WO2022030640A1 - 加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物の製造方法 - Google Patents
加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P30/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
- A23P30/20—Extruding
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L11/05—Mashed or comminuted pulses or legumes; Products made therefrom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
- A23L29/212—Starch; Modified starch; Starch derivatives, e.g. esters or ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
- A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/20—Agglomerating; Granulating; Tabletting
- A23P10/25—Agglomeration or granulation by extrusion or by pressing, e.g. through small holes, through sieves or between surfaces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composition for cooking that contains starch.
- Patent Document 1 As a method of preventing the tissue of vegetables from collapsing and losing their shape during cooking of vegetables, a simmered vegetable composed of a sugar composition containing 35% by mass or more of maltotriose with respect to the total amount of solid content. A method of using an inhibitor or the like has been known (Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 has a problem that the unique flavor and texture of maltotriose is imparted to foods.
- the sugar content is high, there is a problem that the matte feeling is impaired and the composition becomes inferior in appearance.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a starch-containing composition for cooking, which does not easily disintegrate in shape during cooking in a liquid, has a high matte feeling, and has an excellent appearance.
- the present inventors have obtained an extruder capable of rapidly depressurizing and cooling a composition containing starch and water at a certain level or more after pressurizing, heating and kneading.
- the starch granules in the raw material are disintegrated and further rapidly cooled to form a strong starch matrix structure inside the composition, and an aged starch layer is formed on the outer periphery of the composition to give a matte appearance and heating.
- the gist of the present invention relates to, for example, the following.
- [Item 1] A method for producing a starch-containing composition for cooking using an extruder, wherein the extruder is used.
- the screw has at least a first flight portion and a kneading portion from the base side to the tip side.
- the barrel is an extruder having a vent portion at a position on the tip end side of the kneading portion of the screw, and is also an extruder.
- the method is a manufacturing method including the following steps (i) to (iv).
- (I) The content of insoluble dietary fiber is 3.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass
- the content of starch is 10.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass
- the content of protein is 3.0% by mass in terms of wet mass.
- step (Ii) At the stage of preparing a composition having a dry content standard water content of more than 25% by mass, (Ii) The composition after the preparation of step (i) is heated from the first flight section to the kneading section, and the temperature of the kneading section is 100 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower under pressurized conditions, and the SME value is 350 kJ.
- the screw further has a second flight portion on the tip end side of the kneading portion, and the vent portion is provided at a position on the barrel corresponding to the first half portion of the second flight portion.
- the manufacturing method described in. [Item 4] The production method according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the composition after kneading in step (ii) is cooled by 20 ° C. or higher from the kneaded portion to the die portion.
- Item 5 which has a flow delay structure between the end point on the tip end side of the second flight portion and the die portion.
- the average thread groove depth of the remaining 80% of the second flight section is larger than the average thread groove depth in the region from the base side starting point of the second flight section to 20% of the total length of the second flight section.
- the average thread groove pitch of the remaining 80% of the second flight section is larger than the average thread groove pitch in the region from the base side starting point of the second flight section to 20% of the total length of the second flight section.
- the starch contained in the composition of step (i) is starch derived from an edible plant heated at 80 ° C.
- Items 1 to 11 have a particle size distribution d 90 of 450 ⁇ m or less when the following treatment A is applied to the starch-containing composition for cooking obtained by the above-mentioned production method and then ultrasonically treated.
- Provides A The composition 6% by weight aqueous suspension is treated with 0.4% by weight protease and 0.02% by weight ⁇ -amylase at 20 ° C. for 3 days.
- [Item 13] The production method according to any one of Items 1 to 12, wherein the preparation of the composition in step (i) comprises preliminarily adding water to the raw material before charging into the extruder.
- the preparation of the composition in step (i) comprises adding the raw material to the extruder and then adding water to the raw material in the extruder.
- Item 15 The production method according to Item 14, wherein in step (i), the raw material in the extruder is not exposed to a high temperature of 90 ° C. or higher with a dry content standard moisture content of 25% by mass or less.
- the gelatinization peak temperature is 120 when the 14% by mass composition water slurry is heated from 50 ° C. to 140 ° C. at a heating rate of 12.5 ° C./min using a rapid viscoanalyzer. It is less than ° C.
- Item 20. The production method according to any one of Items 1 to 19, wherein the composition contains an edible plant.
- Item 21 The production method according to Item 20, wherein the ratio of the starch content in the edible plant to the total starch content in the composition is 30% by mass or more.
- step (V) The item according to any one of Items 1 to 25, further comprising a step of crushing the obtained composition into a crushed composition after the step (iii) or (iv). Production method.
- step (vi) The production method according to Item 26, further comprising a step of aggregating the obtained pulverized composition into an aggregate of the pulverized composition after the step (v).
- step (i) the pulverized composition obtained in the step (v) and / or the aggregate of the pulverized composition obtained in the step (vi) is contained in an amount of 5% by mass or more in terms of dry mass.
- step 6 The production method according to Item 26 or 27, further comprising blending into the composition.
- a starch-containing composition for cooking which does not easily disintegrate in shape during cooking in a liquid, has a high matte feeling, and has an excellent appearance.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of an extruder of the first aspect used in the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side view schematically showing a configuration example of a screw used in the extruder of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the extruder of the second aspect used in the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a side view schematically showing a configuration example of a screw used in the extruder of the embodiment of FIG.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views schematically showing a modified example of the die portion of the extruder used in the manufacturing method of the present invention (including the first and second aspects).
- starch-containing composition for cooking having specific properties using a specific extruder hereinafter, referred to as "starch-containing composition of the present invention” or “composition of the present invention”. There is) (hereinafter, may be referred to as a “manufacturing method of the present invention”).
- extruder of the present invention the characteristics of the specific extruder used in the manufacturing method of the present invention (hereinafter, may be referred to as “extruder of the present invention”) will be described first, and then the extruder of the present invention will be used. The features of the manufacturing method of the present invention to be carried out will be described.
- extruder Structure of extruder
- Typical examples of the extruder include a single-screw extruder and a twin-screw extruder, but in the manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable to use a single-screw extruder.
- devices generally called extruders include extruders that merely have a mixer or a kneader function. Since such an extruder cannot obtain the strong kneading which is one of the characteristics of the production method of the present invention, it becomes difficult to form the characteristic composition structure which should be obtained by the production method of the present invention. It is not preferable.
- the extruder of the present invention has a screw rotated by a motor, a barrel surrounding the outer circumference of the screw, a feeder attached to the base side of the barrel for feeding food material, and the tip side of the barrel.
- the screw of the extruder of the present invention has a first flight portion and a kneading portion from the base side to the tip side (that is, toward the extrusion direction or the extrusion side), and the barrel is a screw.
- a structure having a vent portion at a position corresponding to the tip side of the kneading portion is adopted.
- the vent portion and the die portion are integrally provided.
- the screw of the extruder of the present invention further has a second flight portion on the tip end side of the kneading portion, and the barrel is on the base side of the second flight portion of the screw.
- a configuration having a vent portion at a position corresponding to the starting point is adopted.
- the barrel has a heater in the region corresponding to the first flight portion and the kneading portion, and has a cooler in the region corresponding to the second flight portion.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of an extruder according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the extruder 100 shown in FIG. 1 has a barrel 200 having a long cylindrical shape and a long uniaxial screw 300 arranged in the barrel 200, and is arranged at each predetermined position of the barrel 200.
- the feeder 400, the die portion 500 (represented by a broken line is a flow path penetrating from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion), a vent portion 600, a heater 700, and a cooler 800 are provided.
- FIG. 2 is a side view schematically showing a configuration example of the screw 300 shown in FIG.
- the screw 300 has a base side end portion and a tip side end portion, and is configured such that the base side end portion is connected to a rotation shaft of a motor (not shown) and is rotationally driven, and the base side (not shown) thereof.
- the first flight portion 300A, the kneading portion 300B, and the second flight portion 300C are provided in this order from the motor side) to the tip side (opposite side) (that is, toward the extrusion direction indicated by the white arrow in the figure).
- a spiral convex portion (flight or flight structure) is provided on the circumferential side surface of the first flight portion 300A and the second flight portion 300C, and a known kneading structure (for example, unevenness) is provided on the circumferential side surface of the kneading portion 300B. Part) is provided.
- the barrel 200 when the screw 300 is arranged in the barrel 200, the barrel 200 also corresponds to the first flight portion 300A, the kneading portion 300B, and the second flight portion 300C of the screw 300. It is possible to divide into two regions 200A, 200B, and 200C. In the present disclosure, these three regions 200A, 200B, and 200C of the barrel 200 are referred to as a first flight portion 200A, a kneading portion 200B, and a second flight portion 200C by diverting the names of the corresponding screw 300 regions. In some cases.
- first flight section 200A, 300A the kneading section 200B, 300B, and the second flight section 200C, 300C.
- the feeder 400 is located near the base side of the first flight portion 200A of the barrel 200 (specifically, within the first half of the first flight portion, that is, within 50% of the total length of the first flight portion from the base side starting point of the first flight portion. It is preferably installed at a position on the corresponding barrel, more preferably at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 20% of the total length of the first flight section from the starting point of the first flight section, and the first flight section. It is more preferable to install it at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 5% of the total length of the first flight portion from the starting point of the above, and it is most preferable to install it at a position on the barrel corresponding to the end side end of the base). Then, the food material to be kneaded can be put into the barrel 200 (the space between the barrel 200 and the screw 300) through the feeder 400.
- the die portion 500 is attached to the tip end side of the second flight portion 200C of the barrel 200, and is configured so that the composition kneaded by the screw 300 can be discharged while being molded.
- the vent portion 600 is attached near the base side of the second flight portion 200C of the barrel 200 (detailed positions will be described later), and exhausts the gas existing in the space between the barrel 200 and the screw 300. It is configured so that the pressure can be adjusted.
- the heater (heating equipment) 700 is attached around the first flight portion 200A and / or the kneading portion 200B of the barrel 200, and by heating the barrel 20, the space inside the barrel 200 (the space between the barrel 200 and the screw 300). ) Is configured so that the temperature of the composition can be adjusted for each part.
- the heater 700 is attached at least around the barrel corresponding to the total length of the kneading portion 200B, and further, in addition to the circumference of the kneading portion 200B, the latter half of the first flight portion 200A, that is, It is preferable that the heater 700 is installed around the barrel 200 corresponding to the end point on the end side of the first flight portion 200A from the midpoint of the total length of the first flight portion 200A, and the total length of the kneading portion 200B and the total length of the first flight portion 200A. It is particularly preferable that the heater 700 is installed around the corresponding barrel 200A.
- the cooler (cooling equipment) 800 is attached around the second flight portion 200C of the barrel 200 or around the die portion, and by cooling the barrel 200 or the die portion 500, the inside of the barrel 200 (barrel) in the second flight portions 200C and 300C.
- the temperature of the composition (the space between the 200 and the screw 300) or the composition extruded from the die portion is configured to be adjustable. From the viewpoint of the effectiveness of the present invention, it is preferable that the cooler is attached to a predetermined range or more around the barrel corresponding to the total length of the barrel 200C and / or the die portion.
- the cooler 700 is attached around the barrel corresponding to at least 30% or more of the total length of the barrel 200C, and the cooler 700 is attached around the barrel corresponding to 50% or more of the total length of the barrel 200C. It is preferable that the cooler 700 is attached around the barrel corresponding to 90% or more of the total length of the barrel 200C, and the cooler 70 is attached around the barrel corresponding to 30% or more of the total length of the barrel 200C. It is particularly preferable that the cooler 700 is mounted around the barrel corresponding to 100% of the total length of the barrel 200C.
- each raw material of the composition is charged into the barrel 200 (the space between the barrel 200 and the screw 300) from the feeder 400 on the base side, and the screw 300 is inserted into the barrel. It is rotationally driven in a predetermined direction within 200. As a result, the dough composition made of the raw material is kneaded while being conveyed from the base side to the tip side as the screw 300 rotates, and the kneaded composition is discharged while being molded in the die portion 500.
- the composition being conveyed by the first flight portions 200A and 300A and being kneaded by the kneading portions 200B and 300B is heated by the heater 700, while the composition after the kneading by the kneading portions 200B and 300B is completed is the vent portion 600. After being depressurized by the exhaust gas, it is cooled by the cooler 800 while being conveyed by the second flight portions 200C and 300C, and finally is extruded by the die portion 500.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the extruder according to the second aspect of the present invention.
- the extruder 102 shown in FIG. 3 has a barrel 202 having a long cylindrical shape and a long uniaxial screw 302 arranged in the barrel 202, and is arranged at each predetermined position of the barrel 202. It includes a feeder 402, a die portion / vent portion 502/602 (represented by a broken line is a flow path that penetrates from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion), and a heater 702.
- FIG. 4 is a side view schematically showing a configuration example of the screw 302 shown in FIG.
- the screw 302 has a base side end portion and a tip side end portion, and in order from the base side (motor side) to the tip end side (opposite side) (that is, toward the extrusion direction indicated by the white arrow in the figure). It has a first flight section 302A and a kneading section 302B, but does not have a second flight section.
- the barrel 202 in the figure also has the first flight portion 202A and the kneading portion 202B in order from the base side to the tip side thereof, but the second flight portion does not exist.
- the barrel 202 and the screw 302 do not have a second flight portion, and a die portion 502/602 that also serves as a vent portion is provided on the tip end side of the kneading portion 202B of the barrel 202. Only is different from the extruder 100 of the first aspect. Other points (for example, as will be described later, it is preferable to install a flow delay structure at a position between the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion 202B and the die portion 502/602, and the cooler 802 is installed in the die portion 502/602. (Preferably, etc.) is the same as the extruder 100 of the first aspect, and details thereof will be omitted.
- each raw material of the composition is charged into the barrel 202 (the space between the barrel 202 and the screw 302) from the feeder 402 on the base side, and the screw 302 is inserted into the barrel. It is rotationally driven in a predetermined direction within 202. As a result, the dough composition made of the raw material is kneaded while being conveyed from the base side to the tip side as the screw 302 rotates, and the kneaded composition is discharged while being molded in the die portion 502.
- the composition being conveyed by the first flight portions 202A and 302A and being kneaded by the kneading portions 202B and 302B is heated by the heater 700, while the composition after the kneading by the kneading portions 202B and 302B is completed by the cooler 802.
- the cooled die portion and vent portion 502/602 exhausts and reduces the pressure, and is extruded.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views schematically showing a modified example of the die portion having such a configuration. It should be noted that the modified examples of the die portion shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B described below are examples, and the configuration of the die portion is not limited thereto. Further, the combination of the modified example of the die portion shown in FIGS. 5A and / or FIG. 5B described below and the above-mentioned first aspect and / or second aspect is also arbitrary, and any possible combination is the present invention. Included in.
- the die portion 500A (represented by a broken line is a flow path penetrating from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion) according to the modification shown in FIG. 5A has a plurality of branches having an extrusion port at the tip thereof. Along with having a flow path, each branch flow path is formed by extending in a long shape, and a cooler 800A / 802A is provided around the long branch flow path.
- the composition kneaded and conveyed by the screw and barrel in the previous stage branches into a plurality of branch flow paths and invades, and is cooled by a cooler when passing through the branch flow paths.
- the number or range of installation of the coolers is not particularly limited, and the coolers can be installed in any number or range.
- any cooler installed at that time can be used as long as it has an appropriate cooling capacity.
- a cooling water pipe is installed on the surface of a location corresponding to the above-mentioned cooler installation area. It is preferable to adopt a jacket method (for example, a water jacket method that cools water as a refrigerant) by installing a cooler such as, and in that case, wind the pipe around each long branch flow path. It can also be installed in such a state.
- Such a long branch flow path can be formed in any number depending on the number of one or more flow paths that penetrate from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion. Further, it is possible to form a plurality of long branch flow paths for the flow paths that penetrate from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion. In this case, for example, on a virtual plane starting from the end point on the tip side of the flow path, which penetrates from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion, through a plurality of long branch flow paths starting from the tip side of the flow path.
- a plurality of branch flow paths may be formed so as to expand radially (as if the bones of a fan spread), or may be formed so as to expand in a conical shape in the extrusion direction (that is, a die portion).
- the die portion 500B (represented by a broken line is a flow path that penetrates from the inside to the outside of the barrel provided in the die portion) according to the modification shown in FIG. 5B is a trunk flow path through which the composition flows from the screw and the barrel side. And, it has a plurality of branch flow paths that branch from the trunk flow path and each have an extrusion port at the tip thereof, and the trunk flow path and / or each branch flow path is formed by extending in a long shape. Coolers 800B / 802B are provided around the long trunk flow path and / or each branch flow path.
- the composition kneaded and conveyed by the screw and barrel in the previous stage is received in the trunk flow path, branches into a plurality of branch flow paths, and penetrates into the trunk flow path and / or each. While being cooled by a cooler in the branch flow path, it is extruded from the extrusion port at the tip of each branch flow path to be molded.
- the installation site of the cooler may be only the trunk flow path, only each branch flow path, or both the trunk flow path and each branch flow path, but may be the trunk flow path.
- coolers it is preferable to install a cooler in at least one place around the fabric because the entire fabric can be cooled efficiently, and it is more preferable to install a cooler in at least one place in both the trunk flow path and each branch flow path.
- the number or range of installation of the coolers is not particularly limited, and the coolers can be installed in any number or range.
- any cooler installed at that time can be used as long as it has an appropriate cooling capacity.
- a cooling water pipe is installed on the surface of a location corresponding to the above-mentioned cooler installation area.
- a jacket method for example, a water jacket method that cools water as a refrigerant
- a cooler such as, etc.
- piping in the main flow path and / or each branch flow path. It can also be installed in a wrapping state.
- the number of branch flow paths connected to one trunk flow path is not limited, and any number can be formed.
- the cross section of the trunk flow path may be deformed so as to be horizontally long (for example, substantially rectangular or substantially elliptical shape) with respect to the extrusion direction, and an arbitrary number of branch flow paths may be connected to the tip thereof.
- the connecting portion between the trunk flow path and the plurality of branch flow paths, the shape and direction of the plurality of branch flow paths, and the like are not limited.
- a plurality of branch flow paths are connected starting from the tip side of the trunk flow path so that the plurality of branch flow paths radiate out on a virtual plane (as if a fan bone is formed from the tip of the trunk flow path).
- a mode in which a branch flow path is formed so as to expand) a mode in which a plurality of branch flow paths are formed so as to expand in a conical shape in the extrusion direction starting from one point of the trunk flow path, (c). ) It is possible, but not limited to, a mode in which a plurality of branch flow paths are formed so as to expand in a conical shape in the extrusion direction starting from different points of the trunk flow path.
- the mode of the extruder provided with the die portions 500A and 500B and the coolers 800A and 800B of each of the above modifications is not limited. That is, it may be provided in the extruder 100 of the first aspect, may be provided as coolers 802A and 802B in the extruder 102 of the second aspect, or may be provided in an extruder of any other aspect. You may.
- the screw used in the extruder of the present invention is a long screw, which has a base side end portion and a tip side end portion, and the base side end portion serves as a rotation shaft of the motor. It is configured to be connected and rotationally driven.
- the shape of the screw used in the extruder of the present invention is not limited, but it is preferably a flight screw or a screw based on the flight screw.
- the "flight screw” has a structure in which a spiral chevron structure (flight) is formed on a part or all of the peripheral surface of a substantially columnar base shaft, and is a part of the chevron structure.
- the structure may have irregularities in the shape of the groove bottom, and specifically, a wave type in which the groove bottom of the flight is made uneven in the groove width direction may be used.
- a subflight type shape with a subflight can be adopted.
- the screw of the extruder of the first aspect used in the present invention has a first flight portion, a kneading portion, and a second screw in order from the base side (motor side) to the tip side (opposite side). It has a flight section and has a configuration in which screw flights are formed in each of the first flight section and the second flight section. Further, the screw of the extruder of the second aspect does not have a second flight portion, but has a first flight portion and a kneading portion in order from the base side to the tip side thereof, and also has a screw flight in the first flight portion. Has a formed configuration.
- the diameter (D) of the screw used in the present invention is not limited, but is usually 25 mm or more, particularly preferably 30 mm or more, 35 mm or more, or 40 mm or more, particularly 45 mm or more, and is usually used. It is preferably 300 mm or less, particularly preferably 200 mm or less, or 150 mm or less.
- the screw diameter is the length of the longest line segment (maximum line segment) obtained by connecting arbitrary two points on the outer circumference of the screw on the virtual cut surface obtained by cutting the screw perpendicular to its rotation axis. (Length), and represents the arithmetic average value of the measured value in the total length of the screw measured including the screw thread.
- the average value in the present invention (sometimes referred to simply as an average or an arithmetic average value) refers to an arithmetic mean value unless otherwise specified.
- the length (L) of the screw used in the present invention is not limited, but is usually 1000 mm or more, particularly preferably 1100 mm or more, 1200 mm or more, or 1300 mm or more, and particularly preferably 1400 mm or more. Further, the upper limit thereof is not particularly limited, but is usually 5000 mm or less, particularly preferably 4000 mm or less, or 3000 mm or less.
- the L / D ratio of the screw used in the present invention is not limited, but is usually preferably 20 or more, and more preferably 25 or more, more preferably 30 or more, and particularly preferably 35 or more.
- the upper limit of the L / D ratio of the screw is not particularly specified, but it is usually preferably 300 or less, and more preferably 200 or less, and further preferably 100 or less.
- a screw having an L / D ratio within such a suitable range is used, and the total mass flow rate of the raw material (beans in a finely divided state) described later with respect to the d50 after ultrasonic treatment and the content of the extruder (
- the ratio of sometimes referred to as flow rate
- a composition having a smooth surface can be produced while improving the powderiness of the obtained composition at the time of eating. It is more preferable because the tendency for stable production is further increased.
- the "L / D ratio" of the screw in the present disclosure is defined as the ratio of the length (L) to the diameter (D) of the screw.
- the first flight portion is the base side with respect to most of the kneading portions (preferably all the kneading portions) and all the second flight portions. Refers to the area where the screw flight is formed on the peripheral surface, which exists on the (motor side). Further, in the screw of the extruder of the second aspect, the first flight portion is on the peripheral surface existing on the base side (motor side) with respect to most of the kneading portions (preferably all the kneading portions). Refers to the area where the screw flight is formed.
- the first flight section transports the composition to the tip side as the screw rotates, and optionally heats the composition using a heater to obtain starch granules in the composition. Has the function of swelling with water by heating.
- the flight structure in which the composition is conveyed to the tip side with such screw rotation is referred to as "forward flight”
- reverse flight the flight structure in which the composition is conveyed to the base side
- first flight section and the second flight section in the case of the screw of the extruder of the first aspect
- a forward flight section is provided in the area where the forward flight is provided, and a reverse flight is provided.
- the area may be referred to as a "reverse flight section”.
- the length of the first flight portion is not limited, but it is preferable to have a ratio of a certain ratio or more with respect to the total length of the screw because the starch granules are easily swelled by heating.
- the ratio of the length of the first flight portion to the total length of the screw is usually 20% or more, especially 25% or more, or 30% or more, or 35% or more, or 40% or more, or 45% or more, or It is preferably 50% or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the length of the first flight portion to the total length of the screw is not limited, but is usually 80% or less, 70% or less, or 60% or less in consideration of other parts. Is preferable.
- the ratio of the length of the flight screw portion to the total length of the first flight portion is usually 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, particularly 100%.
- the ratio of the length of the reverse flight portion to the total length of the first flight portion is usually 10% or less, particularly preferably 5% or less, particularly preferably 0%.
- kneaded portion In the screw of the extruder of the first aspect used in the present invention, most of the kneaded portion (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 100%) is the first flight portion.
- a known kneading structure specifically, a Maddock mixing section, an Eagan mixing section, a blister ring mixing section, a pin mixing section, a Darmage mixing section, a Saxon mixing section, and a pineapple
- most of the kneaded portion (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 100%) is the tip with respect to the first flight portion.
- the kneading portion has a function of dividing and kneading the composition distribution so that the starch granules can be damaged by high-temperature strong kneading under pressure by heating the composition using a heater. Has.
- the shape of the kneaded portion is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of preventing charring of the composition, a damage screw structure or a barrier type screw structure having a large number of grooves is not formed on the peripheral surface of the kneaded portion. Or, even if it is formed, it is preferable that the ratio of the region of such a structure is limited. Specifically, the ratio of the length of the region where the damage screw structure or the barrier type screw structure is formed to the total length of the kneaded portion is usually 10% or less, particularly 5% or less, particularly substantially 0% (that is, substantially 0%). It does not have the shape).
- the length of the kneaded portion is not limited, but it is preferable that the length is longer than a certain length with respect to the total length of the screw because it is easy to damage the starch granules by high-temperature strong kneading under pressure.
- the ratio of the length of the kneaded portion to the total length of the screw is usually 20% or more, especially 25% or more, or 30% or more, or 35% or more, or 40% or more, or 45% or more, or 50%. The above is preferable.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the length of the kneaded portion to the total length of the screw is not limited, but is usually 80% or less, 70% or less, or 60% or less in consideration of other parts. preferable.
- the second flight portion is the tip side with respect to all the first flight portions and most of the kneading portions (preferably all the kneading portions). Refers to the region where the screw flight is formed on the peripheral surface, which is optionally present on the (extruded side).
- the second flight portion conveys the composition conveyed from the kneading portion toward the die portion on the tip side as the screw rotates in a state where the pressure is rapidly reduced by the vent portion.
- the length of the second flight portion is not limited, but if the second flight portion is too long, the starch of the composition ages too much and it becomes difficult to discharge the starch. Therefore, the length is less than a certain length with respect to the total length of the screw. It is preferable that it is a starch.
- the ratio of the length of the second flight portion to the total length of the screw is usually 50% or less, particularly preferably 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, or 30% or less.
- the lower limit of the length ratio of the second flight portion to the total length of the screw is not limited, but the composition in which the starch grain structure has collapsed is homogenized so as not to generate heat so as to form a starch matrix structure. From the viewpoint of locally aging starch near the surface of the composition by rapid cooling, it is usually 5% or more, particularly preferably 10% or more, or 15% or more, or 20% or more.
- the ratio of the length of the flight screw portion to the total length of the second flight portion is usually 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, particularly 100%.
- the ratio of the length of the reverse flight portion to the total length of the second flight portion is usually 10% or less, particularly preferably 5% or less, particularly preferably 0%.
- the ratio of the length of the second flight portion to the length of the first flight portion ⁇ (length of the second flight portion / length of the first flight portion) ⁇ 100% ⁇ is not limited. Usually 120% or less, especially 115% or less, 110% or less, 105% or less, or 100% or less, 95% or less, 90% or less, or 85% or less, or 80% or less, or 70% or less. , 60% or less, and usually 5% or more, particularly preferably 10% or more, 15% or more, or 20% or more.
- the screw is not provided with the second flight portion, and the die portion and / or the extruded composition is cooled to remove starch near the surface of the composition. It may be a mode of local aging.
- Flow delay structure Further, in the present invention, in the case of the extruder of the first aspect, the position between the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion and the die portion, and in the case of the extruder of the second aspect, the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion. It is preferable to provide a flow delay structure at a position between the die portion and the die portion. In particular, in the extruder of the first aspect, it is preferable to provide the flow retarding structure because the composition aging and having improved viscosity can be stably discharged in the second flight portion.
- the effect of stabilizing the extrusion may be obtained by providing the flow delay structure, which is preferable.
- the flow delay structure by providing the flow delay structure near the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion (preferably immediately after the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion), the pressure in the kneading portion is increased and the kneading efficiency is increased. Is preferable because it improves.
- the "flow delay structure" is a structure in which the flow speed of the contents is lower than the average flow speed of the contents in the flight portion before the structure.
- the flow speed of the contents is lowered with respect to the flow speed of the contents in the second flight section, and in the second aspect, the flow speed of the contents in the first flight section is set.
- it is a structure that lowers the flow speed of the contents.
- a structure that lowers the flow speed by relatively increasing the screw groove depth and pitch width near the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion, and the inner diameter of the barrel near the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion are relative to those before that.
- the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion in the first aspect or the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion and the die portion in the second aspect As a structure that lowers the flow speed by increasing the size, or as a structure that is independent of the second flight portion, the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion in the first aspect or the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion and the die portion in the second aspect.
- a structure in which a flow delay structure is placed at a position between and a hole is made in a part of the forward flight part of the flight structure forming part, or a part of the forward flight part is missing or deformed (screw with a groove hole).
- a reverse flight structure (sometimes referred to as a structure), a reverse flight structure in which the flow speed is relatively reduced compared to a forward flight structure, and a torpedo structure (for example, formed on the screw surface) that does not have a twist angle that feeds the molding material.
- a ring-shaped protrusion structure having a radius of 80% or more of the distance between the center of rotation of the screw and the inner wall of the barrel)
- the flow flow rate generated by screw rotation is reduced compared to the forward flight structure, and the flow is reduced.
- a structure for lowering the speed can be adopted, but a groove is formed as a flow delay structure at a position between the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion in the first aspect or the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion in the second aspect and the die portion. It is preferred to place a screw structure with holes or a reverse flight structure or a torpedo structure. Further, when adopting a torpedo structure which is a ring-shaped protrusion structure formed on the screw surface and having a radius of 80% or more of the distance between the center of rotation of the screw and the inner wall of the barrel, two or more protrusion structures are continuously formed. It is preferable because the flow speed in the flow delay structure can be easily adjusted by arranging them in a row.
- the flow delay ratio in the flow delay structure (that is, the ratio of the flow flow rate in the flow delay structure to the flow flow rate in the flight portion before the structure) may be less than 100%, but usually 97% or less is preferable, and 95% in particular. % Or less, more preferably 93% or less, or 90% or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 10% or more, or 20% or more.
- the length ratio of the flow delay structure to the total length of the screw is usually preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less, further 10% or less, 8% or less, or 5% or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 0% or more, or 1% or more.
- the average thread groove depth of the screw flight formed in the first flight portion and / or the second flight portion (in the case of the extruder of the first aspect) of the screw satisfies a specific condition.
- the "average thread groove depth” refers to an adjacent thread in a virtual parallel cross section (a virtual cross section assuming that the screw is cut along the longitudinal direction) including the center of rotation of the screw with respect to the axis of rotation. It means the value obtained by averaging the distances to the deepest part of the thread groove (the surface of the shaft closest to the axis of rotation) with respect to the connected virtual line segment.
- the screw used in the present invention is the average of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect, from the viewpoint of more efficiently damaging the starch granules and locally aging the starch near the surface of the composition. It is preferable that the thread groove depth is shallower than the average thread groove depth of the first flight portion.
- the ratio of the average thread groove depth of the second flight to the average thread groove depth of the first flight portion is usually 98% or less, particularly 95% or less, 93% or less, or 90% or less, or It is preferably 87% or less, 85% or less, 83% or less, or 80% or less, and the lower limit is not limited, but usually 10% or more, 20% or more, or 30% or more, Or 40% or more, 50% or more, or 60% or more is preferable.
- the average thread groove depth of the first flight portion is not limited, but is usually 30 mm or less, particularly preferably 25 mm or less, 20 mm or less, or 10 mm or less.
- the lower limit is not limited, but it is usually preferably 5 mm or more.
- the ratio of the average thread groove depth of the first flight section to the screw diameter is not limited, but is usually 30% or less, especially 25% or less, 20% or less, or 15% or less, or 10% or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 5% or less.
- the lower limit of the ratio is also not limited, but is usually preferably 3% or more, 6% or more, 9% or more, or 12% or more.
- the thread groove depth of the first flight portion may be uniform or non-uniform along the entire length of the first flight portion.
- the thread groove depth is relatively large on the base side of the first flight portion, and the tip is from the base side to the tip. It is preferable that the thread groove depth gradually decreases toward the side (that is, toward the extrusion direction).
- the screw used in the present invention has an average thread groove in a region (sometimes referred to as 20% forward) from the base side starting point of the first flight portion to 20% of the total length of the first flight portion. It is preferable that the depth is deeper than the average thread groove depth in the remaining 80% region of the first flight portion (sometimes referred to as 80% rearward).
- the ratio of the average thread groove depth of 20% to the total length of the first flight section from the base side starting point of the first flight section to the average thread groove depth of the remaining 80% of the first flight section ⁇ (Average groove depth of 20% in front of the first flight portion) / (Average thread groove depth of 80% in the rear) ⁇ is more than 100%, or 102% or more, 104% or more, or 106% or more, or 108%.
- the above, or 110% or more is preferable.
- the upper limit thereof is not limited, but is usually 200% or less, 195% or less, 190% or less, 185% or less, or 180% or less.
- the average thread groove depth in the region from the base side starting point of the first flight portion to 20% with respect to the total length of the first flight portion is usually 35% or less, particularly 30% or less, or 25% with respect to the screw diameter. It is preferably 20% or less, 15% or less, or 10% or less. The lower limit of such a value is not particularly specified, but is usually preferably 5% or more.
- the average thread groove depth of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect is not limited, but is usually 30 mm or less, particularly preferably 25 mm or less, 20 mm or less, or 10 mm or less.
- the lower limit is not limited, but it is usually preferably 5 mm or more.
- the ratio of the average thread groove depth of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect to the screw diameter is not limited, but is usually 30% or less, particularly 25% or less, or 20% or less, or. It is preferably 15% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less.
- the lower limit of the ratio is also not limited, but is usually preferably 3% or more, 6% or more, 9% or more, or 12% or more.
- the thread groove depth of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect may be uniform or non-uniform along the entire length of the second flight portion.
- the thread groove depth is relatively large on the base side of the second flight portion, and the base portion. It is preferable that the thread groove depth gradually decreases from the side to the tip side (that is, toward the extrusion direction).
- the screw used in the present invention is the base of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect, from the viewpoint of more efficiently damaging the starch granules and locally aging the starch near the surface of the composition.
- the average thread groove depth in the region from the side starting point to 20% of the total length of the second flight portion (sometimes referred to as 20% forward) is the remaining 80% region of the second flight portion (referred to as 80% rearward). It is preferable that it is deeper than the average thread groove depth in (in some cases).
- the ratio of the average thread groove depth of 20% to the total length of the second flight section from the base side starting point of the second flight section to the average thread groove depth of the remaining 80% of the second flight section ⁇ (( 2nd flight section 20% front average groove depth) / (80% rear average thread groove depth) ⁇ is over 100%, or 102% or more, 104% or more, or 106% or more, or 108% or more. , Or 110% or more is preferable. Further, the upper limit thereof is not limited, but is usually 200% or less, 195% or less, 190% or less, 185% or less, or 180% or less.
- the distance between two adjacent threads in a virtual parallel cross section including the center of rotation of the screw with respect to the rotation axis is referred to as the "pitch" of the screw.
- the average pitch represents a value obtained by averaging the pitches in a certain region of the screw. Such a pitch is obtained by, for example, assuming a plurality of parallel cross sections with respect to the rotation axis at intervals of 45 ° along the rotation axis of the screw, measuring a plurality of pitches between threads in each parallel cross section, and averaging the obtained values. be able to.
- the average pitch of the first flight portion is usually 200% or less, particularly 150% or less, particularly 120% or less, and particularly preferably 105% or less with respect to the screw diameter.
- the lower limit is not particularly specified, but it is usually preferably 40% or more, 50% or more, or 60% or more.
- the pitch of the first flight section may be uniform or non-uniform along the entire length of the first flight section.
- the pitch is relatively large on the base side of the first flight portion, and the pitch gradually decreases from the base side to the tip side (that is, toward the extrusion direction). preferable.
- the average pitch in the region from the base side starting point of the first flight portion to 20% of the total length of the first flight portion is smaller than the average pitch in the region of the remaining 80% of the first flight portion.
- the ratio of the average pitch of 20% to the total length of the first flight section from the base side starting point of the first flight section to the average pitch of the remaining 80% of the first flight section ⁇ (front of the first flight section). 20% average pitch) / (rear 80% average pitch) ⁇ is usually less than 100%, or less than 95%, or less than 90%, or less than 85%, or less than 80%, or less than 75%.
- the lower limit is not limited, but usually 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, or 70% or more is preferable.
- the average pitch in the region from the base side starting point of the first flight portion to 20% with respect to the total length of the first flight portion is usually 180% or less with respect to the screw diameter, particularly 150% or less, particularly 120% or less, among others. It is preferably 105% or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly specified, but it is usually preferably 40% or more, 50% or more, or 60% or more.
- the average pitch of the second flight portion is 99% or less, particularly 90% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less, or 60% or less with respect to the screw diameter. , Or is preferably 50% or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly specified, but it is usually preferably 20% or more, 30% or more, or 40% or more.
- the pitch of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect may be uniform or non-uniform along the entire length of the second flight portion.
- the pitch is relatively small on the base side of the second flight portion, and the tip is from the base side. It is preferable that the pitch gradually increases toward the side (that is, toward the extrusion direction).
- the average pitch in the region from the base side starting point of the second flight portion to 20% of the total length of the second flight portion is smaller than the average pitch in the region of the remaining 80% of the second flight portion.
- the ratio of the average pitch of 20% to the total length of the second flight section from the base side starting point of the second flight section to the average pitch of the remaining 80% of the second flight section ⁇ (front of the second flight section). 20% average pitch) / (rear 80% average pitch) ⁇ may be less than 100%, or less than 95%, or less than 90%, less than 85%, or less than 80%, or less than 75%. It is preferable, and the lower limit is not limited, but it is usually 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, or 70% or more.
- the average pitch in the region from the base side starting point of the second flight portion of the extruder of the first aspect to 20% with respect to the total length of the second flight portion is usually 99% or less with respect to the screw diameter, particularly 90. % Or less, or 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, or 50% or less is preferable.
- the lower limit is not particularly specified, it is usually preferably 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, or 40% or more.
- the screw of the extruder of the first aspect used in the present invention has an average pitch in the second flight section smaller than the average pitch in the first flight section from the viewpoint of locally aging starch near the surface of the composition. Is preferable.
- the ratio of the average pitch of the second flight section to the average pitch of the first flight section is usually 98% or less, especially 95% or less, 93% or less, 90% or less, or 87% or less, or It is preferably 85% or less, 83% or less, or 80% or less.
- the lower limit of the ratio is not limited, but is usually 10% or more, 15% or more, or 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, or 50% or more, or It is preferably 60% or more.
- the barrel is a cylindrical structure that surrounds the outer circumference of the screw.
- the structure of the barrel used in the present invention is not limited, but the inner diameter of the inlet and the inner diameter of the outlet are substantially the same diameter (more preferably) than the tapered barrel whose inner diameter decreases toward the extrusion direction.
- a barrel having the same diameter) is preferable because it is easy to clean and has a quality suitable for producing food.
- some barrels have a groove-like structure on the inner wall thereof, and it is possible to use such a barrel.
- a barrel having at least no groove-like structure on the inner wall of the kneading portion or having as few regions as possible having the groove-like structure is preferable, and the entire inner wall of the barrel has a groove-like structure. It is more preferred that the barrel is free of or has as few regions as possible having a grooved structure.
- the ratio of the region having the groove-like structure to the total length of the kneaded portion of the barrel is usually 30% or less, particularly 25% or less, 20% or less, or 15% or less, or 10% or less, or 5% or less.
- the ratio of the region having the groove structure to the total length of the barrel is usually 15% or less, especially 10% or less, 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, or 5% or less, or It is preferably 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, or 1% or less, particularly substantially 0% (that is, having no groove-like structure).
- a barrel having a grooved structure of a predetermined ratio or less it is preferable to adopt a grooved screw structure as the kneading portion of the screw, and a grooved screw having a part of the forward flight portion missing. It is more preferable to adopt the structure.
- a grooved screw structure it is preferable that the shape of the deformed portion and / or the defective portion of the forward flight portion in the structure forms a passage-like structure that communicates with the forward flight portion. It is desirable that the cross section of such a passage-like structure has a U-shaped or V-shaped shape.
- the path-like structure communicating with the forward flight portion is formed with respect to the rotation axis of the screw rather than the angle (spiral angle) formed by the curve connecting the thread apex of the forward flight structure with respect to the rotation axis of the screw. It is preferable that the angle (average communication angle) is smaller.
- the "spiral angle" of the forward flight structure means the arithmetic mean value of the acute angle formed by the direction connecting the thread apex on the screw surface and the direction of the axis of rotation of the screw.
- the spiral angle of such a forward flight structure is calculated from, for example, the angle between the forward flight structure and the rotation axis on the screw surface every time the screw is rotated by 30 °, and all the measured values when the screw is rotated by 360 °. It can be obtained by calculating the average value. Further, the "average communication angle" of the passage-like structure can be obtained as an arithmetic mean value of an acute angle formed by the direction connecting the deepest portions of the passage-like structure and the direction of the axis of rotation. Above all, it is preferable that the passage-like structure that communicates with the forward flight portion is a structure that communicates diagonally with respect to the forward flight structure, and more specifically, the passage-like structure usually has 20% of the spiral angle.
- the ratio of the total length of the portion where the deformed portion and / or the defective portion is formed to the total length of the ridgeline portion of the forward flight in the grooved screw structure is 50% or less. Further, it is preferable to provide a convex structure that blocks the flow of the dough in the kneaded portion.
- a convex structure that rises to the vicinity of the inner wall of the barrel (specifically, 80% or more of the distance from the center of the screw to the inner wall of the barrel) is provided on the screw surface in the kneading portion, and the space between the screw and the inner wall of the barrel is provided.
- the convex structure Is roughly divided into the spaces on the base side and the tip side by the convex structure, and by providing the convex structure so that the fabric fills the space inside the base side, the stretched flow flows over the convex structure to the flowing fabric. Is preferable because it is kneaded well.
- the kneading portion having the convex structure preferably has a structure in which the flow speed of the contents is lower than the flow speed of the contents in the flight portion before the kneading portion.
- the feeder is attached to the front half of the first flight portion of the barrel, and is configured to allow the food material to be kneaded to be charged into the barrel (the space between the barrel and the screw) through the feeder.
- the feeder is not particularly limited, but even in a forced extrusion type having a screw or the like inside the feeder and a mechanism for forcibly discharging the composition raw material, the composition raw material is supplied by free fall. Etc. are used.
- the die portion is a die attached to the tip end side in the extrusion direction of the barrel for continuously shaping the composition of the extrusion outlet, and is typically one or more so as to penetrate from the inside to the outside of the barrel. It has a flow path of.
- the structure and shape of the die portion used in the present invention are not particularly limited and are arbitrary. For example, round, square, triangular, star, elliptical, crescent, crescent, cross, square, or a combination thereof (for example, a Greek cross with the center point of a circle at the intersection of the cross).
- a Celtic cross-shaped die hole in which circular shapes are combined, and the diameter of the circle has a radius of two-thirds or less of the distance from the center point to the tip of the cross shape), etc., may be used.
- the second aspect in which the vent portion is integrated with the die portion without the second flight portion or still another aspect.
- the composition can be extruded while being cooled, and the starch in the composition is aged to form a strong starch matrix structure, which is preferable.
- the average unevenness of each flow path cross section when the die portion is cut perpendicular to the extrusion direction is a predetermined value or more.
- the degree of unevenness of the cross section of the flow path is a cross section of the flow path (a virtual cross section assuming that the flow path of the die portion is cut into round slices) when the die portion is cut perpendicular to the extrusion direction. It is a value indicating the degree of unevenness of the shape (corresponding to the outer edge of the cavity). It is obtained by the contour length of the road cross section) ⁇ , and the cross-section unevenness is smaller in the cross section with larger unevenness.
- the degree of unevenness of the flow path cross section of the die portion is usually 0.6 or more, especially 0.65 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.75 or more, 0.8 or more, or 0.85 or more. , Or 0.9 or more, or 0.95 or more is preferable.
- the degree of unevenness of the cross section of the flow path of the die portion is equal to or higher than the lower limit value, the composition has a good texture after cooking and a high matte feeling, which is preferable. That is, usually, when the degree of cross-sectional unevenness of the die portion is large, the obtained composition has a smooth surface and has good moldability, which is preferable.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.0 or less.
- the average circularity in the cross section of the flow path of the die portion used in the present invention is not more than a predetermined value.
- the circularity is a value in which the shape of the cross section of the flow path becomes smaller as the distance from the perfect circle increases, and ⁇ (perimeter of the perfect circle having an area equal to the area of the cross section of the flow path) / (cross section of the flow path). The contour length of) ⁇ is obtained, and a smaller value can be obtained for a cross section with a complicated shape.
- the extrusion direction of the composition in the die portion is not particularly limited and is arbitrary. For example, it may be in the horizontal direction, in the vertical direction, or in the intermediate direction.
- the vent portion is attached to a position on the tip end side of the kneading portion of the barrel, for example, in the case of the extruder of the first aspect, near the base side of the second flight portion (near the boundary with the kneading portion), or the second portion.
- it means a structure that is provided integrally with the die portion and exposes the composition to a pressure of atmospheric pressure or less.
- the pressure is rapidly reduced by the vent portion at the portion that moves from the kneading portion to the second flight portion.
- the vent portion and the die portion are integrally provided (that is, the vent portion is provided by opening the composition under atmospheric pressure in the die portion).
- the composition When adopting a structure that also has the role of The composition can be made into a composition, which is then rapidly cooled by the heat of vaporization by rapidly cooling the composition after extruding (for example, by adding a small amount of water by spraying a mist-like water and then volatilizing it). By performing a method of lowering the temperature, etc.), it becomes possible to locally age the starch near the surface of the composition.
- the vent portion may be installed on the tip side of the kneading portion in an operating state in which the screw is arranged in the barrel.
- the first half portion of the second flight portion of the screw that is, the entire length of the second flight portion from the base side starting point of the second flight portion. It is preferably installed at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 50%, and more preferably at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 20% of the total length of the second flight portion from the starting point of the second flight portion.
- the composition is opened under atmospheric pressure in the second aspect in which the vent portion and the die portion are integrally provided (that is, the die portion is provided).
- the vent portion (cum-die portion) is on the barrel corresponding to within 30% of the total length of the screw from the end point of the kneading portion arranged on the most tip side of the screw. It is preferably installed at a position, preferably at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 20%, preferably at a position on the barrel corresponding to within 10%, and placed on the most tip side. It is preferable that it is installed immediately after the end point of the kneaded portion (that is, a die portion having a function as a vent portion is installed immediately after the kneaded portion). Further, it is preferable to install a flow delay structure between the end point of the kneading portion arranged on the most advanced side of the screw and the die portion.
- the vent portion may have a structure in which the inside of the barrel is depressurized to the atmospheric pressure by being opened under atmospheric pressure, but by having the forced exhaust mechanism in the vent portion, a part of the water content in the composition is provided. It is more preferable because a stronger matrix structure can be formed by removing bubbles in the matrix structure while forcibly volatilizing the composition and rapidly lowering the temperature of the composition.
- a uniaxial extruder that can easily take in air pressure is adopted as the extruder, air bubbles are easily taken into the matrix structure, so that the mechanism is more useful.
- a known vacuum pump or the like can be adopted, and for example, a liquid-sealed pump (water-sealed pump) can be adopted.
- the mechanism for forced exhaust should have the ability to forcibly volatilize a part of the water content in the composition to the extent that the temperature of the composition in the vent portion drops to a certain extent.
- any mechanism can be adopted, but for example, it is preferable to have the ability to lower the temperature by 1 ° C. or higher in the vent portion, and it is more preferable to have the ability to lower the temperature by 2 ° C. or higher.
- the mechanism to be adopted (for example, a vacuum pump or the like) may be any one as long as the above performance can be achieved, but for example, the suction capacity (sometimes referred to as suction pressure or suction gas pressure) is provided.
- a mechanism for forcibly exhausting at 0.04 MPa or more can be adopted. Above all, it is preferably 0.06 MPa or more, more preferably 0.08 MPa or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but if a pump that is too powerful is used, the dough may be sucked, so it is usually preferably 0.1 MPa or less, or 0.09 MPa or less.
- an extruder for producing a swelling product in principle, it is necessary to extrude the composition while keeping the composition temperature at 100 ° C. or higher while increasing the internal pressure to at least atmospheric pressure or higher. It is difficult to adopt.
- a heater heating equipment is provided in the first flight part and the kneading part of the barrel, and the barrel is heated in the first flight part and the kneading part to adjust the temperature inside the barrel (the space between the barrel and the screw). It is configured to be able to.
- the configuration and arrangement of the heaters are not limited, but it is preferable that the first flight portion and the kneading portion of the barrel are individually heated and configured and arranged so that the temperature can be adjusted to a predetermined temperature. It is preferable that each of the kneading portions is configured and arranged so that a plurality of regions along the axial direction can be individually heated and adjusted to a predetermined temperature.
- the heating temperature condition of the heater is not limited as long as it is configured so that the temperature condition of each part described in detail in the description of the manufacturing method described later can be achieved.
- Various heaters for such extruders are well known to those skilled in the art, but for example, a jacket in which a heater such as a heating wire or steam pipe is installed on the peripheral surface of the barrel corresponding to the above-mentioned heater installation area to act indirectly.
- a method, a direct heat method (air jacket method), a steam heating method in which heated steam or the like is blown into the composition in the barrel to act directly on the composition can be adopted, but from the viewpoint of maintaining the matrix structure in the composition.
- a method of indirectly acting (jacket method, etc.) is preferable.
- the jacket method it is preferable to adopt a heating wire that can quickly adjust the temperature and is advantageous for forming a matrix structure.
- a cooler In the extruder of the first aspect in which the second flight portion is provided, a cooler (cooling equipment) is provided in the second flight portion and / or the die portion of the barrel, and the barrel is provided in the second flight portion and / or the die portion. It is preferably configured to be cooled so that the temperature of the composition passing through the inside of the barrel (the space between the barrel and the screw) can be adjusted. In the present invention, it is preferable to use an extruder having such a cooler in the second flight portion and / or the die portion of the barrel because the starch in the composition is aged and a strong starch matrix structure can be formed.
- the cooler provided in the second flight portion and / or the die portion of the barrel has an ability to lower the maximum temperature reached of the composition by a predetermined temperature or more from the starting point of the kneading portion to the flow path outlet of the die portion.
- the starch in the composition is aged and a strong starch matrix structure can be formed.
- the composition temperature lowering ability is usually 20 ° C. or higher, especially 25 ° C.
- the temperature can be lowered by ° C. or higher, 60 ° C. or higher, 65 ° C. or higher, 70 ° C. or higher, 75 ° C. or higher, or 80 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 200 ° C. or lower, 150 ° C. or lower, or 100 ° C. or lower.
- the cooler provided from the second flight portion to the die portion (that is, the second flight portion and / or the die portion) of the barrel has an ability to lower the temperature of the composition at the flow path outlet of the die portion to a predetermined temperature.
- the starch on the surface of the composition ages more effectively, and the subsequent compositions are bound to each other. It is preferable because it improves ease of use. Further, it is preferable to adopt the long structure shown in FIG. 5A or FIG. 5B as the die portion because the temperature of the temperature composition is more likely to decrease.
- the temperature of the composition at the outlet of the die portion is usually 85 ° C. or lower, particularly 80 ° C. or lower, or 75 ° C. or lower, or 70 ° C. or lower, particularly 65 ° C. or lower. preferable.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 0 ° C. or higher, particularly 5 ° C. or higher, 10 ° C. or higher, or 15 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 20 ° C. or higher, particularly 25 ° C. or higher for industrial convenience.
- coolers for such extruders are well known to those skilled in the art, but for example, a jacket method in which a cooler such as a cooling water pipe is installed on the peripheral surface of the barrel corresponding to the above-mentioned cooler installation area and indirectly acts.
- a method of directly acting a gas or liquid on the composition in the barrel or the flow path of the die part or the composition extruded from the die part (a method of pouring water in a liquid state or a method of pouring water in the form of mist).
- a method, a method of injecting air at room temperature, a method of injecting cooled air, a method of injecting an inactivating gas such as liquid nitrogen, etc.) can be adopted, but the matrix in the composition can be adopted.
- a method of indirectly acting (jacket method or the like) is preferable. Further, when the jacket method is adopted, it is preferable to adopt a cooling water pipe which can quickly adjust the temperature and is advantageous for forming a matrix structure.
- composition and characteristics of the starch-containing composition for cooking produced by the production method of the present invention are as follows.
- heating generally refers to heating a food directly using fire or microwaves or indirectly through a medium such as water or air to increase the temperature of the food.
- the cooking method to raise Generally, it means cooking at a heating temperature of about 70 ° C. or higher, typically about 80 ° C. to 180 ° C., for a time of, for example, 1 minute or more and 60 minutes or less. Examples of such a cooking method include baking, simmering, frying, steaming, and the like, but the composition of the present invention has a characteristic that the shape does not easily collapse when cooked in a liquid.
- the cooking is a composition that is cooked in a liquid mainly containing water (containing a majority), and by extension, the composition of the present invention is cooked in a liquid that is eaten after the cooking in the liquid. It is particularly preferable that it is a composition for use.
- the "paste composition” represents a food composition produced by kneading foodstuffs derived from edible plants with an extruder (extruder) or the like, and includes pastes and pasta (including those not made from wheat). Is a concept that includes.
- One of the features of the composition of the present invention is that the shape does not easily collapse during cooking in a liquid, the matte feeling is high, and the appearance is excellent.
- the "matte feeling” means that light scattering (also referred to as surface light scattering) on the surface of the composition is large even under visible light, and the appearance is full of profound feeling. That is, the incident light is reflected in all directions (light scattering), resulting in a highly matte texture with suppressed gloss on the surface.
- the conventional starch-containing composition sometimes collapsed in structure and shape when cooked in water. It has also been known to add a sugar-containing anti-cooking agent such as maltotriose to prevent such shape collapse, but the unique flavor and texture of maltotriose is imparted to foods. On top of that, there is a problem that the matte texture is impaired and the composition becomes inferior in appearance.
- a sugar-containing anti-cooking agent such as maltotriose
- the composition of the present invention produced by the production method of the present invention described later has the property that the shape does not easily collapse during cooking in a liquid and the property that the matte feeling is high and the appearance is excellent. Combines. It is not clear why the composition of the present invention obtained by the production method of the present invention described later is imparted with such excellent properties, but the conventional composition for cooking is disintegrated in shape during cooking. In order to form a gluten network of wheat mainly to prevent gluten, a honeycomb-like structure of gluten is formed in the glassy gelatinized starch inside the composition, and incident light is easily reflected and the matte feeling is usually lost. there were.
- an aging starch layer that prevents diffused reflection of light is present around the matrix-like structure of powdered starch so as to prevent shape collapse during cooking, so that light is scattered on the surface of the composition even under visible light. It is expected that the composition will be less.
- the composition of the present invention has a property of suppressing the elution of components in water, it is particularly preferable that the composition is subjected to cooking in a liquid (particularly in water), which is a cooking environment in which the components are easily eluted.
- a liquid particularly in water
- the starch-containing composition for cooking is a paste composition, more specifically, a noodle string or noodle strip-shaped composition such as noodles or pasta, it is cooked in water for eating (for example, in water at 90 ° C. or higher).
- a noodle string or noodle band-shaped composition such as noodles or pasta because it has a property of maintaining an edible shape even after the noodles have been cooked for 5 minutes or more.
- composition of the present invention for example, paste composition, particularly solid paste composition
- paste composition for example, paste composition, particularly solid paste composition
- examples of the composition of the present invention are not limited to these, but pasta, Chinese noodles, udon, Inaniwa udon, kishimen, hoto, suito, hiyamugi. , Somen noodles, soba noodles, soba noodles, beef noodles, pho, cold noodles, vermicelli, oatmeal, kusukusu, kiritanpo, tok, gyoza skin, etc.
- Examples of pasta include long pasta and short pasta.
- Long pasta is usually a general term for elongated pasta, but in the present invention, it is a concept that includes udon noodles, soba noodles, and the like. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, spaghetti (diameter: 1.6 mm to 1.7 mm), spaghettini (diameter: 1.4 mm to 1.5 mm), vermicelli (diameter: 2.0 mm). ⁇ 2.2mm), capellini (diameter: 0.8mm ⁇ 1.0mm), linguine (minor axis 1mm, major axis 3mm), tagliatelle or fettuccine (flat noodles with width 7mm ⁇ 8mm), pappardelle (width 10mm ⁇ Flat noodles of about 30 mm) and the like. Since long pasta tends to have commercial properties that easily disintegrate in shape during cooking, it is useful and preferable to use the composition of the present invention.
- Short pasta is usually a general term for short pasta, but in the present invention, it is a concept that includes those processed into smaller sizes after molding such as fragora (granular pasta) and couscous.
- Specific examples include, but are not limited to, macaroni (cylindrical shape with a diameter of about 3 mm to 5 mm), penne (cylinder-shaped ends cut diagonally like a pen tip), and farfalle (cylindrical shape).
- Examples include butterfly-like shape), conchiglie (shell-like shape), orecchiette (ear-like shape, dome shape), and the like.
- the composition of the present invention can be a dry composition in a dry state.
- it is useful to obtain a composition in a dry state while undergoing a water retention treatment, which will be described later, because the composition has a matte appearance and is excellent in edible property.
- the "dry” state refers to a state in which the dry content standard water content is less than 25% and the water activity value is 0.85 or less.
- the water content in the starch-containing composition can be measured by subjecting the dried powder to the vacuum heating and drying method described later, and the water activity value can be measured by a general water activity measuring device (for example, electric resistance). It is possible to measure according to a standard method using a formula (electrolyte type) humidity sensor manufactured by Novacina (“LabMaster-aw NEO”). Further, as the drying treatment method, any method generally used for drying food can be used.
- -Slender molded composition Among the conventional starch-containing compositions for cooking, an elongated and molded composition such as long pasta can be used.
- the composition of the present invention in such an elongated molded embodiment is not particularly limited, but is usually 20 mm or less, preferably 10 mm or less, more preferably 5 mm or less, still more preferably 3 mm or less, still more preferably 2 mm. It preferably has the following diameters.
- the "diameter" of the starch-containing composition is the major axis of the cut surface (maximum length of a line segment connecting any two points in the cross section) when the starch-containing composition is cut perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. Means that.
- the cut surface is circular, its diameter, if it is elliptical, its major axis, and if it is rectangular (for example, in the case of a plate-shaped composition), its diagonal line is the starch-containing composition. Corresponds to the "diameter" of.
- composition of composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, but preferably contains at least one edible plant.
- the type of edible plant is not particularly limited, but at least one type of dry edible plant, that is, the dry content standard water content is less than 25%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 15%, and the water activity value. It is preferable to include an edible plant having a water content of 0.85 or less, preferably 0.80 or less, still more preferably 0.75 or less. Further, as the edible plant, it is preferable to use a finely divided / powdered plant. Further, as a specific edible plant, it is preferable to include at least one kind of beans. The case of using beans as a raw material will be described in detail later.
- composition of the composition of the present invention is not limited to this, and edible plants other than beans and other raw materials may be used in combination as long as various properties described later are satisfied. Details of beans, edible plants, etc., which are raw materials for the composition of the present invention, will be described separately.
- the composition of the present invention contains insoluble dietary fiber.
- insoluble dietary fiber refers to indigestible components in foods that are not digested by human digestive enzymes and are insoluble in water. The quantification is measured using the modified Proski method according to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th revision).
- the composition of the present invention is useful because it does not give a lumpy texture even when the content of insoluble dietary fiber is high. Although the cause is not clear, the texture of insoluble dietary fiber is improved by the high-temperature, high-pressure, high-kneading treatment in which the dietary fiber in the composition interacts with starch and protein to form a network structure. there is a possibility.
- the lower limit of the content of insoluble dietary fiber in the composition of the present invention is usually preferably 2.0% by mass or more in terms of dry mass. Among them, 3% by mass or more, further 4% by mass or more, particularly 5% by mass or more, 6% by mass or more, 7% by mass or more, 8% by mass or more, or 9% by mass or more, particularly 10% by mass or more. Is preferable.
- the insoluble dietary fiber was uniformly dispersed in the starch spread in a matrix shape in an appropriate size, and the starch was distributed in a matrix shape.
- the "dry mass” represents the mass of the residue obtained by subtracting the water content calculated from the following "moisture content (dry content standard water content)" from the total mass of the composition or the like.
- “Dry mass conversion” represents the content ratio of each component calculated by using the dry mass of the composition as the denominator and the content of each component as the molecule.
- the upper limit of the content of insoluble dietary fiber in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of industrial production efficiency, it is usually 50% by mass or less, particularly 40% by mass, in terms of dry mass. Hereinafter, it is more preferable that it is 30% by mass or less.
- the origin of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be derived from various natural materials containing the insoluble dietary fiber, or may be synthesized. When derived from a natural material, the insoluble dietary fiber contained in various materials may be isolated, purified and used, or the material containing such insoluble dietary fiber may be used as it is. For example, those derived from cereals, those derived from beans, those derived from potatoes, those derived from vegetables, those derived from nuts and seeds, those derived from fruits, etc. can be used, but those derived from cereals and those derived from beans can be used.
- Those derived from beans are more preferable, those derived from beans are more preferable, those derived from pea are particularly preferable, and those derived from yellow pea are most preferable.
- it may be used with or without a seed coat, but it is preferable to use beans with a seed coat because it can contain a large amount of dietary fiber.
- the insoluble dietary fiber in the composition of the present invention may be blended in the composition as an isolated and purified pure product, but is blended in the composition in a state of being contained in an edible plant. It is preferable to have.
- the ratio of the insoluble dietary fiber content contained in the edible plant (particularly beans) to the total insoluble dietary fiber content of the entire composition is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60. It is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass.
- the composition of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. However, when the ratio of lignin (particularly acid-soluble lignin) to the total insoluble dietary fiber is a certain value or more, the texture improving effect is more likely to be obtained. Specifically, the ratio of lignin (particularly acid-soluble lignin) to the total insoluble dietary fiber is usually 5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 10% by mass or more, and more preferably 30% by mass or more in terms of dry mass. ..
- the composition of the present invention preferably has a particle size of insoluble dietary fiber contained therein having a certain size or less. If the particle size of the insoluble dietary fiber is too large, the composition may have a lumpy and unfavorable texture. The reason for this is not clear, but it is considered that the coarse insoluble dietary fiber inhibits the formation of a matrix structure such as starch, and the effect of the present invention is less likely to be exhibited.
- the insoluble dietary fiber size in the normally loosely crushed bean powder is more than 450 ⁇ m (the shape of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the beans is usually rod-shaped, and in the laser diffraction type particle size distribution measurement of the present invention. Because a large value can be obtained.).
- the insoluble dietary fiber of the seed coat portion is coarse and is less likely to be crushed than the edible portion.
- the aqueous suspension of the composition is treated with protease and amylase, and the starch and protein are decomposed by an enzyme.
- a method of measuring the particle size distribution of an object after applying ultrasonic treatment is used. Specifically, a 6% by weight aqueous suspension of the composition is treated with 0.4% by weight protease and 0.02% by weight ⁇ -amylase at 20 ° C. for 3 days (as appropriate, "[Procedure]. b] ”.) After performing the starch / proteolysis treatment, ultrasonic treatment may be applied to the treated composition, and then the particle size distribution may be measured.
- the particle size d 90 in the particle size distribution of the insoluble dietary fiber measured by the above procedure is preferably less than 450 ⁇ m, more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 350 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 80 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the particle size d 90 of the insoluble dietary fiber is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the particle size d 50 in the particle size distribution of the insoluble dietary fiber measured by the above procedure is preferably less than 450 ⁇ m, more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 350 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. , 80 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the particle size d 50 of the insoluble dietary fiber is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- a more specific procedure for measuring the particle size distribution of insoluble dietary fiber in the composition is as follows, for example. 300 mg of the composition is placed in a plastic tube together with 5 mL of water, inflated at 20 ° C. for about 1 hour, and then treated with a small hiscotron (homogenizer NS-310E3 manufactured by Microtech Nithion) until it has porridge-like physical characteristics ( About 15 seconds at 10000 rpm). Then, after the treatment, 2.5 mL of the sample is separated, 10 ⁇ L of protease (Proteinase K manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and 0.5 mg of ⁇ -amylase ( ⁇ -Amylase from Bacillus subtilis manufactured by Sigma) are added, and 3 at 20 ° C. React daily. After completion of the reaction, the obtained protease and amylase-treated composition may be subjected to ultrasonic treatment, and then the particle size distribution thereof may be measured.
- a small hiscotron homogenizer NS-310E3 manufactured by Microtech
- the particle size distribution of the protease and amylase-treated composition after ultrasonic treatment shall be measured using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device according to the following conditions.
- a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device used for the measurement is not particularly limited, and for example, the Microtrac MT3300 EXII system manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the measurement application software is not particularly limited, but for example, DMS2 (Data Management System version 2, Microtrack Bell Co., Ltd.) can be used.
- the cleaning button of the software when measuring, press the cleaning button of the software to perform cleaning, then press the Set zero button of the software to perform zero adjustment, and sample by sample loading.
- the sample may be directly added until the concentration of is within the appropriate range.
- a sample that has been subjected to ultrasonic treatment in advance may be charged, or after the sample is charged, ultrasonic treatment may be performed using the above-mentioned measuring device, and then measurement may be performed. In the latter case, a sample that has not been sonicated is input, the concentration is adjusted within an appropriate range by sample loading, and then the sonication button of the same software is pressed to perform sonication.
- the "particle size d 90 " (or “particle size d 50 ”) is the larger side when the particle size distribution to be measured is measured on a volume basis and divided into two from a certain particle size.
- the ratio of the cumulative value of the particle frequency% to the cumulative value of the particle frequency% on the smaller side is defined as a particle diameter of 10:90 (or 50:50).
- “ultrasonic processing” means processing ultrasonic waves having a frequency of 40 kHz at an output of 40 W for 3 minutes unless otherwise specified.
- the composition of the present invention contains starch.
- starch in a predetermined ratio or more, it becomes easy to obtain the effect that elasticity is felt with water absorption after cooking.
- the cause is not clear, it is possible that the starch in the composition, which has a relatively large molecular weight, forms a network structure due to the high-temperature, high-pressure, high-kneading treatment, and as a result, the above-mentioned effect is exhibited. There is.
- the lower limit of the starch content in the composition of the present invention is usually 20% by mass or more in terms of dry mass. Above all, it is preferably 25% by mass or more, particularly 30% by mass or more, 35% by mass or more, 40% by mass or more, or 45% by mass or more, particularly 50% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the starch content in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 85% by mass or less in terms of dry mass, particularly 80% by mass or less, 70% by mass or less, or 60% by mass. It can be less than or equal to%.
- the origin of starch in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. Examples include those derived from plants and those derived from animals, but bean-derived starch is preferable. Specifically, the ratio of the starch content derived from beans to the total starch content of the entire composition is usually 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, 50% by mass or more, or 60% by mass or more, or 70. It is preferably mass% or more, 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. The upper limit is not particularly limited, and is usually 100% by mass or less. As the starch derived from beans, those derived from pea are particularly preferable, and those derived from yellow pea are most preferable. Beans will be described later.
- the starch in the composition of the present invention may be blended in the composition as an isolated pure product, but it is preferably blended in the composition in a state of being contained in beans.
- the ratio of the starch content contained in the beans to the total starch content of the entire composition is usually 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, or 50% by mass or more. , 60% by mass or more, or 70% by mass or more, or 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly preferably 100% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, and is usually 100% by mass or less.
- the starch content in the solid composition affects the measured value by 80% ethanol extraction treatment according to the method of AOAC996.11 according to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th revision). Measure by removing soluble carbohydrates (starch sugar, maltose, maltodextrin, etc.).
- the number of starch grain structures observed under specific conditions is a predetermined value or less.
- the principle is unknown, but by processing the composition under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure strong kneading, which will be described later, in a state where the starch grain structure is destroyed, the starch diffuses into the entire composition in a matrix form, and the starch is contained in the starch. It is considered that amylopectin has a structure that easily develops elasticity during water retention.
- the starch grain structure has a circular shape with a diameter of about 1 to 50 ⁇ m in a plan image and has a iodine-staining property.
- 6% of the pulverized composition is suspended in water.
- An aqueous suspension can be prepared and observed under a magnified field of view.
- the pulverized composition is classified by a sieve having an opening of 150 ⁇ m, and 3 mg of the composition powder of 150 ⁇ m pass is suspended in 50 ⁇ L of water to prepare a 6% suspension of the composition powder.
- a preparation on which this suspension is placed may be prepared and polarized and observed with a phase-contrast microscope, or an iodine-stained slide may be observed with an optical microscope.
- the magnification is not limited, but can be, for example, a magnification of 100 times or 200 times. If the distribution of the starch grain structure in the preparation is uniform, the proportion of the starch grain structure in the entire preparation can be estimated by observing the representative field of view, but if the distribution is biased, it is finite. By observing the visual fields (for example, 2 or more places, for example, 5 places or 10 places) and adding up the observation results, the measured value of the entire preparation can be obtained.
- the number of starch grain structures observed under the above conditions is usually 300 pieces / mm 2 or less, particularly 250 pieces / mm 2 or less, and further 200 pieces / mm 2 or less.
- 150 pieces / mm 2 or less 100 pieces / mm 2 or less, 50 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 30 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 10 pieces / mm 2 or less, especially 0 pieces / mm 2 . preferable.
- the terms "crushed composition”, “crushed composition” or “crushed composition” have particle diameters d 50 and / or d 90 after ultrasonic treatment (preferably) unless otherwise specified.
- the lower limit of the particle diameters d 50 and / or d 90 (preferably both the particle diameters d 50 and d 90 ) after the ultrasonic treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably 1 ⁇ m or more.
- the starch gelatinization degree in the composition of the present invention is at least a predetermined value from the viewpoint of moldability of the composition. Specifically, the starch gelatinization degree in the composition of the present invention is usually 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, further 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, particularly 70% by mass or more. Is preferable.
- the upper limit of the degree of gelatinization is not particularly limited, but if it is too high, starch may be decomposed and the composition may have a sticky and unfavorable quality. Therefore, the upper limit of the degree of gelatinization is preferably 99% by mass or less, particularly preferably 95% by mass or less, and more preferably 90% by mass or less.
- the degree of gelatinization of the composition follows the method of Japan Food Research Laboratories, Inc., which is a partially modified version of the Japan Food Research Laboratories Bulletin: https://web.archive.org/web/20200611054551. /https://www.jfrl.or.jp/storage/file/221.pdf or https://www.jfrl.or.jp/storage/file/221.pdf) is used for measurement.
- the composition of the present invention contains a protein.
- the composition of the present invention has the effect that by containing a predetermined ratio or more of protein, the texture after cooking is improved, the texture like rubber is suppressed, and the texture becomes smooth. It will be easier to obtain.
- starch spreads in a matrix in the composition by high-temperature, high-pressure, high-kneading treatment, and the aggregated structure, which is considered to be mainly composed of proteins in the structure develops into a preferable shape and size.
- the effect of the present invention is achieved by forming a structure completely different from the conventionally known protein network such as gluten by the interaction that dietary fiber assists the development of its shape and size. May be there.
- the lower limit of the protein content in the composition of the present invention is usually 3.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass. Among them, 4.0% by mass or more, 5.0% by mass or more, 6.0% by mass or more, or 7.0% by mass or more, or 8.0% by mass or more, or 9.0% by mass or more, or 10 Mass% or more, 11% by mass or more, or 12% by mass or more, or 13% by mass or more, or 14% by mass or more, or 15% by mass or more, or 16% by mass or more, or 17% by mass or more, or 18% by mass. It is preferable that it is 19% by mass or more, 20% by mass or more, or 21% by mass or more, particularly 22% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the protein content in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 85% by mass or less, preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, further preferably 75% by mass or less in terms of wet mass. It is preferably 70% by mass or less, more preferably 65% by mass or less, still more preferably 60% by mass or less.
- the origin of the protein in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. Examples include those derived from plants and those derived from animals, but proteins derived from plants (particularly legumes) are preferable. Specifically, the ratio of the plant-derived protein content to the total protein content of the entire composition is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or It is preferably 90% by mass or more, particularly preferably 100% by mass. Examples of plant-derived proteins include those derived from grains, beans, potatoes, vegetables, nuts and fruits, fruits, etc., but are derived from beans. It is more preferable to use the one derived from pea, especially the one derived from pea, and the one derived from yellow pea is most preferable.
- the protein in the composition of the present invention may be blended in the composition as an isolated and purified pure product, but it is preferably blended in the composition in a state of being contained in an edible plant. .. Specifically, the ratio of the protein content contained in edible plants (particularly beans) to the total protein content of the entire composition is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more. Further, it is preferably 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass.
- the protein and starch in the composition of the present invention are usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. However, both are preferably derived from beans, more preferably derived from beans of the same species, and even more preferably derived from beans of the same individual.
- the protein and starch in the composition of the present invention are usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. However, it is preferable that both of them are blended in a state of being contained in an edible plant.
- the protein content in the starch-containing composition is based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th revision), and the product labeling method (“Food Labeling Standards” (March 30, 2015) It is measured by a method calculated by multiplying the amount of nitrogen quantified using the combustion method (improved Dumas method) specified in Table No. 139)) by the "nitrogen-protein conversion coefficient".
- the total fat content in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but is usually less than 17% by mass, particularly less than 15% by mass, further less than 13% by mass, and particularly less than 10% by mass in terms of dry mass. , Or less than 8% by weight, or less than 7% by weight, or less than 6% by weight, or less than 5% by weight, or less than 4% by weight, or less than 3% by weight, or less than 2% by weight, or less than 1% by weight, in particular. It is preferably less than 0.8% by mass.
- the lower limit of the total fat content is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably 0.01% by mass or more in terms of dry mass.
- the total oil and fat content in the composition is measured by the Soxhlet extraction method using diethyl ether according to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th edition).
- the origin of the fats and oils in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. Examples include those derived from plants and those derived from animals, but plant-derived fats and oils are preferable. Specifically, the ratio of the plant-derived (particularly beans) fat content to the total fat content of the entire composition is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, especially. It is preferably 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. Examples of plant-derived fats and oils include those derived from cereals, beans, potatoes, vegetables, nuts and fruits, and fruits. It is more preferable to use the one derived from pea, especially the one derived from pea, and the one derived from yellow pea is most preferable.
- the fats and oils in the composition of the present invention may be blended in the composition as an isolated pure product, but may be blended in the composition in a state of being contained in edible plants (particularly beans). It is preferable to have.
- the ratio of the oil and fat content contained in the edible plant to the total oil and fat content of the entire composition is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, and further. It is preferably 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass.
- the oil and fat content in the composition of the present invention is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. All of them are preferably derived from beans, more preferably derived from beans of the same species, and even more preferably derived from beans of the same individual. Further, the oil and fat content in the composition of the present invention is usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, particularly 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 100% by mass. It is preferable that all of them are blended in a state of being contained in an edible plant.
- the composition of the present invention preferably has a dry content standard moisture content of a predetermined value or less.
- the dry content-based water content in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but is, for example, 60% by mass or less, or 55% by mass or less, particularly 50% by mass or less, or 45% by mass or less. Alternatively, it may be 40% by mass or less, 35% by mass or less, 30% by mass or less, 25% by mass or less, 20% by mass or less, or 15% by mass or less.
- the lower limit of the dry content standard moisture content in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but from the viewpoint of industrial production efficiency, for example, 0.5% by mass or more, 1% by mass or more, or It can be 2% by mass or more.
- the dry content-based water content in the composition of the present invention may be derived from various components of the composition, or may be further derived from added water. Further, when the dry content standard water content contained in the dough composition before processing is high, a step of adjusting to the above-mentioned numerical value can be adopted by adopting a drying treatment or the like.
- the "dry content standard moisture content” means the ratio of the total amount of water derived from the raw material of the composition of the present invention and the separately added water content to the total amount of solid content.
- the numerical value is measured by heating to 90 ° C. by the vacuum heating and drying method according to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th revision). Specifically, an appropriate amount of sample is collected in a pre-constant weight measuring container (W 0 ), weighed (W 1 ), and reduced pressure electricity adjusted to a predetermined temperature (more specifically, 90 ° C.) at normal pressure.
- the raw material of the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as various component compositions and physical properties specified in the present invention can be achieved. However, as a raw material, it is preferable to use one or more kinds of edible plants, and it is preferable to contain at least beans as the edible plants.
- ⁇ beans When beans are used in the composition of the present invention, the types of beans used are not limited, but examples thereof include genus Pea, genus Cicers, genus Cajanuses, genus Vigna, genus Vetches, genus Cicers, and genus Soybean. , And one or more legumes selected from the genus Cajanuse. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, pea (especially yellow pea, white pea, etc.), green beans (hidden source), kidney beans, red green beans, white green beans, black beans, quail beans, and tora.
- pea especially yellow pea, white pea, etc.
- green beans hidden source
- kidney beans red green beans, white green beans, black beans, quail beans, and tora.
- Other classifications of foodstuffs not exemplified can be naturally understood by those skilled in the art who handle the foodstuffs and processed products of the foodstuffs.
- the beans When beans are used in the composition of the present invention, mature beans are used instead of immature seeds (for example, green peas which are immature peas seeds and green soybeans which are immature seeds of soybeans) among the starch contained in the composition. Is preferable. Further, for the same reason, it is preferable that the beans have a dry content standard water content of a predetermined value or less as they mature. Specifically, the dry content standard water content of the beans used in the composition of the present invention is usually less than 15% by mass, particularly preferably less than 13% by mass, more preferably less than 11% by mass, or less than 10% by mass. .. On the other hand, the lower limit of the dry content standard water content of such beans is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably 0.01% by mass or more.
- the content of the beans in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but is usually 50% by mass or more in terms of dry mass, particularly 55% by mass or more, and further 60. It is preferably mass% or more, 65% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 75% by mass or more, or 80% by mass or more, or 85% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly 95% by mass or more. ..
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100% by mass or less.
- the particle size d 90 of the bean powder after ultrasonic treatment is preferably less than 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, 350 ⁇ m or less, 300 ⁇ m or less, 250 ⁇ m or less, or 200 ⁇ m or less, or 150 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size d 50 of the bean powder after ultrasonic treatment is preferably less than 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less, particularly 400 ⁇ m or less, 350 ⁇ m or less, 300 ⁇ m or less, 250 ⁇ m or less, or 200 ⁇ m or less.
- 150 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or less, 90 ⁇ m or less, 80 ⁇ m or less, 70 ⁇ m or less, 60 ⁇ m or less, or 50 ⁇ m or less is more preferable.
- the lower limit of the particle diameters d 90 and d 50 after ultrasonic treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.3 ⁇ m or more, 1 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m or more, or 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the size of the composition is larger than a certain size during extrusion molding, the composition tends to pulsate during molding, the productivity deteriorates, and the surface of the composition may become uneven. Therefore, the size is less than a certain size. It is preferable to use the powdered beans of.
- the composition of the present invention may contain any one or more other ingredients.
- foodstuffs include vegetable foodstuffs (vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms, fruits, algae, grains, nuts and seeds, etc.), animal foodstuffs (seafood, meat, eggs, milk, etc.), Examples include microbial foods.
- the content of these foodstuffs can be appropriately set within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention.
- Seasonings, food additives, etc . The composition of the present invention may contain any one or more seasonings, food additives and the like.
- seasonings, food additives, etc. include soy sauce, miso, alcohols, sugars (eg, glucose, sucrose, fructose, glucose fructose liquid sugar, fructose glucose liquid sugar, etc.), sugar alcohols (eg, xylitol, erythritol, mulch).
- artificial sweeteners eg, sclarose, aspartame, saccharin, Acesulfam K, etc.
- minerals eg, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, magnesium, etc., and salts thereof, etc.
- fragrances eg, etc.
- pH adjusters eg, etc.
- cyclodextrin antioxidants (eg vitamin E, vitamin C, tea extract, raw coffee bean extract, chlorogenic acid, spices) Extracts, caffeic acid, rosemary extract, vitamin C palmitate, rutin, kelcetin, yamamomo extract, sesame extract, etc.)
- emulsifiers eg, glycerin fatty acid ester, acetate monoglyceride, lactic acid monoglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, diacetyl tartrate
- examples thereof include
- the composition of the present invention is a so-called emulsifier, colorant, thickening stabilizer (for example, food additive labeling pocket book (2011 edition) "Food additive for labeling”. It is preferable not to contain any one selected from “colorant”, “thickening stabilizer”, and “emulsifier” in the “material name table”, and it is preferable not to contain any two. It is more preferable that all three are not contained.
- the composition of the present invention preferably does not contain a gelling agent in order to impart elasticity to the composition without containing a gelling agent and to prevent excessive elasticity. Further, from the viewpoint of quality that makes it easy to feel the taste of the material, it is preferable that the composition of the present invention does not contain an emulsifier. Furthermore, the composition of the present invention is a food additive containing a substance described in the "Food Additive Substance Name Table for Labeling" in a food additive (for example, Food Additive Labeling Pocket Book (2011 edition)). It is especially desirable that it does not contain (used for use).
- composition of the present invention does not contain sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose, fructose-fructose liquid sugar, fructose-fructose liquid sugar, etc.).
- the composition of the present invention has a low content of sodium chloride or does not contain sodium chloride.
- Conventional starch-containing compositions for cooking (particularly compositions containing gluten having a network structure) retain the elasticity of the composition by containing sodium chloride, but they may affect the taste or have an excess of salt.
- a dry composition dried udon noodles, dried hiyamugi, etc.
- 3% by mass or more of sodium chloride is usually used to maintain the elasticity of the composition, so that such a problem is remarkable.
- the amount of sodium chloride used is extremely small, or even if sodium chloride is not added, the composition can be obtained in which the decrease in elasticity is suppressed, and the composition has good quality. It is preferable because it becomes a thing.
- sodium chloride can be added to a starch-containing composition for cooking such as pasta, udon, and bread, which normally has adhesiveness and elasticity due to the network structure of gluten and sodium chloride. It is preferable because it can be a composition of good quality.
- the content of sodium chloride in the composition of the present invention is usually 3% by mass or less, particularly 2% by mass or less, further 1% by mass or less, and further 0.7% by mass or less in terms of wet mass. In particular, it is preferably 0.5% by mass or less.
- the lower limit of the content of sodium chloride in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be 0% by mass.
- the method for quantifying sodium chloride in the starch-containing composition is, for example, sodium measured by the atomic absorption method according to the "salt equivalent amount" of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th edition). A method of multiplying the quantity by 2.54 is used.
- the composition of the present invention when the frozen section obtained by frozen sectioning in the above procedure is observed, the composition of the present invention has a predetermined value or more along a predetermined ratio of the outer periphery of the composition on the cut surface. It is also preferable that a smooth portion having an average thickness is observed.
- the composition of the present invention is a composition in which components do not easily flow out from the composition during cooking.
- the “smooth portion” has an average thickness of a predetermined value or more observed on the outer peripheral portion of the frozen section image of the composition, and has an appearance of being lighter in color and less uneven than the non-smooth portion. It means a layered structure having.
- the "average thickness" of the smooth portion means an average value when the width of the smooth portion in the direction orthogonal to the outer circumference of the composition on the cut surface is measured along the outer circumference of the composition.
- the composition of the present invention usually contains 30% or more, or 40% or more, or 50% or more, particularly 60% or more, further 70% or more, especially 80% or more, of the outer circumference of the composition on the cut surface.
- a smooth portion is formed in 90% or more, particularly 100% (that is, the entire outer periphery of the composition on the cut surface).
- the average thickness of such a smooth portion is usually 20 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 25 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more.
- a frozen composition obtained by freezing the composition at -25 ° C (without heat-water treatment) was cut into a thickness of 30 ⁇ m along a specific cut surface to prepare a frozen section.
- Preparation and observation of frozen sections of such a composition are not limited, but are preferably carried out, for example, by the following procedure. That is, the composition is Kawamoto, "Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants", Arch. Histor. Cytol., (2003). 66 [2]: Frozen sections are prepared by cutting to a thickness of 30 ⁇ m at -25 ° C according to the Kawamoto method described in 123-43. Frozen sections of the composition thus obtained are placed, for example, under the field of view of a microscope at a magnification of 200 times, and a color photograph having, for example, 1360 ⁇ 1024 pixels is taken and used for analysis.
- Non-swelling It is preferable that the composition of the present invention is not a swelling food (particularly, a swelling food having a density specific gravity of less than 1.0 due to swelling).
- the temperature is usually lowered while preventing swelling while applying pressure, and then the pressure is reduced to about atmospheric pressure to reduce the temperature of the present invention.
- the composition can be obtained.
- the method for preparing the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any method can be used as long as a composition satisfying the above-mentioned various requirements can be obtained.
- the above-mentioned material of the composition of the present invention for example, an edible plant such as beans, may be mixed with other foodstuffs, seasonings, and other ingredients optionally used. If necessary, treatments such as heating and molding may be added.
- a specific method of kneading a composition obtained by mixing the above-mentioned materials so as to satisfy the above-mentioned composition under a predetermined high-temperature pressure condition and then lowering the temperature so as not to swell hereinafter, appropriately referred to as “the production method of the present invention””. It is possible to efficiently produce the composition of the present invention by using (referred to as).
- the production method of the present invention includes the following steps (i) to (iv).
- (I) The content of insoluble dietary fiber is 3.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass
- the content of starch is 10.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass
- the content of protein is 3.0% by mass in terms of wet mass. % Or more, the stage of preparing a composition with a dry content standard moisture content of more than 25%
- (Ii) The composition of step (i) is heated from the first flight section to the kneading section, and the temperature of the kneading section is 100 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower under pressurized conditions, and the SME value is 350 kJ / kg or higher.
- step (Iii) The paste of the composition after the kneading in the step (iv) step (ii) of depressurizing the composition after the kneading in the step (ii) from the pressurized state in the kneading portion to the atmospheric pressure or less in the vent portion.
- step (ii) A step of reducing the degree of chemical conversion by 6% by mass or more after the kneading portion.
- the ingredients for example, beans, which are the raw materials of the composition of the present invention, are mixed with other ingredients used optionally.
- a composition which is appropriately referred to as a "dough composition" which is the basis of the composition of the present invention is prepared.
- the dough composition (sometimes referred to simply as “dough” or "paste dough composition”) may be in the form of a liquid in which the foodstuff is partially or wholly integrated with water. It may be in the form of a sol, a gel, or a solid. Further, it may have a plasticity-like property such as bread dough, or it may have a non-plasticity property such as a soboro-like property.
- the method for preparing such a dough composition is not particularly limited, but the raw material of the composition of the present invention described above, for example, one or more edible plants (preferably at least one or two or more beans, and optionally at least one or two or more beans). (Other one or more kinds of edible plants) and optionally one or more kinds of other raw materials can be mixed and used as a dough composition.
- the dough composition is prepared by a method in which the composition of step (i) is prepared in advance by adding water to the raw material before loading into the extruder (that is, the dough composition of step (i) is prepared in advance and then the feeder.
- the composition of step (i) is prepared by the method of adding water to the raw material in the extruder (that is, the raw material (beans, etc.) is added to the feeder with a dry content standard moisture content of 25). It may be a mode (a mode) in which the dough composition of step (i) is prepared by adding water in a state of mass% or less (for example, in a powder state) and adding water while transporting in the first flight section), and these may be combined. It may be the method. Further, in the method of preparing the composition of step (i) by adding water to the raw material in the extruder, the raw material in the extruder has a dry content standard moisture content of less than 25% by mass (or less than 30% by mass, or 35% by mass). It is preferable that the starch is not easily thermally decomposed when it is not exposed to a high temperature of 90 ° C. or higher (or 95 ° C. or 100 ° C.) in a state of less than or less than 40% by mass.
- the dough composition is prepared so as to satisfy various component compositions described below.
- the starch content of the dough composition is usually 10.0% by mass or more, particularly 15% by mass or more, further 20% by mass or more, especially 25% by mass or more, or 30% by mass or more, or 35% by mass on a wet mass basis. % Or more, 40% by mass or more, or 45% by mass or more, particularly preferably 50% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, usually 80% by mass or less, 75% by mass or less, or 70% by mass or less.
- the dry content standard water content of the dough composition is usually more than 25% by mass, particularly more than 30% by mass, more than 35% by mass, especially more than 40% by mass, more than 45% by mass, or more than 50% by mass, or 55. It is preferably more than mass%, more than 60% by mass, or more than 65% by mass, or more than 70% by mass, or more than 75% by mass, particularly more than 80% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, usually 200% by mass or less, 175% by mass or less, or 150% by mass or less.
- the wet mass reference ratio of the insoluble dietary fiber of the dough composition is usually 3.0% by mass or more, particularly 4.0% by mass or more, 5.0% by mass or more, or 6.0% by mass or more, or 7.0. It is preferably mass% or more, 8.0 mass% or more, or 9.0 mass% or more, particularly 10 mass% or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, usually 40% by mass or less, or 30% by mass or less.
- the wet mass reference ratio of the protein of the dough composition is usually 3.0% by mass or more, particularly 4.0% by mass or more, further 5.0% by mass or more, particularly 6.0% by mass or more, or 7.0% by mass. % Or more, or 8.0% by mass or more, or 9.0% by mass or more, or 10% by mass or more, or 11% by mass or more, or 12% by mass or more, or 13% by mass or more, or 14% by mass or more, or It is preferably 15% by mass or more, 16% by mass or more, 17% by mass or more, or 18% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, usually 40% by mass or less, or 30% by mass or less.
- the content of insoluble dietary fiber, starch, and protein in the dough composition is a wet mass standard calculated by using the mass of the entire dough composition containing water as the denominator and the content of each component as the molecule. It is a ratio and can be adjusted so that each component derived from an edible plant (for example, beans) as a raw material has a specified value or more.
- the wet mass reference ratio of such an edible plant is 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, and further 50% by mass. Above, in particular, it is preferably 60% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, or 100% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100% by mass or less.
- the starch content and / or the protein content derived from the edible plant (for example, beans) with respect to the total starch content and / or the total protein content of the dough composition are preferably a predetermined value or more.
- the ratio of the starch content derived from an edible plant (for example, beans) to the total starch content of the dough composition is 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, further 50% by mass or more, and particularly 60% by mass. % Or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, or 100% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the protein content derived from an edible plant (for example, beans) to the total protein content of the dough composition is usually 10% by mass or more, particularly 20% by mass or more, further 30% by mass or more, and particularly 40% by mass or more. , 50% by mass or more, or 60% by mass or more, or 70% by mass or more, or 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more, particularly preferably 100% by mass.
- the bean-derived protein those derived from pea are particularly preferable, and those derived from yellow pea are most preferable.
- the starch used as a raw material for the dough composition it is preferable to use starch that has been gelatinized in advance because the gelatinization step (step (ii) described later) is facilitated.
- the starch gelatinization degree in the composition in the step before the gelatinization step (step (i)) is at least a certain level. Specifically, 10% by mass or more, especially 20% by mass or more, further 30% by mass or more, or 30% by mass or more, or 40% by mass or more, 50% by mass or more, or 60% by mass or more, or 70% by mass. It is preferable that it is 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100% by mass or less.
- the starch in the composition in the stage before the gelatinization step (step (i)) is starch that has been preheated to a certain temperature or higher. Specifically, it is preferably 80 ° C. or higher, particularly 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 100 ° C. or higher, 110 ° C. or higher, or 120 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 200 ° C. or lower, and further 180 ° C. or lower.
- starch that has been heated at a high temperature with a dry content standard moisture content below a certain level during the heating has low processability due to thermal decomposition, so it is a starch that has been heated under a dry content standard moisture content above a certain level. Is even more preferable.
- the dry content standard water content exceeds 25% by mass, especially more than 30% by mass, further more than 35% by mass, especially more than 40% by mass, more than 45% by mass, or more than 50% by mass, or more than 55% by mass.
- the heat-treated starch is heat-treated at 200 ° C. or lower, more preferably 180 ° C. or lower).
- the upper limit of the dry content standard moisture content at the time of heat treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually 200% by mass or less, or 175% by mass or less or 150% by mass or less.
- the starch-degrading enzyme activity of the dough composition in the present step (i) is lower than the predetermined value. It is preferable to use starch processed so as to be obtained or an edible plant containing the same (for example, beans). Specifically, the raw materials may be used so that the starch-degrading enzyme activity of the dough composition containing starch or an edible plant containing the starch (for example, beans) is 60.0 U / g or less in terms of dry mass. can.
- the lower limit of such a ratio is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.0 U / g or more.
- a predetermined processing method for obtaining an edible plant having low starch-degrading enzyme activity is in an environment with a drying standard water content of 50% by mass or more. It is preferable to perform the heat treatment above the temperature. Specifically, it is preferably 100 ° C. or higher. Above all, it is desirable that the temperature is 110 ° C. or higher, particularly 120 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of such a temperature is not particularly limited, but is usually less than 200 ° C.
- the heating time can be arbitrarily set until the starch-degrading enzyme activity is adjusted to a predetermined value, but is usually 0.1 minutes or more.
- the starch-degrading enzyme activity (U / g) described above is reduced by 20% or more before and after the step (ii) (that is, " ⁇ (starch-degrading enzyme activity in the composition before the step (ii))".
- the effect of the present invention is preferably exhibited when the rate of decrease is a certain value or more), which is preferable.
- the ratio is above a certain level means that the starch-degrading enzyme activity (U / g) in the composition before step (ii) is 0.0 U / g, and the ratio may diverge infinitely. May be included. Further, when the starch degrading enzyme activity (U / g) in the composition before step (ii) is a value of more than 0.0, the upper limit of the ratio is not particularly limited, and is usually 100% or less or 95%. It can be as follows.
- ⁇ PDI of raw materials As the composition of the present invention, as the raw material of the dough composition in the present step (i), a protein processed so that the PDI value becomes lower than a predetermined value or an edible plant containing the same (for example, beans) can be used. preferable. Specifically, it is preferable that the PDI value of the protein used as a raw material of the dough composition or an edible plant containing the same (for example, beans) is less than 90% by mass. Among them, less than 85% by mass, and even less than 80% by mass, especially less than 75% by mass, or less than 70% by mass, or less than 65% by mass, or less than 60% by mass, or less than 55% by mass, or less than 50% by mass, or.
- the lower limit of such a ratio is not particularly limited, but is usually 0% by mass or more, further 2% by mass or more, and particularly 4% by mass or more.
- the PDI (protein dispersibility index) value is an index showing the solubility of a protein, and is a percentage of the water-soluble nitrogen ratio to the total nitrogen ratio of the entire composition according to a conventional method (water-soluble nitrogen ratio / total nitrogen of the entire composition). It can be obtained as a ratio ⁇ 100 (%)). Specifically, 20 times the amount of water was added to the measurement sample and crushed (crushed at 8500 rpm for 10 minutes using a homogenizer NS-310E3 manufactured by Microtech Nithion), and the total nitrogen of the obtained crushed solution was obtained. The value obtained by multiplying the ratio by 20 is measured as the total nitrogen ratio of the entire composition.
- the crushed solution is centrifuged (3000 G for 10 minutes), and the value obtained by multiplying the total nitrogen ratio of the obtained supernatant by 20 is measured as the water-soluble nitrogen ratio to calculate the PDI value in the composition. be able to.
- the total nitrogen ratio is measured using the combustion method (improved Dumas method) specified in the Food Labeling Law (“Food Labeling Standards” (March 30, 2015, Food Disposal Table No. 139)).
- the ratio of the protein content contained in the edible plant (for example, beans) to the total protein content in the above-mentioned composition is not less than a predetermined value and the PDI value is not more than a predetermined value. Therefore, the effect of improving the texture of the composition is more remarkable, which is more preferable.
- heat treatment is performed at a predetermined temperature or higher in an environment having a drying standard moisture content of 30% by mass or more. Is preferable. Specifically, it is preferably 80 ° C. or higher. Above all, it is desirable that the temperature is 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 100 ° C.
- the upper limit of such a temperature is not particularly limited, but is usually less than 200 ° C.
- the heating time can be arbitrarily set until the PDI value is adjusted to a predetermined value, but it is usually 0.1 minutes or more.
- the shape of the insoluble dietary fiber does not change significantly in the kneading treatment, so that the insoluble dietary fiber derived from such an edible plant (for example, beans) is predetermined. It is preferable to have a size.
- the insoluble dietary fiber size in the normally loosely crushed bean powder is more than 450 ⁇ m (the shape of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the beans is usually rod-shaped, and in the laser diffraction type particle size distribution measurement of the present invention. Because a large value can be obtained.).
- the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the foodstuff used in the present invention is subjected to a specific crushing treatment in advance, and the size thereof is within a specific range. Is preferable.
- a water suspension of an edible plant for example, beans
- starch and protein were enzymatically decomposed into starch and proteolysis.
- a method of measuring the particle size distribution after applying the ultrasonic treatment is used.
- a 6% by weight aqueous suspension of edible plant powder is treated with 0.4% by weight protease and 0.02% by weight ⁇ -amylase at 20 ° C. for 3 days (see [Procedure b] above. ])
- the obtained processed product may be subjected to ultrasonic treatment, and then the particle size distribution may be measured to determine the particle size (d 90 and / or d 50 ). It is considered that starch and protein among the constituents of edible plants are decomposed by such treatment, and the particle size distribution of the obtained decomposition product reflects the particle size distribution of the structure mainly composed of insoluble dietary fiber.
- the particle size d 90 of the insoluble dietary fiber in the edible plant (for example, beans) obtained by the above procedure is preferably 450 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 350 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, it is more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 80 ⁇ m. It is more preferably less than or equal to, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size d 50 of the insoluble dietary fiber in the edible plant (for example, beans) obtained by the above procedure is preferably 450 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 350 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, it is more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 80 ⁇ m. It is more preferably less than or equal to, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle diameter d 90 and / or the particle diameter d 50 of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the edible plant exceeds the above range, the effect of the present invention may be difficult to be exhibited. The reason for this is not clear, but it is considered that the coarse insoluble dietary fiber inhibits the formation of a matrix structure such as starch, and the effect of the present invention is less likely to be exhibited.
- the lower limit of the particle diameter d 90 and / or the particle diameter d 50 of the insoluble dietary fiber contained in the edible plant is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more. preferable.
- the insoluble dietary fiber contained in such an edible plant has a predetermined shape. It is preferable to have.
- a water suspension of an edible plant for example, beans
- starch and protein are enzymatically decomposed into starch and proteolysis.
- the arithmetic mean value of the longest diameter of the CFW-stained site in the edible plant (for example, beans) measured by the above procedure is usually 450 ⁇ m or less, especially 400 ⁇ m or less, 350 ⁇ m or less, 300 ⁇ m or less, or 250 ⁇ m or less. , 200 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or less, or 80 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, particularly 50 ⁇ m or less. If the average value of the longest diameters of the CFW-stained sites exceeds the above range, the effect of the present invention may be difficult to achieve.
- the insoluble dietary fiber having a large longest diameter inhibits the formation of a matrix structure such as starch, and the effect of the present invention is less likely to be exhibited.
- the lower limit of the arithmetic mean value of the longest diameter of the CFW stained portion is not particularly limited, but is usually 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the insoluble dietary fiber contained therein has an aspect ratio of a certain level or less. It is preferable to use a powdered product that has been processed so as to be.
- the aspect ratio of the CFW-stained portion of the insoluble dietary fiber in the normally loosely crushed edible plant (for example, beans) powder is a value of more than 5.0 (particularly, the insoluble food contained in beans). Because the shape of the fiber is usually rod-shaped.).
- the edible plant (for example, beans) powder when the edible plant (for example, beans) powder is subjected to wind sorting or the like, the edible plant powder having a specific shape is removed, and it is highly probable that the aspect ratio of the CFW-stained portion of the insoluble dietary fiber is too high or too low. Therefore, as the edible plant (for example, beans) powder, it is preferable to use a powder that has been subjected to a specific crushing treatment in advance and has an arithmetic mean value of the aspect ratio of the CFW dyed site representing insoluble dietary fiber within a specific range.
- the arithmetic mean value of the aspect ratio of the CFW-stained site in the edible plant (for example, beans) powder measured by the above procedure is usually 5.0 or less, especially 4.5 or less, or 4.0 or less. , Or 3.5 or less, or 3.0 or less, or 2.5 or less, particularly preferably 2.0 or less. If the average value of the aspect ratios of the CFW-stained sites exceeds the above range, the effect of the present invention may be difficult to achieve. The reason is not clear, but it is considered that the insoluble dietary fiber having a large aspect ratio inhibits the formation of a matrix structure such as starch, and the effect of the present invention is less likely to be exhibited.
- the lower limit of the arithmetic mean value of the aspect ratio of the CFW stained portion is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably 1.1 or more, and more preferably 1.3 or more.
- Methods for measuring various parameters related to insoluble dietary fiber in edible plants (for example, beans) used as raw materials for dough compositions that is, amylase and protease treatment, ultrasonic treatment, particle size distribution (particle size d 90 and d 50 ).
- Specific conditions and procedures such as measurement, CFW staining, and fluorescence microscope observation shall be measured according to the measurement method of various parameters related to insoluble dietary fiber in the above-mentioned composition.
- Miniaturization and powdering of raw materials when an edible plant (for example, beans) is used as a raw material for the dough composition, it is preferable to use a finely divided and powdered edible plant.
- the means and conditions for the miniaturization / powdering treatment are not particularly limited. Specifically, the temperature during the miniaturization / powdering treatment is not particularly limited, but when the powder is exposed to a high temperature, the elasticity of the composition of the present invention tends to decrease, so that the composition is dried at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower, for example. It is preferable to be done.
- the temperature is not particularly limited if the method is to heat the beans in the state of the beans and then crush them because the heat load is reduced.
- the pressure during the pulverization / powdering process is not limited, and any of high pressure pulverization, normal pressure pulverization, and low pressure pulverization may be used. Examples of devices for such miniaturization processing include, but are not limited to, devices such as blenders, mixers, mills, kneaders, crushers, crushers, and grinders.
- a medium stirring mill such as a dry bead mill, a ball mill (rolling type, vibration type, etc.), a jet mill, a high-speed rotary impact type mill (pin mill, etc.), a roll mill, a hammer mill, or the like can be used. ..
- Heat water treatment of raw materials when an edible plant containing starch and / or protein (for example, beans) is used as a raw material for the dough composition, such an edible plant is previously heated under conditions containing water as a pretreatment. You may. In particular, it is preferable to use one that has been heated (wet-heated) in an environment where the dry content standard moisture content is at least a certain value, because the structure in the final cooking composition may be easily formed.
- the dry content standard moisture content of an edible plant when heated is not limited, but is usually 25% by mass or more, particularly 30% by mass or more, or 40% by mass or more, particularly 50% by mass or more. It is preferable to do so.
- the upper limit of the dry content standard moisture content is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, usually 200% by mass or less, particularly 175% by mass or less.
- the heating temperature of the edible plant is not limited, but is usually 80 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 90 ° C. or higher, further preferably 100 ° C. or higher, and usually 200 ° C. or lower, particularly 190 ° C. or lower. Is preferable.
- the edible plant containing starch and the edible plant containing protein in advance, and it is more preferable to heat the edible plant containing both starch and protein before using the edible plant. ..
- the water heating of edible plants can be heated by, for example, steam heating).
- starch-containing edible plants for example, beans
- they are heated in a dry environment with a dry content standard moisture content of less than 25%.
- starch is heated locally (for example, at 90 ° C. or higher), the starch is overheated, the thermal decomposition of starch in the structure is promoted, and amylose in the structure is solubilized to form a composition.
- the quality of the product may be sticky, which may be unfavorable.
- the particle size of the entire dough composition is preferably the same size as the above-mentioned edible plant (for example, beans) powder preferably used as a raw material.
- a mass of about 1 cm square of the composition sample is immersed in 50 ml of a measuring solvent (for example, ethanol) at 80 ° C. for particle size distribution and allowed to stand for about 5 minutes.
- a solution (simply referred to as a suspension) that has been placed, then crushed with a solvent, stirred well, suspended in a liquid, and passed through a sieve having a mesh size of 2.36 mm and a wire diameter (Wire Dia.) 1.0 mm.
- the particle size after ultrasonic treatment is measured using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device.
- the particle size d 90 after ultrasonic treatment is usually preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, and above all, 450 ⁇ m or less, 400 ⁇ m or less, 350 ⁇ m or less, or 300 ⁇ m or less, or 250 ⁇ m or less, 200 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less, or More preferably, it is 90 ⁇ m or less, 80 ⁇ m or less, 70 ⁇ m or less, 60 ⁇ m or less, or 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size d 50 after ultrasonic treatment is usually preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, and above all, 450 ⁇ m or less, 400 ⁇ m or less, 350 ⁇ m or less, 300 ⁇ m or less, 250 ⁇ m or less, 200 ⁇ m or less, or 150 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
- 90 ⁇ m or less, 80 ⁇ m or less, 70 ⁇ m or less, 60 ⁇ m or less, or 50 ⁇ m or less is more preferable.
- the lower limit of d 90 and d 50 is not particularly limited, but both are usually 0.3 ⁇ m or more, or 1 ⁇ m or more.
- the "mesh” in the present invention is a unit representing the density of meshes such as wire mesh, sieve, filter, etc., and represents the number of meshes per inch. That is, for example, "8 mesh pass” means a fraction that passes through a sieve having a mesh size of 2.36 mm. Specifically, the thickness of the mesh-on wire and the distance between the eyes are the values specified in USA Standard Testing Sieves ASTM Specifications E 11-04 unless otherwise specified (for example, 8 mesh is Nominal in the same document). Dimensions, Permissible Variation for Wire Cloth of Standard Testing Sieves (USA) Standard Series "corresponds to" No. 8 "defined in” Alternative ”) or similar values can be adopted.
- the dough composition obtained in the above step (i) is kneaded with a certain strength or higher under a predetermined high temperature condition under pressurized conditions.
- the specific condition at the time of kneading is preferable that the SME (specific mechanical energy) value obtained by the following formula I is at least a predetermined value, because the starch granules are sufficiently destroyed and the properties as a matrix are exhibited.
- kneading is performed under the condition that the SME value is usually 350 kJ / kg or more. Above all, it is preferable to knead under the conditions of 400 kJ / kg or more, 450 kJ / kg or more, 500 kJ / kg or more, 550 kJ / kg or more, 600 kJ / kg or more, 700 kJ / kg or more, or 800 kJ / kg or more. .. Further, it is preferable that the screw rotation speed of the extruder is usually more than 150 rpm, particularly more than 200 rpm, and more preferably more than 250 rpm.
- N Screw rotation speed (rpm) during kneading
- N max Maximum screw rotation speed (rpm)
- ⁇ Torque during kneading / maximum torque (%)
- ⁇ empty Torque at idle / maximum torque (%)
- Q Total mass flow rate (kg / hour)
- P max Maximum power (kW) of agitator (for example, extruder)
- the above-mentioned kneading at a high temperature of usually 100 ° C. or higher, particularly 110 ° C. or higher, further 120 ° C. or higher, because the starch grain structure is easily destroyed.
- the treatment at the high temperature and high SME value by the extruder is 3% or more (more preferably 5% or more, further preferably 8% or more, still more preferably 10% or more, still more preferably 15% or more) of the total length of the barrel. , More preferably 20% or more).
- the starch grain structure derived from beans and nuts has a stronger structure, the above-mentioned treatment at high temperature and high SME value is more useful.
- the upper limit of the temperature at this stage is usually 200 ° C. or lower. Above all, 190 ° C. or lower, 180 ° C. or lower, or 170 ° C. or lower is preferable. If the temperature at this stage exceeds the upper limit, the temperature at the time of extrusion of the composition from the die portion of the extruder may not be sufficiently lowered.
- the above kneading is performed under pressurized conditions, that is, under pressurized conditions with respect to atmospheric pressure. It is more preferable to perform the kneading under the condition of applying a pressure higher than usual because the structure of the site to be stained of the present invention is easily developed.
- the kneading pressure can be measured by measuring the outlet pressure of the extruder.
- the lower limit of the pressure to be applied to the atmospheric pressure at the time of kneading is usually 0.01 MPa or more, preferably 0.03 MPa or more, more preferably 0.05 MPa or more, still more preferably 0.1 MPa or more, still more preferably 0.2 MPa.
- the above is more preferably 0.3 MPa or more, 0.5 MPa or more, still more preferably 1.0 MPa or more, still more preferably 2.0 MPa or more, still more preferably 3.0 MPa or more.
- the upper limit of the pressure applied to the atmospheric pressure during kneading is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 50 MPa or less. Further, it is preferable to install a flow delay structure near the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion (preferably immediately after the end point on the tip side of the kneading portion) because the pressure in the kneading portion can be increased.
- the kneading time may be appropriately determined from the kneading temperature and pressure, the size of the kneading container, and the like.
- the lower limit of the kneading time is usually 0.1 minutes or more, especially 0.2 minutes or more, further 0.3 minutes or more, 0.4 minutes or more, or 0.5 minutes or more, or It is preferably 0.8 minutes or longer, or 1 minute or longer, particularly 2 minutes or longer.
- the upper limit of the kneading time is not limited, but from the viewpoint of efficiency, it is usually preferably within 60 minutes, particularly preferably within 30 minutes, and further preferably within 15 minutes.
- the kneading treatment of step (ii) is preferably carried out until the number of starch grain structures in the composition becomes a predetermined value or less.
- the principle is unknown, but by processing the composition under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure strong kneading, which will be described later, in a state where the starch grain structure is destroyed, the starch diffuses into the entire composition in a matrix form, and the starch is contained in the starch. It is considered that amylopectin has a structure that easily develops elasticity during water retention.
- the composition is kneaded until the following (a) and / or (b) are satisfied, and the kneading treatment is carried out until both (a) and (b) are satisfied. More preferred. Further, it is preferable that the composition after depressurization in step (iii) satisfies the following (a) and / or (b), and it is more preferable that both (a) and (b) are satisfied.
- the starch grain structure observed when observing a 6% suspension of the pulverized product of the composition is 300 pieces / mm 2 or less.
- the gelatinization peak temperature is 120 when the 14% by mass composition water slurry is heated from 50 ° C. to 140 ° C. at a heating rate of 12.5 ° C./min using a rapid viscoanalyzer. It becomes less than °C.
- the number of starch grain structures in the composition observed under the above conditions by the kneading treatment of the step (ii) is usually 300 / mm 2 or less, particularly 250 / mm 2 or less. Furthermore, 200 pieces / mm 2 or less, especially 150 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 100 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 50 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 30 pieces / mm 2 or less, or 10 pieces / mm 2 or less, in particular. It is preferably 0 pieces / mm 2 .
- the details of the starch grain structure are as described above in relation to the composition of the present invention.
- the gelatinization peak temperature of the composition measured under the above conditions is usually less than 120 ° C, especially less than 115 ° C by the kneading treatment of the step (ii).
- the details of the gelatinization peak temperature are as described above in relation to the composition of the present invention.
- the degree of starch gelatinization in the composition after kneading in step (ii) is preferably a predetermined value or more from the viewpoint of suppressing shape collapse during cooking.
- the degree of starch gelatinization in the composition after kneading in step (ii) is usually 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, further 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, particularly 70% by mass. % Or more is preferable.
- the upper limit of the degree of gelatinization is not particularly limited, but if it is too high, starch may be decomposed and the composition may have a sticky and unfavorable quality. Therefore, the upper limit of the degree of gelatinization is preferably 99% by mass or less, particularly preferably 95% by mass or less, and more preferably 90% by mass or less.
- the composition after kneading in the step (ii) is depressurized from the pressurized state in the kneading portion to the atmospheric pressure or less in the vent portion.
- the composition in a state where the starch grain structure has collapsed is homogenized so as not to generate heat, thereby forming a starch matrix structure, and immediately after that.
- the composition is obtained by rapidly cooling the second flight portion and / or the die portion (in the case of the extruder of the first aspect) and the die portion / vent portion (in the case of the extruder of the second aspect). It is possible to locally age starch near the surface.
- the vent portion may have a structure in which the inside of the barrel is depressurized to the atmospheric pressure by being opened under atmospheric pressure, but by having the forced exhaust mechanism in the vent portion, a part of the water content in the composition is provided. Is more preferable because a stronger matrix structure can be formed by forcibly volatilizing the composition and removing bubbles in the matrix structure while rapidly lowering the temperature of the composition.
- the mechanism that can be adopted for forced exhaust is the same as described above.
- the temperature of the composition which has become high in the kneading part is not lowered as it is and the pressure is reduced in the vent part, the water content in the composition evaporates rapidly, the composition swells, and the starch matrix structure collapses, which is not preferable. Therefore, after the kneading treatment under high temperature conditions, the temperature of the composition is usually lowered to less than 110 ° C., especially less than 105 ° C., further to less than 102 ° C., particularly less than 100 ° C., and then applied to the vent portion so that the composition does not swell. It is preferable to reduce the pressure.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but the composition temperature is preferably 10 ° C. or higher, 15 ° C.
- the temperature of the composition is a certain temperature or higher.
- the lower limit of the temperature is usually 30 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 35 ° C. or higher, further 40 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 45 ° C. or higher, or 50 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is less than 95 ° C or less than 90 ° C.
- the pressurizing condition at the time of lowering the temperature is not particularly limited as long as the swelling of the composition can be prevented, but it is preferable that the pressure is the same as the pressure at the time of the kneading process.
- the lower limit of the pressure to be applied when the temperature is lowered is usually 0.01 MPa or more, preferably 0.03 MPa or more, more preferably 0.05 MPa or more, still more preferable. Is 0.1 MPa or more, more preferably 0.2 MPa or more, still more preferably 0.3 MPa or more.
- the upper limit of the pressure to be applied at the time of lowering the temperature is not limited, but can be, for example, 50 MPa or less.
- the vent portion and the die portion are integrally provided (that is, the structure that also serves as the vent portion by opening the composition under atmospheric pressure in the die portion) is adopted. Since it is not necessary to assume the leakage of the composition in the vent portion and the internal pressure can be relatively increased, the pressure in the vent portion is relatively reduced and the effect of collapsing the starch grain structure is easily obtained. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the lower limit of the pressure to be applied (the pressure further applied in addition to the atmospheric pressure) in the die portion is usually 0.1 MPa or more, preferably 0.15 MPa or more, more preferably 0.2 MPa or more, and further. It is preferably 0.25 MPa or more, more preferably 0.3 MPa or more, still more preferably 0.4 MPa or more.
- the upper limit of the pressure is not limited, but can be, for example, 50 MPa or less.
- the composition after the stage (iii) may be placed on a conveyor and conveyed.
- the type of conveyor is not limited, but it is preferable that a part or all of the mounting surface is a mesh-shaped conveyor having ventilation (preferably ventilation and water / liquid permeability).
- ventilation preferably ventilation and water / liquid permeability
- the difference in the decrease in the degree of gelatinization of the composition in this step (iv) is usually 6% by mass or more with respect to the degree of gelatinization of the composition after kneading in step (ii) (that is, glue).
- the aging treatment is carried out until the degree of aging decreases by 6% by mass or more).
- the upper limit of the reduction rate of the gelatinization degree of the composition in this step (iv) is not particularly limited, but is usually 50% by mass or less.
- the degree of starch gelatinization in the composition after the decrease in the degree of gelatinization in step (iv) is less than a predetermined value in the composition in which the starch near the surface of the composition is locally aged and has a stronger matte feeling. It is preferable because it reflects the fact that there is.
- the starch gelatinization degree in the composition after the reduction of the gelatinization degree in the step (iv) is usually 90% by mass or less, particularly 85% by mass or less, further 80% by mass or less, or 75% by mass or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 70% by mass or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly specified, it is usually 10% by mass or more, particularly preferably 20% by mass or more, further 30% by mass or more, particularly 40% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 50% by mass or more.
- the means for achieving such stage (iv) aging is not particularly limited, but for example, the configuration after the kneading portion of the extruder, that is, the vent portion, the second flight portion (in the case of the first aspect), and the die portion.
- the starch in the vicinity of the surface of the composition can be aged and the aging of the stage (iv) can be achieved by performing the water retention treatment described later with the treatment in the above or as a post-treatment after the treatment by the extruder is completed.
- the composition temperature is lowered to less than 90 ° C. (the lower limit of the temperature is not particularly limited, but is usually more than 0 ° C. or more than 4 ° C.) and then dried.
- the upper limit of such time is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, usually 20 hours or less, and further can be 15 hours or less.
- step (iv) may be satisfied in the steps after the step (iii) inside the extruder, or the step (iv) may be filled in the steps after being extruded from the extruder.
- Step (iv) may be satisfied in a series of steps combined with external processing.
- the temperature of the composition in the step (iv) is not limited, but is usually 90 ° C. or lower, particularly preferably 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably 70 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 60 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is more than 0 ° C or more than 4 ° C.
- the pressure in the step (iv) is not particularly limited, but can be performed under normal pressure, for example.
- the dry content standard water content of the composition is usually more than 25% by mass, particularly more than 30% by mass, or more than 35% by mass, or more than 40% by mass, or more than 45% by mass, or more than 50% by mass. , Or more than 55% by mass, or more than 60% by mass, or more than 65% by mass, or more than 70% by mass, or more than 75% by mass, particularly more than 80% by mass.
- the upper limit of the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, usually 200% by mass or less, 175% by mass or less, or 150% by mass or less.
- the method of adding water at the stage (i) or (ii) is preferable, and more preferably, the dry content standard water content (specifically, more than 25% by mass, particularly 30) at a certain level or higher in the step (i). More than mass%, and even more than 35% by mass, especially more than 40% by mass, or more than 45% by mass, or more than 50% by mass, or more than 55% by mass, or more than 60% by mass, or more than 65% by mass, or 70% by mass. % Or more than 75% by mass, especially more than 80% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but usually 200% by mass or less, or 175% by mass or less, or 150% by mass or less).
- step (ii) From (i) onward, more specifically, in steps (ii) and / or step (iii), it is preferable to further add water to the rest of the water to be blended during the production thereof, and the preparation of the dough composition of the step (i) is preferable. Occasionally, a method of adding water to a predetermined ratio or more of the water to be blended during the production is preferable.
- step (i) is prepared in the extruder by adding water to the raw material charged from the feeder in the first flight section, and then the step (ii) is performed.
- a predetermined ratio or more for example, 60% or more, further 70% or more, or 80% or more, or 90% or more
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but a method of adding water to 100% or less) is preferable. Further, water is arbitrarily added to the extent that the raw material input from the feeder has a dry content standard moisture content of less than 25% by mass, and then the remaining (or all) of the moisture to be blended during the production from the water injection mechanism provided in the barrel. It is also possible to adopt an embodiment in which the composition of step (i) is prepared in an extruder by injecting water, and then the step (ii) is continuously performed. In addition, when such an aspect is adopted, since the composition may easily contain air bubbles, it is preferable to perform degassing at any stage before the die portion, specifically, degassing of the feeder portion.
- the temperature at the time of mixing a predetermined ratio or more of water with other raw materials is before the temperature reaches 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably before the temperature reaches 85 ° C. or higher, and further preferably before the temperature reaches 80 ° C. or higher. Is more preferable.
- the proportion of water mixed with other raw materials before the temperature inside the extruder reaches a predetermined temperature is usually 50% or more, especially 60% or more, more 70% or more, or 80% or more, or more than 60% or more of the water mixed during production. It is preferable to mix 90% or more, particularly 100% with other raw materials.
- a dry content standard water content of about 40% by mass or less in the dough composition is sufficient.
- further water addition has an inhibitory factor rather than no motive. Therefore, unless there is an idea of aging the starch once gelatinized as in this stage (iv), it is difficult to think of increasing the dry content standard water content in the dough composition.
- the moisture as in this step (iv) is retained, which is contrary to the idea of subsequently drying the moisture in the composition. Without the idea, it is necessary from the time when the temperature of the composition is lowered to less than 80 ° C. to the time when the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is less than 25%, as described above, especially after step (iii). It is considered that it is not possible to adopt a configuration in which the time is secured above a predetermined value.
- the method of adding water during the preparation of the dough composition in the above step (i) is preferable.
- Water can be added in a water state or in a steam state, but it is preferable to add the water in a water state.
- the starch has its characteristics due to overheating. It is preferable because it may be possible to suppress the change. Specifically, before the inside of the extruder is heated to 20 ° C.
- the water content usually blended during production is usually 50% or higher, particularly 60% or higher, further 70% or higher, 80% or higher, or 90. It is preferable to mix% or more, particularly 100% with other raw materials. When the water content is mixed with other raw materials, it is preferable to mix the water content in the above proportions in advance before putting the raw materials into the extruder.
- water is added to the second flight portion and / or the extruded composition, and the time until the composition reaches the dry content standard moisture content of 25% by mass is predetermined.
- a method of making it longer than the time can also be used.
- Water can be added in the state of water or in the state of steam, but it is preferable to add it in the state of water. For example, by adding it by a method of spraying water in a mist state, the amount of water used in the manufacturing process is reduced. However, it is preferable because it can be a composition with good quality. Further, it can also be carried out by a method of adding water by absorbing water of the composition by directly putting the composition into water.
- a method for promptly volatilizing the water content after the water addition to the composition which has been hydrated in the steps (iii) and thereafter (particularly, when an extruder is adopted, the composition after extrusion).
- the temperature of the composition can be rapidly lowered by the heat of vaporization, which is preferable.
- a mesh-like conveyor having a part or all of the mounting surface having ventilation preferably ventilation and water / liquid permeability
- water retention treatment is performed by having a step of adding water to the composition before and after being placed on the conveyor (that is, before or during transport). This is preferable because the composition can be conveyed and the treatment can be performed at the same time. Further, the water retention treatment may be performed by a method such as spraying water on the mist on the composition after being conveyed on the conveyor.
- the composition extruded by the extruder is placed on a conveyor, and the composition is immersed in water together with the conveyor (that is, temporarily infiltrated into a water tank during the transfer process of the conveyor). A step is provided), and then the composition is blown to the composition while being conveyed by a conveyor.
- water in a mist state is sprayed on the composition extruded by the extruder at any stage before and after the composition is placed on the conveyor, and the composition is placed on the conveyor.
- air is blown to the composition while being conveyed by a conveyor.
- a part or all of the conveyor mounting surface has air permeability (for example, when air is blown from a direction perpendicular to the mesh, 1% or more or 3% or more of the air flow amount is transmitted).
- the mesh-like structure makes it easier for the hydrated water to volatilize during transportation, and the temperature of the composition can be efficiently lowered by the heat of vaporization until the dry content standard moisture content reaches 25% by mass. It is preferable because the time can be adjusted, and it is preferable to blow air from the upper part and / or the lower part of the mesh conveyor, particularly in the embodiment of blowing air to the composition while transporting the air on the conveyor.
- the opening of the mesh-like structure is not particularly limited, but specifically, for example, the average opening area is 1 mm 2 or more (specifically, 1 mm ⁇ 1 mm or more), or 3 mm 2 or more (specifically, 3 mm ⁇ 1 mm or more). ), Or 10 mm 2 or more (specifically, 5 mm ⁇ 2 mm or more).
- the upper limit of the average opening area is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 2500 mm 2 or less (specifically, 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm or less), 1500 mm 2 or less (specifically, 50 mm ⁇ 30 mm or less), or 500 mm 2 or less (specifically). It can be 20 mm ⁇ 25 mm or less).
- the degree of gelatinization decreases by a predetermined ratio or more that is, "degree of gelatinization of composition before treatment-degree of gelatinization of composition after treatment".
- the difference in decrease in gelatinization degree calculated by is more than a certain level
- water retention is maintained until the difference in the degree of gelatinization decrease is 1% by mass or more, particularly 2% by mass or more, further 3% by mass or more, particularly 4% by mass or more, or 5% by mass or more, particularly 6% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 50% by mass or less.
- the dry composition is rehydrated to increase the dry content standard moisture content, so that the dry content standard moisture content is 25%.
- the water retention treatment can be performed by adjusting so that the total of the above times is equal to or longer than a predetermined time.
- the temperature of the majority of the subsequent holding time is preferably 60 ° C. or lower, more preferably 50 ° C. or lower, and even more preferably 40 ° C. or lower.
- the steps after the step (iii) there is also a method of increasing the ambient humidity with respect to the composition extruded by the extruder and making the time until the dry content standard moisture content reaches 25% by mass longer than the predetermined time.
- the moisture is usually lost quickly and the composition is less likely to age than the inside of the composition.
- the starch near the surface of the composition ages locally, and the composition is eaten together, including noodles. In the case of a product, it is preferable because the composition does not easily bind to each other and is easy to eat.
- the composition extruded from the die portion is stored in a high humidity environment (for example, more than 50 RH%), or is subjected to treatment (also referred to as wet treatment) such as spraying atomized water.
- a high humidity environment for example, more than 50 RH%
- treatment also referred to as wet treatment
- a method of achieving a predetermined decrease in gelatinization degree can be adopted.
- the wet treatment may be performed in a closed device having a constant humidity, or may be performed in a device that supplies an atmosphere having a constant humidity, and water vapor evaporating from the composition may be applied to the periphery of the composition.
- a method of performing a wet treatment by maintaining the relative humidity by holding the humidity may be used, or a combination of these methods may be used.
- the wet treatment may be performed before the water content is reduced, the wet treatment may be performed at the same time as the water content is reduced, or the wet treatment may be performed after the water content is reduced. good. It is preferable to perform the wetting treatment before the water content is lowered because the effect of the present invention is more remarkable.
- the dry content-based moisture content in the composition is usually 25% by mass or more, particularly more than 25% by mass, further 30% by mass or more, or 30% by mass. It is preferable to carry out under the condition of more than%, more than 35% by mass, or more than 40% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 200% by mass or less, 175% by mass or less, or 150% by mass or less.
- the parameter A ⁇ T (RH% ⁇ hr) is equal to or more than the predetermined lower limit value.
- A indicates the relative humidity (RH%) of the atmosphere
- T indicates the wet treatment time (hr).
- RH% the relative humidity
- the parameter A ⁇ T 95 (RH% ⁇ hr).
- Such a parameter A ⁇ T (RH% ⁇ hr) is usually 40 or more, more preferably 50 or more, more preferably 60 or more, or 70 or more, or 80 or more, and particularly preferably 90 or more.
- the temperature during the wet treatment is not particularly limited, but it is usually preferable to carry out the treatment at a temperature below a certain level from the viewpoint of accelerating the aging of the composition. Specifically, it is preferably 50 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 40 ° C. or lower, 30 ° C. or lower, 20 ° C. or lower, or 10 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the temperature is not particularly limited, but it is usually preferable to carry out the treatment at 0 ° C. or higher, or 4 ° C. or higher.
- step (iii) by lowering the internal temperature of the extruder (more specifically, the second flight portion) to less than a predetermined temperature, the composition after being extruded from the inside of the extruder has a dry content standard moisture content. It is also possible to use a method of holding the time until it becomes less than 25% for a predetermined time or more.
- the internal temperature of the extruder (more specifically, the second flight section) is usually less than 100 ° C, especially less than 95 ° C, further less than 90 ° C, less than 85 ° C, less than 80 ° C, or 75 ° C.
- the temperature is preferable to reduce the temperature to less than, or less than 70 ° C, or less than 65 ° C, or less than 60 ° C, or less than 55 ° C, or less than 50 ° C, or less than 45 ° C, or less than 40 ° C.
- the lower limit of the temperature is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, above 0 ° C or above 4 ° C.
- the time until the composition after being extruded from the inside of the extruder becomes less than 25% of the dry content standard water content is preferably 0.1 hours or more, particularly 0.2 hours or more, and further 0.3.
- the upper limit of such time is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, usually 20 hours or less, and further can be 15 hours or less.
- Extruder In the manufacturing method of the present invention, at least steps (ii) and (iii) among the above steps, and optionally a part or all of steps (i) and / or step (iv) are described above. It is preferable to use the specific extruder of the present invention (more preferably, a uniaxial extruder).
- the content of the insoluble dietary fiber is 3.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass, and starch.
- a composition is prepared in which the content of starch is 10.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass, the content of protein is 3.0% by mass or more in terms of wet mass, and the dry content standard moisture content is 25% or more (step (step (step). i)).
- the composition is prepared by mixing such raw materials outside the extruder of the present invention, and then the prepared composition is supplied to the extruder of the present invention via a feeder in step (ii). And (iii) alone may be carried out by the production method of the present invention.
- the composition is kneaded while being transferred from the first flight section to the kneading section by rotating the screw, and adjusted to a predetermined temperature by heating the barrel with a heater.
- the composition is heated to 10 ° C. or higher from the first flight section to the kneading section, and the SME value is 350 kJ / under the pressurized conditions in the kneading section and the temperature is 100 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower. Kneaded with kg or more (stage (ii)).
- the composition is conveyed from the kneading section to the second flight section by rotating the screw, and the vent on the base side of the second flight section is performed.
- the pressure is reduced to the atmospheric pressure or less, aging is promoted, and the degree of gelatinization of the composition is lowered.
- the composition is depressurized from the pressurized state in the kneading section to the atmospheric pressure or less in the second flight section (step (iii)).
- the degree of gelatinization of the composition is reduced by a predetermined ratio or more after the kneading portion (step (iv)).
- both the step (iii) and the step (iv) may be completed inside the extruder, and the temperature lowering treatment inside the extruder after the step (iii) and the water retention treatment outside the extruder are performed together. This may complete step (iv). Further, by activating the forced exhaust in the vent portion and / or the cooler of the die portion and the cooler of the second flight portion (in the case of the extruder of the first aspect), the temperature of the composition discharged from the die portion is set as described above. It is preferable to lower the temperature to the temperature of.
- gelatinization of the composition is promoted by lowering the outlet temperature setting of the die portion of the extruder while keeping the total mass flow rate of the extruder above a certain level. It is more preferable because it is used. These conditions may be appropriately adjusted so that the outlet pressure of the extruder is above a certain level, and specific examples are as follows.
- the total mass flow rate (sometimes also referred to as flow rate) is not limited, but is usually 0.5 kg / hour or more, particularly 0.7 kg / hour or more, and further 1.0 kg / hour or more. , It is preferable to maintain.
- the upper limit of the total mass flow rate is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 kg / hour or less, or 50 kg / hour or less.
- the outlet temperature setting of the extruder is usually, but is not limited to, less than 80 ° C, especially less than 75 ° C, even less than 70 ° C, less than 65 ° C, or less than 60 ° C, or less than 55 ° C, or 50 ° C. It is preferably less than, or less than 45 ° C, particularly less than 40 ° C.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 0 ° C. or higher, or 4 ° C. or higher.
- the difference between the maximum heating temperature at the time of kneading in step (ii) and the extrusion temperature of the composition discharged from the die portion is a predetermined value or more.
- the difference between the maximum heating temperature at the time of kneading in step (ii) (the temperature of the maximum heating part in the kneading part of the extruder) and the temperature at the time of extruding the composition discharged from the die part is 20 ° C. or more.
- the temperature is preferably 25 ° C. or higher, more preferably 30 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the temperature difference is not particularly limited, but it is usually preferably 110 ° C. or lower, more preferably 100 ° C. or lower, because the composition may be clogged inside the extruder if excessive cooling is performed.
- extruders have often been used to manufacture puffs and other swellings, but the manufacturing conditions for these are usually the extrusion temperature of the composition discharged from the die section. Since it is set as a condition exceeding the swelling temperature of the product, it cannot be applied to the method for producing a composition without swelling as in the present invention. This is because the internal temperature transition of the extruder occurs continuously, so for example, if only the temperature rise condition during kneading is adopted and the outlet temperature setting is adjusted to a low temperature as appropriate, the temperature during kneading will be affected by the effect of lowering the outlet temperature setting. This is because the entire internal temperature dropped, and the conditions were completely different, and it was not possible for a person skilled in the art to make appropriate adjustments.
- the progress of starch aging in the composition is slowed down or does not progress.
- the dry content standard water content in the final composition is less than 60% by mass or 55% by mass, especially less than 50% by mass, less than 45% by mass, or less than 40% by mass, or 35% by mass. It is preferably less than, less than 30% by mass, less than 25% by mass, less than 20% by mass, or less than 15% by mass.
- the lower limit of the dry content standard moisture content in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but from the viewpoint of industrial production efficiency, for example, 0.5% by mass or more, 1% by mass or more, or It can be 2% by mass or more.
- the dry content-based water content in the composition of the present invention may be derived from various components of the composition, or may be further derived from added water.
- the starch near the surface of the starch gelatinized in the step (ii) is locally aged.
- the composition is preferable because it is difficult for the compositions to bind to each other and is easy to eat.
- composition of the present invention can be obtained by going through the above steps, but post-treatment may be further added.
- post-treatment include a molding treatment and a drying treatment. The drying process will be described later.
- the composition of the present invention (for example, a paste composition containing starch) is obtained in a desired form (for example, the above-mentioned pasta, Chinese noodles, udon noodles, Inaniwa udon noodles, kishimen, hoto, rice noodles, rice noodles, noodles, soba noodles, soba noodles).
- a desired form for example, the above-mentioned pasta, Chinese noodles, udon noodles, Inaniwa udon noodles, kishimen, hoto, rice noodles, rice noodles, noodles, soba noodles, soba noodles).
- a method generally known in the art can be appropriately adopted.
- the composition may be extruded into an elongated shape by using an apparatus such as the above-mentioned extruder.
- the composition in the case of a flat plate-shaped composition, the composition may be molded into a flat plate shape. Further, by press-molding the composition or cutting or die-cutting the composition formed into a flat plate shape, a composition having an arbitrary shape such as an elongated shape, a granular shape, or a flaky shape can be obtained.
- a composition having a cross-sectional unevenness of a predetermined value or more may be formed by extrusion molding using a die having an average unevenness of the cross section of the flow path described above having a predetermined value or more.
- the shape of the cross section of the composition is circular, square, triangular, star, elliptical, crescent, crescent, etc., cross-shaped, square-shaped, or a combination thereof (for example, a circle at the intersection of the cross-shaped).
- a Celtic cross shape that combines a Greek cross shape with a center point and a circle shape, and the diameter of the circle has a radius of 2/3 or less of the distance from the center point of the cross shape to the tip). Be done.
- Drying treatment step in which the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is kept below a certain level (drying treatment step) after the step (iv), the quality change in the composition is suppressed and the quality is improved. Is preferable because the composition is retained.
- this stage may be referred to as a "drying treatment” stage.
- the dry content standard moisture content decreases by 5% or more before and after the drying treatment step (that is, "(the ratio in the composition before the drying treatment-the ratio in the composition after the drying treatment) / before the drying treatment).
- the rate of decrease specified in "the ratio in the composition of the above” is preferably a certain value or more).
- the aging starch near the surface formed in the step (iv) suppresses the binding of the compositions during the drying treatment and is produced. It is preferable because the composition has high productivity.
- the dry content standard water content in the final composition after the drying treatment is less than 60% by mass or 55% by mass, particularly less than 50% by mass, less than 45% by mass, or less than 40% by mass, or 35. It is preferably less than mass%, less than 30% by mass, less than 25% by mass, less than 20% by mass, or less than 15% by mass.
- the lower limit of the dry content standard moisture content in the composition of the present invention is not limited, but from the viewpoint of industrial production efficiency, for example, 0.5% by mass or more, 1% by mass or more, or It can be 2% by mass or more.
- the dry content-based water content in the composition of the present invention may be derived from various components of the composition, or may be further derived from added water.
- the temperature of the composition during such a drying treatment is not limited, but is usually more than 50 ° C., particularly more than 60 ° C., or more than 70 ° C., especially more than 80 ° C. when the treatment is carried out under normal pressure. Is preferable.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is less than 100 ° C or less than 98 ° C.
- the composition after the drying treatment is performed while reducing the dry content standard moisture content of the composition to 10% by mass or less in a relatively short time. It is preferable because it is a good quality composition in which cracks are less likely to occur in the product (the dry content standard water content of the composition is 10% by mass or less).
- the "atmospheric relative humidity obtained from the composition temperature at any time during drying" is calculated from the composition temperature during the drying treatment so that the average relative humidity during the drying treatment time becomes a certain percentage or more. It is preferable to adjust the temperature of the composition.
- the saturated water vapor content is achieved.
- the absolute humidity in the atmosphere can be increased by evaporation of the moisture content of the composition, and the average relative humidity can be adjusted to a certain ratio or more.
- the saturated water vapor content in the atmosphere is lowered by adjusting the composition temperature to a relatively low temperature, and the average relative humidity is reduced. Can be adjusted to a certain percentage or more.
- the average relative humidity during the drying process until the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is 10% by mass or less is usually 50 RH% or more, particularly 55 RH% or more, further 60 RH% or more, or 65 RH%. It is preferable to carry out the drying treatment so as to be 70 RH% or more, 75 RH% or more, or 80 RH% or more.
- either the average relative humidity when the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is 25% by mass or more and / or the average relative humidity when the dry content standard moisture content of the composition is less than 25% by mass and 10% by mass or more is a constant ratio.
- the composition (composition) after the drying treatment is performed by adjusting the average relative humidity in a time zone in which the water content is low, more preferably in the time zone in which the dry content standard moisture content is less than 25% by mass, to a certain ratio or more.
- the average relative humidity is a certain ratio or more in either time zone.
- the average relative humidity within 40% of the first half of the drying treatment and / or the average relative humidity within 60% of the second half of the drying treatment is 50 RH% or more, particularly 55 RH% or more, and further 60 RH% or more, or 65 RH% or more.
- any method used for drying food can be used, and for example, the composition temperature and / or the ambient temperature can be adjusted by using air drying. It is preferable to adjust.
- the pressure in the drying treatment stage is not particularly limited, but may be performed under normal pressure or reduced pressure, for example.
- the temperature of the composition is preferably 80 ° C. or lower, particularly 70 ° C. or lower, or 60 ° C. or lower, particularly 50 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually more than 0 ° C or more than 4 ° C.
- any method generally used for drying food can be used. Examples include freeze-drying, air-drying (eg ventilation drying (hot air drying), fluidized layer drying, spray drying, drum drying, low temperature drying, sun drying, shade drying, etc.), pressure drying, vacuum drying, microwave drying, etc. Oil heat drying and the like can be mentioned.
- air-drying eg ventilation drying (hot air drying), fluidized layer drying, spray drying, drum drying, low temperature drying, sun drying, shade drying, etc.
- pressure drying vacuum drying, microwave drying, etc.
- microwave drying is preferable, and microwave drying under reduced pressure is more preferable, because the degree of change in the color tone and flavor inherent in the food is small and the aroma (burnt odor, etc.) other than the food can be controlled.
- air drying for example, hot air drying, fluidized bed drying method, spray drying, drum drying, low temperature drying, sun drying, shade drying, etc.
- ventilation drying particularly the atmospheric temperature is high. Hot air drying above a certain level is preferable.
- the drying treatment stage it is preferable to treat the composition for a certain period of time or more in an environment where the atmospheric temperature exceeds a certain level, because the time until the dry amount standard water content decreases by a predetermined ratio or more is shortened.
- the lower limit of the atmospheric temperature is usually more than 50 ° C., particularly preferably more than 60 ° C., more preferably more than 70 ° C., or more than 80 ° C.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 ° C. or lower.
- the composition extruded from the die part may be stored in a high temperature environment, or the atmosphere temperature may be increased by maintaining the composition temperature extruded at a high temperature. It is possible to adopt a method of achieving a predetermined atmospheric temperature by performing a treatment such as ventilation drying with high temperature air.
- the treatment time at the ambient temperature may be a certain time or longer, but usually 0.1 hours or longer, particularly 0.2 hours or longer, 0.3 hours or longer, 0.4 hours or longer, or 0.5. It can be adjusted to an hour or more, 0.6 hours or more, 0.7 hours or more, 0.8 hours or more, or 0.9 hours or more, especially 1.0 hour or more.
- the upper limit of such time is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, usually 20 hours or less, or 15 hours or less.
- the composition of the present invention may be used after being pulverized. That is, in the above-mentioned production method of the present invention, after the temperature is lowered in the step (iii), (v) the composition may be further pulverized to obtain a pulverized composition.
- the pulverized product of the composition of the present invention thus obtained (which is appropriately referred to as “the pulverized composition of the present invention”) is also an object of the present invention.
- the pulverizing conditions are not particularly limited and are arbitrary, but for example, the particle diameters d 50 and / or d 90 are about 50 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable to grind as such.
- the drying standard moisture content is, for example, usually 50% by mass or more, particularly 60% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, or 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more.
- a pulverized composition aggregate having a high drying standard water content such as 100% by mass or more can be an aggregate having shape retention.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be 500% by mass or less and 400% by mass or less.
- the high-temperature strong kneading treatment according to the above-mentioned production method of the present invention is carried out again, or an appropriate amount of water is added and kneaded to form aggregates. May be good. That is, in the above-mentioned production method of the present invention, after the pulverization in the step (v), (vi) the pulverized composition may be further aggregated to form an aggregate of the pulverized composition.
- pasta is made from the pulverized composition of the present invention containing more than 15% by mass of water (particularly, it is preferable to use the pulverized composition having a difference in decrease in moisture content based on dryness of 10% by mass or less after step (iii)).
- Aggregates may be formed by pressing, and more preferably pasta press is performed while heating to 70 ° C. or higher (or 80 ° C. or higher).
- the aggregate of the pulverized composition of the present invention thus obtained (which is appropriately referred to as "aggregate of the pulverized composition of the present invention") can be used as the composition of the present invention or is a raw material in the step (i) of the present invention. Can be suitably used as.
- Such pulverized composition aggregates of the present invention are also the subject of the present invention.
- the composition of the present invention is pulverized to obtain the pulverized composition of the present invention, the production conditions thereof are as described above.
- the pulverized composition and / or the aggregate of the pulverized composition as a raw material in a certain ratio as a raw material in the step (i) of the present invention, it can be used as a raw material which has been heat-treated in advance, and the compositions can be bound to each other. It is preferable because it improves the sex.
- the pulverized composition obtained in the step (v) and / or the aggregate of the pulverized composition obtained in the step (vi) is blended into the composition of the step (i) so as to contain a certain proportion in terms of dry mass.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 5% by mass or more in terms of dry mass, particularly 10% by mass or more, further 15% by mass or more, and particularly 20% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 100% by mass or less, or 90% by mass or less.
- the starch-containing composition samples of each Example and Comparative Example are gelatinized by kneading the composition prepared with a predetermined composition by operating it under a predetermined condition using a predetermined uniaxial extruder and kneading it. Manufactured by post-treatment and aging. As the protein and starch, those contained in each food material were used, and the contents were adjusted using the starch and protein high-content fraction content separated by utilizing the difference in specific gravity and the like.
- the vent portion corresponds to the second flight portion in the operating state in which the screw is arranged in the barrel.
- a barrel (the first aspect shown in FIG. 1) located at a position within 5% of the starting point of the second flight portion is used, and is shown in FIG. 3 in Examples 64 and 65.
- the barrel of the second aspect was used, and the modification shown in FIG. 5B was used for the die portion.
- the ratio of the forward flight structure to the total length of the first flight section and the ratio of the forward flight structure to the total length of the second flight section were both 100%.
- a flow delay structure is arranged at a position between the end point on the tip side of the second flight portion and the die portion, and the flow delay structure is a grooved screw structure (as opposed to a forward flight structure). It has a passage-like structure that is communicated in an oblique direction, and the angle of the passage-like structure with respect to the rotation axis is 50% of the spiral angle).
- a 6% aqueous suspension of the composition powder was prepared by suspending 3 mg of the composition powder having a mesh size of 150 ⁇ m pass obtained by grinding the composition with a mill in 50 ⁇ L of water. Then, after dropping the suspension on a slide glass, a cover glass was put on the slide glass and lightly crushed to prepare a slide. With a phase-contrast microscope (ECLIPS E80i, manufactured by Nikon Corporation), a typical part in the preparation was polarized and observed at a magnification of 200 times, and the number of starch grain structures in the field of view was grasped.
- ECLIPS E80i phase-contrast microscope
- each composition after cooking was allowed to stand on a paper plate and allowed to stand at room temperature (20 ° C.) for 10 minutes.
- 10 trained sensory inspectors examined the appearance of each composition after cooking before tasting and the taste at the time of eating from the viewpoint of "matte appearance" about the appearance of each composition before cooking. From the viewpoint of "burning” and “shape disintegration during cooking”, the appearance and taste before and after cooking were comprehensively evaluated from the viewpoint of "comprehensive evaluation” according to the following criteria. Then, the average value of the scores of the 10 sensory inspectors was calculated, and the first decimal place was rounded off to obtain the final score.
- a taste identification test that accurately identifies each taste sample from a total of seven samples prepared one by one and added with two distilled waters.
- the degree of matte appearance is based on the acrylic resin 2 mm thick haze standard plate (haze value 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, manufactured by Murakami Color Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.), and the light on the surface of the composition is used as a guide.
- the degree of scattering was evaluated. Specifically, the haze value is 5% (low cloudiness, incident light is reflected almost linearly, and the matte feeling is relatively weak) to 30% haze value (high cloudiness, incident light is reflected in all directions).
- the degree of light scattering on the surface of the composition under visible light was evaluated using a standard plate (which has a relatively strong matte feeling) as an index.
- surface light scattering is 20% or more and less than 30% haze value
- “the degree of light scattering on the surface of the composition is equal to or larger than that of the standard plate (haze value 20%) and is higher than that of the standard plate (haze value 30%)". It means that it was evaluated as "low”.
- 5 Surface light scattering under visible light is larger than a haze value of 30%, and a matte feeling is strongly recognized. 4: The surface light scattering under visible light has a haze value of 20% or more and less than 30%, and a matte feeling is recognized.
- the surface light scattering under visible light is a haze value of 10% or more and less than 20%, and a matte feeling is slightly recognized.
- the surface light scattering under visible light has a haze value of 5% or more and less than 10%, and almost no matte feeling is observed.
- the present invention can be widely applied to various fields of cooked foods, and its utility value is extremely high.
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Abstract
Description
[項1]押出機を用いて加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物を製造する方法であって、前記押出機が、
モーターによって回転するスクリューと、
前記スクリューの外周を包囲するバレルと、
前記バレルの基部側に取付けられた、食品素材を投入するためのフィーダと、
前記バレルの先端側に取付けられた、混練後の食品素材を成形しながら排出するダイ部とを備え、
前記スクリューが、基部側から先端側にかけて、第1フライト部及び混練部を少なくとも有し、
前記バレルが、前記スクリューの前記混練部の先端側の位置にベント部を有する、押出機であると共に、
前記方法が、下記(i)~(iv)の段階を含む製造方法。
(i)不溶性食物繊維の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、でんぷんの含有量が湿潤質量換算で10.0質量%以上、タンパク質の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、乾量基準含水率が25質量%超の組成物を調製する段階、
(ii)段階(i)の調製後の組成物を、前記第1フライト部から前記混練部にかけて加温させ、前記混練部において与圧条件下で温度100℃以上200℃以下とし、SME値350kJ/kg以上で混練する段階、
(iii)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部における与圧状態から、前記ベント部において大気圧以下まで減圧する段階、及び
(iv)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物の糊化度を混練部以降で6質量%以上低下させる段階。
[項2]前記ベント部と前記ダイ部が一体的に設けられる、項1に記載の製造方法。
[項3]前記スクリューが、前記混練部の先端側に第2フライト部を更に有し、前記ベント部が前記第2フライト部の前半部に対応する前記バレル上の位置に設けられる、項1に記載の製造方法。
[項4]段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部から前記ダイ部にかけて20℃以上降温させる、項1~3の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項5]前記第2フライト部先端側終点とダイ部との間にフロー遅滞構造を有する、項3又は4に記載の製造方法。
[項6]前記混練部における前記バレル内壁に溝状構造が形成された領域が、前記混練部全長の30%以下である、項1~5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項7]前記混練部から前記第2フライト部及び/又は前記ダイ部にかけての何れかの位置に、冷却設備が設けられてなる、項3~6の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項8]前記第1フライト部の基部側起点から前記第1フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝深さよりも、前記第1フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝深さの方が浅い、項1~7の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項9]前記第2フライト部の基部側起点から前記第2フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝深さよりも、前記第2フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝深さの方が浅い、項3~8の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項10]前記第2フライト部の基部側起点から第2フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝ピッチよりも、前記第2フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝ピッチの方が大きい、項3~9の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項11]段階(i)の組成物に含まれるでんぷんが、乾量基準含水率25質量%以上の含水条件下で80℃以上で加熱された食用植物に由来するでんぷんである、項1~10の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項12]前記製造方法により得られる加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物に対して下記処理Aを加えた後に超音波処理をした場合の粒子径分布d90が450μm以下である、項1~11の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[処理A]
組成物6質量%の水懸濁液を、0.4容量%のプロテアーゼ及び0.02質量%のα-アミラーゼによって、20℃で3日間処理する。
[項13]段階(i)の組成物の調製が、押出機投入前の原材料に予め加水することを含む、項1~12の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項14]段階(i)の組成物の調製が、押出機に原材料を投入後、押出機内の原材料に加水することを含む、項1~12の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項15]段階(i)において、押出機内の原材料が乾量基準含水率25質量%以下の状態で90℃以上の高温に曝露されない、項14に記載の製造方法。
[項16]段階(ii)の混練後における組成物のでんぷん糊化度が30質量%以上である、項1~15の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項17]段階(iii)の減圧を前記ベント部からの強制排気により行う、項1~16の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項18]段階(ii)の混練後又は段階(iii)の減圧後における組成物が下記(a)及び/又は(b)を充足する、項1~17の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
(a)組成物の粉砕物の6%懸濁液を観察した場合に認められるでんぷん粒構造が、300個/mm2以下である。
(b)ラピッドビスコアナライザを用いて14質量%の組成物粉砕物水スラリーを50℃から140℃まで昇温速度12.5℃/分で昇温して測定した場合の糊化ピーク温度が120℃未満である。
[項19]段階(iv)の糊化度低下後における組成物のでんぷん糊化度が90質量%以下である、項1~18の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項20]前記組成物が食用植物を含有する、項1~19の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項21]前記組成物中の総でんぷん含量に対する、食用植物に含有された状態のでんぷん含量の比率が、30質量%以上である、項20に記載の製造方法。
[項22]前記食用植物が豆類である、項20又は21に記載の製造方法。
[項23]豆類が、エンドウ属、インゲンマメ属、キマメ属、ササゲ属、ソラマメ属、ヒヨコマメ属、ダイズ属及びヒラマメ属から選ばれる1種以上の豆類である、項22に記載の製造方法。
[項24]豆類を乾燥質量換算で50質量%以上含有する、項22又は23に記載の製造方法。
[項25]前記組成物が膨化物ではない、項1~24の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項26](v)前記段階(iii)又は(iv)の後、得られた組成物を粉砕し、粉砕組成物とする段階を更に含む、項1~25の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[項27](vi)前記段階(v)の後、得られた粉砕組成物を凝集し、粉砕組成物凝集体とする段階を更に含む、項26に記載の製造方法。
[項28]前記段階(v)で得られた粉砕組成物及び/又は段階(vi)で得られた粉砕組成物凝集体を、乾燥質量換算で5質量%以上含むように段階(i)の組成物に配合することを更に含む、項26又は27に記載の製造方法。
(押出機の構成)
押出機(エクストルーダー)としては、代表的には一軸押出機と二軸押出機とが挙げられるが、本発明の製造方法では、一軸押出機を使用することが好ましい。また、一般に押出機と称される装置(特に海外で「extruder」又は「single screw extruder」等と称される装置)には、単なるミキサーやニーダー機能を有するに過ぎない押出装置も含まれるが、斯かる押出装置は、本発明の製造方法の特徴の一つとなる強混練を得られないため、本発明の製造方法によって得られるはずの特徴的な組成物構造を形成することが困難となってしまい、好ましくない。
本発明の押出機に使用されるスクリューは、前述のように、長尺状のスクリューであって、基部側端部と先端側端部とを有し、基部側端部がモーターの回転軸に連結されて回転駆動されるように構成される。
本発明で使用される前記第1の態様の押出機のスクリューにおいて、第1フライト部とは、大部分の混練部(望ましくは全部の混練部)及び全部の第2フライト部に対して基部側(モーター側)に存在する、周表面にスクリューフライトが形成された領域を指す。また、前記第2の態様の押出機のスクリューにおいて、第1フライト部とは、大部分の混練部(望ましくは全部の混練部)に対して基部側(モーター側)に存在する、周表面にスクリューフライトが形成された領域を指す。本発明の製造方法において、第1フライト部は、スクリューの回転に伴って組成物を先端側に搬送しつつ、任意でヒーターを用いて組成物を加温することにより、組成物中のでんぷん粒を加温によって加水膨潤させる機能を有する。
本発明で使用される前記第1の態様の押出機のスクリューにおいて、混練部は、その大部分(好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは90%以上、特に好ましくは100%)が第1フライト部と第2フライト部との中間に存在する、公知の混練用の構造(具体例としては、マドック混合部、イーガン混合部、ブリスターリング混合部、ピン混合部、ダルメージ混合部、サクソン混合部、パイナップル形混合部、溝穴付きスクリュー混合部(後述)、キャビティ移動型混合部、又はこれらの組み合わせなどが挙げられる。)を指す。また、前記第2の態様の押出機のスクリューにおいて、混練部は、その大部分(好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは90%以上、特に好ましくは100%)が第1フライト部に対して先端側に存在する、公知の混練用の構造を指す。本発明で使用されるスクリューにおいて、混練部は、ヒーターを用いて組成物を加温することにより、与圧下における高温強混練によってでんぷん粒を損傷できるように、組成物流を分断して混練する機能を有する。
本発明で使用される前記第1の態様の押出機のスクリューにおいて、第2フライト部とは、全部の第1フライト部及び大部分の混練部(望ましくは全部の混練部)に対して先端側(押出側)に任意で存在する、周表面にスクリューフライトが形成された領域を指す。本発明の製造方法において、第2フライト部は、混練部から搬送される組成物を、ベント部により急激に圧力低下した状態で、スクリューの回転に伴って先端側のダイ部に向かって搬送しながら、でんぷん粒構造が崩壊した組成物を発熱しにくいように均質化してでんぷんのマトリクス構造を形成させつつ、任意でクーラーを用いて組成物温度を低下させることにより、急速な冷却を行うことで組成物表面付近のでんぷんを局所的に老化させる機能を有する。
また、本発明においては、前記第1の態様の押出機の場合は第2フライト部先端側終点とダイ部との間の位置、前記第2の態様の押出機の場合は混練部先端側終点とダイ部との間の位置に、フロー遅滞構造を設けることが好ましい。特に前記第1の態様の押出機では、フロー遅滞構造を設けることで、第2フライト部において老化して粘性が向上した組成物を安定的に排出することができ、好ましい。また、第2フライト部を有さない第2の態様の押出機でも、フロー遅滞構造を設けることで、押し出しが安定するという効果が得られる場合があるため、好ましい。また、第1の態様、第2の態様のいずれにおいても、混練部先端側終点付近(好ましくは混練部先端側終点直後)にフロー遅滞構造を設けることで、混練部における圧力が高まり、混練効率が向上するため好ましい。本発明において「フロー遅滞構造」とは、当該構造より前のフライト部における内容物の平均フロー速度に対して、内容物のフロー速度を低くする構造である。例えば第1の態様においては第2フライト部における内容物のフロー速度に対して、内容物のフロー速度を低くする構造であり、第2の態様においては第1フライト部における内容物のフロー速度に対して、内容物のフロー速度を低くする構造である。例えば、第2フライト部先端側終点付近のスクリュー溝深やピッチ幅を相対的に大きくすることでフロー速度を低くする構造や、第2フライト部先端側終点付近のバレル内径をそれ以前より相対的に大きくすることでフロー速度を低くする構造や、第2フライト部とは独立した構造として、第1の態様における第2フライト部先端側終点又は第2の態様における混練部先端側終点とダイ部との間の位置に、フロー遅滞構造を配置しフライト構造形成部位のうちフォワードフライト部の一部に穴を開けたり、フォワードフライト部の一部を欠損又は変形させたりする構造(溝穴付きスクリュー構造と称する場合もある)や、フォワードフライト構造と比して相対的にフロー速度が低減されるリバースフライト構造や、成形材料に送りを与えるねじれ角を持たないトーピード構造(例えばスクリュー表面に形成された、スクリューの回転中心とバレル内壁との間の距離の80%以上の半径を有するリング状突起構造)を採用することで、フォワードフライト構造と比してスクリュー回転によって生じるフロー流量を低減させフロー速度を低くする構造を採用することができるが、第1の態様における第2フライト部先端側終点又は第2の態様における混練部先端側終点とダイ部との間の位置にフロー遅滞構造として溝穴付きスクリュー構造またはリバースフライト構造またはトーピード構造を配置することが好ましい。また、スクリュー表面に形成された、スクリューの回転中心とバレル内壁との間の距離の80%以上の半径を有するリング状突起構造であるトーピード構造を採用する場合、2以上の突起構造を連続して配置することでフロー遅滞構造におけるフロー速度を簡単に調整することができるため好ましい。
本発明では、スクリューの第1フライト部及び/又は(前記第1の態様の押出機の場合)第2フライト部に形成されているスクリューフライトの平均ねじ溝深さが、特定の条件を満たすことが好ましい。なお、本発明において「平均ねじ溝深さ」とは、スクリューの回転軸に対する回転中心を含む仮想平行断面(スクリューを長手方向に沿って割断したと想定した仮想断面)における、隣接するねじ山をつないだ仮想線分に対するねじ溝の最深部(回転軸に最も近い軸表面)までの距離を平均した値を意味する。斯かる平均ねじ溝深さは、例えばスクリューの回転軸に沿って45°間隔で回転軸に対する平行断面を複数想定し、各平行断面におけるねじ溝深さを測定し、得られた値を平均することで求めることができる。
本開示では、スクリューの回転軸に対する回転中心を含む仮想平行断面(スクリューを長手方向に沿って割断したと想定した仮想断面)における、隣り合う2つのねじ山同士の間隔をスクリューの「ピッチ」と称する。平均ピッチとは、スクリューのある領域におけるピッチを平均した値を表する。斯かるピッチは、例えばスクリューの回転軸に沿って45°間隔で回転軸に対する平行断面を複数想定し、各平行断面におけるねじ山間のピッチを複数測定し、得られた値を平均することで求めることができる。
バレルは、スクリューの外周を包囲する円筒状の構造体である。本発明に使用されるバレルの構造は、限定されるものではないが、押出し方向に向かうに従って内径が小さくなるテーパ状のバレルよりも、入口の内径と出口の内径が概ね同一径(より好ましくは同一径)であるバレルの方が、洗浄が容易で且つ食品の製造に適した品質となるため好ましい。
フィーダは、バレルの第1フライト部の前半部に取付けられ、このフィーダを通じて、バレル内(バレルとスクリューとの間の空間)に混練対象の食品素材を投入できるように構成される。フィーダについては特に限定されるものではないが、フィーダの内部にスクリュー等を有し、組成物原料を強制排出する機構を有した強制押出型でも、組成物原料を自然落下で供給する自然落下式などを用いる。
ダイ部は、バレルの押出し方向の先端側に取付けられた、押出出口の組成物を連続的に賦形するための金型であり、典型的にはバレル内部から外部にかけて貫通するような1以上の流路を有する。本発明に使用されるダイ部の構造や形状は、特に制限されず任意である。例えば、丸型、四角型、三角型、星型、楕円型、三日月型、半月型、十字型、卍型やそれらの組み合わせ(例えば十字型の交差点に円の中心点を配置したギリシャ十字型と円型を組み合わせたケルト十字状ダイ穴であって、円の直径が十字型の中心点から先端までの距離の3分2以下の半径を有する形状)等が挙げられるが、何れでもよい。また、第2フライト部を設けた前記第1の態様か、第2フライト部を設けずベント部をダイ部と一体化させた前記第2の態様か、或いは更に他の態様かによらず、ダイ部にクーラーを設置することで、組成物を冷却しながら押出成形することができ、組成物中のでんぷんが老化され強固なでんぷんマトリクス構造ができるため好ましい。特にベント部とダイ部が一体的に設けられる前記第2の態様においては、混練部において高温混練された組成物の膨化を防ぐため、ダイ部にクーラーを設置する態様が好ましい。
ベント部は、バレルの混練部先端側の位置、例えば前記第1の態様の押出機の場合は第2フライト部の基部側付近(混練部との境界付近)に取り付けられ、又は、前記第2の態様の押出機の場合はダイ部と一体に設けられ、組成物を大気圧以下の圧力下に曝露する構造を意味する。本発明の製造方法において、特に第2フライト部を設ける前記第1の態様の押出機では、このように混練部から第2フライト部に移動する部位で、ベント部により急激に圧力を低下させることにより、でんぷん粒構造が崩壊した状態の組成物を発熱しにくいように均質化することででんぷんのマトリクス構造を形成させつつ、その直後に第2フライト部で急速な冷却を行うことで、組成物表面付近のでんぷんを局所的に老化させることが可能となる。また、特に第2フライト部を設けない前記第2の態様の押出機では、ベント部とダイ部が一体的に設けられる態様(すなわちダイ部において組成物を大気圧下に開放することでベント部としての役割を兼ね備える構造を採用する場合)では、ベント部の役割を有するダイ部において組成物を大気圧下に開放することで急激に圧力を低下させることにより、でんぷん粒構造が崩壊した状態の組成物とすることができ、その後に押し出し後の組成物に対して急速な冷却(例えばミスト状の水分噴霧によって少量の水分を添加してから揮発させることで、その気化熱によって急速に組成物温度を低下させる方法など)を行うことで、組成物表面付近のでんぷんを局所的に老化させることが可能となる。
バレルの第1フライト部及び混練部にはヒーター(加熱設備)が設けられ、第1フライト部及び混練部においてバレルを加熱して、バレル内部(バレルとスクリューとの間の空間)の温度を調整できるように構成される。ヒーターの構成や配置は限定されないが、バレルの第1フライト部と混練部とを個別に加熱し、所定の温度に調整できるように構成・配置されることが好ましく、バレルの第1フライト部及び混練部の各々について、軸方向に沿った複数の領域を個別に加熱し、所定の温度に調整できるように構成・配置されることが好ましい。また、ヒーターの加熱温度条件についても制限されるものではなく、後述する製造方法の説明において詳述する各部位の温度条件が達成できるように構成されたものであればよい。斯かる押出機用の種々のヒーターは当業者には周知であるが、例えば前述するヒーター設置領域に該当するバレル周表面に電熱線やスチーム配管等のヒーターを設置して間接的に作用させるジャケット方式やダイレクトヒート方式(エアージャケット方式)、バレル内における組成物に加熱水蒸気等を吹き込んで直接的に作用させるスチーム加熱方式等を採用することができるが、組成物中のマトリクス構造保持の観点から間接的に作用させる方式(ジャケット方式等)が好ましい。また、ジャケット方式を採用する場合、速やかに温度の調整ができ、マトリクス構造形成に有利な電熱線を採用することが好ましい。
第2フライト部を設ける前記第1の態様の押出機では、バレルの第2フライト部及び/又はダイ部にはクーラー(冷却設備)が設けられ、第2フライト部及び/又はダイ部においてバレルを冷却して、バレル内部(バレルとスクリューとの間の空間)を通過する組成物温度を調整できるように構成されることが好ましい。本発明ではこうしたクーラーをバレルの第2フライト部及び/又はダイ部に有する押出機を用いることで、組成物中のでんぷんが老化され強固なでんぷんマトリクス構造ができるため好ましい。
本発明の製造方法により製造される加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物の組成及び特性は以下のとおりである。
・用語の定義:
本発明において「加熱調理」とは、一般的に、火やマイクロ波を用いて直接的に、又は、水や空気等の媒体を通じて間接的に、食品に熱を加えることで、食品の温度を上げる調理方法をいう。一般的には、約70℃以上、典型的には80℃~180℃程度の加熱温度で、例えば1分以上60分以内の時間に亘って調理することを表す。斯かる加熱調理の方法として、例えば、焼く、煮る、炒める、蒸す等を挙げることができるが、本発明における組成物は液中で加熱調理を行った場合に形状が崩れにくいという特性を有する。本発明においては、加熱調理が特に水を主体(過半含有)とする液中で加熱調理する組成物であることが好ましく、ひいては本発明の組成物が液中加熱調理後に喫食する液中加熱調理用組成物であることが特に好ましい。
本発明の組成物は、液中で加熱調理中に形状が崩壊しにくいと共に、マット感が高く、外観に優れていることを特徴の一つとする。なお、本発明において「マット感」とは、可視光線下でも組成物表面における光散乱(表面光散乱とも称する)が大きく、重厚感に溢れた外観を有することを意味する。すなわち、入射光が四方八方に反射され(光散乱)、表面におけるツヤが抑制されたマット感の高い質感となる。
本発明の組成物は、水中における成分溶出が抑制された性質を有することから、特に成分が溶出しやすい調理環境である液中(特に水中)での加熱調理に供されることが好ましい。例えば加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物がペースト組成物、より具体的には麺やパスタ等の麺線又は麺帯状組成物であった場合、喫食のために水中における加熱調理(例えば90℃以上の水中で5分以上)された後においても、喫食が可能な形状が保持されるような性質を有するため、麺やパスタ等の麺線又は麺帯状組成物であることが好ましい。
本発明の組成物は、乾燥状態の乾燥組成物とすることができる。特に、後述する保水処理を行いつつ乾燥状態の組成物とすることで、マットな外観を有しつつ喫食性に優れた組成物となるため有用である。
従来の加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物のうち、特にロングパスタ等の細長く成型された組成物とすることができる。
本発明の組成物の組成は特に制限されないが、少なくとも1種の食用植物を含むことが好ましい。食用植物の種類は特に制限されないが、少なくとも1種の乾燥食用植物、即ち、乾量基準含水率が25%未満、好ましくは20%未満、更に好ましくは15%未満であり、且つ、水分活性値が0.85以下、好ましくは0.80以下、更に好ましくは0.75以下である食用植物を含むことが好ましい。また、食用植物としては、微細化・粉末化したものを用いることが好ましい。また、具体的な食用植物としては、少なくとも1種の豆類を含むことが好ましい。豆類を原料とする場合については後に詳述する。但し、本発明の組成物の組成はこれに制限されるものではなく、後述する各種特性が満たされる限りにおいて、豆類以外の食用植物や、その他の原料を併用してもよい。本発明の組成物の原料となる豆類や食用植物等の詳細は別途説明する。
本発明の組成物は、不溶性食物繊維を含有する。本発明において「不溶性食物繊維」とは、人の消化酵素で消化されない食品中の難消化性成分のうち、水に不溶のものを指す。その定量には、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、プロスキー変法を用いて測定する。本発明の組成物は、不溶性食物繊維の含量が多い場合でも、ボソボソとした食感の組成物とならないため有用である。その原因は定かではないが、高温高圧高混練処理により、組成物中の食物繊維が、でんぷん、タンパク質と相互作用してネットワーク構造を形成することで、不溶性食物繊維の食感が改善されている可能性がある。
本発明の組成物は、でんぷんを含有する。特に、本発明の組成物は、でんぷんを所定割合以上含有することで、加熱調理後の吸水に伴って弾性が感じられるという効果が得られやすくなる。その原因は定かではないが、高温高圧高混練処理により、組成物中のでんぷんのうち、比較的分子量の大きい画分がネットワーク構造を形成することで、その結果として前記効果を奏している可能性がある。
本発明の組成物中のでんぷん糊化度は、所定値以上であることが、組成物の成型性の観点から好ましい。具体的に、本発明の組成物中のでんぷん糊化度は、通常30質量%以上、中でも40質量%以上、更には50質量%以上、とりわけ60質量%以上、特に70質量%以上であることが好ましい。糊化度の上限は特に制限されないが、あまりに高すぎるとでんぷんが分解し、組成物がべたべたした好ましくない品質となる場合がある。よって、糊化度の上限は99質量%以下、中でも95質量%以下、更には90質量%以下であることが好ましい。
本発明の組成物は、タンパク質を含有する。特に、本発明の組成物は、タンパク質を所定割合以上含有することで、加熱調理後の歯ごたえが向上すると共に、ゴムのような食感が抑えられ、歯通りが良い食感になるという効果が得られやすくなる。その原因は定かではないが、高温高圧高混練処理により、組成物中にでんぷんがマトリクス状に広がり、その構造中で主にタンパク質から構成されると考えられる凝集構造が好ましい形状、大きさに発達し、食物繊維がその形状、大きさの発達を助けるといった相互作用によって従来知られたグルテンをはじめとするタンパク質ネットワークとは全く異なる構造を形成することで、その結果として本発明の効果を奏している可能性がある。
本発明の組成物中の全油脂分含量は、制限されるものではないが、乾燥質量換算で、通常17質量%未満、中でも15質量%未満、更には13質量%未満、とりわけ10質量%未満、又は8質量%未満、又は7質量%未満、又は6質量%未満、又は5質量%未満、又は4質量%未満、又は3質量%未満、又は2質量%未満、又は1質量%未満、特に0.8質量%未満とすることが好ましい。一方、斯かる全油脂分含量の下限は、特に制限されるものではないが、乾燥質量換算で、通常0.01質量%以上であることが好ましい。なお、本発明において、組成物中の全油脂分含量は、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、ジエチルエーテルによるソックスレー抽出法で測定する。
本発明の組成物は、乾量基準含水率が所定値以下であることが好ましい。具体的に、本発明の組成物中の乾量基準含水率は、制限されるものではないが、例えば60質量%以下、又は55質量%以下、中でも50質量%以下、又は45質量%以下、又は40質量%以下、又は35質量%以下、又は30質量%以下、又は25質量%以下、又は20質量%以下、又は15質量%以下であってもよい。一方、本発明の組成物中の乾量基準含水率の下限は、制限されるものではないが、工業上の生産効率という観点から、例えば0.5質量%以上、或いは1質量%以上、或いは2質量%以上とすることができる。なお、本発明の組成物中の乾量基準含水率は、組成物の各種成分に由来するものであってもよいが、更に添加された水に由来するものであってもよい。また、加工前の生地組成物中に含有される乾量基準含水率が高い場合に、乾燥処理などを採用することで前述の数値に調整する工程を採用することができる。
本発明の組成物の原料は、本発明において規定する各種の成分組成及び物性を達成しうる限り、特に制限されるものではない。しかし、原料としては、1種又は2種以上の食用植物を用いることが好ましく、食用植物として少なくとも豆類を含有することが好ましい。
本発明の組成物に豆類を用いる場合、使用する豆類の種類は、限定されるものではないが、例としては、エンドウ属、インゲンマメ属、キマメ属、ササゲ属、ソラマメ属、ヒヨコマメ属、ダイズ属、及びヒラマメ属から選ばれる1種以上の豆類であることが好ましい。具体例としては、これらに限定されるものではないが、エンドウ(特に黄色エンドウ、白エンドウ等。)、インゲン(隠元)、キドニー・ビーン、赤インゲン、白インゲン、ブラック・ビーン、うずら豆、とら豆、ライマメ、ベニバナインゲン、キマメ、緑豆、ササゲ、アズキ、ソラマメ、ダイズ、ヒヨコマメ、レンズマメ、ヒラ豆、ブルーピー、紫花豆、レンティル、ラッカセイ、ルピナス豆、グラスピー、イナゴマメ(キャロブ)、ネジレフサマメノキ、ヒロハフサマメノキ、コーヒー豆、カカオ豆、メキシコトビマメ等が挙げられる。その他例示されていない食材の分類は、その食材や食材の加工品を取り扱う当業者であれば、当然に理解することが可能である。具体的には、一般家庭における日常生活面においても広く利用されている日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に記載の食品群分類(249頁、表1)を参照することで明確に理解することができる。なお、これらの豆類は、1種を単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を任意の組合せで用いてもよい。
本発明の組成物は、任意の1又は2以上のその他の食材を含んでいてもよい。斯かる食材の例としては、植物性食材(野菜類、芋類、きのこ類、果実類、藻類、穀類、種実類等)、動物性食材(魚介類、肉類、卵類、乳類等)、微生物性食品等が挙げられる。これら食材の含有量は、本発明の目的を損なわない範囲内で適宜設定することができる。
本発明の組成物は、任意の1又は2以上の調味料、食品添加物等を含んでいてもよい。調味料、食品添加物等の例としては、醤油、味噌、アルコール類、糖類(例えばブドウ糖、ショ糖、果糖、ブドウ糖果糖液糖、果糖ブドウ糖液糖等)、糖アルコール(例えばキシリトール、エリスリトール、マルチトール等)、人工甘味料(例えばスクラロース、アスパルテーム、サッカリン、アセスルファムK等)、ミネラル(例えばカルシウム、カリウム、ナトリウム、鉄、亜鉛、マグネシウム等、及びこれらの塩類等)、香料、pH調整剤(例えば水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、乳酸、クエン酸、酒石酸、リンゴ酸及び酢酸等)、シクロデキストリン、酸化防止剤(例えばビタミンE、ビタミンC、茶抽出物、生コーヒー豆抽出物、クロロゲン酸、香辛料抽出物、カフェ酸、ローズマリー抽出物、ビタミンCパルミテート、ルチン、ケルセチン、ヤマモモ抽出物、ゴマ抽出物等)、乳化剤(例としてはグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、酢酸モノグリセリド、乳酸モノグリセリド、クエン酸モノグリセリド、ジアセチル酒石酸モノグリセリド、コハク酸モノグリセリド、ポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、ポリグリセリン縮合リノシール酸エステル、キラヤ抽出物、ダイズサポニン、チャ種子サポニン、ショ糖脂肪酸エステル、レシチン等)、着色料、増粘安定剤等が挙げられる。
本発明の一態様によれば、本発明の組成物は、前記手順で凍結切片化して得られる凍結切片を観察した場合に、切断面における組成物外周の所定割合に沿って、所定値以上の平均厚みを有する平滑部が認められることも好ましい。こうした物性を有する場合、本発明の組成物は、加熱調理時に組成物から成分流出しにくい組成物となる。その理由は定かではないが、組成物の外周付近に組成物の内部と比べて比較的スムースに切断可能な特性を有する構造が存在すると、組成物を凍結切片化する際に平滑部となって観察されるものと考えられる。
本発明の組成物は、膨化食品(特に膨化により密度比重が1.0未満となる膨化食品)ではないことが好ましい。なお、本発明の組成物の製造に際しては、高温高圧化で混練後、通常は圧力を印加したまま膨化を防止しつつ降温してから、圧力を大気圧程度まで減圧することにより、本発明の組成物を得ることができる。
(1)概要:
本発明の製造方法は、前述した本発明の押出機を用いて、前述した本発明の組成物を製造する方法である。
(i)不溶性食物繊維の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、でんぷんの含有量が湿潤質量換算で10.0質量%以上、タンパク質の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、乾量基準含水率が25%超の組成物を調製する段階、
(ii)段階(i)の組成物を、前記第1フライト部から前記混練部にかけて加温させ、前記混練部において与圧条件下で温度100℃以上200℃以下とし、SME値350kJ/kg以上で混練する段階、
(iii)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部における与圧状態から、前記ベント部において大気圧以下まで減圧する段階
(iv)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物の糊化度を、前記混練部以降で6質量%以上低下させる段階。
以下、斯かる本発明の製造方法について詳細に説明する。
本段階(i)では、本発明の組成物の原料となる食材、例えば豆類と、任意により用いられるその他の食材とを混合することにより、本発明の組成物の元となる組成物(これを適宜「生地組成物」と称する。)を調製する。なお、生地組成物(単に「生地」又は「ペースト生地組成物」と称する場合がある)の性状は食材が水によって一部又は全部が一体化した性状であれば良く、液体状であってもよく、ゾル状であってもよく、ゲル状であってもよく、固体状であってもよい。また、パン生地のような可塑性を有する性状であってもよく、そぼろ状のような可塑性を有さない性状であってもよい。斯かる生地組成物の調製法は特に制限されないが、前述した本発明の組成物の原料、例えば1種又は2種以上の食用植物(好ましくは少なくとも1種又は2種以上の豆類と、任意によりその他の1種又は2種以上の食用植物)と、任意により1種又は2種以上のその他の原料とを混合し、これを生地組成物として用いることができる。また、生地組成物の調製は、押出機投入前にあらかじめ原材料に加水する方法で段階(i)の組成物が調製される方法(すなわち、あらかじめ段階(i)の生地組成物を調製した後にフィーダに投入する態様)であってもよく、押出機内で原材料に加水する方法で段階(i)の組成物が調製される方法(すなわち、フィーダに原材料(豆類など)を乾量基準含水率が25質量%以下の状態(例えば粉末状態)で投入し、第1フライト部において搬送しながら水分を投入することで段階(i)の生地組成物を調製する態様)であってもよく、これらを組み合わせた方法であってもよい。また、押出機内で原材料に加水する方法で段階(i)の組成物を調製する方法において、押出機内の原材料が乾量基準含水率が25質量%未満(又は30質量%未満、又は35質量%未満、又は40質量%未満)の状態で90℃以上(又は95℃、又は100℃)の高温に曝露されていないことで、でんぷんが熱分解しにくくなるため好ましい。
ここで、生地組成物は、以下に説明する種々の成分組成を満たすように調製することが好ましい。
生地組成物の原料となるでんぷんとしては、あらかじめ糊化されたでんぷんを使用することで、糊化工程(後述する段階(ii))が容易になるため好ましい。具体的には、糊化工程前の段階(段階(i))における組成物中のでんぷん糊化度が一定以上であることが好ましい。具体的には10質量%以上、中でも20質量%以上、更には30質量%以上、又は30質量%以上、又は40質量%以上、又は50質量%以上、又は60質量%以上、又は70質量%以上、又は80質量%以上、又は90質量%以上であることが好ましい。上限は特に制限されないが通常100質量%以下である。
また、本発明の組成物として、前述したでんぷん分解酵素活性が所定値以下の組成物を得るためには、本段階(i)における生地組成物の原料として、でんぷん分解酵素活性が所定値より低くなるように加工されたでんぷん又はこれを含む食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いることが好ましい。具体的には、でんぷん又はこれを含む食用植物(例えば豆類)を含有する生地組成物のでんぷん分解酵素活性が、乾燥質量換算で60.0U/g以下となるようにそれら原料を使用することができる。中でも50.0U/g以下、又は40.0U/g以下、又は30.0U/g以下を使用することができる。一方、斯かる割合の下限は、特に制限されるものではないが、通常0.0U/g以上である。食用植物(例えば豆類)におけるでんぷん分解酵素は耐熱性が非常に強いため、でんぷん分解酵素活性が低い食用植物を得るための加工方法としては、乾燥基準含水率50質量%以上の環境下において所定の温度以上で加熱処理を行うことが好ましい。具体的には、100℃以上であることが好ましい。中でも110℃以上、特に120℃以上であることが望ましい。一方、斯かる温度の上限は、特に制限されるものではないが、通常200℃未満である。加熱時間については、でんぷん分解酵素活性が所定値に調整されるまで任意で設定できるが、通常0.1分以上である。
また、本発明の組成物として、本段階(i)における生地組成物の原料として、PDI値が所定値より低くなるように加工されたタンパク質又はこれを含む食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いることが好ましい。具体的には、生地組成物の原料として用いられるタンパク質又はこれを含む食用植物(例えば豆類)のPDI値が、90質量%未満であることが好ましい。中でも85質量%未満、更には80質量%未満、とりわけ75質量%未満、又は70質量%未満、又は65質量%未満、又は60質量%未満、又は55質量%未満、又は50質量%未満、又は45質量%未満、又は40質量%未満、又は35質量%未満、又は30質量%未満、又は25質量%未満、又20質量%未満、又15質量%未満、特には10質量%未満であることが望ましい。一方、斯かる割合の下限は、特に制限されるものではないが、通常0質量%以上、更には2質量%以上、中でも4質量%以上である。
また、生地組成物の原料として食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いる場合、混練処理では不溶性食物繊維の形状は大きく変化しないため、斯かる食用植物(例えば豆類)に由来する不溶性食物繊維は、所定のサイズを有することが好ましい。ここで、通常漫然と破砕された豆類粉末における不溶性食物繊維サイズは450μm超となる蓋然性が高い(豆類に含有される不溶性食物繊維の形状は通常棒状であり、本発明のレーザー回折式粒度分布測定では大きめの値が得られるため。)。従って、本発明に用いる食材(特に種皮付きの豆類など、硬質組織を含有する食材)に含まれる不溶性食物繊維は、予め特定の破砕処理を行い、そのサイズが特定範囲となっているものを用いることが好ましい。具体的には、組成物に含まれる不溶性食物繊維について前述したのと同様、食用植物(例えば豆類)の水懸濁液をプロテアーゼ及びアミラーゼ処理し、でんぷんとタンパク質を酵素によって分解したでんぷん・タンパク質分解処理後組成物について、超音波処理を加えた後の粒子径分布を測定する方法を用いる。具体的には、食用植物の粉末の6質量%の水懸濁液を、0.4容量%のプロテアーゼ及び0.02質量%のα-アミラーゼにより20℃で3日間処理する(前記[手順b])ことによりでんぷん・タンパク質分解処理を実施した後、得られた処理物に超音波処理を加えてから粒子径分布を測定し、粒子径(d90及び/又はd50)すればよい。こうした処理によって、食用植物の構成成分のうちでんぷん及びタンパク質が分解され、得られる分解物の粒子径分布は、不溶性食物繊維を主体とする構造の粒子径分布を反映しているものと考えられる。
また、生地組成物の原料として食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いる場合、混練処理では食物繊維形状は大きく変化しないため、斯かる食用植物(例えば豆類)に含まれる不溶性食物繊維は、所定の形状を有することが好ましい。具体的には、組成物に含まれる不溶性食物繊維について前述したのと同様、食用植物(例えば豆類)の水懸濁液をプロテアーゼ及びアミラーゼ処理し、でんぷん及びタンパク質を酵素分解したでんぷん・タンパク質分解処理物(具体的には、前記[手順b]によりでんぷん・タンパク質分解処理を施した処理物)をCFW(Calcofluor White)染色し、蛍光顕微鏡観察した場合に、CFW被染色部位の最長径平均値及び/又はアスペクト比平均値が、それぞれ所定値以下であることが好ましい。こうして得られたCFW被染色部位は、不溶性食物繊維主体の構造を有しているものと考えられる。具体的に、上記手順で測定された食用植物(例えば豆類)中のCFW被染色部位の最長径の算術平均値は、通常450μm以下、中でも400μm以下、又は350μm以下、又は300μm以下、又は250μm以下、又は200μm以下、又は150μm以下、又は100μm以下、又は80μm以下、更には60μm以下、特に50μm以下であることが好ましい。斯かるCFW被染色部位の最長径の平均値が前記範囲を超えると、本発明の効果が奏されにくくなる場合がある。その理由は定かではないが、大きな最長径を有する不溶性食物繊維がでんぷん等のマトリクス構造形成を阻害し、本発明の効果が奏されにくくなるためと考えられる。一方、斯かるCFW被染色部位最長径の算術平均値の下限は、特に制限されるものではないが、通常2μm以上、より好ましくは3μm以上であることが好ましい。
本発明において、生地組成物の原料として食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いる場合、斯かる食用植物は微細化・粉末化したものを用いることが好ましい。微細化・粉末化処理の手段や条件は特に限定されない。具体的に、微細化・粉末化処理時の温度は特に制限されないが、粉末が高温に曝されると、本発明の組成物の弾性が低下しやすくなるため、例えば200℃以下の温度で乾燥されることが好ましい。但し、食用植物として豆類を用いる場合、豆類の状態で加温した後に粉砕を行う方法であれば、熱負荷が軽減されるため、その温度は特に制限されない。また、微細化・粉末化処理時の圧力も制限されず、高圧粉砕、常圧粉砕、低圧粉砕の何れであってもよい。斯かる微細化処理のための装置の例としては、ブレンダー、ミキサー、ミル機、混練機、粉砕機、解砕機、磨砕機等の機器類が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。具体的には、例えば、乾式ビーズミル、ボールミル(転動式、振動式等)等の媒体攪拌ミル、ジェットミル、高速回転型衝撃式ミル(ピンミル等)、ロールミル、ハンマーミル等を用いることができる。
本発明において、生地組成物の原料として、でんぷん及び/又はタンパク質を含む食用植物(例えば豆類)を用いる場合、斯かる食用植物は、前処理として予め、水を含む条件で加熱されたものを用いてもよい。特に、乾量基準含水率が一定値以上の環境下で加熱(湿潤加熱)されたものを用いると、最終的な加熱調理用組成物中の構造が形成されやすくなる場合があるため好ましい。
生地組成物全体の粒子径は、原料として好ましく用いられる前述の食用植物(例えば豆類)粉末と同様の大きさであることが好ましい。具体的には、生地組成物全体の粒子径を測定する場合には、組成物試料1cm四方程度の塊を80℃の粒子径分布時測定溶媒(例えばエタノール)50mlに浸漬し、5分程度静置し、その後、スパーテルで押しつぶしながらよく攪拌し、液中に懸濁させ、目開き2.36mm、線径(Wire Dia.)1.0mm8メッシュの篩を通過した溶液(単に懸濁液と称する場合がある)を測定に用い、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置を用いて超音波処理後の粒子径を測定する。超音波処理後の粒子径d90は、通常500μm以下が好ましく、中でも450μm以下、又は400μm以下、又は350μm以下、又は300μm以下、又は250μm以下、又は200μm以下、又は150μm以下、又は100μm以下、又は90μm以下、又は80μm以下、又は70μm以下、又は60μm以下、又は50μm以下がより好ましい。また、超音波処理後の粒子径d50は、通常500μm以下が好ましく、中でも450μm以下、又は400μm以下、又は350μm以下、又は300μm以下、又は250μm以下、又は200μm以下、又は150μm以下、又は100μm以下、又は90μm以下、又は80μm以下、又は70μm以下、又は60μm以下、又は50μm以下がより好ましい。d90及びd50の下限は特に制限されないが、何れも通常0.3μm以上、又は1μm以上である。
前記段階(i)で得られた生地組成物を与圧条件下、所定の高温条件下で一定以上の強さで混練する。このように高温条件で強混練することで、組成物中の澱粉粒構造が適切に加水膨潤することで破壊されやすくなり、本発明の効果が奏される。特に、一定の高温加圧条件下で混練を行うことがより好ましい。
Nmax:最大スクリュー回転数(rpm)
τ:混練時トルク/最大トルク(%)
τempty:空回し時トルク/最大トルク(%)
Q:総質量流量(kg/時間)
Pmax:撹拌機(例えば押出機)最大パワー(kW)
(a)組成物の粉砕物の6%懸濁液を観察した場合に認められるでんぷん粒構造が、300個/mm2以下となる。
(b)ラピッドビスコアナライザを用いて14質量%の組成物粉砕物水スラリーを50℃から140℃まで昇温速度12.5℃/分で昇温して測定した場合の糊化ピーク温度が120℃未満となる。
本段階では、前記段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部における与圧状態から、ベント部において大気圧以下まで減圧する。このように、ベント部により急激に圧力を低下させることにより、でんぷん粒構造が崩壊した状態の組成物を発熱しにくいように均質化することで、でんぷんのマトリクス構造を形成させつつ、その直後に第2フライト部及び/又はダイ部(前記第1の態様の押出機の場合)やダイ部・ベント部(前記第2の態様の押出機の場合)で急速な冷却を行うことで、組成物表面付近のでんぷんを局所的に老化させることが可能となる。また、ベント部は、大気圧下に開放されることでバレル内部を大気圧まで減圧する構造であってもよいが、当該ベント部に強制排気機構を有することで、組成物における水分の一部を強制的に揮発させ、組成物を速やかに降温させつつ、マトリクス構造中の気泡を除去することでより強固なマトリクス構造を形成することができるためより好ましい。強制排気に際して採用することができる機構については前述と同様である。
また、前記段階(iii)と並行して、又は前記段階(iii)の後に、前記段階(ii)の混練後の組成物の糊化度を一定以上低下させる段階を有することで、組成物表面付近のでんぷんを局所的に老化させることが可能となり、よりマット感が強い組成物となるため好ましい。本発明ではこの段階を「老化処理」の段階という場合がある。
なお、前記の老化を促進するための手段の一例として、前記(i)~(iii)の何れかの段階において水分を添加し、加工前の生地組成物の乾量基準含水率を所定割合以上に調整する方法を用いることができる。具体的には、組成物の乾量基準含水率を、通常25質量%超、中でも30質量%超、又は35質量%超、又は40質量%超、又は45質量%超、又は50質量%超、又は55質量%超、又は60質量%超、又は65質量%超、又は70質量%超、又は75質量%超、特に80質量%超とすることが好ましい。組成物の乾量基準含水率の上限は、特に制限されないが、例えば通常200質量%以下、又は175質量%以下、又は150質量%以下とすることができる。
本発明の製造方法では、以上の段階のうち少なくとも段階(ii)及び(iii)、更に任意により段階(i)及び/又は段階(iv)の一部又は全部を、前述した本発明の特定の押出機(より好ましくは一軸押出機)を用いて行うことが好ましい。
本発明の製造方法では、押出機の総質量流量を一定以上に保ちつつ、押出機のダイ部の出口温度設定を低下させることで、組成物の糊化が促進されるためより好ましい。それらの条件は、押出機の出口圧力が一定以上となるように適宜調整すればよいが、具体例としては以下の通りである。
以上の段階を経ることにより、本発明の組成物を得ることができるが、更に後処理を加えてもよい。後処理としては、例えば成型処理、乾燥処理等が挙げられる。乾燥処理については後述する。
さらに、段階(iv)の後に、組成物の乾量基準含水率を一定以下とする段階(乾燥処理段階)を更に含むことで、組成物中の品質変化が抑制され、品質が保持された組成物となるため好ましい。本発明ではこの段階を「乾燥処理」の段階という場合がある。具体的には、乾燥処理段階の前後で乾量基準含水率が5%以上低下する(すなわち、「(乾燥処理前の組成物における当該比率-乾燥処理後組成物における当該比率)/乾燥処理前の組成物における当該比率」で規定される低下割合が一定以上の数値となる)ことが好ましい。中でも10%以上、更には15%以上、とりわけ20%以上、又は25%以上、又は30%以上、又は35%以上、又は40%以上、又は45%以上、特に50%以上とすることが好ましい。上限は特に制限されないが、例えば通常100%以下、又は95%以下とすることができる。特に、段階(iv)の老化処理段階の後に乾燥処理段階を更に含むことで、段階(iv)で形成された表面付近の老化でんぷんが乾燥処理時の組成物同士の結着が抑制し、生産性が高い組成物となるため好ましい。
なお、本発明の組成物は、これを粉砕して用いてもよい。即ち、前述の本発明の製造方法において、前記段階(iii)の降温後、更に(v)前記組成物を粉砕し、粉砕組成物とする段階を設けてもよい。こうして得られる本発明の組成物の粉砕物(これを適宜「本発明の粉砕組成物」という。)も、本発明の対象となる。本発明の組成物を粉砕して本発明の粉砕組成物とする場合、その粉砕条件は特に制限されず任意であるが、例えば粒子径d50及び/又はd90が50μm以上1000μm以下程度となるように粉砕することが好ましい。
さらに、粉砕組成物及び/又は粉砕組成物凝集体を一定割合原料として本発明の段階(i)における原料として使用することで、あらかじめ熱処理された原料として用いることができ、組成物同士の結着性が改善するため好ましい。即ち、前記段階(v)で得られた粉砕組成物及び/又は段階(vi)で得られた粉砕組成物凝集体を、乾燥質量換算で一定割合含むように段階(i)の組成物に配合してもよい。その下限は特に制限されないが、乾燥質量換算で通常5質量%以上、中でも10質量%以上、更には15質量%以上、特に20質量%以上である。その上限は特に制限されないが、通常100質量%以下、または90質量%以下である。
各実施例及び比較例のでんぷん含有組成物の試料は、所定の組成で調製した組成物を、所定の一軸押出機を用い、所定の条件下で稼動させて混練することにより糊化させ、更に後処理を行って老化させることにより製造した。タンパク質、でんぷんはそれぞれの食材に含有された状態のものを用い、比重の違いなどを利用して分離されたでんぷん、タンパク質高含有画分含量を用いて含量を調整した。
各実施例及び比較例の加工前の原料組成物試料及び加工後の組成物試料それぞれ300mgを、5mLの水と共にプラスチックチューブに入れ、20℃で1時間程度膨潤させた後、小型ヒスコトロンで粥状の物性となるまで処理した(10000rpm、15秒程度)。その後、処理後試料2.5mLを分取し、プロテアーゼ(タカラバイオ社製、proteinase K)10μL、α-アミラーゼ(Sigma社製、α-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis)0.5mgを加え、20℃にて3日間反応させることにより、アミラーゼ及びプロテアーゼ処理を行った。
以上の手順でアミラーゼ及びプロテアーゼ処理を施した各実施例及び比較例の加工前の原料組成物試料及び加工後の組成物試料に対して、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置を用い、以下の条件に従って超音波処理を行ってから粒子径分布を測定した。測定時の溶媒としてはエタノールを用いた。レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置としてはマイクロトラック・ベル株式会社のMicrotrac MT3300 EXIIシステムを用い、測定アプリケーションソフトウェアとしてはDMS2(Data Management System version2、マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社)を用いた。測定に際しては、同ソフトウェアの洗浄ボタンを押下して洗浄を実施したのち、同ソフトウェアのSet zeroボタンを押下してゼロ合わせを実施し、サンプルローディングで試料濃度が適正範囲内に入るまで試料を直接投入した。その後、同ソフトの超音波処理ボタンを押下して超音波処理を行い、3回の脱泡処理を行った上で、再度サンプルローディング処理を行い、濃度が依然として適正範囲であることを確認した。その後、速やかに流速60%で10秒の測定時間でレーザー回折測定を行い、粒子径分布を得た。測定時のパラメーターとしては、例えば分布表示:体積、粒子屈折率:1.60、溶媒屈折率:1.36、測定上限(μm)=2000.00μm、測定下限(μm)=0.021μmとした。得られた粒子径分布から、粒子径d50を算出した。
「でんぷん」については、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、AOAC996.11の方法に従い、80%エタノール抽出処理により、測定値に影響する可溶性炭水化物(ぶどう糖、麦芽糖、マルトデキストリン等)を除去した方法で測定し、「タンパク質」については、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、改良デュマ法によって定量した窒素量に、「窒素-タンパク質換算係数」を乗じて算出する方法で測定し、「不溶性食物繊維」については、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、プロスキー変法で測定し、「乾量基準含水率」については、日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)に準じ、減圧加熱乾燥法で90℃に加温することで測定した。
組成物をミルで粉砕した目開き150μmパスの組成物粉末3mgを、水50μLに懸濁した組成物粉末6%水懸濁液を作製した。その後、スライドグラスに懸濁液を滴下後、カバーガラスをかけ軽く押しつぶしてプレパラートを作製した。位相差顕微鏡(ECLIPSE80i、Nikon社製)にて、拡大倍率200倍でプレパラート中の代表的部位を偏光観察し、視野中のでんぷん粒構造の数を把握した。
・官能評価手順の概要:
各実施例及び比較例で調製されたでんぷん含有組成物について、加熱調理前の各組成物と、各1質量部をそれぞれ9質量部の水中で90℃、5分間加熱調理した加熱料理後の組成物とを官能評価に供した。
なお、各官能試験を行う官能検査員としては、予め下記A)~C)の識別訓練を実施した上で、特に成績が優秀で、商品開発経験があり、食品の味や食感といった品質についての知識が豊富で、各官能検査項目に関して絶対評価を行うことが可能な検査員を選抜した。
B)濃度がわずかに異なる5種類の食塩水溶液、酢酸水溶液の濃度差を正確に識別する濃度差識別試験。
C)メーカーA社醤油2つにメーカーB社醤油1つの計3つのサンプルからB社醤油を正確に識別する3点識別試験。
各組成物について、加熱調理前の組成物の外観(マットな外観)を下記の5段階で評価した。マットな外観の度合いはアクリル樹脂製の厚さ2mmヘイズ標準板(ヘイズ値5%、10%、20%、30%。株式会社村上色彩技術研究所社製)を目安として、組成物表面における光散乱度合いを評価した。具体的には、ヘイズ値5%(曇り度が低く、入射光がほぼ直線的に反射され、マット感が比較的弱い)乃至ヘイズ値30%(曇り度が高く、入射光が四方八方に反射され、マット感が比較的強い)の標準板を指標として、可視光下(照度10000ルクス)における組成物表面における光散乱度合いを評価した。例えば、「表面光散乱がヘイズ値20%以上30%未満」とは、「組成物表面における光散乱度合いが標準板(ヘイズ値20%)と同等あるいはより大きく、標準板(ヘイズ値30%)より低い」と評価されたという意味である。
5:可視光下における表面光散乱がヘイズ値30%より大きく、マット感が強く認められる。
4:可視光下における表面光散乱がヘイズ値20%以上30%未満であり、マット感が認められる。
3:可視光下における表面光散乱がヘイズ値10%以上20%未満であり、マット感がやや認められる。
2:可視光下における表面光散乱がヘイズ値5%以上10%未満であり、マット感がほとんど認められない。
1:可視光下における表面光散乱がヘイズ値5%未満であり、マット感が認められない。
各組成物1質量部を9質量部の水中で90℃、5分間加熱調理したときの組成物の崩壊性を下記の5段階で評価した。
5:形状の崩壊がみられず、好ましい。
4:形状の崩壊がほとんどみられず、やや好ましい。
3:形状の崩壊が一部見られるものの、やや好ましい。
2:形状の崩壊がみられ、好ましくない。
1:形状の崩壊が著しくみられ、好ましくない。
各組成物について、加熱調理後の組成物の外観(焦げの度合い)を評価し、コメント欄に記載した。焦げの度合いはマンセル表色系(JISZ8721)において規定される明度を目安として、加工前の生地組成物に対する加工後組成物の明度減少差分が1以上の場合、「焦げに伴う変色が認められる」、加工前の生地組成物に対する加工後組成物の明度減少差分が0以上1未満の場合、「焦げに伴う変色がわずかに認められる。」と評価した。
以下の表1~表5に各実施例及び比較例の加工条件、組成、物性、評価結果等を纏めて示す。
200、202 バレル
300、302 スクリュー
400、402 フィーダ
500 ダイ部(破線で表されるのは流路)
502/602 ダイ部兼ベント部(破線で表されるのは流路)
600 ベント部
700、702 ヒーター
800、800A、800B、802、802A、802B クーラー
200A、202A,300A,302A 第1フライト部
200B、202B,300B、302B 混練部
200C,300C 第2フライト部
Claims (28)
- 押出機を用いて加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物を製造する方法であって、
前記押出機が、
モーターによって回転するスクリューと、
前記スクリューの外周を包囲するバレルと、
前記バレルの基部側に取付けられた、食品素材を投入するためのフィーダと、
前記バレルの先端側に取付けられた、混練後の食品素材を成形しながら排出するダイ部とを備え、
前記スクリューが、基部側から先端側にかけて、第1フライト部及び混練部を少なくとも有し、
前記バレルが、前記スクリューの前記混練部の先端側の位置にベント部を有する、押出機であると共に、
前記方法が、下記(i)~(iv)の段階を含む製造方法。
(i)不溶性食物繊維の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、でんぷんの含有量が湿潤質量換算で10.0質量%以上、タンパク質の含有量が湿潤質量換算で3.0質量%以上、乾量基準含水率が25質量%超の組成物を調製する段階、
(ii)段階(i)の調製後の組成物を、前記第1フライト部から前記混練部にかけて加温させ、前記混練部において与圧条件下で温度100℃以上200℃以下とし、SME値350kJ/kg以上で混練する段階、
(iii)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部における与圧状態から、前記ベント部において大気圧以下まで減圧する段階、及び
(iv)段階(ii)の混練後の組成物の糊化度を混練部以降で6質量%以上低下させる段階。 - 前記ベント部と前記ダイ部が一体的に設けられる、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記スクリューが、前記混練部の先端側に第2フライト部を更に有し、前記ベント部が前記第2フライト部の前半部に対応する前記バレル上の位置に設けられる、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(ii)の混練後の組成物を、前記混練部から前記ダイ部にかけて20℃以上降温させる、請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記第2フライト部先端側終点とダイ部との間にフロー遅滞構造を有する、請求項3又は4に記載の製造方法。
- 前記混練部における前記バレル内壁に溝状構造が形成された領域が、前記混練部全長の30%以下である、請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記混練部から前記第2フライト部及び/又は前記ダイ部にかけての何れかの位置に、冷却設備が設けられてなる、請求項3~6の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記第1フライト部の基部側起点から前記第1フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝深さよりも、前記第1フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝深さの方が浅い、請求項1~7の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記第2フライト部の基部側起点から前記第2フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝深さよりも、前記第2フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝深さの方が浅い、請求項3~8の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記第2フライト部の基部側起点から第2フライト部全長に対して20%までの領域における平均ねじ溝ピッチよりも、前記第2フライト部の残り80%の平均ねじ溝ピッチの方が大きい、請求項3~9の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(i)の組成物に含まれるでんぷんが、乾量基準含水率25質量%以上の含水条件下で80℃以上で加熱された食用植物に由来するでんぷんである、請求項1~10の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記製造方法により得られる加熱調理用でんぷん含有組成物に対して下記処理Aを加えた後に超音波処理をした場合の粒子径分布d90が450μm以下である、請求項1~11の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
[処理A]
組成物6質量%の水懸濁液を、0.4容量%のプロテアーゼ及び0.02質量%のα-アミラーゼによって、20℃で3日間処理する。 - 段階(i)の組成物の調製が、押出機投入前の原材料に予め加水することを含む、請求項1~12の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(i)の組成物の調製が、押出機に原材料を投入後、押出機内の原材料に加水することを含む、請求項1~12の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(i)において、押出機内の原材料が乾量基準含水率25質量%未満の状態で90℃以上の高温に曝露されない、請求項14に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(ii)の混練後における組成物のでんぷん糊化度が30質量%以上である、請求項1~15の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(iii)の減圧を前記ベント部からの強制排気により行う、請求項1~16の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 段階(ii)の混練後又は段階(iii)の減圧後における組成物が下記(a)及び/又は(b)を充足する、請求項1~17の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
(a)組成物の粉砕物の6%懸濁液を観察した場合に認められるでんぷん粒構造が、300個/mm2以下である。
(b)ラピッドビスコアナライザを用いて14質量%の組成物粉砕物水スラリーを50℃から140℃まで昇温速度12.5℃/分で昇温して測定した場合の糊化ピーク温度が120℃未満である。 - 段階(iv)の糊化度低下後における組成物のでんぷん糊化度が90質量%以下である、請求項1~18の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記組成物が食用植物を含有する、請求項1~19の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記組成物中の総でんぷん含量に対する、食用植物に含有された状態のでんぷん含量の比率が、30質量%以上である、請求項20に記載の製造方法。
- 前記食用植物が豆類である、請求項20又は21に記載の製造方法。
- 豆類が、エンドウ属、インゲンマメ属、キマメ属、ササゲ属、ソラマメ属、ヒヨコマメ属、ダイズ属及びヒラマメ属から選ばれる1種以上の豆類である、請求項22に記載の製造方法。
- 豆類を乾燥質量換算で50質量%以上含有する、請求項22又は23に記載の製造方法。
- 前記組成物が膨化物ではない、請求項1~24の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- (v)前記段階(iii)又は(iv)の後、得られた組成物を粉砕し、粉砕組成物とする段階を更に含む、請求項1~25の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- (vi)前記段階(v)の後、得られた粉砕組成物を凝集し、粉砕組成物凝集体とする段階を更に含む、請求項26に記載の製造方法。
- 前記段階(v)で得られた粉砕組成物及び/又は段階(vi)で得られた粉砕組成物凝集体を、乾燥質量換算で5質量%以上含むように段階(i)の組成物に配合することを更に含む、請求項26又は27に記載の製造方法。
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