contact with the electrolyte are protected by an anti-corrosion coating.
- a third object of the invention relates to an electrode with a high mass charge filled with electrolyte for a high energy density battery obtained by the method defined above.
- a fourth object of the invention relates to a high energy density battery comprising at least one electrode filled with electrolyte prepared in accordance with the process described above, a separator and two current collectors, in which:
- said current collectors are respectively connected to said electrodes (cathode, anode), and said electrodes consist of: a. an anode electrode prepared according to the method as defined previously, and a cathode electrode, or b. a cathode electrode prepared according to the method as defined previously, and an anodic electrode, or c. a cathode electrode and an anode electrode both prepared according to the method as defined previously, or
- said current collectors are respectively connected to said cathode and to the separator, and said cathode electrode is prepared in accordance with the method as defined previously.
- Such a battery can thus comprise both a cathode filled with electrolyte and an anode filled with electrolyte prepared according to the method according to the invention, or a cathode filled with electrolyte prepared according to the method according to the invention and an anode, or an anode filled with electrolyte prepared according to the process according to the invention and a cathode, or only a cathode filled with electrolyte prepared according to the process according to the invention (battery without anode).
- the electrode which is not prepared according to the method according to the invention may or may not be of the commercial type.
- Separators can be made up of:
- microporous polymer membrane which is a semi-crystalline polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), PE-PP, PS-PP, polyethylene terephthalate mixtures- polypropylene (PET-PP), poly(vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN); polyoxymethylene, poly(4-methyl-l-pentene); non-woven fabric carpet woven such as cellulose, polyolefin, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester.
- a semi-crystalline polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), PE-PP, PS-PP, polyethylene terephthalate mixtures- polypropylene (PET-PP), poly(vinylidene
- polymers are polyolefin-based materials such as, and blends thereof such as polyethylene-polypropylene, graft polymers such as siloxane-grafted polyethylene separators, poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted microporous, polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber webs (PVDF), polytriphenylamine (PTPAn) modified separator
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber webs
- PTPAn polytriphenylamine
- Polymer electrolytes such as ionic liquid polymer electrolytes.
- ionic liquid polymers examples include compounds formed from poly(diallyldimethylammonium) with an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), dicyanamide (DCA), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (TDI), fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSI) and
- anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), dicyanamide (DCA), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide
- DTFSI difluoromethanesulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- BOB bis(oxalato)borate
- DFOB difluoro(oxalato)borate
- ionic liquid polymers with in addition ionic liquids (or without), polymer/copolymer electrolytes mixed with polyethylene oxide (PEO), any other combination of polymer electrolytes and ionic liquids or a combination of ionic liquids and ionic liquid polymer.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- Inorganic composite separator such as metal oxide powders (TiCh, ZrCh, IJAIO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaCOs) in a polymer matrix (PVDF-HFP, PTFE), AIO (OH) / polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on PET ; ceramic separators such as alumina or ceramic particles mixed with polymers or a combination of polymers and/or ionic liquids; surface-coated polymer such as gel-like polymer film (PEO, PVDF-HFP) on microporous membranes; impregnation of a gel polymer electrolyte such as an ionic liquid-based electrolyte into microporous membranes; glass fibers; conductive glass dividers.
- Separators can also include solid state electrolytes such as solid ceramic electrolytes and solid polymer electrolytes.
- the current collector functions as an electrical conductor between the electrode and external circuits as well as a support for the coating of electrode materials.
- the electrode filled with electrolyte is mechanically stable even without the current collector.
- Current collectors can have different textures such as mesh, foam, film, microgrid, can be porous, have various shapes, be two-dimensional, three-dimensional.
- the electrically conductive porous layers can be selected from metallic foam, metal mesh or screen, perforated sheet structure, metal fiber mat, metal nanowire mat, conductive polymer nanofiber mat, conductive polymer foam, polymer coated conductive fiber foam, foam foam, graphite foam, carbon airgel, carbon xerox gel, graphene foam, graphene oxide foam, reduced graphene oxide foam, carbon fiber foam, graphite fiber foam, exfoliated graphite foam, or a combination thereof; the current collector may also include any of stainless steel; aluminum; nickel; titanium; platinum, copper; a stainless steel surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver; and an aluminum-cadmium alloy, or a combination of at least two of them.
- Figure 1 Representation of steps a and b of the paste preparation process for the electrode material filled with electrolyte.
- Figure 2 Representation of step c of the process for preparing the paste at a desired thickness of the electrode filled with electrolyte.
- Figure 3 Schematic view of the process for preparing an electrode filled with electrolyte according to the invention.
- Figure 4 Representation of the different layers of a button cell: (1) represents the current collector (IA) and the cathode filled with electrolyte (IB) and (2) represents the current collector (2A) and the anode filled with electrolyte (2B); A represents the current collectors and B represents the electrodes filled with electrolyte. (3) represents the separator.
- Figure 5 Graph showing charge/discharge profiles of half cell (LFP//H metal) at 0.05C rate C from 2.5V to 4.0V versus Li + /Li at 40°C.
- the electrolyte-filled LFP cathode was prepared using the method of this invention.
- Figure 6 Graph showing charge/discharge profiles of two cells (LMNO//Graphite) at C/20 (0.05 C) rate of 2.0 V to 5.0 V versus Li + / Li at 20°C.
- the LMNO cathodes of thicknesses 107 ⁇ m and 173 ⁇ m filled with electrolyte were prepared using the process of this invention and the anode is commercial.
- Figure 7 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of the cell (LMNO//Graphite) at C rates of C/20 (0.05 C) and C/10 (0.1 C) from 2.0 V to 5.0 V relative to Li + /Li at 20°C.
- the 132 ⁇ m thick LMNO cathode filled with electrolyte was prepared using the process of this invention and the anode is commercial
- Figure 8 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of the cell (LMNO//Graphite) at C rates of C/20 (0.05 C) and C/10 (0.1 C) from 2.0 V to 5.0 V relative to Li + /Li at 20°C.
- the 179 ⁇ m thick LMNO cathode filled with electrolyte was prepared using the process of this invention and the anode is commercial
- Figure 9 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of the cell (LMNO//Graphite) at a C rate of C/20 (0.05 C) from 2.0 V to 5.0 V compared to Li + / Li at 20°C.
- the electrolyte filled LMNO cathode was prepared using the process of this invention and the anode is commercial.
- Figure 10 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of two cells (LMNO//Graphite) at a C rate of C/20 (0.05 C) from 2.0 V to 5.0 V compared to Li + / Li at 20°C.
- LMNO cathodes filled with two different electrolytes were prepared using the method of this invention. The anodes are commercial.
- Figure 11 Impedance spectroscopy from 1MHz to 10mHz at 20°C for (A) with an LMNO cathode prepared by the method of the state of the art and (B) with a cathode prepared by the method of this invention before and after cycling.
- the anodes are commercial.
- Figure 12 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of two cells (LMNO//Graphite) at C rates of C/20 (0.05 C) and C/10 (0.1 C) from 2.0 V to 5 .0 V with respect to Li + /Li at 20°C.
- One of the electrolyte filled LMNO cathodes was prepared using the method of this invention, the second was prepared according to the state of the art method.
- Figure 13 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of a half cell (NMC811//LÎM) at C rates of C/20 (0.05 C) and C/10 (0.1 C) of 3. 0 V to 4.2 V relative to Li + /Li at 20°C.
- the cathode was prepared by the method of the invention.
- Figure 14 Graph showing charge/discharge profiles of half cells (Graphite//LiM) cycled at C/20 (0.05 C) from 0.01 V to 1 V versus Li + /Li, at 20 °C.
- the 49.5 ⁇ m and 96.5 ⁇ m thick anodes filled with electrolyte were prepared using the process of this invention.
- Figure 15 Graph showing the charge/discharge profiles of half-cells (Silicon-Graphite//LiM) at a rate C of C/20 (0.05 C) of 0.01 V to 1 V compared to Li + /Li.
- the 67.5 ⁇ m and 79.5 ⁇ m thick anodes filled with electrolyte were prepared using the process of this invention.
- Figure 16 Graph comparing the coulombic efficiencies obtained for different electrode materials formulated according to the method according to the invention and according to the method of the state of the art.
- a first step I consists of pouring at room temperature an electrolyte with a liquid/gel formulation (2), a binder (4), an electrode active material and a conductive material (5) in a container (1) fitted with a mechanical kneading blade (3).
- This blade (3) ensures (stage II) the mixing and kneading of the components poured into the container (1), without solvent containing a Volatile Organic Component (VOC).
- VOC Volatile Organic Component
- the carbon paste (6) is treated (step III) at room temperature in a calendering machine (10) comprising three rollers (7), (8), (9), so as to produce a ribbon of paste (11) constituting (step IV) a combination of an electrode and an electrolyte.
- a practical method of electrode treatment that takes into account the optimization of the electrolyte/electrode ratio to ensure that the device is filled with materials fully exploited in terms of active material capacity, to effectively increase the energy density of the device to different thicknesses, without additional excess materials or electrolyte that do not contribute to charge storage.
- the optimization process begins with determining the electrolyte mass required for a known electrode mass. It consists of determining a minimum quantity of electrolyte for obtaining a mechanically stable paste followed by further optimization based on physical and electrochemical performance.
- Electrode preparation steps include:
- an electrolyte for example, a mixer
- the electrodes are cut into discs (IB and 2B) and they are deposited on the current collectors (IA and 2A), assembled in a button battery ( Figure 4) with a separator (3) between the cathode (IB) and the anode (2B).
- the electrode is then ready to be used in a battery.
- Production conditions require a dry room and application use, or an argon environment with less than 5 ppm water content and less than 1 ppm oxygen content, or must include a drying step.
- NB The data relating to the electrodes are then measured without taking into account the thickness of the current collector.
- Half button cells and complete button cells based on lithium are assembled in a glove box under an argon atmosphere of less than 1 ppm of O2 and H2O.
- the electrodes were made by mixing and kneading powdered active materials, ionic liquids or ionic liquid-based formulations containing lithium salt or sodium salt as electrolyte (less than 5 ppm water from SOLVIONIC SA ) and polytetrafluoroethylene (Fuel Cell Earth, Massachusetts) as a binder at room temperature.
- the electrodes filled with ionic liquid are cut into discs of 13 mm in diameter, of optimized thickness between 10 and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably between 30 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably between 100 and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably between 200 and 700 ⁇ m, even more preferably between 100 and 500 ⁇ m or between 30 and 700 ⁇ m, and most preferably between 10 and 500 ⁇ m, and laminated or calendered on current collectors (aluminum and copper).
- the electrodes were separated by a 25 to 180 ⁇ m separator which can be made of different materials.
- the button cells were then sealed by a button cell crimping instrument prior to electrochemical characterizations.
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic cycling measurements were performed using a VMP3 potentiostat (BioLogic) and a computerized multi-channel battery cycler (Arbin Inc). EIS was performed on two-electrode cells at 0 V DC bias by applying an RMS sine wave of about 5 mV at frequencies from about 80 kHz to about 10 mHz. Galvanostatic cycling is obtained by charging and discharging the cells at different constant currents at the maximum and minimum cut-off voltages specific to the different active materials.
- LiFePO 4 + C65 + PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- conductive material conductive material
- binder 52.98% by weight of LiTFSI: PYR14FSI (ratio 1:9 mol) as electrolyte
- 0.1 g of PTFE is first added to 1.127 g of electrolyte [LiTFSI: PYR14FSI (1:9 mol)], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.80 g of LiFePO 4 and 0. 1g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (ex: 400pm-300pm-250pm-200pm...) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the desired weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed. This cathode weighs 40.75 mg with a LiFePO 4 charge of 15.33 mg. The weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 52.98%.
- Table 1 and Figure 5 illustrate the characteristics of two batteries containing electrodes prepared according to the method according to the invention. This example shows that the areal capacity of the battery improves as the thickness of the electrode increases.
- the batteries were prepared according to Example 3.
- Table 1 Characteristics of half-cells with an electrode filled with electrolyte.
- Figure 5 shows an increase in discharge capacity from 156.84 mAh/g to 159.91 mAh/g as the electrode thickness increases from 126 ⁇ m to 140 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of this increase can be improved by optimizing the composition of the electrolyte as well as the test conditions like pressure, temperature.
- the hysteresis of the cell containing a thicker electrode (140 ⁇ m) is less than the cell containing a thinner electrode thickness (126 ⁇ m).
- the hysteresis is important, it makes it possible to measure the effectiveness of the cell.
- This example shows a decrease and therefore an improvement in the hysteresis by increasing the thickness.
- the decrease in hysteresis is well observed in coulombic efficiency measurements, it goes from 96.22 to 97%.
- 0.079 g of PTFE is first added to 0.616 g of electrolyte [1mol/L LiFSI in P 1113 FS I], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.842 g of LMNO and 0.081 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then mixed, electrolyte is added to wet all of the particles (+0.230g) and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (ex: 400pm-300pm-250pm-200pm...) between two aluminum sheets of 30pm each to obtain the desired weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- Table 2 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte.
- One of the cathodes in Table 2 weighs 52.2 mg with an LMNO load of 27.18 mg and is 173 ⁇ m thick.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 38.08%.
- Table 3 groups the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20°C based on LMNO and comprising the following electrolyte: lmol/L LiFSI in P1113FSL Table 3: Characteristics of cells with an LMNO electrode filled with electrolyte and a commercial graphite electrode at 0.05C.
- Figure 6 shows an increase in discharge capacity from 67.45 mAh/g to 83.32 mAh/g with an increase in electrode thickness from 107 ⁇ m to 173 ⁇ m with a rate of C to C/20.
- EXAMPLE 6 Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LMNO) electrode filled with electrolyte containing an ionic liquid and commercial graphite (anode)
- LMNO Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide
- 0.080 g of PTFE is first added to 0.627 g of electrolyte [1mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+0.05mol/L LiTDI], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.84 g of LMNO and 0.081 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (ex: 350pm-300pm-200pm...) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the grammage wish. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- Table 4 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte.
- One of the cathodes in Table 4 weighs 52.2 mg with an LMNO load of 26.96 mg and a thickness of 179 ⁇ m.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 38.52%.
- Table 5 lists the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20°C based on LMNO and comprising the following electrolyte: lmol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+0.05mol/L LiTDL
- Table 5 Characteristics of the cells with an LMNO electrode filled with electrolyte (method of this invention) and a commercial graphite electrode (method of the state of the art) at 0.05C and 0.1C.
- Figures 7 and 8 show that high grammage LMNO electrodes can be prepared without electrode cracking/cracking.
- the problem of cracking being a major difficulty encountered with the methods of the state of the art, this result is a major advantage of the invention.
- the hysteresis of the cell prepared with a thicker electrode (179 ⁇ m) is less important than that of the cell with a thinner thickness (132 ⁇ m) (FIG. 7).
- Hysteresis is important to measure cell efficiency.
- This example shows an improvement (decrease) in hysteresis with increasing thickness. This improvement is supported by the efficiencies cited in Table 6, where the 179 ⁇ m electrode has an efficiency of 95.75% compared to an efficiency of 93.98% for the 132 ⁇ m electrode. These results show an improvement in the energy density with the 179 ⁇ m electrode at 0.05° C. (surface capacity of 2.60 mAh/cm 2 ).
- EXAMPLE 7 LMNO electrode filled with electrolyte containing an ionic liquid without LiTDI (comparative example)
- 0.081 g of PTFE is first added to 0.65 g of electrolyte [lmol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.84 g of LMNO and 0.08 g of C65 . The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (ex: 350pm-300pm-200pm...) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the grammage wish. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- One of the cathodes weighs 34.1 mg with an LMNO load of 17.35 mg and a thickness of 113 ⁇ m.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 38.52%.
- Table 6 groups together the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20° C. based on LMNO and comprising the following electrolyte: 1 mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI.
- Table 6 Characteristics of cells with an LMNO electrode filled with electrolyte and a commercial graphite electrode at 0.05C. Charge/discharge characteristics are shown in Figure 9.
- Table 7 Characteristics of the cells with an LMNO electrode filled with electrolyte (process of this invention) and a commercial graphite electrode (process of the state of the art) at 0.05 C with and without additive.
- the surface capacity of the cell with the electrode containing LiTDI was improved by more than 50% for a 20% increase in mass of active material compared to the cell without LiTDL
- EXAMPLE 8 Comparison of a Commercial Electrode and an Electrode Prepared According to the Process of the Invention
- Aluminum current collector 19 ⁇ m 0.080 g of PTFE is first added to 0.632 g of electrolyte [1mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+0.05mol/L LiTDI], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.844 g of LMNO and 0.08 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg 200 ⁇ m-150 ⁇ m, etc.) between two sheets of aluminum of 30 ⁇ m each to obtain the desired basis weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg 200 ⁇ m-150 ⁇ m, etc.) between two sheets of aluminum of 30 ⁇ m each to obtain the desired basis weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- One of the cathodes weighs 18.4 mg with an LMNO load of 9.49 mg and a thickness of 56 ⁇ m.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 38.64%.
- Table 8 lists the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20°C based on LMNO and comprising the following electrolyte: lmol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+0.05mol/L LiTDL A comparison 15 is made between a commercial cathode and a cathode made according to the method of the invention.
- Table 8 Characteristics of cells with an LMNO electrode and a commercial graphite electrode at 0.05C and 0.1C at 20°C.
- An electrode (cathode) prepared with the method of this invention was compared with a commercial electrode (prepared with a state-of-the-art method).
- the anodes of these examples are graphite electrodes, prepared with a process known from the state of the art in whole cell configuration.
- Figure 11 shows that the resistances measured by impedance spectroscopy of the cells prepared with the cathodes by the method of the state of the art and those prepared by the method of this invention are at 4.13 O. cm 2 and 4 .30 O. cm 2 before the cycles respectively.
- the resistances before cycling are of the same order of magnitude, the profiles are different.
- Figure 11-A before cycling
- the profile follows an angle of 45° which corresponds to a diffusion phenomenon, in particular diffusion (Warburg) of electrolyte in the thickness of dry electrode.
- this phenomenon was not observed in Figure 11-B (before cycling), this shows that by the method of this invention, there is good wettability of the electrodes by the electrolyte.
- the profiles of these two figures (A and B) after cycling follow the same trend.
- Figure 12 shows the comparison of charge/discharge cycles between a cell composed of an LMNO cathode prepared with the method of this invention, and a cell composed of an LMNO cathode prepared with the method of the state of the invention.
- the graphite anodes are prepared with the state-of-the-art process.
- the cells are cycled at C/20 (0.05C) and C/10 (0.01C) at 20°C.
- the electrolyte is lmol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+0.05mol/L LiTDL
- Aluminum current collector 16 ⁇ m 0.0997 g of PTFE is first added to 0.773 g of electrolyte [1mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+5wt% FEC], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.802 g of NMC811 and 0.102 g of C45 . The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 300 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m, etc.) between two sheets of aluminum of 30 ⁇ m each to obtain the desired weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 300 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m, etc.) between two sheets of aluminum of 30 ⁇ m each to obtain the desired weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- One of the cathodes weighs 47.2 mg with an NMC811 load of 21.40 mg and a thickness of 288 ⁇ m.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 43.34%.
- Table 9 groups together the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20° C. based on NMC811 and comprising the following electrolyte: 1 mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+5wt% FEC.
- Table 9 Characteristics of a half-cell with an NMC811 electrode filled with electrolyte at different C-rates.
- NMC 811 electrode was prepared with a high basis weight of 2.79 mAh/cm 2 in C/20 without cracking of the electrode (thickness at 288 ⁇ m).
- a commercial 2 mAh/cm 2 electrode has a thickness of 51 ⁇ m (without current collector). Despite the large thickness, the coulombic efficiency is high, at 100% when the cell was cycling at C/20, and 99.9% at a faster rate C: C/10.
- Figure 13 shows a charge/discharge cycle of a cell comprising an NMC811 cathode filled with electrolyte (1mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI+5wt% FEC) prepared using the method of this invention, and a lithium anode metal, at C/20 (0.05C) and C/10 (0.01C) at 20°C.
- the specific capacities of 172.93 mAh/g and 172.99 mAh/g were obtained for charging and discharging, with a coulombic efficiency of 100% when this cell was cycled at C/20; 159.3 mAh/g and 159.2 mAh/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 99.9% when the cell was cycling at C/10.
- the effectiveness on the C-rates of 0.05C and 0.1C is greater for the electrodes produced according to the method of the invention.
- 0.05 g of PTFE is first added to 0.763 g of electrolyte [1 mol/L LiFSI in PYR13FSI], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.901 g of graphite and 0.05 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the anode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 250pm-150pm%) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the desired weight .
- a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 250pm-150pm%) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the desired weight .
- 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. An anode is formed.
- Table 10 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte. The weight percentage of electrolyte to anode material is 43.24%.
- Table 11 lists the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20°C based on
- Table 11 Characteristics of a half-cell with a graphite electrode filled with electrolyte at different thicknesses at C/20.
- Figure 14 shows a charge/discharge cycle at C/20 (0.05C) at 20°C of two cells each comprising a graphite electrode filled with electrolyte prepared using the method of this invention and a lithium electrode metal.
- the specific capacities are 343.04 mAh/g and 350.90 mAh/g for charging and discharging when the cell was cycling at C/10.
- the specific capacity remains at an expected value of ⁇ 350 mAh/g when the thickness of the electrode is doubled and goes from 49.5 to 96.5 ⁇ m. These thicknesses correspond to surface capacities of 1.92 and 3.37 mAh/cm 2 .
- Copper current collector 27.5 ⁇ m
- 0.1 g of PTFE is first added to 1.19 g of electrolyte [lmol/L LiFSI in EMIFSI + 10wt% FEC], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of (0.12 g of Silicon and 0.683g of Graphite) and 0.108g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the anode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 200pm-150pm%) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the desired grammage. For each thickness, 13mm electrode discs are cut out and then placed on the copper current collector. An anode is formed.
- Table 12 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte. The weight percentage of electrolyte to anode material is 54.07%.
- Table 13 groups together the characteristics obtained for Li-ion batteries at 20° C. based on Silicon-Graphite and comprising the following electrolyte: 1 mol/L LiFSI in EMIFSI+10wt%FEC.
- Table 13 Characteristics of a half-cell with a Silicon-Graphite electrode filled with electrolyte at different temperatures at 0.05C.
- Figure 15 shows the charge/discharge cycles of the cells; each cell is comprised of a silicon-graphite (15% silicon-85% graphite) electrode filled with electrolyte prepared using the method of this invention at two different thicknesses (67.5 ⁇ m and 79.5 ⁇ m), and of a lithium metal electrode, at C/20 and 20°C. These thicknesses correspond to surface capacities of 1.27 and 1.69 mAh/cm 2 .
- the cathode thickness is 67.5 ⁇ m, specific capacities of 268.0 and 324.2 mAh/g were obtained for charging and discharging.
- the thickness of the cathode is 79.5 ⁇ m; the specific capacities are 299.4 mAh/g and 362.0 mAh/g.
- EXAMPLE 12 Comparison of the coulombic efficiencies of the various electrode materials formulated according to the process of the invention and the process of the state of the art
- EXAMPLE 13 Electrode based on NaFePO 4 for Sodium-ion batteries
- 0.052 g of PTFE is first added to 0.773 g of electrolyte [NaFSI: PYR13FSI (1:9 mol)], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.851 g of NaFePO 4 and of 0.100 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (ex: 400pm-300pm-200pm-150pm%) between two sheets of aluminum of 30pm each to obtain the desired weight. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the current collector. A cathode is formed.
- Table 14 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte.
- One of the cathodes in Table 14 weighs 65.6 mg mg with a NaFePO 4 charge of 26.93 mg and has a thickness of 201 ⁇ m.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 43.52%.
- Table 15 lists the estimated characteristics of NaFePO4-based Na-ion batteries at 25 and 50°C and comprising the following electrolyte: NaFSI: PYR13FSI (1:9 mol).
- Table 15 Estimated characteristics of half-cells with a Na-ion battery electrode filled with 0.05C electrolyte at 25 or 50°C.
- EXAMPLE 14 Electrode based on Hard Carbon for Sodium-ion batteries
- Copper current collector 27.5 ⁇ m
- 0.051 g of PTFE is first added to 1.093 g of electrolyte [0.7 mol/L NaTFSI: PYR14TFSI], the mixture is then added to the powder mixture of 0.904 g of NaFePO 4 and 0.052 g of C65. The resulting mixture is then kneaded and a mechanically stable electrode filled with electrolyte is formed.
- the cathode material filled with electrolyte is calendered using a calendering machine at different successive controlled thicknesses (eg: 350 ⁇ m-250 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m) between two sheets of aluminum of 30 ⁇ m each to obtain the desired grammage. For each thickness, 13mm electrode disks are cut out and then placed on the copper current collector. An anode is formed.
- Table 16 Characteristics of electrodes filled with electrolyte.
- One of the cathodes in Table 16 weighs 34.18mg with a Hard Carbon load of 14.72mg and is 160 ⁇ m thick.
- the weight percentage of electrolyte to cathode material is 52.05%.
- Table 17 lists the estimated characteristics of Na-ion batteries based on Hard Carbon at 25/50/90°C and comprising the following electrolyte: 0.7mol/L NaTFSI: PYR14TFSI. Table 17: Estimated characteristics of half-cells with a Na-ion battery electrode filled with 0.05C electrolyte at 25, 50 and 90°C.
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AU2021405960A AU2021405960A1 (en) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | Method for preparing an electrode with high load per unit of mass filled with electrolyte for a battery with high energy density |
JP2023538992A JP2024502292A (ja) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | 高エネルギー密度を有する電池のための、電解質で充填された単位質量当たりの負荷が高い電極を製造するための方法 |
CA3203209A CA3203209A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | Procede de preparation d'une electrode a charge massique elevee remplie d'electrolyte pour batterie a haute densite energetique |
KR1020237023120A KR20230125225A (ko) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | 고 에너지 밀도를 갖는 전지용 전해질 충전된 높은단위질량당 전하를 갖는 전극의 제조 방법 |
EP21848018.4A EP4268296A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | Procédé de préparation d'une electrode à charge massique élevée remplie d'électrolyte pour batterie à haute densité énergétique |
CN202180086107.0A CN116670849A (zh) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-23 | 制备用于高能量密度电池的电解质填充高质量负载电极的方法 |
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CN115260692A (zh) * | 2022-08-16 | 2022-11-01 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种复合水凝胶、制备方法、电磁屏蔽装置和位移传感器 |
CN115716648A (zh) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-02-28 | 安徽大学 | 三维多孔复合材料及其制备方法和电磁微波吸收应用 |
CN116239157A (zh) * | 2023-02-14 | 2023-06-09 | 华南理工大学 | 一种MOFs衍生三维有序大孔空心壁双金属硫化物材料及其制备方法 |
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CN115050944B (zh) * | 2022-07-12 | 2024-03-08 | 江西师范大学 | 一种三维纳米花结构的复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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EP0986118A1 (fr) * | 1997-05-27 | 2000-03-15 | TDK Corporation | Procede de production d'une electrode pour cellules electrolytiques non-aqueuses |
US20160315355A1 (en) * | 2011-11-03 | 2016-10-27 | Johnson Controls Technology Llc | Cathode active material for overcharge protection in secondary lithium batteries |
US10361460B2 (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2019-07-23 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Process for producing lithium batteries having an ultra-high energy density |
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CN115260692A (zh) * | 2022-08-16 | 2022-11-01 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种复合水凝胶、制备方法、电磁屏蔽装置和位移传感器 |
CN115260692B (zh) * | 2022-08-16 | 2023-10-24 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种复合水凝胶、制备方法、电磁屏蔽装置和位移传感器 |
CN115716648A (zh) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-02-28 | 安徽大学 | 三维多孔复合材料及其制备方法和电磁微波吸收应用 |
CN116239157A (zh) * | 2023-02-14 | 2023-06-09 | 华南理工大学 | 一种MOFs衍生三维有序大孔空心壁双金属硫化物材料及其制备方法 |
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CN116670849A (zh) | 2023-08-29 |
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CA3203209A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 |
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