WO2022048094A1 - Method for reducing and utilizing heat transfer temperature difference in heat absorption process - Google Patents
Method for reducing and utilizing heat transfer temperature difference in heat absorption process Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022048094A1 WO2022048094A1 PCT/CN2021/000176 CN2021000176W WO2022048094A1 WO 2022048094 A1 WO2022048094 A1 WO 2022048094A1 CN 2021000176 W CN2021000176 W CN 2021000176W WO 2022048094 A1 WO2022048094 A1 WO 2022048094A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/06—Heat pumps characterised by the source of low potential heat
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/40—Fluid line arrangements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
- F28C3/00—Other direct-contact heat-exchange apparatus
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- the invention belongs to the technical field of thermal/heat pump.
- the thermal power device converts thermal energy into mechanical energy to obtain and provide power for people;
- the refrigeration (heat pump) device converts mechanical energy into thermal energy to realize cooling/heating.
- both thermal power devices and refrigeration (heat pump) devices there is a heat transfer process in which the circulating working medium obtains heat from the heat source.
- the high-temperature heat source provides high-temperature heat load to the circulating working medium; reduces the heat transfer temperature difference during the endothermic process, and increases the average endothermic temperature of the power cycle, thereby improving the thermal-to-work efficiency of the thermal device and improving energy utilization.
- the low-temperature heat source provides the low-temperature heat load to the refrigeration working medium; reduces the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process, and increases the average endothermic temperature of the refrigeration cycle, thereby improving the performance index of the refrigeration (heat pump) device and reducing the consumption of mechanical energy. Therefore, in view of the different endothermic processes of different heat sources and working media (heated media), the present invention proposes a method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process by effectively utilizing the temperature difference for the fundamental purpose of improving energy utilization.
- the main purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process.
- the specific contents of the invention are described as follows:
- the heated medium first flows through the fixed-section heat exchange tube to complete the variable temperature absorption to the saturation temperature, and then flows through the variable-section heat exchange tube to complete the endothermic vaporization and simultaneously increase the temperature and pressure - among which, when the initial velocity of the heated medium is When the speed is subsonic, it enters the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the fixed-section-contracting-variable-section composite heat exchange tube.
- the heating medium When the speed of the heating medium is higher than the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it is Enter the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
- the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and the pressure is reduced while the temperature rises and absorbs heat and vaporizes—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradual Reduced variable cross-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanded variable cross-section heat exchange tube; when the heated medium is heated.
- the initial velocity is subsonic, and when the velocity of the heated medium is higher than the sonic velocity at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
- Fig. 1/11 is a schematic diagram of the first T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- Fig. 2/11 is a schematic diagram of the second T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- Fig. 3/11 is a schematic diagram of the third T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- Fig. 4/11 is a schematic diagram of the fourth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- Fig. 5/11 is a schematic diagram of the fifth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- 6/11 is a schematic diagram of the sixth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- 7/11 is a schematic diagram of the seventh T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- 8/11 is a schematic diagram of the eighth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- Fig. 9/11 is a schematic diagram of the first flow heat transfer process according to the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- 10/11 are schematic diagrams of the second flow heat transfer process given by the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- 11/11 are schematic diagrams of the third flow heat transfer process given by the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
- AB process represents the heat source exothermic process line
- 12 represents the endothermic process line of the heated medium
- ab represents the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heated medium
- as represents the constant pressure endothermic process line of the liquid phase heated medium
- the Ts diagram is the temperature-entropy diagram.
- Target requirements the heated medium changes temperature or constant temperature and absorbs heat to T 2 , and the process line is gentler than the constant pressure line when the temperature changes and absorbs heat.
- this part of the kinetic energy is provided to the dual-energy compressor to reduce Input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or raising the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) .
- this part of the kinetic energy is provided to the dual-energy compressor to reduce Input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or raising the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) .
- Target requirements the heated medium is boosted to absorb heat and vaporize, and the temperature changes from T 1 to T 2 .
- Target requirements the fluid preheating and heating process as, after reaching the saturation temperature T s ; the heated medium is boosted to absorb heat and vaporize, and the temperature changes from T s to T 2 .
- Endothermic supercharging converts the heat energy obtained from the heat source into the pressure increase of the heated medium, reduces the low temperature heat release load in the power unit to improve the thermal efficiency, and increases the compressor population pressure in the refrigeration (heat pump) device to reduce the external high pressure.
- Input of high-quality energy mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy—in other words, to increase the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
- Target requirements the heated medium is heated and vaporized to T 2 at constant temperature or constant temperature, so that the process line is a straight line or is gentler than the constant pressure line ab during the endothermic vaporization.
- Realization method make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and depressurize while heating up and absorbing heat and vaporizing; Process 12 of increasing temperature and decreasing pressure - the temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the endothermic process is reduced.
- Target requirements The heated medium is vaporized from T 1 to T 2 at variable temperature, so that the process line of endothermic vaporization is gentler than that of constant pressure.
- Target requirements the heated medium is vaporized from T 1 to T 2 at variable temperature, so that its endothermic vaporization process line is steeper than the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process line.
- the gradually expanding variable cross-section heat exchange tube shown in 10/11 makes the heated medium (saturated liquid) at subsonic speed enter the gradually expanding variable cross-section heat exchange tube to absorb the heat load Q from the variable temperature heat source, then It will bring the following thermodynamic effects: the temperature rises from T 1 to T 2 , the pressure rises from p 1 to p 2 , and the speed decreases from c f1 to c f2 (or c f2 is lower than the flow rate through the fixed-section heat exchange tube the exit velocity after that).
- the temperature decreases, and the temperature is lowered from T A to T B ; the heated medium needs to be preheated and heated up before performing endothermic vaporization, and the temperature of the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process of the heated medium remains unchanged.
- the method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process as shown in Figure 11/11 is selected, and the fixed section-gradually expanding variable section composite heat exchange tube shown in Figure 11/11 is selected to make the heated medium (unsaturated liquid) at subsonic speed.
- An effective method is provided for reducing the irreversible loss of the temperature difference between the high temperature heat source and the working medium in the thermal device.
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Abstract
A method for reducing and utilizing a heat transfer temperature difference in a heat absorption process, which belongs to the field of thermodynamic/heat pump technology. The method for reducing and utilizing a heat transfer temperature difference in a heat absorption process comprises: when a heat source releases heat at a constant temperature and the heat absorption of a heated medium at constant pressure is heat absorption at varying temperature, causing the heated medium to flow through a heat exchange pipe with a gradually changed section, and reducing the pressure while absorbing heat, wherein when an initial velocity of the heated medium is a subsonic velocity and the velocity of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic velocity, causing the heated medium to enter a heat exchange pipe with a convergent section; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is a supersonic velocity and the velocity of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the initial velocity, causing the heated medium to enter a heat exchange pipe with a divergent section; and when the initial velocity of the heated medium is a subsonic velocity and the velocity of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the sonic velocity, causing the heated medium to enter a heat exchange pipe with a convergent-divergent section.
Description
本发明属于热动/热泵技术领域。The invention belongs to the technical field of thermal/heat pump.
冷需求、热需求和动力需求，为人类生活与生产当中所常见。其中，热动装置利用热能转换为机械能，为人们获得和提供动力；制冷(热泵)装置利用机械能转换为热能，从而实现制冷/制热。在热动装置和制冷(热泵)装置中，都存在着循环工质从热源获取热量的传热过程。热动装置中，高温热源向循环工质提供高温热负荷；降低吸热过程传热温差，提高动力循环平均吸热温度，从而提升热动装置的热变功效率，提高能源利用率。制冷(热泵)装置中，低温热源向制冷工质提供低温热负荷；降低吸热过程传热温差，提升制冷循环平均吸热温度，从而提升制冷(热泵)装置的性能指数，降低机械能的消耗。为此，针对不同热源和工作介质(被加热介质)不同的吸热过程，本发明提出了以提高能源利用率为根本目的、对温差加以有效利用的减小吸热过程传热温差的方法。Cold demand, heat demand and power demand are common in human life and production. Among them, the thermal power device converts thermal energy into mechanical energy to obtain and provide power for people; the refrigeration (heat pump) device converts mechanical energy into thermal energy to realize cooling/heating. In both thermal power devices and refrigeration (heat pump) devices, there is a heat transfer process in which the circulating working medium obtains heat from the heat source. In the thermal device, the high-temperature heat source provides high-temperature heat load to the circulating working medium; reduces the heat transfer temperature difference during the endothermic process, and increases the average endothermic temperature of the power cycle, thereby improving the thermal-to-work efficiency of the thermal device and improving energy utilization. In the refrigeration (heat pump) device, the low-temperature heat source provides the low-temperature heat load to the refrigeration working medium; reduces the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process, and increases the average endothermic temperature of the refrigeration cycle, thereby improving the performance index of the refrigeration (heat pump) device and reducing the consumption of mechanical energy. Therefore, in view of the different endothermic processes of different heat sources and working media (heated media), the present invention proposes a method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process by effectively utilizing the temperature difference for the fundamental purpose of improving energy utilization.
发明内容：Invention content:
本发明主要目的是要提供减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法，具体发明内容分项阐述如下：The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process. The specific contents of the invention are described as follows:
1.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源定温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。1. The method of reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source releases heat at a constant temperature and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes a variable temperature endotherm, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and the heat is absorbed Depressurization while heating - in which, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when The initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and when the speed of the heated medium is higher than the initial speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the heat exchange At the end of the process, when the speed of the heated medium is higher than the speed of sound, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
2.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线平缓时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。2. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat, and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes a variable temperature endotherm, in the temperature-entropy diagram, the cooling and exothermic process line ratio of the heat source is compared by When the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heating medium is gentle, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and the pressure is reduced while absorbing heat—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the heat exchange process ends When the speed of the heated medium is not higher than the speed of sound, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the initial speed, It enters the tapered variable section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-to-expanded variable section exchange. Heat pipe.
3.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线陡峭时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。3. The method of reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes the variable temperature endotherm, the cooling and exothermic process line ratio of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is compared with When the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heating medium is steep, the heated medium is made to flow through the heat exchange tube with a gradual change section, and the pressure is increased while absorbing heat. When the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradual Expanded variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube.
4.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压吸热 汽化过程温度不变时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热并汽化的同时进行升温升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。4. The method of reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium remains constant during the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross-section, and in the absorption Heat and vaporize at the same time to heat up and pressurize - in which, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the gradual Reduced and variable cross-section heat exchange tubes.
5.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热，被加热介质需要先预热升温之后再进行吸热汽化，被加热介质的定压吸热汽化过程温度不变时，使被加热介质首先流经定截面换热管完成变温吸热至饱和温度，之后流经渐变截面换热管完成吸热汽化并同时进行升温升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入定截面-渐缩型变截面复合式换热管。5. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat, the heated medium needs to be preheated and heated up before the endothermic vaporization, and the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process temperature of the heated medium remains unchanged. When , the heated medium first flows through the fixed-section heat exchange tube to complete the variable temperature absorption to the saturation temperature, and then flows through the variable-section heat exchange tube to complete the endothermic vaporization and simultaneously increase the temperature and pressure - among which, when the initial velocity of the heated medium is When the speed is subsonic, it enters the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the fixed-section-contracting-variable-section composite heat exchange tube.
6.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源定温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。6. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source releases heat at a constant temperature and the temperature of the heated medium increases at a constant pressure vaporization process, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and absorbs heat after the temperature rises. And vaporize and depressurize at the same time - in which, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the heat exchange process is over. When the speed of the heating medium is higher than the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it is Enter the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
7.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线平缓时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。7. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium is increased at constant pressure, the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is higher than that of the heated medium. When the constant pressure vaporization process line is gentle, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and the pressure is reduced while the temperature rises and absorbs heat and vaporizes—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradual Reduced variable cross-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanded variable cross-section heat exchange tube; when the heated medium is heated. The initial velocity is subsonic, and when the velocity of the heated medium is higher than the sonic velocity at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
8.减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线陡峭时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，则使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。8. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium increases at constant pressure, the temperature-entropy diagram of the heat source's cooling and exothermic process line is higher than that of the heated medium. When the constant pressure vaporization process line is steep, make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and increase the pressure while absorbing heat. When the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it will enter the gradually expanding Variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube.
图1/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第1种T-s流程示意图。Fig. 1/11 is a schematic diagram of the first T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图2/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第2种T-s流程示意图。Fig. 2/11 is a schematic diagram of the second T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图3/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第3种T-s流程示意图。Fig. 3/11 is a schematic diagram of the third T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图4/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第4种T-s流程示意图。Fig. 4/11 is a schematic diagram of the fourth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图5/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第5种T-s流程示意图。Fig. 5/11 is a schematic diagram of the fifth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图6/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第6种T-s流程示意图。6/11 is a schematic diagram of the sixth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图7/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第7种T-s流程示意图。7/11 is a schematic diagram of the seventh T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图8/11是依据本发明所提供的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法第8种T-s流程示意图。8/11 is a schematic diagram of the eighth T-s flow chart of the method for reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图9/11是依据本发明所提供的减小吸热过程传热温差的方法给出的第1种流动换热过程示意图。Fig. 9/11 is a schematic diagram of the first flow heat transfer process according to the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图10/11是依据本发明所提供的减小吸热过程传热温差的方法给出的第2种流动换热过程示意图。10/11 are schematic diagrams of the second flow heat transfer process given by the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图11/11是依据本发明所提供的减小吸热过程传热温差的方法给出的第3种流动换热过程示意图。11/11 are schematic diagrams of the third flow heat transfer process given by the method for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process provided by the present invention.
图中，AB过程表示热源放热过程线，12表示被加热介质的吸热过程线，ab表示被加热介质定压吸热过程线，as表示液相被加热介质的定压吸热过程线；T-s图即温-熵图。In the figure, AB process represents the heat source exothermic process line, 12 represents the endothermic process line of the heated medium, ab represents the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heated medium, and as represents the constant pressure endothermic process line of the liquid phase heated medium; The Ts diagram is the temperature-entropy diagram.
首先要说明的是，在结构和流程的表述上，非必要情况下不重复进行；对显而易见的流程不作表述。下面结合附图和实例来详细描述本发明。The first thing to note is that in the presentation of the structure and process, it will not be repeated unless it is necessary; the obvious process will not be described. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
图1/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 1/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中维持定温T，被加热介质定压吸热过程为变温吸热。(1) Heat transfer conditions: The constant temperature T is maintained during the heat release process of the heat source, and the constant pressure endothermic process of the heated medium is a variable temperature endotherm.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质变温或定温吸热至T
2，变温吸热时过程线比定压线平缓。
(2) Target requirements: the heated medium changes temperature or constant temperature and absorbs heat to T 2 , and the process line is gentler than the constant pressure line when the temperature changes and absorbs heat.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压；与定压吸热过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热并同时降压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是降低的；当被加热介质的初始温度设定为T
2时，吸热过程温度不变，压力也是降低的。
(3) Realization method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual change section, and depressurize while absorbing heat; compared with the constant pressure endothermic process ab, the heated medium absorbs heat and depressurizes at the same time 12 ——When the temperature increases from T 1 to T 2 , the pressure after the endothermic process is reduced; when the initial temperature of the heated medium is set to T 2 , the temperature in the endothermic process remains unchanged, and the pressure also decreases.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, make it enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed It is supersonic, and when the speed of the heated medium is higher than the initial speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic speed, and the heat exchange process ends when it is heated When the speed of the medium is higher than the speed of sound, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热至温度T
2时，吸热过程的平均温度将低于降压吸热过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐缩型变截面换热管，吸热降压并增速，将自热源获取的热能部分或全部转换为被加热介质的动能，动力装置中该部分动能将提供给膨胀机从而使膨胀机输出更多的动力，制冷(热泵)装置中该部分动能提供给双能压缩机从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Use of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as subsonic speed, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic speed as an example to analyze - when the heated medium absorbs heat at a constant pressure according to the ab process line to the temperature At T 2 , the average temperature of the endothermic process will be lower than the average temperature of the decompression endothermic process 12; the heated medium enters the tapered variable cross-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat and decompresses and accelerates, and the heat obtained from the heat source is Part or all of the heat energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the heated medium, and this part of the kinetic energy in the power device will be provided to the expander so that the expander can output more power. In the refrigeration (heat pump) device, this part of the kinetic energy is provided to the dual-energy compressor to reduce Input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or raising the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) .
图2/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 2/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质定压吸热过程为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线更平缓。
(1) heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases in the heat source exothermic process, and the temperature is cooled down from T A to T B ; the constant pressure endothermic process of the heated medium is a variable temperature endothermic, and the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram It is gentler than the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heated medium.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质由T
1变温吸热至T
2，使其吸热过程线比定压吸热过程线平缓。
( 2 ) Objective requirements: The heated medium absorbs heat from T1 to T2, so that the endothermic process line is gentler than the constant pressure endothermic process line.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压；与定压吸热过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热并同时升压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是降低的。
(3) Realization method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradient cross section, and depressurize while absorbing heat; compared with the constant pressure endothermic process ab, the heated medium absorbs heat and increases the pressure at the same time 12 - When the temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , the pressure after the endothermic process is reduced.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, make it enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed It is supersonic, and when the speed of the heated medium is higher than the initial speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic speed, and the heat exchange process ends when it is heated When the speed of the medium is higher than the speed of sound, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度不高于声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热至温度T
2时，吸热过程的平均温度低于降压吸热过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐缩型变截面换热管，吸热降压并增速，将自热源获取的热能部分或全部转换为被加热介质的动能，动力装置中该部分动能将提供给膨胀机从而使膨胀机输出更多的动力，制冷(热泵)装置中该部分动能提供给双能压缩机从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Utilization of temperature difference: Take the initial speed of the heated medium as subsonic speed, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic speed as an example to analyze - when the heated medium absorbs heat at a constant pressure according to the ab process line to When the temperature is T2, the average temperature of the endothermic process is lower than the average temperature of the decompression endothermic process 12; the heated medium enters the tapered variable cross-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat, depressurizes and increases the speed, and converts the heat obtained from the heat source. Part or all of the heat energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the heated medium, and this part of the kinetic energy in the power device will be provided to the expander so that the expander can output more power. In the refrigeration (heat pump) device, this part of the kinetic energy is provided to the dual-energy compressor to reduce Input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or raising the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) .
图3/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 3/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质定压吸热过程为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线陡峭。
(1) heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases in the heat source exothermic process, and the temperature is cooled down from T A to T B ; the constant pressure endothermic process of the heated medium is a variable temperature endothermic, and the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram Steeper than the constant pressure endothermic process line of the heated medium.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质由T
1变温吸热至T
2，使其吸热过程线比定压吸热过程线陡峭。
( 2 ) Target requirements: the heated medium absorbs heat from T1 to T2, so that the endothermic process line is steeper than the constant pressure endothermic process line.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压；与定压吸热过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热并同时升压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是升高的。
(3) Implementation method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and increase the pressure while absorbing heat; compared with the constant pressure endothermic process ab, the heated medium absorbs heat and increases the pressure at the same time 12 - The temperature increases from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the endothermic process is increased.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube .
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热至温度T
2时，吸热过程的平均温度低于升压吸热过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐扩型变截面换热管，吸热增压，将自热源获取的热能部分转换为被加热介质的压力提升上，动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升压缩机人口压力从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Use of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as subsonic speed, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic speed as an example to analyze - when the heated medium absorbs heat at a constant pressure according to the ab process line to the temperature At T 2 , the average temperature of the endothermic process is lower than the average temperature of the pressure-boosting endothermic process 12; the heated medium enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat and pressurizes, and partially converts the heat energy obtained from the heat source into When the pressure of the heated medium is increased, the low-temperature heat release load is reduced in the power plant to improve thermal efficiency, and the compressor population pressure is increased in the refrigeration (heat pump) device to reduce the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or increase The average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process reduces the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图4/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 4/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质定压吸热汽化过程温度不变。
(1) Heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases during the heat release process of the heat source, and the temperature is lowered from T A to T B ; the temperature of the heated medium in the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process remains unchanged.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质升压吸热汽化，由T
1变温吸热至T
2。
(2) Target requirements: the heated medium is boosted to absorb heat and vaporize, and the temperature changes from T 1 to T 2 .
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热并汽化的同时进行升温升压；与定压吸热过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热并同时升温升压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是升高的。
(3) Implementation method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual change section, and increase the temperature and pressure while absorbing heat and vaporizing; compared with the constant pressure endothermic process ab, the heated medium absorbs heat and increases the temperature at the same time. Pressure process 12 - the temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the end of the endothermic process is increased.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube .
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热时温度不变，吸热过程的平均温度将低于升压吸热过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐扩型变截面换热管，吸热增压，将自热源获取的热能部分转换为被加热介质的压力提升上，动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升压缩机人口压力从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。(5) Utilization of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as the subsonic speed example for analysis - when the heated medium absorbs heat at constant pressure according to the ab process line, the temperature remains unchanged, and the average temperature of the endothermic process will be lower than the pressure-boosting endothermic temperature The average temperature of process 12; the heated medium enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat and pressurizes, converts the heat energy obtained from the heat source into the pressure of the heated medium, and reduces the low-temperature heat release load in the power plant In order to improve the thermal efficiency, the compressor population pressure is increased in the refrigeration (heat pump) device to reduce the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or to increase the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle Net work, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图5/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 5/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质需要先预热升温之后在进行吸热汽化，被加热介质的定压吸热汽化过程温度不变。
(1) heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases in the heat source exothermic process, and the temperature is cooled to T B by T A ; the heated medium needs to be preheated and heated up before carrying out endothermic vaporization, and the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process temperature of the heated medium is constant.
(2)目标要求：流体预热升温过程as，至饱和温度T
s之后；被加热介质升压吸热汽化，由T
s变温吸热至T
2。
(2) Target requirements: the fluid preheating and heating process as, after reaching the saturation temperature T s ; the heated medium is boosted to absorb heat and vaporize, and the temperature changes from T s to T 2 .
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质首先流经定截面换热管完成变温吸热至饱和温度，之后流经渐变截面换热管完成吸热汽化并同时进行升温升压；与定压吸热过程asb相比较，预热段是相同的，不同的是被加热介质进行吸热汽化并同时升压的过程s2——温度由T
s升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是升高的。
(3) Realization method: make the heated medium first flow through the heat exchange tube with constant cross section to complete the variable temperature absorption to the saturation temperature, and then flow through the heat exchange tube with variable cross section to complete the endothermic vaporization and simultaneously increase the temperature and pressure; Compared with the process asb, the preheating section is the same, the difference is the process s2 in which the heated medium undergoes endothermic vaporization and increases the pressure at the same time - the temperature increases from T s to T 2 , and the pressure after the endothermic process is increased. High.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入定截面-渐缩型变截面复合式换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial velocity of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the fixed-section- Tapered variable section composite heat exchange tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照asb过程线定压吸热升温之后汽化时，吸热过程的平均温度低于升压吸热过程1s2的平均温度；使被加热介质进入定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管，定截面换热段完成预热1s升温至饱和温度，之后进入渐扩型变截面换热段进行吸热增压——将自热源获取的热能部分转换为被加热介质的压力提升上，动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升压缩机人口压力从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。(5) Utilization of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as an example of subsonic speed for analysis - when the heated medium is vaporized after heating and heating at constant pressure according to the asb process line, the average temperature of the endothermic process is lower than the pressure-boosting endothermic temperature The average temperature of the process 1s2; the heated medium enters the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube, and the fixed-section heat-exchange section completes the preheating for 1s and heats up to the saturation temperature, and then enters the gradually-expanding variable-section heat exchange section. Endothermic supercharging - converts the heat energy obtained from the heat source into the pressure increase of the heated medium, reduces the low temperature heat release load in the power unit to improve the thermal efficiency, and increases the compressor population pressure in the refrigeration (heat pump) device to reduce the external high pressure. Input of high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy)—in other words, to increase the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the net work of the refrigeration (heat pump) device cycle, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图6/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 6/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中维持定温T，被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高。(1) Heat transfer conditions: the constant temperature T is maintained during the heat release process of the heat source, and the temperature of the heated medium during constant pressure vaporization increases.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质变温或定温吸热汽化至T
2，使其吸热汽化时过程线为直线段或比定压线ab平缓。
(2) Target requirements: the heated medium is heated and vaporized to T 2 at constant temperature or constant temperature, so that the process line is a straight line or is gentler than the constant pressure line ab during the endothermic vaporization.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压； 与定压吸热汽化过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热汽化并同时升温降压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是降低的。
(3) Realization method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and depressurize while heating up and absorbing heat and vaporizing; Process 12 of increasing temperature and decreasing pressure - the temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the endothermic process is reduced.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, make it enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is high At the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-gradient heat exchange tube. Expansion variable cross-section heat exchange tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热汽化至温度T
2时，吸热过程的平均温度低于降压吸热汽化过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质流经渐缩型变截面换热管，吸热降压并增速，将自热源获取的热能部分或全部转换为被加热介质的动能，动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度、降低循环净功、从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Use of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as subsonic speed, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic speed as an example for analysis - when the heated medium absorbs heat and vaporizes at constant pressure according to the ab process line When the temperature is T2, the average temperature of the endothermic process is lower than the average temperature of the depressurization endothermic vaporization process 12; Part or all of the obtained heat energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the heated medium. In the power plant, the low temperature exothermic load is reduced to improve the thermal efficiency. Input of high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图7/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 7/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线平缓。
(1) heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases in the heat source exothermic process, and the temperature is lowered from T A to T B ; the temperature in the constant pressure vaporization process of the heated medium increases, and the cooling and exothermic process line ratio of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is The constant pressure vaporization process line of the heating medium is gentle.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质由T
1变温吸热汽化至T
2，使其吸热汽化过程线比定压吸热汽化过程线更平缓。
(2) Target requirements: The heated medium is vaporized from T 1 to T 2 at variable temperature, so that the process line of endothermic vaporization is gentler than that of constant pressure.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压；与定压吸热汽化过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热汽化并同时降压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是降低的。
(3) Implementation method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradient cross section, and depressurize while heating up and absorbing heat and vaporizing; The process of depressurization 12 - the temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the end of the endothermic process is reduced.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, make it enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is high At the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-gradient heat exchange tube. Expansion variable cross-section heat exchange tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质速度不高于声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热汽化至温度T
2时，吸热汽化过程的平均温度低于降压吸热汽化过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐缩型变截面换热管，吸热降压并增速，将自热源获取的热能部分或全部转换为被加热介质的动能，动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度、降低循环净功、从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Use of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as subsonic speed, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is not higher than the sonic speed as an example for analysis - when the heated medium absorbs heat and vaporizes at constant pressure according to the ab process line When the temperature is T2, the average temperature of the endothermic vaporization process is lower than the average temperature of the decompression endothermic vaporization process 12; the heated medium enters the tapered variable cross-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat, reduces the pressure and increases the speed, and converts the self-heat source. Part or all of the obtained heat energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the heated medium. In the power plant, the low temperature exothermic load is reduced to improve the thermal efficiency. Input of high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图8/11所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法是这样的：The method shown in Figure 8/11 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference of the endothermic process is as follows:
(1)传热条件：热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线陡峭。
(1) heat transfer conditions: the temperature decreases in the heat source exothermic process, and the temperature is lowered from T A to T B ; the temperature in the constant pressure vaporization process of the heated medium increases, and the cooling and exothermic process line ratio of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is The constant pressure vaporization process line of the heating medium is steep.
(2)目标要求：被加热介质由T
1变温吸热汽化至T
2，使其吸热汽化过程线比定压吸热汽化过程线更陡峭。
(2) Target requirements: the heated medium is vaporized from T 1 to T 2 at variable temperature, so that its endothermic vaporization process line is steeper than the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process line.
(3)实现方法：使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压；与定压吸热汽化过程ab相比较，被加热介质进行吸热汽化并同时升压的过程12——温度由T
1升高到T
2，吸热过程结束之后的压力是升高的。
(3) Implementation method: make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual change section, and increase the pressure while absorbing heat; Process 12 - The temperature is increased from T 1 to T 2 , and the pressure after the endothermic process is increased.
(4)技术措施：当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，则使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。(4) Technical measures: when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube Tube.
(5)温差利用：以被加热介质初始速度为亚声速为例进行分析——当被加热介质按照ab过程线定压吸热汽化至温度T
2时，吸热过程的平均温度低于升压吸热汽化过程12的平均温度；使被加热介质进入渐扩型变截面换热管，吸热增压，将自热源获取的热能部分转换为被加热介质的压力提升上；动力装置中降低低温放热负荷从而提高热效率，制冷(热泵)装置中提升压缩机人口压力从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入——或者说提升其低温吸热过程的平均温度，降低制冷(热泵)装置循环净功，从而降低外部高品质能源(机械能或高温热能)的投入。
(5) Utilization of temperature difference: take the initial speed of the heated medium as an example to analyze the subsonic speed - when the heated medium is vaporized to the temperature T 2 at constant pressure according to the ab process line, the average temperature of the endothermic process is lower than the pressure increase The average temperature of the endothermic vaporization process 12; the heated medium enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube, absorbs heat and pressurizes, and converts the heat energy obtained from the heat source into the pressure increase of the heated medium; in the power plant, reduce the low temperature The heat release load increases the thermal efficiency, and the compressor population pressure is increased in the refrigeration (heat pump) device to reduce the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy) - or to increase the average temperature of its low-temperature endothermic process, reducing the refrigeration (heat pump). ) The device circulates the net work, thereby reducing the input of external high-quality energy (mechanical energy or high-temperature thermal energy).
图9/11所示的按照减小吸热过程传热温差的方法而给出的流动换热过程是这样进行的：The flow heat transfer process shown in Figure 9/11 according to the method of reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process is carried out as follows:
针对热源放热过程中维持定温T，被加热介质定压吸热过程为变温吸热，按照以图1所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法，选择图9/11所示的渐缩型变截面换热管，使处于亚声速的被加热介质进入该渐缩型变截面换热管，吸收来自定温热源的热负荷Q，则将带来如下热力学效果：温度由T
1升温吸热至T
2，压力由p
1降压至p
2，速度由c
f1增加到c
f2。
In view of maintaining a constant temperature T during the heat release process of the heat source, and the constant pressure endothermic process of the heated medium is a variable temperature endotherm, according to the method shown in Figure 1 to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process, choose the method shown in Figure 9/11 The tapered variable cross-section heat exchange tube, so that the heated medium at subsonic speed enters the tapered variable cross-section heat exchange tube and absorbs the heat load Q from the constant temperature heat source, which will bring the following thermodynamic effects: The temperature is changed from T 1 The temperature rises and absorbs heat to T 2 , the pressure decreases from p 1 to p 2 , and the speed increases from c f1 to c f2 .
图10/11所示的按照减小吸热过程传热温差的方法而给出的流动换热过程是这样进行的：The flow heat transfer process shown in Figure 10/11 according to the method of reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process is carried out as follows:
针对热源放热过程中温度由T
A降温至T
B，被加热介质定压吸热汽化过程温度不变，按照以图4所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法，选择图10/11所示的渐扩型变截面换热管，使处于亚声速的被加热介质(饱和液体)进入该渐扩型变截面换热管，吸收来自变温热源的热负荷Q，则将带来如下热力学效果：温度由T
1升温吸热至T
2，压力由p
1升压至p
2，速度由c
f1减小到c
f2(或者c
f2低于流经定截面换热管之后的出口速度)。
In view of the fact that the temperature of the heat source is cooled from T A to T B during the exothermic process, and the temperature of the heated medium in the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process remains unchanged, according to the method of reducing and utilizing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process as shown in Fig. 4, select Fig. The gradually expanding variable cross-section heat exchange tube shown in 10/11 makes the heated medium (saturated liquid) at subsonic speed enter the gradually expanding variable cross-section heat exchange tube to absorb the heat load Q from the variable temperature heat source, then It will bring the following thermodynamic effects: the temperature rises from T 1 to T 2 , the pressure rises from p 1 to p 2 , and the speed decreases from c f1 to c f2 (or c f2 is lower than the flow rate through the fixed-section heat exchange tube the exit velocity after that).
图11/11所示的按照减小吸热过程传热温差的方法而给出的流动换热过程是这样进行的：The flow heat transfer process shown in Figure 11/11 according to the method of reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process is carried out as follows:
热源放热过程中温度降低，温度由T
A降温至T
B；被加热介质需要先预热升温之后在进行吸热汽化，被加热介质的定压吸热汽化过程温度不变，按照图5所示的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法，选择图11/11所示的定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管，使处于亚声速的被加热介质(未饱和液体)进入该定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管，吸收来自变温热源的热负荷Q，则将带来如下热力学效果：在定截面换热管部分，温度由T
1升温吸热至T
s；在渐扩型变截面换热管部分，温度由T
s升高至T
2，压力由p
1升压至p
2，速度由c
f1减小到c
f2(或者c
f2低于流经定截面换热管之后的出口速度)。
During the exothermic process of the heat source, the temperature decreases, and the temperature is lowered from T A to T B ; the heated medium needs to be preheated and heated up before performing endothermic vaporization, and the temperature of the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process of the heated medium remains unchanged. The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process as shown in Figure 11/11 is selected, and the fixed section-gradually expanding variable section composite heat exchange tube shown in Figure 11/11 is selected to make the heated medium (unsaturated liquid) at subsonic speed. Entering the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube and absorbing the heat load Q from the variable-temperature heat source will bring the following thermodynamic effects: In the fixed-section heat exchange tube part, the temperature rises from T 1 and absorbs heat to T s ; in the part of the gradually expanding variable cross-section heat exchange tube, the temperature rises from T s to T 2 , the pressure rises from p 1 to p 2 , and the speed decreases from c f1 to c f2 (or c f2 is lower than outlet velocity after passing through the heat exchange tubes of constant cross-section).
本发明技术可以实现的效果——本发明所提出的减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法，具有如下效果和优势：The effect that the technology of the present invention can realize - the method proposed by the present invention to reduce and utilize the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process has the following effects and advantages:
(1)为降低热动装置中高温热源与工作介质之间温差不可逆损失提供了有效方法。(1) An effective method is provided for reducing the irreversible loss of the temperature difference between the high temperature heat source and the working medium in the thermal device.
(2)为降低制冷(热泵)装置工作介质与低温热源之间温差不可逆损失提供了有效方法。(2) An effective method is provided for reducing the irreversible loss of the temperature difference between the working medium of the refrigeration (heat pump) device and the low-temperature heat source.
(3)针对定温热源供热，给出了被加热介质(工作介质)在小温差下进行连续性定温吸热的方法，使最大程度地减小温差不可逆损失成为现实。(3) For heat supply with constant temperature heat source, a method for continuous constant temperature absorption of the heated medium (working medium) under a small temperature difference is given, which makes it possible to minimize the irreversible loss of temperature difference.
(4)针对定温热源供热，给出了被加热介质(工作介质)在小温差下进行连续性变温吸 热的方法，使最大程度地减小温差不可逆损失成为现实。(4) Aiming at constant temperature heat source heating, a method for continuous variable temperature absorption of the heated medium (working medium) under a small temperature difference is given, which makes it a reality to minimize the irreversible loss of temperature difference.
(5)针对变温热源供热，给出了被加热介质(工作介质)在小温差下进行连续性变温吸热的方法，使最大程度地减小温差不可逆损失成为现实。(5) For heat supply with variable temperature heat source, a method for continuous variable temperature absorption of the heated medium (working medium) under a small temperature difference is given, which makes it a reality to minimize the irreversible loss of temperature difference.
(6)给出了多种技术条件下减小吸热过程传热温差的具体方法，能够有效应对定温热源、变温热源、单质相变吸热、混合物相变吸热、气体变温吸热和液体变温吸热等多种工况，将有利于提升热能和机械能的利用水平和利用效果。(6) Specific methods for reducing the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process under various technical conditions are given, which can effectively deal with constant temperature heat sources, variable temperature heat sources, elemental phase change endotherms, mixture phase change endotherms, and gas temperature change endotherms It will be beneficial to improve the utilization level and utilization effect of thermal energy and mechanical energy.
Claims (8)
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源定温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source releases heat at a constant temperature and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes a variable temperature endothermic, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and in the endothermic Simultaneously depressurize - in which, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is not higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when heated The initial velocity of the medium is supersonic, and when the velocity of the heated medium is higher than the initial velocity at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is subsonic, the heat exchange process ends When the speed of the heated medium is higher than the speed of sound, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线平缓时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度不高于声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat, and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes the variable temperature endotherm, the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is higher than that of the heated medium. When the constant pressure endothermic process line is flat, the heated medium is made to flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and the pressure is reduced while absorbing heat. When the speed of the heating medium is not higher than the speed of sound, make it enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium at the end of the heat exchange process is higher than the initial speed, make it Enter the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat transfer process, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube .
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质的定压吸热为变温吸热，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压吸热过程线陡峭时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat, and the constant pressure endotherm of the heated medium becomes the variable temperature endotherm, the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is higher than that of the heated medium. When the constant pressure endothermic process line is steep, make the heated medium flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and increase the pressure while absorbing heat—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding type Variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压吸热汽化过程温度不变时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热并汽化的同时进行升温升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium is constant in the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and the heat is absorbed and heated. Heat up and pressurize at the same time of vaporization - when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered type Variable cross-section heat exchange tubes.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热，被加热介质需要先预热升温之后再进行吸热汽化，被加热介质的定压吸热汽化过程温度不变时，使被加热介质首先流经定截面换热管完成变温吸热至饱和温度，之后流经渐变截面换热管完成吸热汽化并同时进行升温升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入定截面-渐扩型变截面复合式换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入定截面-渐缩型变截面复合式换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat, the heated medium needs to be preheated and heated up before the endothermic vaporization, and when the constant pressure endothermic vaporization process temperature of the heated medium remains unchanged, The heated medium first flows through the heat exchange tube with constant cross section to complete the variable temperature absorption to the saturation temperature, and then flows through the heat exchange tube with variable cross section to complete the endothermic vaporization and simultaneously increase the temperature and pressure—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is sub- When the speed of sound is high, it enters the fixed-section-gradually expanding variable-section composite heat exchange tube; when the initial velocity of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the fixed-section-contracting-variable-section composite heat exchange tube.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源定温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source releases heat at a constant temperature and the temperature of the heated medium increases at a constant pressure vaporization process, the heated medium flows through the heat exchange tube with a gradual cross section, and absorbs heat and vaporizes at the temperature rise. At the same time, depressurize - when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the tapered variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the heated medium ends at the end of the heat exchange process When the speed of the heated medium is higher than the initial speed, it enters the gradually expanding variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the sonic speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanded heat exchange tube. Condensed-expanded variable-section heat exchange tubes.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线平缓时， 使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在升温吸热并汽化的同时进行降压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于初始速度时，使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速，而换热过程结束时被加热介质的速度高于声速时，使其进入渐缩-渐扩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium is increased at a constant pressure vaporization process, the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is higher than the constant pressure of the heated medium. When the vaporization process line is gentle, the heated medium is made to flow through the heat exchange tube with gradual cross section, and the pressure is reduced while the temperature rises and absorbs heat and vaporizes—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the tapered type Variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, and the speed of the heated medium is higher than the initial speed at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the gradually expanded variable-section heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is It is subsonic, and when the speed of the heated medium is higher than the speed of sound at the end of the heat exchange process, it enters the tapered-expanded variable-section heat exchange tube.
- 减小并利用吸热过程传热温差的方法——当热源降温放热而被加热介质定压汽化过程温度升高，在温-熵图中热源的降温放热过程线比被加热介质定压汽化过程线陡峭时，使被加热介质流经渐变截面换热管，在吸热的同时进行升压——其中，当被加热介质初始速度为亚声速时，则使其进入渐扩型变截面换热管；当被加热介质初始速度为超声速时，使其进入渐缩型变截面换热管。The method of reducing and using the heat transfer temperature difference in the endothermic process - when the heat source cools down and releases heat and the temperature of the heated medium is increased at a constant pressure vaporization process, the cooling and exothermic process line of the heat source in the temperature-entropy diagram is higher than the constant pressure of the heated medium. When the vaporization process line is steep, the heated medium is made to flow through the heat exchange tube with a gradual change section, and the pressure is boosted while absorbing heat—wherein, when the initial speed of the heated medium is subsonic, it enters the gradually expanding variable section. Heat exchange tube; when the initial speed of the heated medium is supersonic, it enters the tapered variable section heat exchange tube.
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