WO2022054485A1 - 金属担持触媒、電池電極及び電池 - Google Patents
金属担持触媒、電池電極及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022054485A1 WO2022054485A1 PCT/JP2021/029490 JP2021029490W WO2022054485A1 WO 2022054485 A1 WO2022054485 A1 WO 2022054485A1 JP 2021029490 W JP2021029490 W JP 2021029490W WO 2022054485 A1 WO2022054485 A1 WO 2022054485A1
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- metal
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8913—Cobalt and noble metals
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal-supported catalyst, a battery electrode and a battery.
- Patent Document 1 describes a fuel cell catalyst in which a catalyst is supported on a carrier, wherein the value of the average pore diameter / catalyst metal particle size (PGM) of the catalyst carrier is 0.5 or more and 1.8 or less. The catalyst for use is described.
- PGM catalyst metal particle size
- Patent Document 2 describes a catalyst composed of a catalyst carrier and a catalyst metal supported on the catalyst carrier, wherein the specific surface area per carrier weight of the catalyst is 715 m 2 / g carrier or more, and the carrier weight in the catalyst. Catalysts are described in which the amount of acidic group per hit is 0.75 mmol / g or less of the carrier.
- Patent Document 3 describes a polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode catalyst having the following configurations (1) and (2).
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode catalyst includes a carrier made of a conductive material and catalyst particles supported on the surface of the carrier.
- ⁇ Vads Vads (0.49) -Vads (0.01)
- Patent Document 4 in a catalyst for a solid polymer fuel cell in which catalyst particles made of platinum, cobalt, and manganese are supported on a carbon powder carrier, the catalyst particles have a molar composition ratio of platinum, cobalt, and manganese.
- the ratio of the catalyst particles having a particle size of 3.0 nm or less to the total catalyst particles is 37% or less based on the number of particles, and at least the surface of the catalyst particles is supported by a fluorine compound having a CF bond.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and one of the objects thereof is to provide a metal-supported catalyst, a battery electrode, and a battery having both excellent catalytic activity and durability.
- the metal-supported catalyst according to the embodiment of the present invention for solving the above problems is a metal-supported catalyst containing a carbon carrier and catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier, and is an average of the metal-supported catalysts.
- the ratio of the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles to the pore diameter is 0.70 or more and 1.30 or less, and the relative pressure of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of the metal-supported catalyst is 0.4 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the maximum value of the ratio of the nitrogen adsorption amount of the desorbing side isotherm to the nitrogen adsorption amount of the adsorption side isotherm is 1.05 or less, and the maximum value is equal to or less than the total number of the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier.
- the ratio of the number of the catalyst metal particles supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier is 11% or more.
- the metal-supported catalyst may include the catalyst metal particles partially embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier. Even if the ratio of the number of the catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier to the total number of the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier of the metal-supported catalyst is 33% or less. good.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles may be 1.50 nm or more and 5.00 nm or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles may be 2.00 nm or more and 6.50 nm or less.
- the metal-supported catalyst may have a BET specific surface area of 200 (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or more by the nitrogen adsorption method.
- the ratio of the BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) by the steam adsorption method to the BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) by the nitrogen adsorption method is 0.080 or less. It may be that.
- the metal-supported catalyst may have a pore volume of less than 5 nm and a volume of 0.50 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more.
- the ratio of the volume of the pores having a pore diameter of less than 5 nm to the volume of the pores having a pore diameter of 5 nm or more may be 1.80 or more.
- the metal-supported catalyst may have a curving ratio of 1.90 or less.
- the metal-supported catalyst may contain a carbon structure showing a half-value half width of 85.0 cm -1 or less in the D band having a peak top near 1340 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectroscopy.
- the median diameter of the carbon carrier may be 1.00 ⁇ m or less.
- the catalyst metal particles may be platinum particles.
- the battery electrode according to the embodiment of the present invention for solving the above problems includes the metal-supported catalyst.
- INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a battery electrode having both excellent catalytic activity and durability is provided.
- the battery according to the embodiment of the present invention for solving the above problems includes the battery electrode. According to the present invention, a battery having both excellent catalytic activity and durability is provided.
- a metal-supported catalyst, a battery electrode, and a battery having both excellent catalytic activity and durability are provided.
- the metal-supported catalyst according to the present embodiment (hereinafter referred to as “the catalyst”) is a metal-supported catalyst containing a carbon carrier and catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier, and is an average of the metal-supported catalysts.
- the ratio of the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles to the pore diameter is 0.70 or more and 1.30 or less, and the relative pressure of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of the metal-supported catalyst is 0.4 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the maximum value of the ratio of the nitrogen adsorption amount of the desorbing side isotherm to the nitrogen adsorption amount of the adsorption side isotherm is 1.05 or less, and the maximum value is equal to or less than the total number of the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier.
- the ratio of the number of the catalyst metal particles supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier is 11% or more.
- the present catalyst includes a carbon carrier and catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier.
- the catalyst is preferably composed mainly of a carbon carrier and catalyst metal particles.
- the total ratio of the weight of the carbon carrier contained in the catalyst and the weight of the catalyst metal particles to the weight of the catalyst may be, for example, 90% by weight or more (90% by weight or more, 100% by weight or less). , 95% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 98% by weight or more.
- the ratio of the total weight of the carbon carrier contained in the catalyst to the weight of the catalyst metal particles to the weight of the catalyst is obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TG).
- the carbon carrier contained in this catalyst is a carbon material mainly composed of carbon.
- the carbon content of the carbon carrier may be, for example, 70% by weight or more (70% by weight or more, 100% by weight or less), preferably 75% by weight or more, and more preferably 80% by weight or more. It is preferably 85% by weight or more, and particularly preferably.
- the carbon content of the carbon carrier is obtained by elemental analysis (combustion method) of the carbon carrier.
- the carbon carrier is preferably a porous carbon material.
- the carbon carrier preferably contains pores having high communication. That is, the carbon carrier is preferably a carbon material having many communication holes.
- the carbon carrier may be a carbonized material.
- the carbonized material is obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance.
- the content of the organic substance in the carbonized raw material may be, for example, 5% by weight or more and 90% by weight or less, and preferably 10% by weight or more and 80% by weight or less.
- the organic matter contained in the raw material is not particularly limited as long as it can be carbonized.
- the organic compound contained in the organic substance may be a polymer (for example, a thermosetting resin and / or a thermoplastic resin), and / or may be an organic compound having a smaller molecular weight.
- examples of the organic substance include polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic nitrile-polyacrylic acid copolymer, polyacrylonitrile-methyl polyacrylic acid copolymer, polyacrylonitrile-polymethacrylic acid copolymer, and polyacrylonitrile-polymethacrylic acid.
- -Polymetallicylsulfonic acid copolymer polyacrylonitrile-polymethylmethacrylate copolymer, phenol resin, polyfurfuryl alcohol, furan, furan resin, phenolformaldehyde resin, melamine, melamine resin, epoxy resin, nitrogen-containing chelate resin (for example, one or more selected from the group consisting of polyamine type, iminodiacetic acid type, aminophosphate type and aminomethylphosphonic acid type), polyamideimide resin, pyrrole, polypyrrole, polyvinylpyrrole, 3-methylpolypyrrole, acrylic nitrile, polyvinylidene chloride.
- the carbon carrier preferably contains nitrogen. That is, in this case, the carbon carrier contains a nitrogen atom in its carbon structure.
- the nitrogen-containing carbon carrier is preferably a nitrogen-containing carbonized material.
- the nitrogen-containing carbonized material is obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing a nitrogen-containing organic substance.
- the nitrogen-containing organic substance preferably contains a nitrogen-containing organic compound.
- the nitrogen-containing organic compound is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom in its molecule. Further, the nitrogen contained in the carbon carrier may be introduced by a nitrogen doping treatment.
- the nitrogen content of the carbon carrier may be, for example, 0.10% by weight or more, preferably 0.15% by weight or more, more preferably 0.20% by weight or more, and 0.25% by weight. It is even more preferably 0% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 0.30% by weight or more.
- the upper limit of the nitrogen content of the carbon carrier is not particularly limited, but the nitrogen content may be, for example, 10.00% by weight or less.
- the nitrogen content of the carbon carrier is obtained by elemental analysis (combustion method) of the carbon carrier.
- Carbonization in the production of carbonized material is performed by heating the raw material and holding it at a temperature at which the organic matter contained in the raw material is carbonized (hereinafter referred to as "carbonization temperature").
- the carbonization temperature is not particularly limited as long as the raw material is carbonized, and may be, for example, 300 ° C. or higher, preferably 700 ° C. or higher, more preferably 900 ° C. or higher, and 1000 ° C. or higher.
- the temperature is more preferably 1100 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 1100 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the carbonization temperature is not particularly limited, but the carbonization temperature may be, for example, 3000 ° C. or lower.
- the rate of temperature rise to the carbonization temperature is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.5 ° C./min or more and 300 ° C./min or less.
- the time for holding the raw material at the carbonization temperature may be, for example, 1 second or more and 24 hours or less, and preferably 5 minutes or more and 24 hours or less.
- Carbonization is preferably carried out in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
- Carbonization may be performed under normal pressure (atmospheric pressure), but it is preferably performed under pressure (pressure higher than atmospheric pressure).
- the pressure in the atmosphere for carbonization may be, for example, 0.05 MPa or more at the gauge pressure, preferably 0.15 MPa or more at the gauge pressure, and 0.20 MPa. The above is more preferable, 0.40 MPa or more is even more preferable, and 0.50 MPa or more is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit of the pressure of the atmosphere for carbonization is not particularly limited, but the pressure may be, for example, 10.00 MPa or less.
- the carbon carrier may be a carbonized material obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance and a metal.
- the carbon carrier may be a carbonized material that has been subjected to a metal removal treatment after carbonization.
- the metal removal treatment is a treatment for reducing the amount of metal derived from the raw material contained in the carbonized material.
- the metal removal treatment is preferably, for example, a cleaning treatment with an acid and / or an electrolytic treatment.
- the carbon carrier When the carbon carrier is a carbonized material obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance and a metal, the carbon carrier contains a metal derived from the carbonized raw material (hereinafter referred to as "raw metal").
- the carbon carrier contains a raw metal inside its skeleton. That is, the carbon carrier contains a raw material metal inside the skeleton constituting its porous structure. Even if the carbon carrier is a carbonized material produced through the metal removal treatment as described above, the raw material metal remains inside the skeleton of the carbon carrier.
- the weight of the raw material metal contained inside the skeleton of the carbon carrier may be larger than the weight of the raw material metal contained in the surface of the skeleton of the carbon carrier.
- the raw metal inside the skeleton of the carbon carrier is detected by subjecting the skeleton to a surface etching treatment and analyzing the cross section exposed by the etching treatment. That is, when one particle of the carbon carrier is etched, the raw material metal is detected in the cross section of the particle exposed by the etching treatment.
- the raw material metal contained in the carbon carrier can be detected, for example, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of the carbon carrier.
- the raw material metal content of the carbon carrier (ratio of the weight of the raw material metal contained in the carbon carrier to the weight of the carbon carrier) may be, for example, 0.01% by weight or more, or 0.03% by weight or more. It may be present, and may be 0.05% by weight or more. Further, the raw material metal content of the carbon carrier may be, for example, 5.00% by weight or less, 4.00% by weight or less, or 3.00% by weight or less. The raw material metal content of the carbon carrier may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values. The raw metal content of the carbon carrier is obtained by ICP-MS of the carbon carrier.
- the carbon carrier is preferably a carbon material that exhibits catalytic activity. That is, the carbon carrier is preferably a carbon catalyst that exhibits catalytic activity by itself.
- the carbon catalyst is preferably a carbonized material containing a raw material metal, which is obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance and a metal as described above.
- the catalytic activity exhibited by the carbon catalyst is, for example, preferably reduction activity and / or oxidation activity, more preferably oxygen reduction activity and / or hydrogen oxidation activity, and particularly preferably at least oxygen reduction activity.
- the carbon carrier is an oxygen reduction voltamogram obtained by using a rotating disk electrode device including a working electrode carrying the carbon carrier at a density of 0.1 mg / cm 2 (content per unit area of the battery electrode).
- a voltage of 0.7 V vs. NHE
- the oxygen reduction activity that achieves a reduction current density I 0.7 of 0.01 (mA / cm 2 ) or more may be exhibited, and 0.05. It is preferable to exhibit oxygen reduction activity that achieves a reduction current density I 0.7 of (mA / cm 2 ) or higher, and oxygen reduction that achieves a reduction current density I 0.7 of 0.08 (mA / cm 2 ) or higher. It is particularly preferable to show activity.
- the upper limit of the reduction current density I 0.7 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 7.00 (mA / cm 2 ) or less.
- the carbon carrier is used in an oxygen reduction voltammogram obtained by using a rotating disk electrode device including a working electrode in which the carbon carrier is supported at a density of 0.1 mg / cm 2 (content per unit area of the battery electrode). It may exhibit an oxygen reduction activity that achieves an oxygen reduction initiation potential EO2 of 0.35 (V vs. NHE) or higher when a reduction current of -10 ⁇ A / cm 2 flows, and may exhibit 0.50 (V vs. NHE). ) And above, it is preferable to show an oxygen reduction activity that achieves an oxygen reduction initiation potential E O2 , and it is particularly preferable to exhibit an oxygen reduction activity that achieves an oxygen reduction initiation potential E O2 of 0.65 (V vs. NHE) or higher. ..
- the upper limit of the oxygen reduction start potential EO2 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1.23 (V vs. NHE) or less.
- the catalytic activity of the carbon catalyst obtained by carbonization of a raw material containing an organic substance and a metal depends on the activity points contained in the unique carbon structure formed mainly by carbonization, rather than the raw material metal contained in the carbon catalyst. It is considered to be. This means that even when the carbonized material obtained by carbonization is subjected to a metal removal treatment for reducing the content of the raw material metal, the catalytic activity of the carbonized material after the metal removal treatment is the same.
- the carbon material obtained by supporting the metal on the surface of the carbonized material obtained by carbonizing the raw material containing an organic substance and not containing the metal, which does not significantly decrease as compared with that before the metal removal treatment, is the organic substance and the said carbon material. This is supported by the fact that it does not have excellent catalytic activity like the carbonized materials obtained by carbonizing raw materials containing metals.
- the raw material metal is preferably a transition metal. That is, the raw material metal may be a transition metal belonging to groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table.
- the raw material metal may be a transition metal other than platinum.
- the raw metal is a noble metal (for example, ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au). ) May be a transition metal other than).
- the raw material metal is preferably a transition metal belonging to the 4th period of groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table.
- the raw metal includes, for example, scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and the like.
- the particle size of the carbon carrier is not particularly limited, but for example, the median diameter of the carbon carrier may be 1.00 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.80 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.60 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 0.45 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the median diameter of the carbon carrier is not particularly limited, but the median diameter may be, for example, 0.05 ⁇ m or more.
- the particle size of the carbon carrier is obtained by the laser diffraction method of the carbon carrier.
- the catalytic metal particles contained in the present catalyst are not particularly limited as long as they are metal particles exhibiting catalytic activity, but are preferably metal particles exhibiting reducing activity and / or oxidizing activity, and oxygen reducing activity and / or Metal particles exhibiting hydrogen oxidation activity are more preferable, and at least metal particles exhibiting oxygen reduction activity are particularly preferable.
- the catalyst metal particles are preferably metal particles containing a noble metal (hereinafter referred to as "precious metal particles").
- Precious metal particles include pure noble metals (precious metals that do not form alloys) and / or noble metal alloys.
- the catalyst metal particles (for example, noble metal particles) may not contain the same kind of metal as the raw material metal.
- the noble metal is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, Ru, Pd, Rh, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, and is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ru, Pd, Rh, Ir and Pt. It is more preferably one or more kinds, and it is particularly preferable that it is Pt. That is, the noble metal particles are particularly preferably Pt particles. Pt particles include pure Pt and / or Pt alloys.
- a precious metal alloy is an alloy of one or more precious metals and one or more non-precious metals.
- the non-precious metal is a metal other than the noble metal and is not particularly limited as long as it forms an alloy with the noble metal, but is preferably a transition metal.
- the non-precious metal contained in the noble metal alloy may be one or more selected from the group consisting of, for example, Cu, Mn, Ce, Au, Pd, Ru, Nb, Ti, Fe, Co and Ni. It is more preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni, and particularly preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni.
- noble metal in noble metal particles ratio of the weight of the noble metal contained in the noble metal particles to the weight of the noble metal particles (in the case of containing two or more kinds of noble metals, the total weight of the two or more kinds of noble metals)
- ratio of the weight of the noble metal contained in the noble metal particles to the weight of the noble metal particles (in the case of containing two or more kinds of noble metals, the total weight of the two or more kinds of noble metals) Is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained, but may be, for example, 50% by weight or more (50% by weight or more, 100% by weight or less), and 75% by weight or more. Is more preferable, 85% by weight or more is more preferable, and 90% by weight or more is particularly preferable.
- the noble metal content of the noble metal particles is obtained by ICP-MS.
- the content of the noble metal in the present catalyst (the ratio of the weight of the noble metal contained in the present catalyst to the weight of the present catalyst) may be, for example, 1.0% by weight or more. , 3.0% by weight or more, more preferably 5.0% by weight or more, further preferably 10.0% by weight or more, and even more preferably 15.0% by weight or more. Especially preferable.
- the noble metal content of this catalyst may be, for example, 60.0% by weight or less.
- the noble metal content of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by ICP-MS.
- the catalyst metal particles are noble metal particles, and the present catalyst is a non-precious metal (for example, when the noble metal particles contain a noble metal alloy, the non-precious metal contained in the noble metal alloy and / or the carbon carrier is a non-noble metal.
- the molar ratio of the noble metal to the non-precious metal contained in the present catalyst (hereinafter referred to as "precious metal / non-precious metal molar ratio”) is, for example, 0.3 or more. It may be 0.5 or more, more preferably 1.0 or more, further preferably 3.0 or more, and particularly preferably 4.0 or more.
- the noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio of the present catalyst may be, for example, 20.0 or less, preferably 15.0 or less, and particularly preferably 10.0 or less.
- the noble metal / non-precious metal molar ratio may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the noble / non-noble metal molar ratio of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by ICP-MS.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles may be, for example, 1.50 nm or more and 5.00 nm or less, preferably 1.90 nm or more and 4.00 nm or less, and 2.10 nm or more. It is more preferably 3.80 nm or less, further preferably 2.10 nm or more and 3.50 nm or less, and particularly preferably 2.10 nm or more and 3.40 nm or less.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles is obtained by an X-ray diffraction method.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles may be, for example, 2.00 nm or more and 6.50 nm or less, preferably 2.30 nm or more and 6.00 nm or less, and 2.30 nm or more. It is more preferably 5.50 nm or less, further preferably 2.30 nm or more and 5.30 nm or less, and particularly preferably 2.40 nm or more and 5.20 nm or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles is obtained by an X-ray diffraction method.
- the ratio of the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles to the average pore diameter of the present catalyst (hereinafter referred to as "catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio”) is 0.70 or more and 1.30 or less.
- the catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio of this catalyst is, for example, preferably 0.72 or more and 1.20 or less, more preferably 0.75 or more and 1.10 or less, and 0.78 or more. , 1.00 or less is even more preferable, and 0.80 or more and 1.00 or less are particularly preferable.
- the fact that the catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio of the present catalyst is within the above range means that most of the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier have a particle diameter close to the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier. Show that it is.
- the average pore diameter of this catalyst may be, for example, 2.00 nm or more and 5.00 nm or less, preferably 2.40 nm or more and 4.60 nm or less, and 2.60 nm or more and 4.40 nm or less. It is more preferably 2.80 nm or more and 4.20 nm or less, and particularly preferably 3.00 nm or more and 4.00 nm or less.
- the average pore diameter of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method of the metal-supported catalyst.
- the total pore volume of the present catalyst may be, for example, 0.50 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, preferably 0.70 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, and is 0. It is more preferably .85 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, further preferably 0.90 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, and 1.00 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more. Carrier) or more is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit of the total pore volume of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the total pore volume may be, for example, 5.00 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less.
- the total pore volume of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (more specifically, the BJH method) of the metal-supported catalyst.
- "/ g-carbon carrier" in the unit of a numerical value indicates a value per 1 g of a carbon carrier contained in a metal-supporting catalyst.
- the volume of pores having a pore diameter of less than 5 nm (hereinafter referred to as “volume of pores less than 5 nm”) of this catalyst may be, for example, 0.50 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more. It is preferably 60 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, more preferably 0.65 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more, and 0.70 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more. Is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit of the volume of pores less than 5 nm of the present catalyst is not particularly limited, but the volume of pores less than 5 nm may be, for example, 5.00 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less.
- the volume of pores less than 5 nm of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (more specifically, the BJH method) of the metal-supported catalyst.
- the large volume of pores less than 5 nm of this catalyst contributes to the catalytic activity of this catalyst. That is, for example, pores having a relatively small pore size serve as a place where catalytic metal particles having a relatively small particle size showing high catalytic activity are preferentially generated, which contributes to the excellent catalytic activity of the present catalyst.
- the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 5 nm or more (hereinafter referred to as “volume of pores having a pore diameter of 5 nm or more”) of this catalyst may be, for example, 0.70 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less. It is preferably 60 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less, more preferably 0.50 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less, and 0.45 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or less. Is particularly preferable.
- the lower limit of the volume of the pores of 5 nm or more of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the volume of the pores of 5 nm or more may be, for example, 0.10 (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) or more.
- the volume of pores of 5 nm or more of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (more specifically, the BJH method) of the metal-supported catalyst.
- the ratio of the volume of pores less than 5 nm of this catalyst to the volume of pores of 5 nm or more of this catalyst (hereinafter referred to as “pores less than 5 nm / pore volume ratio of 5 nm or more”) is, for example, 1.80 or more. It may be 1.90 or more, and 2.00 or more is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit of the pore volume ratio of less than 5 nm / pore volume ratio of 5 nm or more of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the pore volume ratio may be, for example, 15.00 or less.
- the present catalyst contains many pores having a pore diameter of less than 5 nm, for example, the catalyst metal particles supported in the pores of the present catalyst are deteriorated (for example, they are supported in the pores due to water entering the pores). (Oxidation of catalyst metal) is effectively suppressed.
- the BET specific surface area (hereinafter referred to as “ N2 -BET specific surface area”) of the present catalyst by the nitrogen adsorption method may be, for example, 200 (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or more, and may be 600 (m 2 /). It is preferably g-carbon carrier) or more, more preferably 900 (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or more, and even more preferably 1000 (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or more, 1100. It is particularly preferable that it is (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or more.
- the upper limit of the N2 -BET specific surface area of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the N2 -BET specific surface area may be, for example, 3000 (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) or less.
- the ratio of the BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) by the steam adsorption method of this catalyst to the N 2 -BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-carbon carrier) of this catalyst (hereinafter, "steam-BET / nitrogen”).
- the "-BET specific surface area ratio”) may be, for example, 0.080 or less, preferably 0.070 or less, more preferably 0.060 or less, and 0.055 or less. It is even more preferable, and it is particularly preferable that it is 0.050 or less.
- the lower limit of the water vapor-BET / nitrogen-BET specific surface area ratio of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the specific surface area ratio may be, for example, 0.010 or more.
- the small water vapor-BET / nitrogen-BET specific surface area ratio of this catalyst indicates that the pores of this catalyst are highly hydrophobic. Therefore, the small water vapor-BET / nitrogen-BET specific surface area ratio of this catalyst suppresses the excessive intrusion of water into the pores of this catalyst, and / or is generated in the pores by a chemical reaction. Water is easily discharged to the outside of the pores.
- the ratio of the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the desorbing side isotherm to the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the adsorption side isotherm within the range where the relative pressure of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm is 0.4 or more and 0.6 or less (hereinafter, " The maximum value of " N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio") is 1.05 or less.
- the relative pressure (P) which is the ratio of the adsorption equilibrium pressure (P) to the saturated vapor pressure (P 0 ).
- P the relative pressure
- the / adsorption amount ratio is within the range of 1.05 or less.
- the N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio is a value of 1.00 or more due to the measurement principle.
- the maximum value of the N 2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio of this catalyst is preferably 1.04 or less, more preferably 1.03 or less, and even more preferably 1.02 or less. It is particularly preferable that it is 01 or less.
- the maximum value of the N 2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio of this catalyst is within the above range, which means that the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of this catalyst does not substantially show hysteresis, and the pores of this catalyst are highly communicated. It shows that it has the property (the catalyst has many communication holes). That is, in the present catalyst, the catalyst metal particles are supported in the pores of the carbon carrier, but the pores supporting the catalyst metal particles maintain the communication.
- the ratio of the number of catalyst metal particles supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier to the total number of catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier (hereinafter, “20 nm”).
- the catalyst metal loading ratio at the depth is 11% or more.
- the total number of catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier in this catalyst is the number of catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier and the number of catalyst metal particles supported on the inside of the carbon carrier. Is the total of.
- the number of catalyst metal particles supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier in this catalyst is determined from the number of catalyst metal particles supported inside the carbon carrier. Equal to the number obtained by subtracting the number of catalytic metal particles supported at a depth of less than 20 nm from the outer surface.
- the catalyst metal supporting ratio at a depth of 20 nm or more of the present catalyst is, for example, preferably 12% or more, more preferably 13% or more, further preferably 14% or more, and even more preferably 15% or more. It is particularly preferable to have.
- the upper limit of the catalyst metal supporting ratio at a depth of 20 nm or more of the present catalyst is not particularly limited, but the ratio may be, for example, 50% or less.
- the catalyst metal supporting ratio of the present catalyst at a depth of 20 nm or more can be obtained by electron tomography.
- the catalyst metal particles supported in the pores at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier are the catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface or the catalyst metal particles supported at a position closer to the outer surface. It is less likely to deteriorate than. Therefore, the large proportion of the catalyst metal supported at a depth of 20 nm or more of the present catalyst contributes to the catalytic activity and durability of the present catalyst.
- the ratio of the number of catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier to the total number of catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier (hereinafter referred to as "the ratio of catalyst metal supported on the outer surface”). ) May be, for example, 40% or less, preferably 33% or less, more preferably 32% or less, further preferably 31% or less, and even more preferably 30% or less. Is particularly preferred.
- the lower limit of the catalyst metal supporting ratio on the outer surface of the present catalyst is not particularly limited, but the ratio may be, for example, 5% or more.
- the catalyst metal support ratio on the outer surface of the present catalyst is obtained by electron tomography.
- the catalyst metal supporting ratio on the outer surface of the present catalyst is within the above range indicates that most of the catalyst metal particles contained in the present catalyst are supported inside the carbon carrier.
- the catalyst metal particles supported on the inside of the carbon carrier are less likely to deteriorate than the catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier. Therefore, the small proportion of the catalyst metal supported on the outer surface of the present catalyst contributes to the catalytic activity and durability of the present catalyst.
- the number of catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier and the depth of 5 nm or less from the outer surface of the carbon carrier with respect to the total number of catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier may be, for example, 60% or less, or 58%. It is preferably less than or equal to, more preferably 54% or less, further preferably 52% or less, and particularly preferably 50% or less.
- the lower limit of the catalyst metal supporting ratio at a depth of +5 nm or less on the outer surface of the present catalyst is not particularly limited, but the ratio may be, for example, 10% or more.
- the catalyst metal supporting ratio of the outer surface of the present catalyst at a depth of +5 nm or less can be obtained by electron tomography.
- the present catalyst may contain catalyst metal particles partially embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier.
- at least a part of the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier is supported in the pores of the carbon carrier, and a part of each of them is embedded in the inner surface of the pores.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the relationship between the size of the pores of the carbon carrier and the size and arrangement of the catalytic metal particles supported on the carbon carrier. Note that FIG. 1 is only a schematic explanatory view, and for example, the relative relationship between the size of the carbon carrier and the sizes of the pores and the catalyst metal particles and the shape of the pores of the carbon carrier are actually shown. Does not always match the one.
- the catalyst metal particles D are supported in the pores of the carbon carrier, and a part thereof is embedded in the inner surface of the pores.
- the catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio of the present catalyst is 0.70 or more. , 1.30 or less, the maximum value of the N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio of this catalyst is 1.05 or less, and the catalyst metal supporting ratio on the outer surface is 33% or less.
- the catalyst metal particles having a particle diameter close to the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported inside the carbon carrier more than the outer surface of the carbon carrier, the catalyst is said to be supported.
- the fact that the pores on which the catalyst metal particles are supported have communication properties strongly suggests that the present catalyst contains catalyst metal particles partially embedded in the inner surface of the pores.
- the catalyst metal particles A having a particle diameter close to the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported inside the carbon carrier and embedded in the inner surface of the pores. If not, the pores are blocked by the catalyst metal particles A, so that the communication of the pores is lost.
- the catalyst metal particles B having a particle size sufficiently smaller than the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported inside the carbon carrier, the catalyst metal particles B do not block the pores, so that the catalyst metal particles B are fine. Even if it is not buried in the inner surface of the pore, the communication of the pore is maintained. On the other hand, since the catalyst metal particles B'having a particle size sufficiently larger than the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier, the communication of the pores is maintained. Further, even when the catalyst metal particles C having a particle diameter close to the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier, the interoperability of the pores is maintained.
- the catalyst metal particles D having a particle diameter close to the diameter of the pores of the carbon carrier are supported inside the carbon carrier, the communication of the pores is maintained. It is considered that a part of the catalyst metal particles D is buried in the inner surface of the pores.
- the fact that a part of the catalyst metal particles is embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier contributes to the improvement of the stability of the catalyst metal particles in the pores.
- This catalyst satisfies all of the above-mentioned catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio conditions, the above-mentioned N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio conditions, and the above-mentioned catalyst metal loading ratio conditions at a depth of 20 nm or more. , Combines high catalytic activity and durability.
- gas diffusion and proton transport are effectively performed by the communication of pores in the carbon carrier of the present catalyst, and catalyst metal particles are used.
- the catalyst metal particles are covered by the fact that a part of the catalyst metal particles is buried in the inner surface of the pores and that a specific ratio of the catalyst metal particles is supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the outer surface of the carbon carrier. High catalytic activity can be effectively maintained while effectively avoiding poisons.
- the present catalyst may have a curving ratio of 1.90 or less, preferably 1.85 or less, and particularly preferably 1.80 or less.
- the lower limit of the curvature of the catalyst is not particularly limited, but the curvature may be, for example, 1.50 or more.
- the curvature ratio of this catalyst is obtained by electron tomography.
- the diffusion and transport of substances in the communicating pores of the present catalyst (for example, the diffusion and protons of gas in the pores of the present catalyst contained in the cathode of the fuel cell). Transport) is done effectively.
- This catalyst preferably contains nitrogen.
- the catalyst preferably contains a carbon carrier containing nitrogen.
- the nitrogen content of the present catalyst may be, for example, 0.05% by weight or more, preferably 0.10% by weight or more, more preferably 0.15% by weight or more, and 0.20. It is even more preferable to be 0.25% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 0.25% by weight or more.
- the upper limit of the nitrogen content of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the nitrogen content may be, for example, 4.00% by weight or less.
- the nitrogen content of this catalyst is obtained by elemental analysis (combustion method).
- this catalyst has a half-value half width of the D band having a peak top near 1340 cm -1 (for example, within the range of 1270 cm -1 or more and 1450 cm -1 or less) (hereinafter, "Raman D"). It is referred to as "half width at half maximum”.) It may contain a carbon structure showing 85.0 cm -1 or less.
- the half width at half maximum of Raman D of the present catalyst is preferably 75.0 cm -1 or less, more preferably 70.0 cm -1 or less, and particularly preferably 65.0 cm -1 or less.
- the lower limit of the Raman D half width at half maximum of this catalyst is not particularly limited, but the D half width at half maximum may be, for example, 20.0 cm -1 or more, preferably 25.0 cm -1 or more, and 30 It is particularly preferable that the size is 0.0 cm -1 or more.
- the Raman D half width at half maximum of this catalyst may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the D band is a component derived from a curved structure including defects and edges.
- the half width at half maximum of the D band indicates the crystallinity of the curved structure contained in the carbon structure. That is, a small half-value and half width of the D band means that the crystallinity of the curved structure is high. Therefore, the fact that the Raman D half-value half width of the carbon structure of the present catalyst (specifically, the carbon structure of the carbon carrier) is within the above range means that the carbon structure includes a curved structure having relatively high crystallinity. means.
- the fact that the present catalyst has a carbon structure including a curved structure having a relatively high crystallinity contributes to excellent durability and oxidation resistance of the present catalyst.
- This catalyst exhibits catalytic activity derived from catalytic metal particles supported on a carbon carrier. Further, when the carbon carrier itself exhibits catalytic activity (when the carbon carrier is a carbon catalyst), the present catalyst has catalytic activity derived from the carbon carrier itself in addition to catalytic activity derived from the catalytic metal particles. show.
- the catalytic activity exhibited by this catalyst is not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, reducing activity and / or oxidizing activity, more preferably oxygen reducing activity and / or hydrogen oxidizing activity, and at least oxygen reducing activity. Is particularly preferred.
- the method for producing the present catalyst includes supporting the catalyst metal particles on a carbon carrier.
- the method of supporting the catalyst metal particles on the carbon carrier is not particularly limited as long as the effect according to the present invention can be obtained, but a vapor phase reduction method is preferable. That is, the method includes subjecting a carbon carrier carrying a metal compound that is a precursor of the catalyst metal particles to a vapor phase reduction treatment to form the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier.
- the present method comprises a first step of subjecting a carbon carrier carrying a metal compound, which is a precursor of the catalyst metal particles, to a vapor phase reduction treatment to form the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier, and the first step. After one step, it is preferable to include a second step of heating the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported in an inert atmosphere.
- the method of supporting the metal compound (hereinafter, referred to as “precursor compound”) which is the precursor of the catalyst metal particles on the carbon carrier is not particularly limited, and for example, the carbon carrier and the precursor compound are carried in a liquid phase.
- the mixing method is preferably used. Specifically, for example, by immersing the carbon carrier in a solution containing the precursor compound, the precursor compound is impregnated in the pores of the carbon carrier.
- the precursor compound is not particularly limited as long as it is reduced to form a catalyst metal constituting the catalyst metal particles. That is, when the noble metal particles are supported on the carbon carrier as the catalyst metal particles, the noble metal compound forming the noble metal particles by the reduction treatment is used as the precursor compound.
- examples of the Pt compound as a precursor compound include platinum chloride (for example, platinum chloride acid (H2 PtCl 6 ) ) and dinitrodiamine platinum nitrate (for example).
- platinum chloride for example, platinum chloride acid (H2 PtCl 6 )
- dinitrodiamine platinum nitrate for example.
- bis (acetylacetonato) platinum are preferably used.
- the carbon carrier on which the precursor compound is supported which is the target of the gas phase reduction treatment in the first step, is preferably a dry solid substance. That is, for example, when a precursor compound is supported on a carbon carrier in a liquid phase, the carbon carrier on which the precursor compound is supported is obtained as a solid by drying a solution containing the carbon carrier and the precursor compound. ..
- the carbon carrier carrying the precursor compound is heated in a reducing atmosphere.
- the reducing atmosphere in the gas phase reduction treatment is an atmosphere containing a reducing gas.
- the reducing gas is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained, but is selected from the group consisting of, for example, hydrogen gas, ammonia gas and hydrocarbon gas (for example, methane gas, propane gas and butane gas 1). One or more selected from the group consisting of the above hydrocarbon gas) is preferably used.
- the content of the reducing gas in the reducing atmosphere is within the range in which the effect of the present invention can be obtained. It is not particularly limited as long as it is within, but for example, it may be 1% by volume or more (1% by volume or more, 100% by volume or less), preferably 5% by volume or more, and 10% by volume or more. Is more preferable, and 20% by volume or more is particularly preferable.
- the temperature for heating the carbon carrier on which the precursor compound is carried in the gas phase reduction treatment (hereinafter referred to as “first heating temperature”) is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained, but for example. , 250 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 ° C. or higher, more preferably 700 ° C. or higher, even more preferably 775 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 800 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the first heating temperature is not particularly limited, but the first heating temperature may be, for example, 1200 ° C. or lower, preferably 1100 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 1000 ° C. or lower. ..
- the first heating temperature may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the time for heating the carbon carrier carrying the precursor compound in the gas phase reduction treatment at the first heating temperature is particularly long as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained. Although not limited, for example, it may be 1 minute or longer, preferably 5 minutes or longer, and particularly preferably 10 minutes or longer.
- the upper limit of the first heating time is not particularly limited, but the first heating time may be, for example, 180 minutes or less, preferably 60 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 40 minutes or less. ..
- the first heating time may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the carbon carrier supporting the catalytic metal particles formed by the gas phase reduction treatment in the first step is heat-treated in an inert atmosphere.
- the inert atmosphere is an atmosphere mainly composed of an inert gas.
- the inert gas is not particularly limited, but is preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of, for example, nitrogen gas, argon gas, and helium gas.
- the content of the inert gas in the inert atmosphere is, for example, 95% by volume or more (. It may be 95% by volume or more, 100% by volume or less), preferably 98% by volume or more, more preferably 99% by volume or more, and particularly preferably 99.5% by volume or more.
- the inert atmosphere is substantially free of reducing gas.
- the content of the reducing gas in the inert atmosphere may be 1% by volume or less, preferably 0.5% by volume or less, and particularly preferably 0% by volume.
- the carbon carrier carrying the catalytic metal particles, which is heated in the inert atmosphere in the second step, preferably does not generate reducing gas by heating in the second step (for example, by thermal decomposition).
- the inert atmosphere preferably contains substantially no oxygen. That is, the oxygen content in the inert atmosphere may be, for example, 3% by volume or less, preferably 1% by volume or less, and particularly preferably 0% by volume or less.
- the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported which is the target of heating in the inert atmosphere in the second step, is preferably a dry solid substance. That is, for example, in the first step, when the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported is obtained as a solid by the vapor phase reduction treatment, in the second step, the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported is used as a liquid phase. Continue to heat in an inert atmosphere, still solid, without immersing in.
- the temperature for heating the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported may be, for example, 500 ° C. or higher, and may be 600 ° C. or higher. It is preferably 700 ° C. or higher, more preferably 750 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 800 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the second heating temperature is not particularly limited, but the second heating temperature may be, for example, 1200 ° C. or lower, preferably 1100 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 1000 ° C. or lower. ..
- the second heating temperature may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the time for heating the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are carried in the second step at the second heating temperature is particularly long as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained. Although not limited, for example, it may be 1 minute or longer, preferably 10 minutes or longer, and particularly preferably 20 minutes or longer.
- the upper limit of the second heating time is not particularly limited, but the first heating time may be, for example, 240 minutes or less, preferably 120 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 60 minutes or less. ..
- the second heating time may be specified by any combination of any of the above-mentioned lower limit values and any of the above-mentioned upper limit values.
- the first heating temperature and the second heating temperature are preferably, for example, 500 ° C. or higher (for example, 500 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower), and both are 700 ° C. or higher (for example, 700 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower). It is more preferable that the temperature is 775 ° C or higher (for example, 775 ° C or higher and 1200 ° C or lower), and it is even more preferable that the temperature is 800 ° C or higher (for example, 800 ° C or higher and 1200 ° C or lower). Is particularly preferable.
- the catalyst metal particles on the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier are effectively avoided from excessive aggregation of the catalyst metal particles. Can be effectively buried.
- the second heating temperature in the second step it is preferable to adopt a temperature close to the first heating temperature in the first step. That is, the difference between the first heating temperature and the second heating temperature is, for example, preferably 300 ° C. or lower, more preferably 200 ° C. or lower, even more preferably 150 ° C. or lower, and 100 ° C. The following is particularly preferable.
- the second step is carried out after the gas phase reduction treatment in the first step without significantly lowering the temperature of the atmosphere. That is, the temperature of the atmosphere that holds the carbon carrier carrying the catalyst metal particles from the end of heating at the first heating temperature in the first step to the start of heating at the second heating temperature in the second step is the first step. It is preferably not lowered by 800 ° C. or more from one heating temperature, more preferably not lowered by 500 ° C. or higher, further preferably not lowered by 200 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably not lowered by 100 ° C. or higher.
- the first step is carried out in a predetermined container, and then the reducing atmosphere in the container is replaced with an inert atmosphere while the carbon carrier on which the catalyst metal particles are supported is held in the container. , It is preferable to carry out the second step in the container.
- a part of the catalyst metal particles is partially contained in the pores of the carbon carrier without oxidizing the surface of the catalyst metal particles. It can be buried in the surface. That is, a part of the catalyst metal particles can be embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier while maintaining the durability of the catalyst metal particles.
- the liquid phase reduction treatment of the carbon carrier carrying the precursor compound may not be performed before the first step and / or before the second step.
- the liquid phase reduction is a method of reducing the precursor compound supported on the carbon carrier in the liquid phase to form the catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier.
- the carbon carrier is supported on the carbon carrier in the solution.
- the battery electrode according to the present embodiment includes the present catalyst. That is, the present electrode is, for example, a battery electrode including an electrode base material and the present catalyst supported on the electrode base material.
- This electrode is, for example, an electrode of a fuel cell (for example, a solid polymer fuel cell), an air battery, a water electrolytic tank (for example, a solid polymer water electrolytic tank), a redox flow battery, or a halogen battery.
- the present electrode is, for example, a cathode or an anode, preferably a cathode. That is, the present electrode is a cathode or an anode of a fuel cell, an air battery, a water electrolytic tank, a redox flow battery, or a halogen battery, preferably a fuel cell cathode, an air battery cathode, a water electrolytic tank cathode, or a redox flow battery cathode. Alternatively, it is a halogen battery cathode, more preferably a fuel cell cathode or an air battery cathode, and particularly preferably a fuel cell cathode.
- the battery according to this embodiment (hereinafter referred to as "this battery”) includes this electrode. That is, the battery is, for example, a fuel cell including the present electrode (for example, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell), an air battery, a redox flow battery, or a halogen battery.
- the battery may have a membrane / electrode assembly (MEA) containing the electrodes.
- MEA membrane / electrode assembly
- This battery is a battery having a main electrode as a cathode or an anode, and preferably a battery having a main electrode as a cathode. That is, the present battery is a fuel cell, an air battery, a redox flow battery, or a halogen battery having the main electrode as a cathode or an anode, and preferably a fuel cell, an air battery, a redox flow battery, or a halogen having the main electrode as a cathode. It is a battery, more preferably a fuel cell or an air battery having a main electrode as a cathode, and particularly preferably a fuel cell having a main electrode as a cathode.
- Carbon Carrier A 1.0 g of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 1.0 g of 2-methylimidazole, 6.0 g of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), and 30 g of dimethylformamide were mixed. The solvent was removed from the resulting mixture by drying. The dried mixture was heated in the air to insolubilize at 250 ° C.
- the infusible mixture was carbonized by heating and holding it at 1500 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere under a gauge pressure of 0.90 MPa. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the carbonized material obtained by carbonization, and the mixture was stirred. Then, the suspension containing the carbonized material was filtered using a filter membrane, and the carbonized material was washed with distilled water until the filtrate became neutral. In this way, the metal removal treatment by pickling was performed.
- the carbonized material after the metal removal treatment was pulverized by a fine pulverizer until the median particle size was 0.4 ⁇ m or less.
- the carbonized material after pulverization was vacuum dried to remove water. Then, the carbonized material was heat-treated at 300 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. The carbonized material thus obtained was used as the carbon carrier A.
- Carbon carrier B 1.0 g of PAN, 1.0 g of 2-methylimidazole, 6.0 g of ZnCl 2 , and 0.18 g of iron ( III ) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3.6H 2 O). ) And 30 g of dimethylformamide were mixed. The solvent was removed from the resulting mixture by drying. The dried mixture was heated in the air to insolubilize at 250 ° C.
- the infusible mixture was carbonized by heating and holding it at 1300 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere under a gauge pressure of 0.90 MPa.
- Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the carbonized material obtained by carbonization, and the mixture was stirred. Then, the suspension containing the carbonized material was filtered using a filter membrane, and the carbonized material was washed with distilled water until the filtrate became neutral. In this way, the metal removal treatment by pickling was performed.
- the carbonized material after the metal removal treatment was pulverized by a fine pulverizer until the median particle size was 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the carbonized material after pulverization was vacuum dried to remove water. Then, the carbonized material was heat-treated at 300 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. Further, the carbonized material after the heat treatment was heated and held at 900 ° C. under the flow of ammonia gas, so that the carbonized material was subjected to nitrogen doping treatment and activation treatment.
- the carbonized material thus obtained was used as the carbon carrier B.
- Carbon carrier C Commercially available Ketjen Black EC600JD (manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd.) was used as the carbon carrier C.
- Carbon carrier D 1.0 g of PAN, 1.0 g of 2-methylimidazole, 6.0 g of ZnCl 2 and 30 g of dimethylformamide were mixed. The solvent was removed from the resulting mixture by drying. The dried mixture was heated in the air to insolubilize at 250 ° C.
- the infusible mixture was heated and held at 1500 ° C. under normal pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere to carry out carbonization.
- Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the carbonized material obtained by carbonization, and the mixture was stirred. Then, the suspension containing the carbonized material was filtered using a filter membrane, and the carbonized material was washed with distilled water until the filtrate became neutral. In this way, the metal removal treatment by pickling was performed.
- the carbonized material after the metal removal treatment was pulverized by a fine pulverizer until the median particle size was 0.4 ⁇ m or less.
- the carbonized material after pulverization was vacuum dried to remove water. Then, the carbonized material was heat-treated at 300 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. The carbonized material thus obtained was used as the carbon carrier D.
- Example 1 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method A to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, the carbon carrier A and an aqueous solution containing chloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) as a platinum precursor and cobalt chloride (C CincinnatiCl 2 ) as a precursor of an alloy component were mixed for 18 hours. Then, the obtained mixed solution was dried in air at 100 ° C. and further kept in nitrogen at 150 ° C. to volatilize the solvent component.
- chloroplatinic acid H 2 PtCl 6
- C AlbanyCl 2 cobalt chloride
- the obtained solid material was first heat-treated (gas phase reduction treatment) at 825 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas) for 20 minutes, and then the temperature of the atmosphere was within the range of 820 ° C. to 830 ° C.
- the hydrogen atmosphere was replaced with a nitrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of nitrogen gas), and heat treatment was performed at 825 ° C. for 40 minutes in the nitrogen atmosphere.
- the metal-supported catalyst and a 10% nitrate solution were mixed for 2 hours. Then, the metal-supported catalyst and the acid solution were separated by filtration, and the metal-supported catalyst was further washed with distilled water until the filtrate became neutral. The washed metal-supported catalyst was dried in vacuum at 60 ° C. to remove water.
- the metal-supported catalyst was heat-treated at 300 ° C. in nitrogen. Further, in order to reduce and remove the platinum oxide, the metal-supported catalyst was heat-treated at 700 ° C. in nitrogen. In this way, a platinum alloy-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the platinum alloy particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained.
- the amount of platinum supported on the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- the noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio (specifically, the Pt / Co molar ratio) in the metal-supported catalyst was 7.0.
- Example 2 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method B to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, the carbon carrier A and the aqueous solution containing H 2 PtCl 6 were mixed for 18 hours. Then, the obtained mixed solution was dried in air at 100 ° C. and further kept in nitrogen at 150 ° C. to volatilize the solvent component.
- the obtained solid material was first heat-treated at 825 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas) for 20 minutes, and then the atmosphere temperature was maintained in the range of 820 ° C. to 830 ° C.
- the hydrogen atmosphere was replaced with a nitrogen atmosphere (nitrogen gas 100% by volume), and heat treatment was performed at 825 ° C. for 40 minutes in the nitrogen atmosphere.
- a platinum-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the pure platinum particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained.
- the amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- Example 3 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method C to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, the carbon carrier A and the aqueous solution containing H 2 PtCl 6 were mixed for 18 hours. Then, the obtained mixed solution was dried in air at 100 ° C. and further kept in nitrogen at 150 ° C. to volatilize the solvent component.
- the obtained solid matter was first heat-treated at 825 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas) for 30 minutes, and then the hydrogen was maintained while maintaining the temperature of the atmosphere within the range of 820 ° C. to 830 ° C.
- the atmosphere was replaced with a nitrogen atmosphere (nitrogen gas 100% by volume), and heat treatment was performed at 825 ° C. for 30 minutes in the nitrogen atmosphere.
- a platinum-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the pure platinum particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained.
- the amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- a metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method D to the carbon carrier B. Specifically, the carbon carrier B and the aqueous solution containing H 2 PtCl 6 and C AlbanyCl 2 were mixed for 18 hours. Then, the obtained mixed solution was dried in air at 100 ° C. and further kept in nitrogen at 150 ° C. to volatilize the solvent component.
- the obtained solid material was heat-treated at 900 ° C. for 60 minutes in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas).
- a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas).
- the metal-supported catalyst and a 10% nitrate solution were mixed for 2 hours.
- the metal-supported catalyst and the acid solution were separated by filtration, and the metal-supported catalyst was further washed with distilled water until the filtrate became neutral.
- the washed metal-supported catalyst was dried in vacuum at 60 ° C. to remove water.
- the metal-supported catalyst was heat-treated at 300 ° C. in nitrogen. Further, in order to reduce and remove the platinum oxide, the metal-supported catalyst was heat-treated at 700 ° C. in nitrogen. In this way, a platinum alloy-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier B and the platinum alloy particles supported on the carbon carrier B was obtained. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 30% by weight.
- the noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio (specifically, the Pt / Co molar ratio) in the metal-supported catalyst was 7.0.
- a metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method E to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, carbon carrier A is used instead of carbon carrier B, and heat treatment is performed at 825 ° C. for 60 minutes in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas) instead of heat treatment at 900 ° C. for 60 minutes in a hydrogen atmosphere.
- a platinum alloy-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the platinum alloy particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 above except for the above. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- the noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio (specifically, the Pt / Co molar ratio) in the metal-supported catalyst was 7.0.
- a metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method A to the carbon carrier B. Specifically, a platinum alloy composed of the carbon carrier B and the platinum alloy particles supported on the carbon carrier B in the same manner as in Example 1 above except that the carbon carrier B is used instead of the carbon carrier A. A supported catalyst was obtained. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 30% by weight. The noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio (specifically, the Pt / Co molar ratio) in the metal-supported catalyst was 7.0.
- Example C1 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle supporting method B to the carbon carrier C. Specifically, a platinum carrier composed of a carbon carrier C and pure platinum particles supported on the carbon carrier C is carried in the same manner as in Example 2 above except that the carbon carrier C is used instead of the carbon carrier A. Obtained a catalyst. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- Example C2 An example is a commercially available platinum catalyst composed of a high specific surface area carbon carrier (specific surface area of about 800 m 2 / g to 1200 m 2 / g) and pure platinum particles which are catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier. It was used as a metal-supporting catalyst for C2. The amount of platinum supported on the metal-supported catalyst was 39% by weight.
- Example C3 An example of UNPC40-II (manufactured by Ishifuku Metal Industry Co., Ltd.), which is a commercially available platinum catalyst composed of a high specific surface area carbon carrier and pure platinum particles which are catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier. It was used as a metal-supported catalyst for C3. The amount of platinum supported on the metal-supported catalyst was 34% by weight.
- Example C4 A commercially available platinum catalyst composed of Vulcan XC72R (manufactured by Cabot Corporation), which is a carbon carrier, and pure platinum particles, which are catalyst metal particles supported on the carbon carrier, was used as the metal-supported catalyst of Example C4. The amount of platinum supported on the metal-supported catalyst was 42% by weight.
- Example C5 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method F to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, the carbon carrier A and the aqueous solution containing H 2 PtCl 6 were mixed for 18 hours. Next, ethylene glycol was added as a reducing agent, and the obtained mixed solution was held in air at 80 ° C. for 4 hours to carry out a liquid phase reduction treatment.
- the mixed solution was dried in air at 100 ° C. and further kept in nitrogen at 150 ° C. to volatilize the solvent component.
- a platinum-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the pure platinum particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained.
- the amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- Example C6 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method G to the carbon carrier A. Specifically, the platinum-supported catalyst obtained by volatilizing the solvent component in the same manner as in Example C5 was taken out into the atmosphere after the temperature had dropped to room temperature. Then, the platinum-supported catalyst was heat-treated at 900 ° C. for 60 minutes in a hydrogen atmosphere (100% by volume of hydrogen gas). In this way, a platinum-supported catalyst composed of the carbon carrier A and the pure platinum particles supported on the carbon carrier A was obtained. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight.
- Example C7 A metal-supported catalyst was produced by applying the catalyst metal particle-supporting method A to the carbon carrier D. Specifically, a platinum alloy composed of the carbon carrier D and the platinum alloy particles supported on the carbon carrier D in the same manner as in Example 1 above except that the carbon carrier D is used instead of the carbon carrier A. A supported catalyst was obtained. The amount of platinum supported in the finally obtained metal-supported catalyst was 40% by weight. The noble metal / non-noble metal molar ratio (specifically, the Pt / Co molar ratio) in the metal-supported catalyst was 7.0.
- the median diameter of the carbon carrier was measured. That is, for a carbon carrier that does not yet carry catalytic metal particles, the horizontal axis indicates the particle size ( ⁇ m) and the vertical axis indicates the integrated relative particle amount (%) using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device. Distribution data was acquired, and in the particle size distribution data, the particle size at which the integrated relative particle amount was 50% was obtained as the median diameter ( ⁇ m).
- the weight of the nitrogen atom contained in the carbon carrier was divided by the weight of the carbon carrier and multiplied by 100 to calculate the nitrogen atom content (% by weight) of the carbon carrier.
- the nitrogen atom content (% by weight) of the metal-supported catalyst is calculated by multiplying the value obtained by dividing the weight of the nitrogen atom contained in the metal-supported catalyst by the weight of the metal-supported catalyst by 100. did.
- Metal content of metal-supported catalyst Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
- ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- the noble metal content and non-noble metal content of the metal-supported catalyst were measured by ICP-MS. That is, first, a 100 mg metal-supported catalyst was heated and held at 800 ° C. for 3 hours in an atmospheric atmosphere to remove non-metal components in the metal-supported catalyst. Next, the metal contained in the metal-supported catalyst was dissolved by immersing the metal-supported catalyst in 5 mL of aqua regia. Further, distilled water was added and diluted so that the total weight became 50 mL, and a metal solution was obtained.
- the precious metal concentration and the non-precious metal concentration of the obtained metal solution were measured using a sequential type plasma emission spectrometer (ICPS-8100, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Then, by multiplying the noble metal concentration (mg / mL) and the non-precious metal concentration (mg / mL) of the metal solution by the volume (50 mL) of the metal solution, the noble metal content (mg) and the non-noble metal content of the metal-carrying catalyst are obtained. (Mg) was obtained.
- the noble metal content (weight) obtained by ICP-MS was obtained by dividing the noble metal content (mg) and the non-noble metal content (mg) of the metal-supporting catalyst by 100 mg, which is the weight of the metal-supporting catalyst, and multiplying by 100. %) And non-precious metal content (% by weight) were calculated.
- the metal content (% by weight) obtained by ICP-MS of the metal-supported catalyst is the content (% by weight) of the metal constituting the catalyst metal particles contained in the metal-supported catalyst with respect to the weight of the metal-supported catalyst. ). That is, when the catalyst metal particles contained in the metal-supported catalyst are composed of only noble metals, the content (% by weight) of the noble metal in the metal-supported catalyst is the metal content (% by weight) obtained by ICP-MS. be. When the catalyst metal particles contained in the metal-supported catalyst are composed of a noble metal and a non-precious metal, the content (% by weight) of the noble metal and the content (% by weight) of the noble metal in the metal-supported catalyst are used.
- the total is the metal content (% by weight) obtained by ICP-MS. Therefore, when the raw material metal of the same type as the metal constituting the catalyst metal particles is contained in the skeleton of the carbon carrier, the metal content (% by weight) obtained by ICP-MS is the raw material metal. Content (% by weight) is also included. On the other hand, when the raw material metal of the same kind as the metal constituting the catalyst metal particles is not contained in the skeleton of the carbon carrier, the metal content (% by weight) obtained by ICP-MS is the raw material metal. Content (% by weight) is not included.
- Specific surface area, average pore diameter, pore volume, adsorption isotherm of the metal-supported catalyst Niergen adsorption method
- Specific surface area, average pore diameter, pore volume and adsorption isotherm of the metal-supported catalyst by the nitrogen adsorption method. was measured using a specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device (TriStar II 3020, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- 0.1 g of the metal-supported catalyst was held at 100 ° C. and 6.7 ⁇ 10 -2 Pa for 3 hours to remove the water adsorbed on the metal-supported catalyst. Then, by the BET method, a nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K was obtained. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K was obtained by measuring the change in the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the metal-supported catalyst with the change in the pressure of the nitrogen gas at the temperature of 77K.
- FIG. 2 shows the nitrogen adsorption isotherm obtained for the metal-supported catalyst of Example 2 as an example of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm obtained at 77K by the BET method.
- the horizontal axis is the relative pressure (P / P 0 ) which is the ratio of the adsorption equilibrium pressure (P) to the saturated vapor pressure (P 0 ) (1.01 ⁇ 10 5 Pa for 77K nitrogen).
- the vertical axis shows the amount of nitrogen adsorption (cm 3 / g).
- the relative pressure (P / P 0 ) of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm is in the range of 0.4 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio was calculated for all measurement points.
- a BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-metal-supported catalyst) by the nitrogen adsorption method of the metal-supported catalyst was obtained from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm at a temperature of 77 K.
- the "/ g-metal-supported catalyst" in the numerical unit indicates a value per 1 g of the metal-supported catalyst. Then, based on the specific surface area of the metal-supported catalyst and the metal content of the metal-supported catalyst obtained by the above-mentioned ICP-MS, the specific surface area per 1 g of the carbon carrier contained in the metal-supported catalyst (m 2 / g). -Carbon carrier) was calculated.
- the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 5 nm or more (volume of pores of 5 nm or more) (cm 3 / g-metal-supported catalyst) and the fine particles having a pore diameter of less than 5 nm are obtained by the BJH method.
- the volume of the pores (volume of pores less than 5 nm) (cm 3 / g-metal-supported catalyst) was obtained.
- the volume of pores of 5 nm or more per 1 g of the carbon carrier contained in the metal-supported catalyst (cm 3 / g).
- -Carbon carrier) and the volume of pores less than 5 nm (cm 3 / g-carbon carrier) were calculated.
- the pore volume ratio of less than 5 nm / 5 nm or more was calculated.
- the total pore volume (cm 3 / g-metal-supported catalyst) was obtained from the adsorption amount at the point where the relative pressure P / P 0 of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm at a temperature of 77 K was 0.98. Further, as in the case of the specific surface area described above, the total pore volume (cm 3 / g-carbon) per 1 g of the carbon carrier contained in the metal-supported catalyst is based on the metal content of the metal-supported catalyst obtained by ICP-MS. Carrier) was calculated.
- the BET specific surface area of the metal-supported catalyst by the water vapor adsorption method is measured using a specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device (BELSORP-max, manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.). did. That is, the BET specific surface area (m 2 / g-metal-supported catalyst) by the steam adsorption method was obtained by the same method as the above nitrogen adsorption method except that the adsorption species was changed from nitrogen gas to steam and the measurement temperature was changed to 298K. Calculated.
- the metal-supported catalyst was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.
- the Raman spectrum was measured using a HORIBA microlaser Raman spectroscopic measuring device (LabRAM, HORIBA Jobin Yvon).
- the laser used for the measurement had an excitation wavelength of 532 nm, an output of 50 mW, and a Raman spectrum was obtained by measuring under the conditions of exposure 90 seconds ⁇ integration 2 times via a neutral density filter D3.
- Baseline correction was applied to the obtained Raman spectrum. That is, the Raman shift (cm -1 ) determines a straight line connecting the scattering intensity near 600 cm -1 and the scattering intensity near 2000 cm -1 as the baseline, and the baseline is subtracted from each intensity of the scattering spectrum. Baseline correction was performed.
- FIG. 3 shows, as an example of the Raman spectrum, the result of analyzing the Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectroscopy for the metal-supported catalyst of Example 2.
- the horizontal axis indicates the Raman shift (cm -1 )
- the vertical axis indicates the scattering intensity
- the broken line indicates the baseline
- Ad indicates the Raman shift (cm -1 ) corresponding to the peak top of the D band.
- Bd indicates a Raman shift (cm -1 ) corresponding to a Raman spectrum showing half the intensity of the D band intensity Id on the lower wavenumber side than the Ad.
- XRD powder X-ray diffraction
- Peak separation was performed on the obtained X-ray diffraction pattern using a Gaussian function, and the crystallite diameter corresponding to each separated peak was obtained using Scherrer's equation.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was calculated by a weighted average using the number of obtained crystallite diameters, that is, "peak area ratio / crystallite diameter 3 " as a weight.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was calculated by a weighted average using the volume, that is, the "peak area ratio" as a weight for the obtained crystallite diameter.
- the metal-supported catalyst contains platinum particles (pure platinum particles and / or platinum alloy particles)
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 40 ° (2 ⁇ ) in the X-ray diffraction diagram obtained by powder X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays.
- a platinum (111) diffraction line appears at a position (within the range of 36 ° to 44 °).
- a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 40 ° in the X-ray diffraction pattern is generated.
- the diffraction line includes a diffraction line derived from pure platinum and / or a platinum alloy, and a diffraction line derived from the carbon structure of the carbon carrier.
- a diffraction line derived from pure platinum is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is 39.6 ° or more and less than 39.8 °.
- a diffraction line derived from a platinum alloy is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is 39.9 ° or more and less than 43.0 °.
- the diffraction line derived from the carbon structure of the carbon carrier is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is 43.3 ° or more and less than 43.7 °.
- the metal-supported catalyst contains a plurality of types of platinum alloys having different compositions and / or crystal structures
- a plurality of diffraction lines derived from the platinum alloy appear.
- the diffraction angle at which the peak top of the diffraction line derived from the platinum alloy is located is determined by its composition and crystal structure.
- a diffraction line derived from a cobalt-platinum alloy represented by the composition CoPt is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle is 41.1 ° or more and less than 41.5 °.
- the diffraction line derived from the cobalt-platinum alloy represented by the composition CoPt 3 is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle is 40.1 ° or more and less than 40.5 °.
- the diffraction line derived from the cobalt-platinum alloy represented by the composition CoPt 7 is defined as a diffraction line having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle is 39.9 ° or more and less than 40.1 °.
- the metal-supported catalyst contains a plurality of types of platinum particles having the same composition and crystal structure but different crystallite diameters, a plurality of diffraction lines having a peak top at the same diffraction angle position and different half-value full widths. Appears.
- the baseline-corrected diffraction lines were separated into one or more pure Pt-derived peaks and / or one or more Pt alloy-derived peaks and carbon-derived peaks. Separation of diffraction lines assumes that each of the plurality of peaks obtained by the separation is represented by a Gaussian function, and is the sum of the intensity of the diffraction line and the intensity of each of the plurality of peaks at each diffraction angle of the XRD figure.
- the intensity of the Gaussian function of each of the plurality of peaks, the diffraction angle at the peak top so that the sum of squared residuals obtained by adding the squares of the difference (residual) from and all the diffraction angles is the smallest. And by optimizing the full width at half maximum.
- FIG. 4 shows the result of peak separation of the (111) diffraction line of platinum having a peak top at a position where the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 40 ° (within the range of 36 ° to 44 °) in the X-ray diffraction pattern.
- the peak separation results obtained for the metal-supported catalyst of Example 2 are shown.
- the diffraction line of the third platinum having a crystallite diameter different from that of the first and second platinum and having a smaller half-value total width overlapped with the diffraction line of the third platinum. Further, since the metal-supported catalyst contains a carbon carrier, carbon-derived diffraction lines appeared at a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of around 43.5 °.
- the diffraction line having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of about 40 ° is divided into a peak derived from the first platinum and a peak derived from the second platinum. It was separated into four components composed of a peak derived from the third platinum and a peak derived from carbon.
- the “after baseline correction” diffraction line indicates the diffraction line obtained by subjecting the diffraction line obtained by the XRD measurement to the baseline correction, and is the peak of “Pt1”, the peak of “Pt2”, and the peak of “Pt2”.
- the "Pt3" peak and the "carbon” peak are the first platinum-derived peak, the second platinum-derived peak, and the second platinum-derived peak obtained by the peak separation of the "baseline-corrected" diffraction lines, respectively.
- the peak derived from platinum and the peak derived from carbon are shown.
- crystallite diameter K ⁇ / ⁇ cos ⁇ .
- K is the Scherrer constant (0.94)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ line (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum (radian)
- ⁇ is. It is a diffraction angle (radian). That is, for example, the crystallite diameter of the first platinum particle was calculated by substituting the diffraction angle and full width at half maximum of the separation peak of "Pt1" in the XRD figure shown in FIG. 4 into the above Scherrer's equation.
- the crystallite diameter of the first platinum particle was calculated to be 2.91 nm
- the crystallite diameter of the second platinum particle was calculated to be 6.32 nm
- the crystallite diameter of the third platinum particle was 24.22 nm.
- the areas of each of the three Pt separation peaks obtained by the above-mentioned peak separation are each set to the three.
- the peak area ratio (%) of each Pt separation peak was calculated by dividing by the total area of Pt separation peaks and multiplying by 100.
- the peak area ratio of the first platinum particle was calculated to be 87.0%
- the peak area ratio of the second platinum particle was calculated to be 10.8%
- the peak area ratio of the third platinum particle was 2. Calculated as 0.2%.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was calculated by a weighted average using "peak area ratio / crystallite diameter 3 " as a weight.
- Electron tomography The distribution of catalyst metal particles in a metal-supported catalyst was evaluated by electron tomography. That is, first, a particle image of a metal-supported catalyst was obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (JEM-ARM200F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). The sample was dispersed in pure water, placed on a Cu mesh with a carbon support membrane, and fixed on a sample table. At the time of observation, by inclining the sample table to + 78 ° to ⁇ 78 ° (step angle 2 °), one metal-supported catalyst particle was observed from a plurality of angles, and a plurality of STEM particle images were obtained. The observation magnification was 800,000 times to 1,000,000 times.
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a view of the 3D particle image obtained for the metal-supported catalyst of Example 3 as viewed from the Z-axis direction.
- the unit of the numerical values shown on the X-axis and the Y-axis is nm.
- a particularly bright part is used as a catalyst metal particle, a bright part is used as a carbon carrier, and a dark part is used as a pore.
- a 3D reconstruction image showing only the catalyst metal particles, a 3D reconstruction image showing only the carbon carrier, and a 3D reconstruction image showing only the pore portion of the carbon carrier were obtained.
- the X-axis and Y-axis are fixed, and only the position in the Z-axis direction is changed by about 0.5 nm to change each Z-axis.
- a cross-sectional particle image at the position (catalyst metal particle image in a plane parallel to the XY plane) was generated. About 200 to 350 cross-sectional particle images were generated for one metal-supported catalyst particle.
- the positions of the catalyst metal particles were determined by image analysis of the 3D particle image of the metal-supported catalyst particles and each cross-sectional particle image using image analysis software.
- the position of the depth of the catalytic metal particles from the outer surface of the carbon carrier was determined.
- the number of catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier and the number of catalyst metal particles supported at a predetermined depth from the outer surface (inside the carbon carrier) were counted. ..
- the catalyst metal particles supported inside the carbon carrier have a 3D reconstruction image of the carbon carrier and a 3D reconstruction image of the pore portion of the carbon carrier, as opposed to the 3D reconstruction image of the catalyst metal particles.
- the catalyst metal particles supported on the outer surface of the carbon carrier were identified as particles other than the catalyst metal particles supported on the inside of the carbon carrier.
- metal particles having a particle size for example, a particle size of 1 nm or more
- the depth of the position where the catalyst metal particles are supported inside the carbon carrier is the shortest distance between the outer surface of the carbon carrier and the surface of the catalyst metal particles. Specifically, when the shortest distance between the surface of a certain catalyst metal particle and the outer surface of the carbon carrier is 20 nm or more, the catalyst metal particle is supported at a depth of 20 nm or more from the surface of the carbon carrier. I identified it as.
- the curvature ratio of the metal-supported catalyst was measured by electron tomography. That is, as described above, first, a 3D particle image of the metal-supported catalyst is obtained by electron tomography, and then a 3D reconstruction image showing only the carbon carrier portion is obtained from the 3D particle image using 3D data analysis software. rice field.
- FIG. 6A shows an example of a 3D reconstruction image of the carbon carrier portion obtained for the metal-supported catalyst of Example 3.
- FIG. 6B shows a 3D reconstruction image of a part of the carbon carrier cut out from the 3D reconstruction image of the entire carbon carrier shown in FIG. 6A. That is, the cube shown in FIG. 6B corresponds to the small white cube portion brightly shown in FIG. 6A.
- FIG. 6C shows an example of an X-axis cross-sectional image, a Y-axis cross-sectional image, and a Z-axis cross-sectional image cut out and binarized from the 3D reconstruction image of the cube shown in FIG. 6B.
- FIG. 6D a plurality of void paths determined in one of the cross-sectional images shown in FIG. 6C are shown by white lines.
- FIG. 6E schematically shows an example of determining the void path.
- the skeleton portion of the carbon carrier is shown in black
- the pore portion is shown in white
- the void path is shown as a line connecting the center points of the pores.
- FIG. 6F schematically shows the length f of one void path (dotted line) in the 3D image of the cube and the shortest linear distance s of the void path.
- the curvature of each metal-supported catalyst is one of the X-axis direction, the Y-axis direction, and the Z-axis direction in the cube of the 3D reconstruction image of the carbon carrier obtained from one 3D particle image.
- a plurality of void paths connecting a point on the surface and a point on the other opposite surface are specified, the curve ratio of each of the plurality of void paths is calculated, and the sum of the curve ratios of the gap paths is calculated. , Obtained as an arithmetic average by dividing by the number of void paths.
- Performance evaluation of a fuel cell having a cathode containing a metal-supported catalyst was performed. Specifically, first, a battery cathode having a catalyst layer containing a metal-supported catalyst was manufactured. That is, an electrolyte (EW700) having an amount of 0.9 by weight with respect to the carbon carrier was added to 0.25 g of the metal-supported catalyst, and 2 g of distilled water and 1-propanol were added to prepare an electrolyte solution. This electrolyte solution and 25 g of balls were put into a pot and mixed with a ball mill at 200 rpm for 50 minutes to obtain a slurry-like catalyst layer composition containing the metal-supporting catalyst uniformly dispersed.
- EW700 electrolyte having an amount of 0.9 by weight with respect to the carbon carrier
- the obtained slurry-like catalyst layer composition was supported on a metal-supported catalyst on a region of a gas diffusion layer (“29BC”, manufactured by SGL Carbon Co., Ltd.) (2.3 cm ⁇ 2.3 cm) with an area of 5 cm 2 .
- a catalyst layer was formed on the gas diffusion layer by applying and drying the catalyst metal particles so that the content per unit area of the battery electrode was 0.2 mg / cm 2 . In this way, a battery electrode having a catalyst layer containing a metal-supported catalyst was obtained.
- a fuel cell including a battery electrode on which a catalyst layer containing a metal-supported catalyst was formed was manufactured. That is, as the positive electrode, a battery electrode including a catalyst layer (positive electrode catalyst layer) manufactured as described above was used.
- the negative electrode was manufactured as follows. 0.5 g of Pt / C (catalyst containing platinum particles supported on a carbon carrier: UNPC40-II, manufactured by Ishifuku Metal Industry Co., Ltd.), 5% Nafion (registered trademark) 10 g, distilled water 2 g, and balls 25 g. And was put into a pot and mixed with a ball mill at 200 rpm for 50 minutes to prepare a slurry-like Pt / C composition.
- This slurry-like Pt / C composition is the same as the above-mentioned positive electrode except that the Pt / C coating amount per unit area is 0.1 mg / cm 2 on the gas diffusion layer (5 cm 2 ).
- a negative electrode including a catalyst layer (negative electrode catalyst layer) formed from the Pt / C composition was produced.
- NAFION registered trademark
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (“NAFION (registered trademark) 211” manufactured by DuPont) is placed between the positive electrode catalyst layer and the negative electrode catalyst layer, and these are placed at 150 ° C. and 1 MPa.
- MEA was prepared by crimping for a minute. A pair of gaskets were attached to this MEA and further sandwiched between a pair of separators to prepare a fuel cell single cell. After that, the single cell produced as described above was installed in an automatic fuel cell evaluation system (manufactured by Toyo Corporation), and a power generation test was first performed, and then a durability test was performed.
- saturated humidified air oxygen
- saturated humidified hydrogen was supplied to the negative electrode side at 1.0 L / min.
- the cells were supplied in minutes, the cell temperature was set to 75 ° C. (relative humidity 100%), and the open circuit voltage was measured for 5 minutes. Then, the cell current density was maintained from 4.0 A / cm 2 to 0 A / cm 2 at each current density for 3 minutes, and the cell voltage was measured.
- the output density obtained from the potential and the current density was calculated for each potential, and the highest value was measured as the maximum output density (mW / cm 2 ).
- the voltage (mV) at 1.0 A / cm 2 and the voltage (mV) at 3.0 A / cm 2 at the start of the durability test were recorded.
- the cell temperature was set to 75 ° C.
- saturated humidified nitrogen was supplied to both sides of the single cell at a back pressure of 35 kPa at 0.5 L / min (relative humidity 100%), and saturated humidified hydrogen was supplied to the anode side in 0.5 mL.
- Durability tests were performed by repeating cycles of rectangular waves fed at / min (relative humidity 100%), held at 0.6 V for 30 seconds, and held at 1.0 V for 60 seconds.
- the power generation test was performed again, and the voltage (mV) at 1.0 A / cm 2 and the voltage (mV) at 3.0 A / cm 2 after the durability test were recorded. Then, from the voltage (mV) at 1.0 A / cm 2 measured as the initial performance in the power generation test before the durability test, the voltage at 1.0 A / cm 2 measured in the power generation test after the durability test ( The value obtained by subtracting mV) (voltage after 2100 cycles (mV)) was obtained as the amount of voltage decrease (mV) at 1.0 A / cm 2 after 2100 cycles.
- the catalytic activity of carbon carrier alone can be measured by using a rotating ring disk electrode device (RRDE-3A rotating ring disk electrode device ver.1.2, manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd.) and dual electricity. Evaluation was performed using a chemical analyzer (CHI700C, manufactured by ALS Co., Ltd.).
- a tripolar rotating ring disk electrode device having a working electrode containing a carbon carrier (a carbon carrier on which catalyst metal particles are not supported) was produced. Specifically, 5 mg of carbon carrier, 50 ⁇ L of 5% Nafion (registered trademark) (Sigma-Aldrich, Nafion perfluorinated ion exchange resin, 5% solution (product number: 510211)), 400 ⁇ L of water, and 100 ⁇ L of isopropyl alcohol. And were mixed to prepare a slurry. The slurry was then sonicated for 10 minutes and then homogenized for 2 minutes.
- Nafion registered trademark
- 5% solution product number: 510211
- the obtained slurry is subjected to a working electrode (ring disk electrode for RRDE-3A, platinum ring-gold disk electrode, disk diameter 4 mm) so that the content per unit area of the electrode of the carbon carrier is 0.1 mg / cm 2 . , BAS Co., Ltd.) and dried to prepare a working electrode on which the carbon carrier is supported.
- a working electrode ring disk electrode for RRDE-3A, platinum ring-gold disk electrode, disk diameter 4 mm
- a platinum electrode (Pt counter electrode 23 cm, manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd.) is used as the counter electrode, and a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) (reservoir-type reversible hydrogen electrode, manufactured by EC Frontier Co., Ltd.) is used as the reference electrode. used.
- RHE reversible hydrogen electrode
- a rotating ring disk electrode device having a working electrode containing a carbon carrier, a platinum electrode as a counter electrode, and a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) as a reference electrode was obtained.
- the electrolytic solution a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- N2 -LSV nitrogen bubbling was first performed for 10 minutes to remove oxygen in the electrolytic solution. Then, the electrode was rotated at a rotation speed of 1600 rpm, and the current density when the potential was swept at a sweep speed of 20 mV / sec was recorded as a function of the potential ( N2 -LSV).
- N2 -LSV was subtracted from O2 -LSV to obtain an oxygen reduction voltammogram.
- the numerical values were coded so that the reduction current had a negative value and the oxidation current had a positive value.
- the voltage (oxygen reduction start potential EO2 ) (V vs. NHE) when a reduction current of -10 ⁇ A / cm 2 flows is used as an index showing the catalytic activity of the carbon carrier itself.
- the current density I 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) when a voltage of 0.7 V (vs. NHE) was applied was recorded.
- the maximum value of the N 2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio is 1.05 or less under the condition that the catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio is 0.70 or more and 1.30 or more for the metal-supported catalyst.
- the metal-supported catalyst is a catalyst in which a part of the catalyst is embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier. If it is determined that the catalyst contains metal particles, a " ⁇ " mark is shown in the "Buried catalyst metal particles in the inner surface of the pores" column, and if one or more of the three conditions is not satisfied, the metal-supported catalyst is used. Judged that the part did not contain the catalytic metal particles embedded in the inner surface of the pores of the carbon carrier, and marked with an "x" in the column.
- the performance of the batteries containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1 to 6 was significantly superior to that of Examples C1 to C7. That is, the batteries containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1 to 6 have a maximum output density of 1096 mW / cm 2 or more in the power generation test, a voltage drop of 36 mV or less at a current density of 1.0 A / cm 2 in the durability test, and a current density. The voltage drop at 3.0 A / cm 2 was 53 mV or less.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1 to 6 have a catalyst metal particle particle size / pore size ratio of 0.70 or more and 1.30 or less, and a maximum value of N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio of 1.05 or less.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C1 to C7 satisfy one or more of these three conditions, whereas all of the conditions of being present and the condition that the catalyst metal-supporting ratio of the outer surface is 33% or less are satisfied. I wasn't.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C1 to C4 and C6 do not satisfy the above conditions of the catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio, and the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C1 to C3 and C7 have the above-mentioned N2 desorption / adsorption amount ratio. The conditions were not satisfied, and the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C1, C2, and C5 to C7 did not satisfy the above-mentioned conditions of the catalyst metal-supporting ratio of the outer surface.
- the metal-supporting catalysts of Examples 1 to 6 further satisfy the condition that the catalyst metal-supporting ratio at a depth of 20 nm or more is 11% or more, whereas the metal-supporting catalysts of Examples C1 to C3 and C5 to C7 also satisfy the condition. The catalyst did not meet the conditions.
- the maximum values of the N 2 adsorption / adsorption amount ratios of the carbon carrier C used in Example C1 and the carbon carrier D used in Example C7 are 1.23 and 1.06, respectively, and these carbon carriers C and D are , Pore communication was inferior to that of the carbon carriers A and B.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C5 and C6 contained the carbon carrier A as in Examples 1 to 3 and 5, but the performance of the battery containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C5 and C6 was the same as in Examples 1 to 3. , 5 was inferior to that of batteries containing metal-supported catalysts. It is considered that this is because in the production of the metal-supported catalysts of Examples C5 and C6, the catalyst metal particle supporting methods F and G were adopted and the liquid phase reduction treatment was performed.
- the performance of the battery containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 was superior to that of Example 4.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles supported on the metal-supported catalyst of Example 4 was 3.57 nm, whereas that of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 was smaller.
- the metal-supported catalyst of Example 4 had a catalyst metal particle diameter / pore diameter ratio of 1.13, whereas that of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 was smaller.
- the method D of supporting the catalyst metal particles was adopted, the gas phase reduction treatment was performed for a relatively long time, and then the heat treatment in an inert atmosphere was not performed. It is considered that the aggregation of the catalyst metal particles progressed during the phase reduction treatment.
- the maximum output density of the battery containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2, 3 and 6 was superior to that of Example 5.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles supported on the metal-supported catalyst of Example 5 was 5.55 nm, whereas that of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 was smaller.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles supported on the metal-supported catalyst of Example 4 was 4.74 nm, whereas that of Examples 1, 2, 3 and 6 was smaller.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 4 and 5 had a catalyst metal-supported ratio of 32% on the outer surface, whereas those of Examples 1, 2, 3 and 6 were smaller.
- the methods D and E for supporting the catalyst metal particles are adopted, the gas phase reduction treatment is performed for a relatively long time, and then the heat treatment in an inert atmosphere is not performed. Therefore, it is considered that the aggregation of the catalyst metal particles progressed during the vapor phase reduction treatment.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 4 and 6 all contained the carbon carrier B, but the performance of the battery containing the metal-supported catalyst of Example 6 was superior to that of Example 4. In this respect, the metal-supported catalyst of Example 6 had smaller number average particle diameters and volume average particle diameters of the catalyst metal particles than those of Example 4.
- the method A for supporting the catalyst metal particles was adopted, and the heat treatment was performed in an inert atmosphere following the gas phase reduction treatment, whereby the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was performed. It is considered that both the volume average particle size and the volume average particle size were suppressed to be smaller than in Example 4.
- the performance of the battery including the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2 and 3 was extremely excellent. That is, the batteries containing the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2 and 3 have a maximum output density of 1315 mW / cm 2 or more in the power generation test, a voltage drop of 25 mV or less at a current density of 1.0 A / cm 2 in the durability test, and The voltage drop amount of 19 mV or less at a current density of 3.0 A / cm 2 was shown.
- the number average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was smaller than that of Examples 4, 5 and 6.
- the volume average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles was smaller than that of Examples 4 and 5.
- the catalyst metal-supported ratio on the outer surface was smaller than that of Examples 4 and 5.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2 and 3 had a catalyst metal particle size / pore size ratio smaller than that of Examples 4 and 6.
- the median diameter of the carbon carrier was smaller than that of Examples 4 and 6.
- the metal-supported catalysts of Examples 1, 2 and 3 had a Raman D half width smaller than that of Examples 4 and 6.
- the carbon carrier A had an oxygen reduction initiation potential of 0.76 (V vs. NHE) EO2 and ⁇ 0.1 (mA).
- the current density I 0.7 of / cm 2 ) is shown, and the carbon carrier B has an oxygen reduction initiation potential EO 2 of 0.83 (V vs. NHE ) and a current density I 0 of -1.8 (mA / cm 2 ).
- the carbon carrier D showed 0.75 (V vs. NHE) oxygen reduction initiation potential EO2 and -0.1 (mA / cm 2 ) current density I 0.7 .
- the carbon carrier C showed an oxygen reduction start potential EO2 of 0.26 (V vs. NHE), but the current density I 0.7 was zero (mA / cm 2 ).
- the carbon carrier A, the carbon carrier B, and the carbon carrier D each exhibited remarkable oxygen reduction activity by themselves, whereas the carbon carrier C did not exhibit oxygen reduction activity.
- a slight oxygen reduction reaction occurs even in the absence of the catalyst. Therefore, it is concluded that the carbon carrier exhibited oxygen reduction activity only when the oxygen reduction initiation potential EO2 of 0.35 (V vs. NHE) or higher was obtained in the above-mentioned measurement method.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
- 炭素担体と、前記炭素担体に担持された触媒金属粒子とを含む金属担持触媒であって、
前記金属担持触媒の平均細孔径に対する、前記触媒金属粒子の数平均粒子径の比が0.70以上、1.30以下であり、
前記金属担持触媒の窒素吸着等温線の相対圧力が0.4以上、0.6以下の範囲内において、吸着側等温線の窒素吸着量に対する脱着側等温線の窒素吸着量の比の最大値が1.05以下であり、
前記炭素担体に担持されている前記触媒金属粒子の総数に対する、前記炭素担体の外表面から20nm以上の深さの位置に担持されている前記触媒金属粒子の数の割合が11%以上である、
金属担持触媒。 - 一部が前記炭素担体の細孔内表面に埋まっている前記触媒金属粒子を含む、
請求項1に記載の金属担持触媒。 - 前記炭素担体に担持されている前記触媒金属粒子の総数に対する、前記炭素担体の外表面に担持されている前記触媒金属粒子の数の割合が33%以下である、
請求項1又は2に記載の金属担持触媒。 - 前記触媒金属粒子の数平均粒子径が1.50nm以上、5.00nm以下である、
請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 前記触媒金属粒子の体積平均粒子径が2.00nm以上、6.50nm以下である、
請求項1乃至4に記載の金属担持触媒。 - 窒素吸着法によるBET比表面積が200(m2/g-炭素担体)以上である、
請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 窒素吸着法によるBET比表面積(m2/g-炭素担体)に対する、水蒸気吸着法によるBET比表面積(m2/g-炭素担体)の比が、0.080以下である、
請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 孔径5nm未満の細孔の容積が0.50(cm3/g-炭素担体)以上である、
請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 孔径5nm以上の細孔の容積に対する、孔径5nm未満の細孔の容積の比が1.80以上である、
請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 曲路率が1.90以下である、
請求項1乃至9のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - ラマン分光法により得られるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1340cm-1付近にピークトップを有するDバンドの半値半幅85.0cm-1以下を示す炭素構造を含む、
請求項1乃至10のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 前記炭素担体のメディアン径が1.00μm以下である、
請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 前記触媒金属粒子は、白金粒子である、
請求項1乃至12のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒。 - 請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載の金属担持触媒を含む電池電極。
- 請求項14に記載の電池電極を含む電池。
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EP21866445.6A EP4212245A1 (en) | 2020-09-10 | 2021-08-10 | Metal-loaded catalyst, battery electrode and battery |
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US20230317969A1 (en) | 2023-10-05 |
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