WO2022065160A1 - 二次電池用電解液および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用電解液および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022065160A1 WO2022065160A1 PCT/JP2021/033946 JP2021033946W WO2022065160A1 WO 2022065160 A1 WO2022065160 A1 WO 2022065160A1 JP 2021033946 W JP2021033946 W JP 2021033946W WO 2022065160 A1 WO2022065160 A1 WO 2022065160A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This technology relates to electrolytic solutions for secondary batteries and secondary batteries.
- This secondary battery includes an electrolytic solution (electrolyte solution for a secondary battery) together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and various studies have been made on the configuration of the secondary battery.
- electrolytic solution electrolytic solution for a secondary battery
- one or both of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, a chain carboxylic acid ester, and a carbonyloxy ester compound are contained in a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- An alkylene biscarbonate compound is contained in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in order to obtain excellent initial and high rate discharge characteristics after storage (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- Cyclic carbonate ester, chain carboxylic acid ester, and diester compound are contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte in order to suppress the decrease in discharge capacity during the charge / discharge cycle and to obtain good low temperature discharge characteristics (for example).
- Patent Document 3 Patent Document 3).
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2007-220313 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 07-282849 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-08008 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2018-133290
- the electrolytic solution for a secondary battery includes a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a diester compound represented by the formula (1), and sulfur represented by the formulas (2) to (14). It contains at least one of the contained compounds.
- each of R1 and R2 is one of a halogen group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl halide group and an alkoxy halide group
- each of R3 to R6 is a hydrogen group, a halogen group and an alkyl group. And any of the alkyl halide groups.
- R11 and R12 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, even if R11 and R12 are bonded to each other.
- R13 is any of an alkyl group, an aryl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group, an alkyl halide group and an aryl halide group
- R14 is a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide. It is one of the groups.
- Each of R15 and R16 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, and R15 and R16 may be bonded to each other. .. )
- Each of R17 and R18 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, even if R17 and R18 are bonded to each other. good.
- Each of R19 and R20 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R21 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- R22 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R23 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R24 is an alkylene group and a halogen.
- R25 and R26 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group, and R27 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- each of R28 and R29 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group and an alkyl halide group, and R28 and R29 may be bonded to each other.
- 1,2-ethylenesulfate and 1-methyl-1,2-ethylenesulfate are excluded from the sulfur-containing compound represented by the formula (9).
- Each of R30 and R31 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group, and an aryl halide group, and R30 and R31 may be bonded to each other. ..
- R32 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R33 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R34 is an alkylene group and a halogen. It is one of the alkylene groups.
- Each of R35 and R36 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R37 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- R38 and R39 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R40 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- Each of R41 to R44 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, an alkyl halide group, a group represented by the formula (15) and a group represented by the formula (16), and R41 to R44. At least one of them is either a group represented by the formula (15) and a group represented by the formula (16).
- R45 and R46 are each of an alkylene group and a halogenated alkylene group, respectively.
- R47 is either an alkyl group or an alkyl halide group, but the asterisk (*) shown in the formulas (15) and (16), respectively. Represents a bond.
- the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present technology includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution has a configuration similar to that of the electrolytic solution for a secondary battery of the above-described embodiment of the present technology. Is.
- the secondary battery electrolytic solution contains a diester compound and a sulfur-containing compound, excellent storage characteristics can be obtained. ..
- the effect of the present technology is not necessarily limited to the effect described here, and may be any effect of a series of effects related to the present technology described later.
- FIG. 1 It is a perspective view which shows the structure of the secondary battery in one Embodiment of this technique. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the battery element shown in FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the application example of a secondary battery.
- Electrolyte for secondary battery First, an electrolytic solution for a secondary battery (hereinafter, simply referred to as “electrolyte solution”) according to an embodiment of the present technology will be described.
- This electrolyte is used for secondary batteries.
- the electrolytic solution described here may be used for other electrochemical devices other than the secondary battery.
- the type of other electrochemical device is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is a capacitor or the like.
- the electrolytic solution contains a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a diester compound, and a sulfur-containing compound.
- This diester compound contains a compound represented by the formula (1), and the sulfur-containing compound is any one or two of the compounds represented by the formulas (2) to (14). Contains more than one type.
- each of R1 and R2 is one of a halogen group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl halide group and an alkoxy halide group
- each of R3 to R6 is a hydrogen group, a halogen group and an alkyl group. And any of the alkyl halide groups.
- R11 and R12 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, even if R11 and R12 are bonded to each other.
- R13 is any of an alkyl group, an aryl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group, an alkyl halide group and an aryl halide group
- R14 is a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide. It is one of the groups.
- Each of R15 and R16 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, and R15 and R16 may be bonded to each other. .. )
- Each of R17 and R18 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group, even if R17 and R18 are bonded to each other. good.
- Each of R19 and R20 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R21 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- R22 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R23 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R24 is an alkylene group and a halogen.
- R25 and R26 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group, and R27 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- each of R28 and R29 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group and an alkyl halide group, and R28 and R29 may be bonded to each other.
- 1,2-ethylenesulfate and 1-methyl-1,2-ethylenesulfate are excluded from the sulfur-containing compound represented by the formula (9).
- Each of R30 and R31 is one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group, and an aryl halide group, and R30 and R31 may be bonded to each other. ..
- R32 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R33 is one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R34 is an alkylene group and a halogen. It is one of the alkylene groups.
- Each of R35 and R36 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R37 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- R38 and R39 is one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group
- R40 is one of an alkylene group and an alkylene halide group.
- Each of R41 to R44 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, an alkyl halide group, a group represented by the formula (15) and a group represented by the formula (16), and R41 to R44. At least one of them is either a group represented by the formula (15) and a group represented by the formula (16).
- R45 and R46 are each of an alkylene group and a halogenated alkylene group, respectively.
- R47 is either an alkyl group or an alkyl halide group, but the asterisk (*) shown in the formulas (15) and (16), respectively. Represents a bond.
- the reason why the electrolytic solution contains the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound together is that when the secondary battery using the electrolytic solution is charged and discharged, a high-quality film derived from both the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound is an electrode. This is because it is formed on the surface of. As a result, the surface of the electrode is electrochemically protected, so that the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution on the surface of the electrode is suppressed. In this case, in particular, even if the secondary battery is stored in a high temperature environment, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is effectively suppressed.
- Each of R1 and R2 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a halogen group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl halide group and an alkoxy halide group.
- Each of R1 and R2 may be the same group or different groups from each other.
- halogen group is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is any one of a fluorine group, a chlorine group, a bromine group and an iodine group.
- the alkyl group may be linear, branched with one or more side chains, planar cyclic, or sterically crosslinked cyclic. Since the number of rings contained in the cyclic alkyl group is not particularly limited, it may be only one or two or more.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 3. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the diester compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group.
- the alkoxy group may be linear or branched with one or two or more side chains.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkoxy group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 3. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the diester compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group and a butoxy group.
- the halogenated alkyl group is a group in which one or two or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned alkyl groups are substituted with one kind or two or more kinds of halogen groups.
- the halogenated alkoxy group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned alkoxy groups are substituted with one kind or two or more kinds of halogen groups.
- Each of R3 to R6 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group.
- Each of R3 to R6 may be the same group or a different group from each other. Of course, only a part of R3 to R6 may be the same group. Details regarding each of the halogen group, the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- diester compound Specific examples of the diester compound include compounds represented by the formulas (1-1) to (1-46). This is because a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode.
- the content of the diester compound in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001% by weight to 5% by weight. This is because a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode.
- the sulfur-containing compound is a chain-like or cyclic compound containing sulfur as a constituent element, as shown in each of the formulas (2) to (14).
- the compound represented by the formula (2) is referred to as a "first sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (3) is referred to as a "second sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (4) is referred to as a "third sulfur”.
- Containing compound the compound represented by the formula (5) is the “fourth sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (6) is the “fifth sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (7) is the "sixth”.
- “Sulfur-containing compound” is the “seventh sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (9) is the "eighth sulfur-containing compound”
- the compound represented by the formula (10) is the "third".
- Each of R11 and R12 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group.
- Each of R11 and R12 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- the alkenyl group may be linear or branched with one or two or more side chains.
- the alkenyl group preferably has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the first sulfur-containing compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of the alkenyl group include a vinyl group and an allyl group.
- the number of aromatic rings contained in the aryl group is not particularly limited. Therefore, the number of carbon atoms of the aryl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 6 to 10, and more preferably 6. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the first sulfur-containing compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, a tolyl group and a naphthyl group.
- the halogenated alkenyl group is a group in which one or two or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned alkenyl groups are substituted with one kind or two or more kinds of halogen groups.
- the aryl halide group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned aryl groups are substituted with one kind or two or more kinds of halogen groups.
- R11 and R12 may be coupled to each other. That is, as described above, the first sulfur-containing compound may be a chain compound in which R11 and R12 are not bound to each other, or a cyclic compound in which R11 and R12 are bonded to each other.
- R13 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group, an aryl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group, an alkyl halide group and an aryl halide group. Details regarding each of the alkyl group, the aryl group, the alkyl halide group and the aryl halide group are as described above.
- the hydroxyalkyl group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned alkyl groups are substituted with hydroxyl groups.
- This hydroxyl group may be introduced at the end of the alkyl group or may be introduced in the middle of the alkyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the hydroxyalkyl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 3. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the second sulfur-containing compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl group (-CH 2 -OH), hydroxyethyl group (-C 2 H 4 -OH), hydroxypropyl group (-C 3 H 6 -OH) and hydroxybutyl group (-). C 4 H 8 -OH) and so on.
- the lithium alkoxide group is a group in which the hydrogen group among the hydroxyl groups contained in the above-mentioned hydroxyalkyl group is substituted with a lithium group.
- Specific examples of the lithium alkoxide group include a lithium methoxydo group (-CH 2 -OLi), a lithium ethoxydo group (-C 2 H 4 -OLi), a lithium propoxide group (-C 3 H 6 -OLi) and a lithium butoxide group. Group (-C 4 H 8 -OLi) and the like.
- R14 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- Each of R15 and R16 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group.
- Each of R15 and R16 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details of each of the alkyl group, alkenyl group, aryl group, alkyl halide group, alkenyl halide group and aryl halide group are as described above.
- R15 and R16 may be coupled to each other. That is, as described above, the tertiary sulfur-containing compound may be a chain compound in which R15 and R16 are not bound to each other, or a cyclic compound in which R15 and R16 are bonded to each other.
- Each of R17 and R18 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group and an aryl halide group.
- Each of R17 and R18 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details of each of the alkyl group, alkenyl group, aryl group, alkyl halide group, alkenyl halide group and aryl halide group are as described above.
- R17 and R18 may be coupled to each other. That is, as described above, the fourth sulfur-containing compound may be a chain compound in which R17 and R18 are not bonded to each other, or a cyclic compound in which R17 and R18 are bonded to each other.
- the fifth sulfur-containing compound has two sulfite groups, and the two sulfite groups are bonded to each other via a connecting group (-R21-). It is a chain compound.
- the above-mentioned two sulfurous acid groups are arranged symmetrically.
- Each of R19 and R20 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkyl group or an alkyl halide group. Each of R19 and R20 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R21 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group.
- the alkylene group may be linear or branched with one or two or more side chains.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkylene group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 3. This is because the solubility and compatibility of the fifth sulfur-containing compound are guaranteed.
- Specific examples of the alkylene group include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group and a butylene group.
- the halogenated alkylene group is a group in which one or two or more hydrogen groups among the above-mentioned alkylene groups are substituted with one kind or two or more kinds of halogen groups.
- the sixth sulfur-containing compound has two sulfite groups, and the two sulfite groups are bonded to each other via a connecting group (-R24-). It is a chain compound.
- the above-mentioned two sulfurous acid groups are arranged so as to be asymmetrical.
- R22 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group, and R23 is particularly limited to any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group. Not limited. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R24 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above.
- the seventh sulfur-containing compound has two sulfite groups, and the two sulfite groups are bonded to each other via a connecting group (-R27-). It is a chain compound.
- this seventh sulfur-containing compound the above-mentioned two sulfurous acid groups are arranged symmetrically.
- Each of R25 and R26 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group. Each of R25 and R26 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R27 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above.
- Each of R28 and R29 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a lithium alkoxide group and an alkyl halide group.
- Each of R28 and R29 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details of each of the alkyl group, hydroxyalkyl group, lithium alkoxide group and halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R28 and R29 may be coupled to each other. That is, as described above, the eighth sulfur-containing compound may be a chain compound in which R28 and R29 are not bound to each other, or a cyclic compound in which R28 and R29 are bonded to each other.
- 1,2-ethylene sulfate and 1-methyl-1,2-ethylene sulfate are excluded from the octasulfur-containing compound. That is, each of 1,2-ethylene sulfate and 1-methyl-1,2-ethylene sulfate does not fall under the octasulfur-containing compound described here even if they have the structure represented by the formula (9). .. This is because it is difficult to form a high-quality film on the surface of the electrode, so that the surface of the electrode is difficult to be electrochemically protected.
- the ninth sulfur-containing compound has two sulfite groups and the two sulfite groups are chained or cyclically bonded to each other via an ether bond. It is a compound of. In this 9th sulfur-containing compound, two sulfite groups are arranged symmetrically.
- Each of R30 and R31 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl halide group, an alkenyl halide group, and an aryl halide group.
- Each of R30 and R31 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details of each of the alkyl group, alkenyl group, aryl group, alkyl halide group, alkenyl halide group and aryl halide group are as described above.
- R30 and R31 may be coupled to each other. That is, as described above, the ninth sulfur-containing compound may be a chain compound in which R30 and R31 are not bound to each other, or a cyclic compound in which R30 and R31 are bonded to each other.
- the tenth sulfur-containing compound has one sulfate group and one sulfite group, and the one sulfate group and one sulfite group are connecting groups. It is a chain compound bonded to each other via (-R34).
- R32 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group, and R33 is particularly limited to any one of an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group. Not limited. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R34 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above.
- the eleventh sulfur-containing compound has one sulfate group and one sulfite group, and the one sulfate group and one sulfite group are connecting groups. It is a chain compound bonded to each other via (-R37).
- Each of R35 and R36 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group.
- Each of R35 and R36 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R37 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above.
- the twelfth sulfur-containing compound has two sulfate groups, and the two sulfate groups are bonded to each other via a connecting group (-R40-). It is a chain compound.
- Each of R38 and R39 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, a lithium group, an alkyl group and an alkyl halide group. Each of R38 and R39 may be the same group or different groups from each other. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- R40 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above.
- the thirteenth sulfur-containing compound is a cyclic compound having one sulfate group.
- Each of R41 to R44 is not particularly limited as long as it is any one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, an alkyl halide group, a group represented by the formula (15) and a group represented by the formula (16).
- Each of R41 to R44 may be the same group or a different group from each other. Of course, only a part of R41 to R44 may be the same group. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- the group shown in the formula (15) is a cyclic group having a 1,2-ethylene sulfate type structure, and the asterisk (*) shown in the formula (15) represents a bond. ing. Therefore, the group represented by the formula (15) can be each of R41 to R44 shown in the formula (14).
- R45 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above. However, R45 may be omitted.
- the group shown in the formula (16) is a chain-like group having one sulfite group, and the asterisk (*) shown in the formula (16) represents a bond. Therefore, the group represented by the formula (16) can be each of R41 to R44 shown in the formula (14).
- R46 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkylene group or a halogenated alkylene group. Details regarding each of the alkylene group and the halogenated alkylene group are as described above. However, R46 may be omitted as in the case of R45 described above.
- R47 is not particularly limited as long as it is either an alkyl group or an alkyl halide group. Details regarding each of the alkyl group and the halogenated alkyl group are as described above.
- one or two or more of R41 to R44 is one of the group represented by the formula (15) and the group represented by the formula (16).
- the thirteenth sulfur-containing compound contains one or both of the group represented by the formula (15) and the group represented by the formula (16)
- the thirteenth sulfur-containing compound contains the eighth sulfur in the case of a cyclic compound. It is different from a compound.
- Specific examples of sulfur-containing compounds Specific examples of each of the first sulfur-containing compound to the thirteenth sulfur-containing compound are as follows. This is because a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode.
- first sulfur-containing compound is compounds represented by the formulas (2-1) to (2-7).
- Specific examples of the second sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (3-1) to (3-10).
- Specific examples of the fourth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (5-1) to (5-17).
- sixth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (7-1) to (7-10).
- Specific examples of the seventh sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (8-1) to (8-10).
- Specific examples of the eighth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (9-1) to (9-20).
- Specific examples of the ninth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (10-1) to (10-13).
- Specific examples of the tenth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (11-1) to (11-10).
- eleventh sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (12-1) to (12-10).
- twelfth sulfur-containing compound examples include compounds represented by the formulas (13-1) to (13-10).
- thirteenth sulfur-containing compound are compounds represented by the formulas (14-1) to (14-3).
- the content of the sulfur-containing compound in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001% by weight to 5% by weight. This is because a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode.
- the content described here is the sum of the contents of each sulfur-containing compound in the electrolytic solution.
- the solvent contains any one or more of non-aqueous solvents (organic solvents), and the electrolytic solution containing the non-aqueous solvent is a so-called non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the non-aqueous solvent is an ester, an ether, or the like, and more specifically, a carbonic acid ester compound, a carboxylic acid ester compound, a lactone compound, or the like.
- the carbonic acid ester compound is a cyclic carbonate ester, a chain carbonate ester, or the like.
- Specific examples of the cyclic carbonate ester are ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, and specific examples of the chain carbonate ester are dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
- the carboxylic acid ester compound is a chain carboxylic acid ester or the like.
- Specific examples of the chain carboxylic acid ester include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate and ethyl trimethyl acetate.
- the lactone compound is lactone or the like.
- Specific examples of the lactone include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- the ethers may be 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, or the like, in addition to the above-mentioned lactone-based compound.
- the electrolyte salt is a light metal salt such as a lithium salt.
- lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), and bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide lithium (LiN).
- the content of the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is 0.3 mol / kg to 3.0 mol / kg with respect to the solvent. This is because high ionic conductivity can be obtained.
- the electrode liquid may further contain any one or more of the additives.
- the type of the additive is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is an unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester, a halogenated carbonate ester, a phosphoric acid ester, an acid anhydride, a nitrile compound, an isocyanate compound and the like. This is because the chemical stability of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the sulfur-containing compounds described above are excluded from the acid anhydrides described here.
- unsaturated cyclic carbonates include vinylene carbonate (1,3-dioxolane-2-one), vinylcarbonate ethylene (4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one) and methylenecarbonate (4-methylene). -1,3-Dioxolane-2-on) and so on.
- halogenated carbonic acid ester examples include ethylene fluorocarbonate (4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one) and ethylene difluorocarbonate (4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one).
- phosphoric acid ester examples include trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate.
- the acid anhydride is a cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride or the like, and specific examples of the cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride are anhydrous succinic acid, anhydrous glutaric acid, anhydrous maleic acid and the like.
- nitrile compound examples include acetonitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile and the like.
- isocyanate compounds are hexamethylene diisocyanate and the like.
- the other compounds described here are propane sultone represented by the formula (17-1), propene sultone represented by the formula (17-2), and glycol sulfate represented by the formula (17-3). 1,2-Ethylene sulfate) and propylene glycol sulfate represented by the formula (17-4) (1-methyl-1,2-ethylene sulfate).
- the alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- the alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms
- the aryl group has 6 to 10 carbon atoms
- the alkylene group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms. If it is 4, the solubility and compatibility of the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound are ensured, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- the content of the diester compound in the electrolytic solution is 0.001% by weight to 5% by weight, a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode, which is more effective. You can choose.
- the content of the sulfur-containing compound in the electrolytic solution is 0.001% by weight to 5% by weight, a film having sufficient electrochemical durability is likely to be formed on the surface of the electrode, which is higher. You can choose the effect.
- the secondary battery described here is a secondary battery whose battery capacity can be obtained by utilizing the storage and release of an electrode reactant, and includes an electrolytic solution which is a liquid electrolyte together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the charge capacity of the negative electrode is larger than the discharge capacity of the positive electrode in order to prevent the electrode reactant from precipitating on the surface of the negative electrode during charging. That is, the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the negative electrode is set to be larger than the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the positive electrode.
- the type of electrode reactant is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is a light metal such as an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal.
- Alkali metals are lithium, sodium and potassium and the like, and alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium and calcium and the like.
- a secondary battery whose battery capacity can be obtained by utilizing the occlusion and release of lithium is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary battery lithium is occluded and released in an ionic state.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective configuration of a secondary battery
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional configuration of the battery element 20 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows a state in which the exterior film 10 and the battery element 20 are separated from each other, and the cross section of the battery element 20 along the XZ plane is shown by a broken line.
- FIG. 2 shows only a part of the battery element 20.
- this secondary battery includes an exterior film 10, a battery element 20, a positive electrode lead 31 and a negative electrode lead 32, and sealing films 41 and 42.
- the secondary battery described here is a laminated film type secondary battery using a flexible (or flexible) exterior film 10.
- the exterior film 10 is a flexible exterior member that houses the battery element 20, and has a bag-like structure in which the battery element 20 is housed inside. is doing. Therefore, the exterior film 10 stores the electrolytic solution together with the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 which will be described later.
- the exterior film 10 is a single film-like member, and can be folded in the folding direction F.
- the exterior film 10 is provided with a recessed portion 10U (so-called deep drawing portion) for accommodating the battery element 20.
- the exterior film 10 is a three-layer laminated film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order from the inside, and when the exterior film 10 is folded, they face each other.
- the outer peripheral edges of the fused layer are fused to each other.
- the fused layer contains a polymer compound such as polypropylene.
- the metal layer contains a metallic material such as aluminum.
- the surface protective layer contains a polymer compound such as nylon.
- the configuration (number of layers) of the exterior film 10 is not particularly limited, and may be one layer or two layers, or four or more layers.
- the sealing film 41 is inserted between the exterior film 10 and the positive electrode lead 31, and the sealing film 42 is inserted between the exterior film 10 and the negative electrode lead 32.
- the sealing films 41 and 42 may be omitted.
- the sealing film 41 is a sealing member that prevents outside air and the like from entering the inside of the exterior film 10. Further, the sealing film 41 contains a polymer compound such as a polyolefin having adhesion to the positive electrode lead 31, and the polyolefin thereof is polypropylene or the like.
- the structure of the sealing film 42 is the same as that of the sealing film 41, except that it is a sealing member having adhesion to the negative electrode lead 32. That is, the sealing film 42 contains a polymer compound such as polyolefin having adhesion to the negative electrode lead 32.
- the battery element 20 is a power generation element including a positive electrode 21, a negative electrode 22, a separator 23, and an electrolytic solution (not shown), and is housed inside the exterior film 10. Has been done.
- This battery element 20 is a so-called wound electrode body. That is, in the battery element 20, the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated with each other via the separator 23, and the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator are centered on the winding shaft P which is a virtual axis extending in the Y-axis direction. 23 is wound. As a result, the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound while facing each other via the separator 23.
- the three-dimensional shape of the battery element 20 is not particularly limited.
- the cross section (cross section along the XZ plane) of the battery element 20 intersecting the winding axis P has a flat shape defined by the long axis J1 and the short axis J2.
- the long axis J1 is a virtual axis extending in the X-axis direction and having a length larger than that of the short axis J2, and the short axis J2 extends in the Z-axis direction intersecting the X-axis direction and has a long length. It is a virtual axis having a length smaller than that of the axis J1.
- the cross-sectional shape of the battery element 20 is a flat substantially elliptical shape.
- the positive electrode 21 includes a positive electrode current collector 21A and a positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A has a pair of surfaces on which the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and the metal material is aluminum or the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 21A, and contains any one or more of the positive electrode active materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be provided on only one side of the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may further contain a positive electrode binder, a positive electrode conductive agent, and the like.
- the method for forming the positive electrode active material layer 21B is not particularly limited, but specifically, any one or two or more of the coating methods and the like.
- the type of positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is a lithium-containing compound or the like.
- This lithium-containing compound is a compound containing one or more kinds of transition metal elements as constituent elements together with lithium, and may further contain one kind or two or more kinds of other elements as constituent elements.
- the type of the other element is not particularly limited as long as it is an element other than lithium and the transition metal element, but specifically, it is an element belonging to groups 2 to 15 in the long-periodic table.
- the type of the lithium-containing compound is not particularly limited, and specific examples thereof include oxides, phosphoric acid compounds, silicic acid compounds and boric acid compounds.
- oxides are LiNiO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiCo 0.98 Al 0.01 Mg 0.01 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 , Li. 1.2 Mn 0.52 Co 0.175 Ni 0.1 O 2 , Li 1.15 (Mn 0.65 Ni 0.22 Co 0.13 ) O 2 and Li Mn 2 O 4 .
- Specific examples of the phosphoric acid compound include LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 0.5 PO 4 and LiFe 0.3 Mn 0.7 PO 4 .
- the positive electrode binder contains any one or more of synthetic rubber and polymer compounds.
- Synthetic rubber includes styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine-based rubber, ethylene propylene diene and the like.
- Polymer compounds include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide and carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the positive electrode conductive agent contains any one or more of the conductive materials such as carbon material, and the carbon material is graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black and the like.
- the conductive material may be a metal material, a polymer compound, or the like.
- the negative electrode 22 includes a negative electrode current collector 22A and a negative electrode active material layer 22B.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A has a pair of surfaces on which the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and the metal material is copper or the like.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 22A, and contains any one or more of the negative electrode active materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided on only one side of the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may further contain a negative electrode binder, a negative electrode conductive agent, and the like.
- the method for forming the negative electrode active material layer 22B is not particularly limited, but specifically, any one of a coating method, a gas phase method, a liquid phase method, a thermal spraying method, a firing method (sintering method), and the like, or There are two or more types.
- the type of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but specifically, it may be one or both of a carbon material and a metal-based material. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- Carbon materials include graphitizable carbon, non-graphitizable carbon and graphite (natural graphite and artificial graphite).
- Metallic materials are a general term for materials containing one or more of metal elements and semi-metal elements capable of forming an alloy with lithium as constituent elements, and the metal elements and semi-metal elements are used as constituent elements.
- the metal-based material may be a simple substance, an alloy, a compound, a mixture of two or more of them, or a material containing two or more of these phases. Specific examples of the metallic material are TiSi 2 and SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, or 0.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4).
- each of the negative electrode binder and the negative electrode conductive agent are the same as the details regarding each of the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive agent.
- the separator 23 is an insulating porous film interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, and while preventing contact (short circuit) between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22. Allows lithium ions to pass through.
- the separator 23 contains a polymer compound such as polyethylene.
- the electrolytic solution is impregnated in each of the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23, and has the above-mentioned configuration. That is, the electrolytic solution contains the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound together.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is a positive electrode terminal connected to the battery element 20 (positive electrode 21), and more specifically, is connected to the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is led out from the inside of the exterior film 10 to the outside, and contains a conductive material such as aluminum.
- the shape of the positive electrode lead 31 is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is one of a thin plate shape and a mesh shape.
- the negative electrode lead 32 is a negative electrode terminal connected to the battery element 20 (negative electrode 22), and more specifically, is connected to the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode lead 32 is led out from the inside of the exterior film 10 to the outside, and contains a conductive material such as copper.
- the lead-out direction of the negative electrode lead 32 is the same as the lead-out direction of the positive electrode lead 31.
- the details regarding the shape of the negative electrode lead 32 are the same as the details regarding the shape of the positive electrode lead 31.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are manufactured by the procedure described below, and then the secondary battery is manufactured by using the electrolytic solution together with the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.
- the procedure for preparing the electrolytic solution is as described above.
- a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry is prepared by adding a mixture (positive electrode mixture) in which a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductive agent are mixed with each other into a solvent.
- This solvent may be an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to both sides of the positive electrode current collector 21A to form the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be compression-molded using a roll press machine or the like. In this case, the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be heated, or compression molding may be repeated a plurality of times. As a result, the positive electrode active material layers 21B are formed on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 21A, so that the positive electrode 21 is manufactured.
- the negative electrode 22 is formed by the same procedure as the procedure for manufacturing the positive electrode 21 described above. Specifically, first, a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry is prepared by adding a mixture (negative electrode mixture) in which a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode binder and a negative electrode conductive agent are mixed with each other into a solvent. The type of solvent is as described above. Subsequently, the negative electrode mixture layer 22B is formed by applying the negative electrode mixture slurry on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 22A. After that, the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be compression-molded. As a result, the negative electrode active material layers 22B are formed on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 22A, so that the negative electrode 22 is manufactured.
- a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry is prepared by adding a mixture (negative electrode mixture) in which a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode binder and a negative electrode conductive agent are mixed with each other into a solvent. The type of solvent is as described above.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is connected to the positive electrode 21 (positive electrode current collector 21A) and the negative electrode lead 32 is connected to the negative electrode 22 (negative electrode current collector 22A) by using a welding method or the like.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated with each other via the separator 23, and then the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are wound to produce a wound body (not shown).
- This winding body has the same configuration as that of the battery element 20 except that the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23 are not impregnated with the electrolytic solution.
- the winding body is molded into a flat shape by pressing the winding body using a press machine or the like.
- the exterior films 10 (fused layer / metal layer / surface protection layer) are folded so that the exterior films 10 face each other. Subsequently, by using a heat fusion method or the like to join the outer peripheral edges of the two sides of the exterior films 10 (fused layers) facing each other to each other, the film is wound inside the bag-shaped exterior film 10. Store the body.
- the outer peripheral edges of the remaining one side of the exterior film 10 are joined to each other by a heat fusion method or the like.
- the sealing film 41 is inserted between the exterior film 10 and the positive electrode lead 31, and the sealing film 42 is inserted between the exterior film 10 and the negative electrode lead 32.
- the wound body is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the battery element 20 which is a wound electrode body is manufactured, and the battery element 20 is enclosed inside the bag-shaped exterior film 10, so that it is secondary. Batteries are assembled.
- Stabilization of secondary battery Charge and discharge the assembled secondary battery.
- Various conditions such as the environmental temperature, the number of charge / discharge cycles (number of cycles), and charge / discharge conditions can be arbitrarily set.
- a film is formed on the surfaces of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, so that the state of the secondary battery is electrochemically stabilized. Therefore, a laminated film type secondary battery using the exterior film 10 is completed.
- the above-mentioned electrolytic solution is provided.
- a film derived from both the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound is formed on the respective surfaces of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 at the time of charging and discharging, so that each of the positive electrode 12 and the negative electrode 22 is formed.
- the surface of the surface is electrochemically protected. Therefore, even if the secondary battery is stored in a high temperature environment, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is effectively suppressed, so that excellent storage characteristics can be obtained.
- the secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery
- a sufficient battery capacity can be stably obtained by utilizing the occlusion and release of lithium, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- the laminated separator includes a porous membrane having a pair of faces and a polymer compound layer arranged on one or both sides of the porous membrane. This is because the adhesion of the separator to each of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 is improved, so that the position shift (winding shift) of the battery element 20 is less likely to occur. As a result, even if a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs, the secondary battery is less likely to swell.
- the polymer compound layer contains a polymer compound such as polyvinylidene fluoride. This is because polyvinylidene fluoride and the like have excellent physical strength and are electrochemically stable.
- one or both of the porous membrane and the polymer compound layer may contain any one or more of the plurality of insulating particles. This is because a plurality of insulating particles dissipate heat when the secondary battery generates heat, so that the safety (heat resistance) of the secondary battery is improved.
- Insulating particles include inorganic particles and resin particles. Specific examples of the inorganic particles are particles such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boehmite, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide and zirconium oxide. Specific examples of the resin particles are particles such as acrylic resin and styrene resin.
- a precursor solution containing a polymer compound, a solvent, etc. When producing a laminated separator, prepare a precursor solution containing a polymer compound, a solvent, etc., and then apply the precursor solution to one or both sides of the porous membrane. In this case, if necessary, a plurality of insulating particles may be added to the precursor solution.
- lithium ions can move between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, so that the same effect can be obtained.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated with each other via the separator 23 and the electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, the separator 23 and the electrolyte layer are wound around the battery element 20.
- This electrolyte layer is interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the separator 23, and is interposed between the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23.
- the electrolyte layer contains a polymer compound together with the electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound. This is because leakage of the electrolytic solution is prevented.
- the structure of the electrolytic solution is as described above.
- the polymer compound contains polyvinylidene fluoride and the like.
- the application (application example) of the secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- the secondary battery used as a power source may be a main power source for electronic devices and electric vehicles, or may be an auxiliary power source.
- the main power source is a power source that is preferentially used regardless of the presence or absence of another power source.
- the auxiliary power supply is a power supply used in place of the main power supply or a power supply that can be switched from the main power supply.
- secondary batteries Specific examples of applications for secondary batteries are as follows. Electronic devices such as video cameras, digital still cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, headphone stereos, portable radios and portable information terminals.
- a storage device such as a backup power supply and a memory card. Power tools such as electric drills and saws. It is a battery pack installed in electronic devices. Medical electronic devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids. It is an electric vehicle such as an electric vehicle (including a hybrid vehicle).
- a power storage system such as a household or industrial battery system that stores power in case of an emergency. In these applications, one secondary battery may be used, or a plurality of secondary batteries may be used.
- the battery pack may use a single battery or an assembled battery.
- the electric vehicle is a vehicle that operates (runs) using a secondary battery as a drive power source, and may be a hybrid vehicle that also has a drive source other than the secondary battery.
- household electric products and the like can be used by using the power stored in a secondary battery which is a power storage source.
- FIG. 3 shows the block configuration of the battery pack.
- the battery pack described here is a battery pack (so-called soft pack) using one secondary battery, and is mounted on an electronic device represented by a smartphone.
- this battery pack includes a power supply 51 and a circuit board 52.
- the circuit board 52 is connected to the power supply 51 and includes a positive electrode terminal 53, a negative electrode terminal 54, and a temperature detection terminal 55.
- the power supply 51 includes one secondary battery.
- the positive electrode lead is connected to the positive electrode terminal 53
- the negative electrode lead is connected to the negative electrode terminal 54. Since the power supply 51 can be connected to the outside via the positive electrode terminal 53 and the negative electrode terminal 54, it can be charged and discharged.
- the circuit board 52 includes a control unit 56, a switch 57, a heat-sensitive resistance element (PTC element) 58, and a temperature detection unit 59. However, the PTC element 58 may be omitted.
- the control unit 56 includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory, and the like, and controls the operation of the entire battery pack.
- the control unit 56 detects and controls the usage state of the power supply 51 as needed.
- the control unit 56 turns off the switch 57 so that the charging current does not flow in the current path of the power supply 51.
- the overcharge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 4.2 V ⁇ 0.05 V
- the over discharge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 2.4 V ⁇ 0.1 V. Is.
- the switch 57 includes a charge control switch, a discharge control switch, a charging diode, a discharging diode, and the like, and switches whether or not the power supply 51 is connected to an external device according to an instruction from the control unit 56.
- the switch 57 includes a field effect transistor (MOSFET) using a metal oxide semiconductor, and the charge / discharge current is detected based on the ON resistance of the switch 57.
- MOSFET field effect transistor
- the temperature detection unit 59 includes a temperature detection element such as a thermistor, measures the temperature of the power supply 51 using the temperature detection terminal 55, and outputs the measurement result of the temperature to the control unit 56.
- the temperature measurement result measured by the temperature detection unit 59 is used when the control unit 56 performs charge / discharge control when abnormal heat generation occurs, or when the control unit 56 performs correction processing when calculating the remaining capacity.
- the laminated film type secondary battery (lithium ion secondary battery) shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 was produced by the following procedure.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to both sides of the positive electrode current collector 21A (a strip-shaped aluminum foil having a thickness of 12 ⁇ m) using a coating device, and then the positive electrode mixture slurry is dried to activate the positive electrode.
- the material layer 21B was formed.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B was compression-molded using a roll press machine. As a result, the positive electrode 21 was manufactured.
- the solvent was prepared.
- the solvent include ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate which are carbonic acid ester compounds (cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate), and propyl propionate and ethyl propionate which are carboxylic acid ester compounds (chain carboxylic acid ester).
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 )
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- the solvent was stirred.
- the types of the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound are as shown in Table 1.
- the electrolyte salt, the additive, the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound were dispersed or dissolved in the solvent, respectively, so that an electrolytic solution was prepared.
- the electrolytic solution was prepared by the same procedure except that both the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound were not used.
- the positive electrode lead 31 made of aluminum was welded to the positive electrode 21 (positive electrode current collector 21A), and the negative electrode lead 32 made of copper was welded to the negative electrode 22 (negative electrode current collector 22A).
- a round body was prepared.
- the winding body was molded into a flat shape by pressing the winding body using a press machine.
- the exterior film 10 includes a fused layer (polypropylene film having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m), a metal layer (aluminum foil having a thickness of 40 ⁇ m), and a surface protective layer (nylon film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m). An aluminum laminated film laminated in this order from the inside was used.
- the winding body was impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the battery element 20 was manufactured.
- 0.1C is a current value that can completely discharge the battery capacity (theoretical capacity) in 10 hours
- 0.05C is a current value that can completely discharge the battery capacity in 20 hours.
- the electrolytic solution was analyzed using high frequency inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the charge / discharge conditions were the same as the charge / discharge conditions during the stabilization process of the secondary battery described above.
- the discharge capacity (discharge capacity after storage) of the 4th cycle was measured by charging and discharging the secondary battery for 3 cycles in a normal temperature environment.
- the charging / discharging conditions were the same as the charging / discharging conditions during the stabilization process of the secondary battery described above, except that the charging current and the discharging current were each changed to 1 / 3C.
- 1 / 3C is a current value that can completely discharge the battery capacity in 3 hours.
- capacity retention rate (discharge capacity after storage / discharge capacity before storage) ⁇ 100.
- a secondary battery is manufactured by the same procedure except that the contents of the diester compound and the sulfur-containing compound in the electrolytic solution are changed, and then the battery of the secondary battery is prepared. The characteristics were evaluated.
- the battery structure of the secondary battery is a laminated film type.
- the battery structure of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and may be a cylindrical type, a square type, a coin type, a button type, or the like.
- the element structure of the battery element is a winding type.
- the element structure of the battery element is not particularly limited, it may be a laminated type in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated to each other, or a ninety-nine fold type in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are folded in a zigzag manner.
- the electrode reactant is not particularly limited. Specifically, as described above, the electrode reactant may be another alkali metal such as sodium and potassium, or an alkaline earth metal such as beryllium, magnesium and calcium. In addition, the electrode reactant may be another light metal such as aluminum.
- the electrolytic solution may be applied to other electrochemical devices such as capacitors.
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Abstract
Description
R13は、アルキル基、アリール基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R14は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。
R15およびR16のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R15およびR16は、互いに結合されていてもよい。)
R19およびR20のそれぞれは、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R21は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R22は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R23は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R24は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R25およびR26のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R27は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
R30およびR31のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基、ハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R30およびR31は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R32は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R33は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R34は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R35およびR36のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R37は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R38およびR39のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R40は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
1.二次電池用電解液
1-1.構成
1-2.製造方法
1-3.作用および効果
2.二次電池
2-1.構成
2-2.動作
2-3.製造方法
2-4.作用および効果
3.変形例
4.二次電池の用途
まず、本技術の一実施形態の二次電池用電解液(以下、単に「電解液」と呼称する。)に関して説明する。
電解液は、溶媒と、電解質塩と、ジエステル化合物と、硫黄含有化合物とを含んでいる。このジエステル化合物は、式(1)で表される化合物を含んでいると共に、硫黄含有化合物は、式(2)~式(14)のそれぞれで表される化合物のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいる。
R13は、アルキル基、アリール基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R14は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。
R15およびR16のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R15およびR16は、互いに結合されていてもよい。)
R19およびR20のそれぞれは、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R21は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R22は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R23は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R24は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R25およびR26のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R27は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
R30およびR31のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基、ハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R30およびR31は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R32は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R33は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R34は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R35およびR36のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R37は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R38およびR39のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R40は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
ジエステル化合物は、式(1)に示したように、2個のエステル基(R1-C(=O)-O-およびR2-C(=O)-O-)を有している鎖状の化合物である。
ジエステル化合物の具体例は、式(1-1)~式(1-46)のそれぞれで表される化合物などである。電気化学的に十分な耐久性を有する被膜が電極の表面に形成されやすくなるからである。
電解液中におけるジエステル化合物の含有量は、特に限定されないが、中でも、0.001重量%~5重量%であることが好ましい。電気化学的に十分な耐久性を有する被膜が電極の表面に形成されやすくなるからである。
硫黄含有化合物は、式(2)~式(14)のそれぞれに示したように、硫黄を構成元素として含んでいる鎖状または環状の化合物である。
第1硫黄含有化合物は、式(2)に示したように、1個のスルホニル基(-S(=O)2 -)を有している鎖状または環状の化合物である。
第2硫黄含有化合物は、式(3)に示したように、1個の亜硫酸基(-S(=O)2 -O-)を有している鎖状の化合物である。
第3硫黄含有化合物は、式(4)に示したように、1個のスルホカルボン酸基(-S(=O)2 -O-C(=O)-)を有している鎖状または環状の化合物である。
第4硫黄含有化合物は、式(5)に示したように、2個のスルホニル基(-S(=O)2 -)を有していると共に、その2個のスルホニル基がエーテル結合(-O-)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状または環状の化合物である。
第5硫黄含有化合物は、式(6)に示したように、2個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その2個の亜硫酸基が接続基(-R21-)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。この第5硫黄含有化合物では、上記した2個の亜硫酸基が左右対称となるように配置されている。
第6硫黄含有化合物は、式(7)に示したように、2個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その2個の亜硫酸基が接続基(-R24-)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。この第6硫黄含有化合物では、上記した2個の亜硫酸基が左右非対称となるように配置されている。
第7硫黄含有化合物は、式(8)に示したように、2個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その2個の亜硫酸基が接続基(-R27-)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。この第7硫黄含有化合物では、上記した2個の亜硫酸基が左右対称となるように配置されている。
第8硫黄含有化合物は、式(9)に示したように、1個の硫酸基(-O-S(=O)2 -O-)を有している鎖状または環状の化合物である。
第9硫黄含有化合物は、式(10)に示したように、2個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その2個の亜硫酸基がエーテル結合を介して互いに結合されている鎖状または環状の化合物である。この第9硫黄含有化合物では、2個の亜硫酸基が左右対称となるように配置されている。
第10硫黄含有化合物は、式(11)に示したように、1個の硫酸基および1個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その1個の硫酸基および1個の亜硫酸基が接続基(-R34)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。
第11硫黄含有化合物は、式(12)に示したように、1個の硫酸基および1個の亜硫酸基を有していると共に、その1個の硫酸基および1個の亜硫酸基が接続基(-R37)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。
第12硫黄含有化合物は、式(13)に示したように、2個の硫酸基を有していると共に、その2個の硫酸基が接続基(-R40-)を介して互いに結合されている鎖状の化合物である。
第13硫黄含有化合物は、式(14)に示したように、1個の硫酸基を有している環状の化合物である。
第1硫黄含有化合物~第13硫黄含有化合物のそれぞれの具体例は、以下の通りである。電気化学的に十分な耐久性を有する被膜が電極の表面に形成されやすくなるからである。
電解液中における硫黄含有化合物の含有量は、特に限定されないが、中でも、0.001重量%~5重量%であることが好ましい。電気化学的に十分な耐久性を有する被膜が電極の表面に形成されやすくなるからである。
溶媒は、非水溶媒(有機溶剤)のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでおり、その非水溶媒を含んでいる電解液は、いわゆる非水電解液である。この非水溶媒は、エステル類およびエーテル類などであり、より具体的には、炭酸エステル系化合物、カルボン酸エステル系化合物およびラクトン系化合物などである。
電解質塩は、リチウム塩などの軽金属塩である。リチウム塩の具体例は、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6 )、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4 )、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム(LiCF3 SO3 )、ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドリチウム(LiN(FSO2 )2 )、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドリチウム(LiN(CF3 SO2 )2 )、リチウムトリス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)メチド(LiC(CF3 SO2 )3 )、ビス(オキサラト)ホウ酸リチウム(LiB(C2 O4 )2 )およびジフルオロ(オキサラト)ホウ酸リチウム(LiB(C2 O4 )F2 )などである。
なお、電極液は、さらに、添加剤のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいてもよい。添加剤の種類は、特に限定されないが、具体的には、不飽和環状炭酸エステル、ハロゲン化炭酸エステル、リン酸エステル、酸無水物、ニトリル化合物およびイソシアネート化合物などである。電解液の化学的安定性が向上するからである。ただし、上記した硫黄含有化合物は、ここで説明する酸無水物から除かれる。
電解液を製造する場合には、溶媒に電解質塩を添加したのち、その溶媒にジエステル化合物および硫黄含有化合物を添加する。これにより、溶媒中において電解質塩、ジエステル化合物および硫黄含有化合物のそれぞれが分散または溶解されるため、電解液が調製される。
この電解液によれば、ジエステル化合物と硫黄含有化合物と一緒に含んでいる。
次に、上記した電解液を用いた二次電池に関して説明する。
図1は、二次電池の斜視構成を表していると共に、図2は、図1に示した電池素子20の断面構成を表している。ただし、図1では、外装フィルム10と電池素子20とが互いに分離された状態を示していると共に、XZ面に沿った電池素子20の断面を破線で示している。図2では、電池素子20の一部だけを示している。
外装フィルム10は、図1に示したように、電池素子20を収納する可撓性の外装部材であり、その電池素子20が内部に収納された状態において封止された袋状の構造を有している。このため、外装フィルム10は、後述する正極21および負極22と共に電解液を収納している。
電池素子20は、図1および図2に示したように、正極21と、負極22と、セパレータ23と、電解液(図示せず)とを含む発電素子であり、外装フィルム10の内部に収納されている。
正極21は、図2に示したように、正極集電体21Aおよび正極活物質層21Bを含んでいる。
負極22は、図2に示したように、負極集電体22Aおよび負極活物質層22Bを含んでいる。
セパレータ23は、図2に示したように、正極21と負極22との間に介在している絶縁性の多孔質膜であり、その正極21と負極22との接触(短絡)を防止しながらリチウムイオンを通過させる。このセパレータ23は、ポリエチレンなどの高分子化合物を含んでいる。
電解液は、正極21、負極22およびセパレータ23のそれぞれに含浸されており、上記した構成を有している。すなわち、電解液は、ジエステル化合物と硫黄含有化合物とを一緒に含んでいる。
正極リード31は、図1に示したように、電池素子20(正極21)に接続された正極端子であり、より具体的には、正極集電体21Aに接続されている。この正極リード31は、外装フィルム10の内部から外部に導出されており、アルミニウムなどの導電性材料を含んでいる。正極リード31の形状は、特に限定されないが、具体的には、薄板状および網目状などのうちのいずれかである。
二次電池の充電時には、電池素子20において、正極21からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して負極22に吸蔵される。一方、二次電池の放電時には、電池素子20において、負極22からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して正極21に吸蔵される。これらの充電時および放電時には、リチウムがイオン状態で吸蔵および放出される。
二次電池を製造する場合には、以下で説明する手順により、正極21および負極22を作製したのち、その正極21および負極22と共に電解液を用いて二次電池を作製する。なお、電解液を調製する手順は、上記した通りである。
最初に、正極活物質、正極結着剤および正極導電剤が互いに混合された混合物(正極合剤)を溶媒に投入することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製する。この溶媒は、水性溶媒でもよいし、有機溶剤でもよい。続いて、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極合剤スラリーを塗布することにより、正極活物質層21Bを形成する。こののち、ロールプレス機などを用いて正極活物質層21Bを圧縮成型してもよい。この場合には、正極活物質層21Bを加熱してもよいし、圧縮成型を複数回繰り返してもよい。これにより、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極活物質層21Bが形成されるため、正極21が作製される。
上記した正極21の作製手順と同様の手順により、負極22を形成する。具体的には、最初に、負極活物質、負極結着剤および負極導電剤が互いに混合された混合物(負極合剤)を溶媒に投入することにより、ペースト状の負極合剤スラリーを調製する。溶媒の種類は、上記した通りである。続いて、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極合剤スラリーを塗布することにより、負極活物質層22Bを形成する。こののち、負極活物質層22Bを圧縮成型してもよい。これにより、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極活物質層22Bが形成されるため、負極22が作製される。
最初に、溶接法などを用いて、正極21(正極集電体21A)に正極リード31を接続させると共に、負極22(負極集電体22A)に負極リード32を接続させる。
組み立て後の二次電池を充放電させる。環境温度、充放電回数(サイクル数)および充放電条件などの各種条件は、任意に設定可能である。これにより、正極21および負極22のそれぞれの表面に被膜が形成されるため、二次電池の状態が電気化学的に安定化する。よって、外装フィルム10を用いたラミネートフィルム型の二次電池が完成する。
この二次電池によれば、上記した電解液を備えている。この場合には、上記したように、充放電時においてジエステル化合物および硫黄含有化合物の双方に由来する被膜が正極21および負極22のそれぞれの表面に形成されるため、その正極12および負極22のそれぞれの表面が電気化学的に保護される。よって、高温環境中において二次電池が保存されても電解液の分解反応が効果的に抑制されるため、優れた保存特性を得ることができる。
上記した二次電池の構成は、以下で説明するように、適宜、変更可能である。ただし、以下で説明する一連の変形例のうちの任意の2種類以上は、互いに組み合わされてもよい。
多孔質膜であるセパレータ23を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、多孔質膜であるセパレータ23の代わりに、高分子化合物層を含む積層型のセパレータを用いてもよい。
液状の電解質である電解液を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、電解液の代わりに、ゲル状の電解質である電解質層を用いてもよい。
二次電池の用途(適用例)は、特に限定されない。電源として用いられる二次電池は、電子機器および電動車両などの主電源でもよいし、補助電源でもよい。主電源とは、他の電源の有無に関係なく、優先的に用いられる電源である。補助電源は、主電源の代わりに用いられる電源、または主電源から切り替えられる電源である。
以下で説明するように、二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の電池特性を評価した。
以下の手順により、図1および図2に示したラミネートフィルム型の二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池)を作製した。
最初に、正極活物質(コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2 ))91質量部と、正極結着剤(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)3質量部と、正極導電剤(黒鉛)6質量部とを混合することにより、正極合剤とした。続いて、溶媒(有機溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に正極合剤を投入したのち、その有機溶剤を撹拌することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製した。続いて、コーティング装置を用いて正極集電体21A(厚さ=12μmである帯状のアルミニウム箔)の両面に正極合剤スラリーを塗布したのち、その正極合剤スラリーを乾燥させることにより、正極活物質層21Bを形成した。最後に、ロールプレス機を用いて正極活物質層21Bを圧縮成型した。これにより、正極21が作製された。
最初に、負極活物質(炭素材料である人造黒鉛)93質量部と、負極結着剤(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)7質量部とを混合することにより、負極合剤とした。続いて、溶媒(有機溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に負極合剤を投入したのち、その有機溶剤を撹拌することにより、ペースト状の負極合剤スラリーを調製した。続いて、コーティング装置を用いて負極集電体22A(厚さ=15μmである帯状の銅箔)の両面に負極合剤スラリーを塗布したのち、その負極合剤スラリーを乾燥させることにより、負極活物質層22Bを形成した。最後に、ロールプレス機を用いて負極活物質層22Bを圧縮成型した。これにより、負極22が作製された。
最初に、溶媒を準備した。この溶媒としては、炭酸エステル系化合物(環状炭酸エステルおよび鎖状炭酸エステル)である炭酸エチレンおよび炭酸ジエチルと、カルボン酸エステル系化合物(鎖状カルボン酸エステル)であるプロピオン酸プロピルおよびプロピオン酸エチルとを用いた。溶媒の混合比(重量比)は、炭酸エチレン:炭酸ジエチル:プロピオン酸プロピル:プロピオン酸エチル=30:10:30:30とした。
最初に、正極21(正極集電体21A)にアルミニウム製の正極リード31を溶接したと共に、負極22(負極集電体22A)に銅製の負極リード32を溶接した。
常温環境中(温度=23℃)において二次電池を1サイクル充放電させた。充電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が4.2Vに到達するまで定電流充電したのち、その4.2Vの電圧で電流が0.05Cに到達するまで定電圧充電した。放電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が3.0Vに到達するまで定電流放電した。0.1Cとは、電池容量(理論容量)を10時間で放電しきる電流値であると共に、0.05Cとは、電池容量を20時間で放電しきる電流値である。
二次電池の電池特性(高温保存特性)を評価したところ、表1に示した結果が得られた。
表1に示したように、容量維持率は、電解液の構成に応じて大きく変動した。以下では、電解液がジエステル化合物および硫黄含有化合物の双方を含んでいない場合(比較例1)の容量維持率を比較基準とする。
表2に示したように、電解液中におけるジエステル化合物および硫黄含有化合物のそれぞれの含有量を変化させたことを除いて同様の手順により、二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の電池特性を評価した。
表1および表2に示した結果から、電解液がジエステル化合物と硫黄含有化合物とを一緒に含んでいると、高い容量維持率が得られた。よって、二次電池において優れた保存特性を得ることができた。
Claims (6)
- 正極と、
負極と、
溶媒と、電解質塩と、式(1)で表されるジエステル化合物と、式(2)~式(14)のそれぞれで表される硫黄含有化合物のうちの少なくとも1種とを含む電解液と
を備えた、二次電池。
(R1およびR2のそれぞれは、ハロゲン基、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルコキシ基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R3~R6のそれぞれは、水素基、ハロゲン基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R11およびR12のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R11およびR12は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R13は、アルキル基、アリール基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R14は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。
R15およびR16のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R15およびR16は、互いに結合されていてもよい。)
(R17およびR18のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R17およびR18は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R19およびR20のそれぞれは、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R21は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R22は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R23は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R24は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R25およびR26のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R27は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R28およびR29のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R28およびR29は、互いに結合されていてもよい。ただし、1,2-エチレンサルフェートおよび1-メチル-1,2-エチレンサルフェートは、式(9)で表される硫黄含有化合物から除かれる。
R30およびR31のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基、ハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R30およびR31は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R32は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R33は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R34は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R35およびR36のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R37は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R38およびR39のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R40は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R41~R44のそれぞれは、水素基、アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、式(15)で表される基および式(16)で表される基のうちのいずれかであり、R41~R44のうちの少なくとも1つは、式(15)で表される基および式(16)で表される基のうちのいずれかである。R45およびR46のそれぞれは、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかであり、省略されてもよい。R47は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。ただし、式(15)および式(16)のそれぞれに示したアスタリスク(*)は、結合手を表している。) - 前記アルキル基、前記アルコキシ基、前記ヒドロキシアルキル基、前記リチウムアルコキシド基、前記ハロゲン化アルキル基および前記ハロゲン化アルコキシ基のそれぞれの炭素数は、1以上4以下であり、
前記アルケニル基および前記ハロゲン化アルケニル基のそれぞれの炭素数は、2以上4以下であり、
前記アリール基および前記ハロゲン化アリール基のそれぞれの炭素数は、6以上10以下であり、
前記アルキレン基および前記ハロゲン化アルキレン基のそれぞれの炭素数は、1以上4以下である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記電解液中における前記ジエステル化合物の含有量は、0.001重量%以上5重量%以下である、
請求項1または請求項2項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電解液中における前記硫黄含有化合物の含有量は、0.001重量%以上5重量%以下である、
請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - リチウムイオン二次電池である、
請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 溶媒と、
電解質塩と、
式(1)で表されるジエステル化合物と、
式(2)~式(14)のそれぞれで表される硫黄含有化合物のうちの少なくとも1種と
を含む、二次電池用電解液。
(R1およびR2のそれぞれは、ハロゲン基、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルコキシ基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R3~R6のそれぞれは、水素基、ハロゲン基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R11およびR12のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R11およびR12は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R13は、アルキル基、アリール基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基、ハロゲン化アルキル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R14は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。
R15およびR16のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R15およびR16は、互いに結合されていてもよい。)
(R17およびR18のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基およびハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R17およびR18は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R19およびR20のそれぞれは、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R21は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R22は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R23は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R24は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R25およびR26のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R27は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R28およびR29のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、リチウムアルコキシド基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R28およびR29は、互いに結合されていてもよい。ただし、1,2-エチレンサルフェートおよび1-メチル-1,2-エチレンサルフェートは、式(9)で表される硫黄含有化合物から除かれる。
R30およびR31のそれぞれは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルケニル基、ハロゲン化アリール基のうちのいずれかであり、R30およびR31は、互いに結合されていてもよい。
R32は、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであり、R33は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R34は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R35およびR36のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R37は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。
R38およびR39のそれぞれは、水素基、リチウム基、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかであると共に、R40は、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかである。)
(R41~R44のそれぞれは、水素基、アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、式(15)で表される基および式(16)で表される基のうちのいずれかであり、R41~R44のうちの少なくとも1つは、式(15)で表される基および式(16)で表される基のうちのいずれかである。R45およびR46のそれぞれは、アルキレン基およびハロゲン化アルキレン基のうちのいずれかであり、省略されてもよい。R47は、アルキル基およびハロゲン化アルキル基のうちのいずれかである。ただし、式(15)および式(16)のそれぞれに示したアスタリスク(*)は、結合手を表している。)
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