WO2022028010A1 - 一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法 - Google Patents

一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022028010A1
WO2022028010A1 PCT/CN2021/089806 CN2021089806W WO2022028010A1 WO 2022028010 A1 WO2022028010 A1 WO 2022028010A1 CN 2021089806 W CN2021089806 W CN 2021089806W WO 2022028010 A1 WO2022028010 A1 WO 2022028010A1
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Prior art keywords
dryland
ridge
ecological
crop
micro
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PCT/CN2021/089806
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
黄璜
张印
李静怡
王忍
龚向胜
傅志强
陈灿
余政军
梁玉刚
丁姣龙
孟祥杰
吴丹
黄尧
廖晓兰
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湖南农业大学
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Application filed by 湖南农业大学 filed Critical 湖南农业大学
Priority to US17/429,624 priority Critical patent/US20220304222A1/en
Publication of WO2022028010A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022028010A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • A01G22/22—Rice
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
    • A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B39/00—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing
    • A01B39/12—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing for special purposes, e.g. for special culture
    • A01B39/14—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing for special purposes, e.g. for special culture for working ridges, e.g. for rows of plants and/or furrows

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a dryland crop cultivation method, in particular to a dryland crop micro-ridge mixed cultivation method.
  • the annual production of dryland crop straw exceeds 480 million tons.
  • the straw contains a large amount of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. elements, other macroelements and trace elements.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is, in order to overcome the problems such as straw returning to dry land affecting tillage, low utilization rate, large amount of chemical fertilizer, unreasonable time and amount of top dressing in dryland crop production, and at the same time in order to avoid the influence of basic fertilizer application on sowing, for To improve the emergence rate and seedling rate of dryland crops in no-tillage and dry-planting, the invention provides a micro-ridge mixed cultivation method for dryland crops. The purpose of fertilizer, cost reduction, and fertilization of soil.
  • the technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
  • a kind of dryland crop micro-ridge mixed sowing cultivation method comprises the following steps:
  • the technical principle of the present invention is as follows: the core of the technical principle is to form an ecological ridge, an ecological recess and an ecological ditch.
  • the ecological ridge is composed of organisms, vegetative bodies, and water and soil bodies. First, it acts as a medium to wrap the organisms and vegetative bodies, and performs physical functions to protect the integrity of the vegetative bodies of the organisms.
  • the nutrient body provides water nutrition.
  • the ecological concave is composed of sponge layer, topsoil layer and ecological seam, which provides storage capacity for the ecological ridge and regulates the water, fertilizer, air, temperature and humidity in the ecological ridge.
  • the ecological ditch is composed of ditch main body, ditch side seams and ditch bottom mud. The ecological ditch uses drainage and irrigation, provides ecological ridge raw materials, and provides access to aquatic animals.
  • Loach, eel, snail, etc. can be cultured in the ditch to eliminate insects and weeds for dryland crops.
  • the radicle germ exposed from the seeds in the ecological ridge relying on the superior temperature and humidity conditions, absorbs the nutrients in the seeds and the complex, and grows faster than the weed seeds inside and outside the ridge.
  • young chickens with eye masks are put in to prevent and control diseases, insects and weeds.
  • the method significantly improves the seedling rate, the growth rate at the seedling stage, the weed suppression ability of the crop plants, realizes zero input of pesticides in the seedling stage and the middle stage of the crops, improves the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, and improves the Temperature and light utilization.
  • the ecological ridge is trapezoidal, the width of the lower bottom of the ecological ridge is 5.5-11.5 cm, the width of the upper bottom is 1.5-5.5 cm, and the height is 3.5-9.5 cm.
  • the mixed sowing on the micro-ridge is relative to the sowing in the hole, and the sowing in the hole is to use a machine to dig out a hole and then sow the seeds; the mixed sowing on the micro-ridge is to mix the seed, fertilizer and mud, sprinkle it on the underlying surface, and use a shaper. Shape it into a ridge shape.
  • the trapezoid is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, in the shape of a long ridge, the length of which is equidistant from the length of the dry land mound block.
  • the trapezoidal bottom is seamlessly connected with the underlying surface, which transports the water on the soil surface to the ridge through capillary action, and can also discharge the excess unbound water in the ridge to the dry land surface.
  • the mass ratio of dryland crop seeds, chemical fertilizer and soil is 6-14:50-70:6000-20000.
  • Polyfertilizer to run seedlings Since the ecological ridge is a mixture of seeds, chemical fertilizers, and mud from the trenches according to the quality of 6-14:50-70:6000-20000, the proportion of chemical fertilizers in the ecological ridge is close to 1%, and evenly distributed , the ecological ridge becomes fertile soil, therefore, the ecological ridge gathers a small amount of chemical fertilizer into fertile soil to promote the growth of seedlings.
  • the distance between adjacent ecological ditches is 2-6 meters, the depth of the ecological ditches is 45-85 cm, and the width is 10-18 cm.
  • the dosage of seeds in S4 is 0.2-7 kg/mu. Most seeds do not need to be soaked in water to promote germination; a small number of seeds should be soaked to promote germination before sowing, such as celery.
  • the soil in S4 is the soil raised from the ditch in S3.
  • the ditch is cleared and drained during the maturity period of the previous crop, until the dry land is in a state of harvesting function operation.
  • the micro-ridge mixing method also includes S5, 15-50 days after the emergence of dryland crops, putting 40-60 young chickens of 6-8 weeks old wearing goggles per mu, and feeding the young chickens with special feed in the early stage of stocking; After the dryland environment, young chickens mainly prey on dryland, supplemented by feeding food. Wearing blindfolds allows the young chickens to see only the ground and mainly eat pests and feed, not dryland crops.
  • the plant-row spacing for dryland crop cultivation is 5-45cm ⁇ 10-80cm
  • the plant-row spacing for dryland crop seedling cultivation is 1-3cm ⁇ 2-6cm.
  • micro-ridge mixing is used as a seedling raising method, the plant and row spacing should be changed accordingly, and the plant-row spacing should be 1-3cm ⁇ 2-6cm.
  • the advantage of being a seedling raising method is that when transplanting, the seedlings can be lifted directly, and they also carry mud, which is convenient for operation and guarantees the quality of transplanting.
  • a chain opener is used to open trenches
  • the seed fertilizer and mud compound falls in front of the lower pad and passes through the drop guide.
  • the drop guide transports the spilled seed fertilizer and mud compound to the shaper, and forms a trapezoid through the shaper, and falls on the lower surface.
  • the upright stubble and crushed straw are laid flat on the surface of the box by using a pry-type pressure plate.
  • the stubble and crushed straw are pressed by the pry-type pressure plate to form a relatively flat underlying surface;
  • the fertilizer and mud compound strips are sprinkled on the underlying surface;
  • the seed fertilizer and mud compound falls in front of the lower cushion and passes through the drop guide, which transports the spilled seed fertilizer and mud compound to the shaper. Later, it forms a trapezoid that is wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, and the rows are in the shape of a slight ridge.
  • the micro-ridge mixer completes the pressing of stubble and paving, ditching and collecting soil, mixing the fertilizer and mud, and discharging into a ridge in strips.
  • Seed, fertilizer and mud compound conveyors, fertilizer dischargers, seed dischargers, screw seed dischargers, fertilizer and mud compounders, etc. are driven by DC motors respectively; drop guides and shapers are not driven and rely on falling bodies The coupling of gravity, the kinetic energy of the machine moving forward, the guide and the shaper guide and shape the seed, fertilizer and mud compound.
  • Casting mud into fertilizer The chain opener lifts out the mud in the ditch and turns it into crushed mud, most of which are powdered, which is conducive to the release of nutrients for the roots of seedlings to absorb, turning mud into fertilizer.
  • control methods for diseases, insects and weeds are as follows: dryland diseases, insects and weeds are mainly controlled by young chickens, but when large-scale outbreaks of dryland crop diseases and insect pests occur, biological agents need to be used for control in time.
  • the micro-ridge mixed sowing should be selected for immediate sowing on sunny or cloudy days or light rainy days without heavy rain in the later period.
  • the seeds and fertilizer are evenly placed in the mud, which not only ensures that the seeds can easily absorb nutrients, but also ensures that the effect of the soil in the ridge prevents excessive chemical fertilizer concentration from damaging the seed buds.
  • the seed roots are isolated by the soil and are not in contact with chemical fertilizers and other seeds. The nutrients released after the decomposition of chemical fertilizers can be absorbed by the roots through the soil in the ridge.
  • the mud from dry land is taken out to form ecological ditch, and the taken out mud is mixed with stubble, straw crushed by a harvester, chemical fertilizer and selected seeds to form a micro-ridge mixed-sowing complex.
  • a relatively flat underlying surface is constructed, and the seed, fertilizer and soil complex is discharged through the spiral discharge port of the sowing and fertilizing machine.
  • the horizontal plane forms an orderly distribution structure of ecological ridges, ecological concave, and ecological trenches
  • the vertical plane forms seed material layers (seeds, fertilizers, soil), straw layers, soil surface layers, and exchange layers from top to bottom, forming soil ploughing layers of water and air.
  • the three-dimensional structure of the coordination and fusion of fertilizers and fertilizers realizes early emergence, full seedling and strong seedling emergence. Seeds are sown in no-tillage dryland to maintain the structure of the dryland ploughing layer and maintain the stability of the dryland ecosystem; the straw is returned to dryland in full to reduce environmental pollution and achieve efficient recycling and utilization of agricultural resources; there are three ways to obtain water in the process of seed germination: Water, water in the ridge and water from the soil surface enter the ridge through capillary action; there are three water retention barriers: pericarp and seed coat, soil microaggregates adhered to the surface of the grain, and soil in the ridge, which increases the water absorption of the seeds way to reduce the influence of unfavorable factors in the external environment, and solve the problem of incomplete emergence of direct seeding dryland crops; compound fertilizers are evenly distributed in the ridge, the seeds can be effectively used, and the seedlings can quickly absorb nutrients, which is conducive to the formation of vigorous and strong seedling
  • the invention utilizes the crushed mud of instant ditching to form an ecological ridge, and an ecological concave is formed between the ecological ridges. After the crushed mud is raised, an ecological ditch is formed. It can significantly enhance the ability of crop plants to inhibit weeds, realize zero input of pesticides in the seedling stage and mid-term of crops, improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, and improve the utilization rate of temperature and light.
  • the ecological ridge is composed of organisms, nutrients, water and soil.
  • Organisms are evenly distributed seeds, which are evenly wrapped in the ridge; vegetative bodies are compound fertilizer particles, which are not connected to the seeds, but evenly distributed among the organisms; It is raised by the ditching machine. First, it is used as a medium to wrap organisms and nutrient bodies, and it performs physical functions to protect the integrity of the vegetative bodies of organisms, such as heat preservation, moisture retention, water permeability, and ventilation. ,Nutrition.
  • the ecological concave is composed of sponge layer, topsoil layer and ecological seam.
  • the sponge layer is the straw left after the previous stubble is harvested, part of which is the upright stubble that is overwhelmed, and part of which is the broken straw spit out by the harvester, which together form a spongy structure;
  • the topsoil layer is located under the straw layer, which is the ploughing layer for the growth of dryland crops. , provide storage capacity for the ecological ridge, and adjust the water, fertilizer, air, temperature and humidity in the ecological ridge;
  • the ecological seam is located in the ecological concave, which is a fore in the dry land, and is a channel for transporting oxygen and discharging other gases.
  • the ecological seams communicate with each other and connect with the ecological ditches to become the drainage network of the dry land.
  • the ecological ditch is composed of ditch main body, ditch side seams and ditch bottom mud.
  • the main body of the ditch is the main structure of the ditch, that is, the cuboid that accommodates moisture. When the ditch is full of water, the cuboid completely accommodates moisture; when it is in half-ditch water, the upper half of the upper cuboid contains air and the lower half contains moisture.
  • the ecological ditch performs the functions of drainage and irrigation, providing raw materials for the ecological ridge, providing channels for aquatic animals, and can breed loach and eel in the ditch.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • the present invention realizes no-tillage direct seeding of dryland crops, and saves the labor-consuming required for tillage.
  • the second is the function of cleaning straws. After returning all the straws to dry land, it is easy to cause difficulties in mechanical rotary tillage or tillage operations, which causes farmers to trade time for space, that is, put them aside for a few days, allowing the straws to naturally lose water and wilt to facilitate operations, delaying the farming time.
  • the invention realizes that the previous straws are laid flat on the surface of the dry land to form an underlying surface, which not only protects the surface layer of the dry land, but also provides a rhizosphere environment for the growth of the dry land crops in the seedling stage, and realizes the return of the straw to the dry land and the utilization of resources;
  • the third is the oxygen-enhancing function, which uses the thin seal of the ecological ridge and the ventilation function on the ground to supply oxygen to dryland crops;
  • the fourth is the function of protecting and strengthening seedlings.
  • Micro-ridge mixing can increase the water absorption of seeds and promote the germination and emergence of seeds; the length of the ecological concave and the ecological groove are the same, and the adjacent ones are not connected. Drainage, less water and water retention; appropriate amount of fertilizer is mixed in the ridge-shaped mud wall, and the seedlings can quickly absorb nutrients, which is conducive to the formation of vigorous and strong seedlings;
  • the fifth is the function of weed control.
  • the high position formed by the ecological ridge is the main role, supplemented by the shading effect formed by the growth of dryland crops;
  • Weeds in dryland are controlled by physical methods supplemented by control;
  • chickens are used to control weeds throughout the period of co-breeding between dryland crops and chickens.
  • the ecological ridge sowing realizes the precise quantification of seeds and basal fertilizers, and the precise positioning of the sowing position, which avoids the disordered state of traditional direct seeding and fertilizer application of dryland crops, and saves seeds and fertilizers.
  • Fertilizer base application can supply nutrients most directly and quickly in the early stage of dryland crop growth, and can gradually act on plant roots in the middle and later stages of dryland crop growth, which is beneficial to dryland crop root absorption and growth, and improves fertilizer utilization.
  • the eighth is the ecological benefit function, which reduces the use of pesticides, reduces the energy consumption of operations, avoids burning straw, and reduces smog; maintains the structure of the dryland arable layer, and maintains the biodiversity and ecosystem stability of the dryland.
  • Fig. 1 is the structure schematic diagram of the micro-ridge mixer.
  • Fig. 2 is the side structure schematic diagram of the micro-ridge mixer.
  • a micro-ridge mixer includes a tractor 1 and a link 2 fixedly connected to the rear of the tractor 1 .
  • the arrow in FIG. 1 is the forward direction of the tractor 1 , and the rear of the tractor 1 points to the direction opposite to the arrow.
  • the tractor 1 is provided with a first drive device, and the first drive device is connected to one end of the chain opener 3 .
  • the chain opener 3 is arranged obliquely, the high end of the chain opener 3 is connected to the first driving device, and the low end of the chain opener 3 is in contact with the ground.
  • the chain opener 3 includes a driving pulley 31, a driven pulley 32, a first no-load chain 33, a second no-load chain 34, a chain beam 35, a scraper 36 and a load chain 37, the first no-load chain 33 and the first no-load chain 33.
  • the two no-load chains 34 are wound between the driving pulley 31 and the driven wheel 32
  • the chain beams 35 are provided with multiple chains, and all of them are arranged between the first no-load chain 33 and the second no-load chain 34
  • the scraper 36 is fixed Outside the first idle chain 33 and the second idle chain 34
  • the load chain 37 is also wound between the driving wheel 31 and the driven wheel 32
  • the first driving device is connected to the driving wheel 31 .
  • the first driving device drives the driving wheel to rotate, thereby driving the driven wheel, the first no-load chain, the second no-load chain and the load chain to rotate, and the scraper ditches the soil , and raises the soil.
  • the operating parameters of the chain opener 3 are the groove spacing of 2 meters to 6 meters, the depth of 45 to 65 centimeters, and the width of 10 to 18 centimeters.
  • a conveyor 4 is arranged below the chain opener 3, the upper end of the conveyor 4 is not closed, and is used for receiving the raised soil, and a screw impeller is used.
  • the conveyor 4 is connected with a fertilizer discharger 5 and a seed discharger 6.
  • the conveyor 4, the fertilizer discharger 5 and the seed discharger 6 are respectively driven by the second driving device, the third driving device and the fourth driving device arranged on the tractor 1.
  • the device is driven, the other end of the conveyor 4 is connected with a screw conveyor 7 , the screw conveyor 7 is fixed on the link 2 , and the screw conveyor 7 is driven by the fifth driving device arranged on the tractor 1 .
  • the bottom of the screw conveyor 7 is sequentially connected with a drop guide 8 and a shaper 9 from top to bottom.
  • the shaper 9 is a trapezoid, and the size of the trapezoid is the lower bottom. 5.5cm-11.5cm wide, 1.5cm-5.5cm wide at the top and 3.5cm-9.5cm high.
  • the distance between two adjacent groups of drop guides 8 and shapers 9 is 4 cm-6 cm.
  • the pry-type pressing plate 10 includes a raised end and a horizontal end, the raised end is fixed to the connecting rod 2, and the horizontal end is parallel to the ground and close to the ground.
  • the pry-type pressing plate 10 is L-shaped, and the raised end is perpendicular to the horizontal end.
  • the conveyor, fertilizer discharger, seed discharger and screw conveyor are all driven by DC motors respectively; the drop guide and the shaper are not driven, relying on the falling gravity, the kinetic energy of the machine forward and the guide and shaper.
  • the coupling guides and shapes the seed, fertilizer and mud complex.
  • the previous crop was rice, which was harvested on October 27.
  • the ditch was drained and the soil was dry. It was suitable for four-wheel tractor operation.
  • a micro-ridge mixer for sowing: 1) Use a chain opener to open a ditch to raise the soil in the field to form a ditch. The distance between the grooves is 8 meters, the depth of the grooves is 55 cm, and the width of the grooves is 12 cm. Most of the raised soil becomes the raw material for mixed sowing, and the sowing material is composed of rice seeds, fertilizers and soil to form a compound.
  • the sowing material is composed of rice seeds, fertilizers and soil to form a compound.
  • the rapeseed seeds, chemical fertilizers, and the soil raised from the trenches are mixed by the conveyor of the micro-ridge mixer according to the mass of 0.7:40:8400.
  • the amount of seed per mu is 0.35 kg
  • the ratio of N:P:K is 20 kg of compound fertilizer of 25:7:8. It is mixed with soil and sown. Mixed seed fertilizers are discharged into ridges in strips.
  • the stubble and straw of the rice are pressed by the pry-type pressing plate installed on the micro-ridge mixer to form a relatively flat underlying surface.
  • the seed manure compound strips are sprinkled on the field surface to complete the planting.
  • the sown seed, fertilizer and mud compound pass through the drop guide and the shaper, and after falling, it forms a trapezoid with a wide bottom and a narrow top, forming a small ridge in rows.
  • the width of the bottom of the ridge is 6.7 cm, the width of the upper side is 1.5 cm, and the height is 3.5 cm; during operation, the micro-ridge mixer completes pressing and paving, ditching and collecting soil, mixing the fertilizer and mud, and discharging into a ridge in strips. After sowing, irrigate horse race water once.
  • Rapeseed into the seedling stage put 50 7-week-old young chickens per acre, weeding, pest control, disease prevention and control, and cultivating.
  • special feed is fed, 0.01 kg per chicken per day; after adapting to the field environment, the chickens are mainly preyed on in the field, supplemented by feeding food.
  • rapeseed put feed every evening and use compound feed instead: 40 catties of corn meal, 15 kg of bean dregs, 15 catties of oil bran, 15 catties of traditional bran, 15 catties of green fodder (minced green fodder), after mixing, add 50 catties of well water (Add half a catty of probiotic enzymes to the water), each chicken should be fed 0.025 kg of feed per day, and the amount of food should be increased with the increase of chicken weight.

Abstract

一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，包括S1、旱地清沟排水；S2、收割前茬作物，留茬并将前茬作物的秸秆粉碎后撒于留茬上；S3、在旱地上开沟，形成生态沟；S4、将直立的留茬和粉碎的秸秆压平在厢面上，形成下垫面，将种肥泥复合物呈成型为埂状并落于下垫面上，形成生态埂，相邻的生态沟之间形成多条生态埂，相邻生态埂之间为生态凹，播种后灌一次跑马水；种肥泥复合物由泥土与旱地作物种子、化肥拌匀、混合而成。

Description

一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种旱地作物栽培方法，尤其是一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法。
背景技术
我国农业资源环境遭受着外源性污染和内源性污染的双重胁迫，农业形成的面源污染已超过工业，农业可持续发展遭遇瓶颈。据统计，2018年中国化肥和农药使用量分别达到6000万吨(折纯)和30万吨(折百)，而化肥利用率仅为35％左右，农药残留大，导致土壤退化、养分流失、资源浪费；环境污染、产品质量下降。旱地作物常年播种面积超过10亿亩，我国旱地作物总产量超4亿吨，按粒秆比1:1.2估算，年生产旱地作物秸秆超过4.8亿吨，秸秆中含有大量的有机质、氮磷钾营养元素、其它大量元素及微量元素。4.8亿吨秸秆，其中氮磷钾养分含量相当于400万吨尿素，600万吨过磷酸钙，600万吨硫酸钾。因此如果实现免耕旱直播、秸秆肥料化两项措施，节肥效益十分明显，有力促进绿色发展。目前我国旱地作物秸秆已禁止直接焚烧或弃置乱堆，如果作为有机肥料，一般采用原地消化，即收获旱地作物籽粒后，茬和粉碎的秸秆留在原地，通过耕翻将其浅埋。由于近年旱地作物产量提高，秸秆产量也提高，如果不浅埋，直接免耕受秸秆干扰，播种质量受到影响。因此，在旱地作物秸秆原位还旱地的背景下如何免耕播种是一个急需解决的问题。解决这个问题，对于提高秸秆利用率和保护性耕作比率具有关键作用。
提高化肥和农药利用率后的直接效益和间接效益十分显著。化肥利用率每提高1个百分点，可减少尿素使用量45.45万吨，减少氮排放21.73万吨，节省45.45万吨燃煤，约减少生产投入8.18亿元，同时也利于减少农药残留，保障农产品质量安全，保护土壤和水体环境。作物秸秆原位还旱地或覆盖还旱地能有效实现作物增产，一般增产4％以上。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是，为了克服旱地作物生产中秸秆还旱地影响耕作、利用率低，化肥用量大，追肥时间及用量不合理等问题，同时为避免肥料基施对播种的影响，为提高旱地作物免耕旱种出苗率、成苗率，本发明提供一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，该方法能在免耕旱播的前提下提高化肥利用率，减少农药使用量，达到节肥、减本、培肥土壤的目的。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、旱地清沟排水；
S2、收割前茬作物，留茬并将前茬作物的秸秆粉碎后撒于留茬上；
S3、在旱地上开沟，形成生态沟；
S4、将直立的留茬和粉碎的秸秆压平在厢面上，形成下垫面，将种肥泥复合物呈成型为埂状并落于下垫面上，形成生态埂，相邻的生态沟之间形成多条生态埂，相邻生态埂之间为生态凹，播种后灌一次跑马水；种肥泥复合物由泥土与旱地作物种子、化肥拌匀、混合而成。
本发明的技术原理为：技术原理的核心是形成生态埂、生态凹、生态沟。生态埂由生物体、营养体、水土体构成，一是作为介质包裹生物体、营养体，行使物理功能保护生物体营养体的完整性，保温保湿透水透气；二是作为供体为生物体、营养体提供水分营养。生态凹由海绵层、表土层、生态缝构成，为生态埂提供库容，调节生态埂中的水、肥、气、温、湿。生态沟由沟主体、沟侧缝、沟底泥构成。生态沟行使排水灌水、提供生态埂原料、提供水生动物通道，可在沟中养殖泥鳅、鳝鱼、螺等，为旱地作物除虫除草。在免耕免灌旱直播状态下，生态埂内的种子露出的胚根胚芽依托优越的温、湿条件，吸收种子内和复合物中的营养，比埂内和埂外的杂草种子生长迅速，顺利生根长叶；在常规旱地管理基础上，旱地作物出苗后15-50天，投放戴眼罩的青年鸡防控病虫杂草。本发明通过免耕、带肥带泥旱直播，显著提高成苗率，显著提高苗期生长速度，显著增强作物植株抑草能力，实现作物苗期、中期农药零投入，提高水肥利用率，提高温光利用率。
进一步地，S4中，生态埂为梯形，生态埂的下底宽5.5-11.5厘米，上底宽1.5-5.5厘米，高3.5-9.5厘米。
上述方案中，所述微埂混播是相对于穴播，穴播是利用机器挖出一个穴，再播种种子；微埂混播则是将种、肥、泥混合，洒于下垫面，利用塑形器将其塑造成埂状。所述梯形上窄下宽，呈长埂状，其长度与旱地丘块的长度等距。梯形底部与下垫面无缝相连，将土表的水分通过毛细管作用输送至埂内，又可把埂中多余非束缚水排至旱地土表。
进一步地，S4中，旱地作物种子、化肥与泥土的质量比为6-14：50-70：6000-20000。
聚肥润苗：由于生态埂是种子、化肥、开沟扬出的泥按质量6-14：50-70：6000-20000混合而成，化肥在生态埂中的比例接近1％，且均匀分布，生态埂成为肥土，因此，生态埂把少量的化肥聚集成了肥土，促进幼苗生长。
进一步地，S3中，相邻生态沟之间的间距为2-6米，生态沟的深度为45-85厘米、宽10-18厘米。
进一步地，S4中种子的用量为0.2-7公斤/每亩。绝大部分种子不用浸水催芽；少部分种子播种前要浸种催芽，如芹菜等。
进一步地，S4中泥土为S3中开沟扬出的泥土。
进一步地，S1中，于前茬作物成熟期清沟排水，直至旱地呈收割机能作业的状态。
进一步地，该微埂混播方法还包括S5、旱地作物出苗后15-50天，每亩投放6-8周龄戴眼罩的青年鸡40-60只，青年鸡放养初期，投喂专用饲料；适应旱地环境后，以青年鸡旱地捕食为主，投喂食料为辅。戴眼罩使青年鸡只能看到地面，主要吃害虫和饲料，不会吃旱地作物。
进一步地，旱地作物栽培的株行距为5-45cm×10-80cm，旱地作物育苗的株行距为1-3cm×2-6cm。
微埂混播既可以免耕旱直播，也可以成为育苗方式。如果把微埂混播作为育苗方式，株、行距应作相应改变，株行距为1-3cm×2-6cm。作为育苗方式的好处是，移栽时，幼苗可以直接提起，而且还带泥，既方便操作，又保障移栽质量。
扶苗成秆：播种后，由于生态埂中化肥浓度较高，加速幼苗生长，在旱地作物苗苗期，可促进水稻快速、健壮生长，地上部茎叶、地下部根系迅速扩张，有效抑制杂草根、茎、叶生长，有利于早长秆，长壮秆。特别是播种种子，所处的水、温、气、湿条件都具备，而杂草种子尚处于休眠状态，旱地作物生长早起步、快起步与杂草生长的迟起步、慢起步，形成生长差异，有利于实现以旱地作物生长克杂草生长、以旱地作物根茎叶克杂草根茎叶。
进一步地，S3中，利用链式开沟器开沟；
S4中，利用撬式压板压平直立的留茬和粉碎的秸秆；
S4中，种肥泥复合物落到下垫面前经过导落器，导落器将洒落的种肥泥复合物输送至塑形器，通过塑形器形成梯形，落于下垫面上。
利用撬式压板将直立的茬和粉碎的秸秆铺平在厢面上，是在沟之间的厢面上，利用撬式压板压迫茬和粉碎的秸秆，形成相对平整的下垫面；将种肥泥复合物条洒于下垫面；种肥泥复合物落到下垫面前通过导落器，导落器将洒落的种肥泥复合物输送至塑形器，通过塑形器后，落下后形成下宽上窄的梯形，成行呈微埂状。操作时由微埂混播机一次完成压茬铺平、开沟取土、混合种肥泥、条状排出成埂。
种、肥、泥复合物输送机，排化肥器，排种子器，螺旋排种、肥、泥复合物器等的驱动都采用直流电机分别驱动；导落器，塑形器没有驱动，依靠落体重力、机器前行的动能与导落器、塑形器的耦合对种、肥、泥复合物进行导落和塑形。
铸泥为肥：链式开沟器将沟中的泥扬出，变成碎泥，大部分成为粉末状，有利于营养物质释放供幼苗根系吸收，变泥为肥。
上述方案中，病虫草害控制方法为：旱地病虫草害主要采用青年鸡进行控制，但旱地作物病虫害大面积爆发时，需及时采用生物药剂进行防治。
天傍晚需观察鸡的生长情况，防止鸡外逃和天敌伤害。投喂量根据鸡食量增加而增加。
上述方案中，微埂混播应选择晴天或阴天即时播种或后期无大雨的小雨天播种，同时下雨天敞开排水口，防止旱地积水。
上述方案中，播种种、肥、泥复合物时，将种子、肥料均匀置于泥中，既保证种子能便捷吸收营养，又保证借助埂内泥土的作用防止化肥浓度过高伤害种芽。在萌发的初期，种根通过泥土的隔离，不与化肥、其它种子接触，化肥分解后释放的营养可透过埂内泥土被根吸收。
本发明将旱地的泥取出形成生态沟，取出的泥土与茬、收割机揉碎后的秸杆、化肥、精选的种子混合，形成微埂混播复合体。借助撬式压草板构建较平整的下垫面，通过播种施肥机的螺旋排口排出种、肥、土复合体，复合体通过塑形器后成埂状，两埂间的凹处形成生态凹。水平面形成生态埂、生态凹、生态沟有序分布的结构，垂直面由上往下形成种料层(种子和肥料、泥土)、秸秆层、土表层、交换层，形成土壤耕层水、气、肥协调融合的立体结构，实现早出苗、出全苗、出壮苗。种子播种在免耕旱地里，维持旱地耕作层结构，保持旱地生态系统稳定性；秸秆全量还旱地利用，减少环境污染，实现农业资源高效回收与利用；种子发芽过程中有三条水分获得途径：自身水分、埂中的水分和土表通过毛细管作用进入埂中的水分；有三个保水屏障：果皮与种皮、粘附在谷粒表面的土壤微聚体、埂中的泥土，增加了种子的吸水途径，减少外界环境不利因素的影响，解决了直播旱地作物出苗不全的难题；复合肥均匀分布在埂中，种子可有效利用，幼苗得以快速吸收养分，利于旺苗和壮苗的形成；采用鸡控制旱地病虫草害，减少农药的使用量，实现绿色生产；旱地作物生长中后期采用因苗施肥、因旱地施肥的追肥原则，在保证旱地作物正常生长发育的前提下，减少化肥用量并提高利用率。
本发明利用即时开沟的碎泥形成生态埂、生态埂之间形成生态凹，碎泥扬出后形成生态沟，通过免耕、带肥带泥旱直播，显著提高成苗率，显著提高苗期生长速度，显著增强作物植株抑草能力，实现作物苗期、中期农药零投入，提高水肥利用率，提高温光利用率。
生态埂由生物体、营养体、水土体构成。生物体是均匀分布的种子，被均匀包裹在埂内；营养体是复合肥颗粒，与种子不相连，但圴匀分布在生物体之间；水肥体是含水10％-70％的旱地土壤，由开沟机扬出，一是作为介质包裹生物体、营养体，行使物理功能保护生物体营养体的完整性，保温、保湿、透水、透气；二是作为供体为生物体营养体提供水分、营养。
生态凹由海绵层、表土层、生态缝构成。海绵层是前茬收割后留下的秸秆，一部分是直立的留茬被压倒，一部分是收割机吐出的碎秸秆，一起形成海绵状结构；表土层位于秸秆层下面，是旱地作物生长的耕作层，为生态埂提供仓容，调节生态埂中的水、肥、气、温、湿；生态缝位于生态凹中，是旱地中的坼，是输送氧气也排放其它气体的通道。生态缝互通并与生态沟连通，成为旱地排水的网络。
生态沟由沟主体、沟侧缝、沟底泥构成。沟主体是沟的主要结构，即容纳水分的长方体，当沟满水时，长方体完全容纳水分；当处于半沟水时，上部长方体上半部容纳空气、下半部容纳水分。生态沟行使排水与灌水、提供生态埂原料、提供水生动物通道，可在沟中养殖泥鳅、鳝鱼等功能。
与现有技术相比，本发明所具有的有益效果为：
一是节工功能，本发明实现了旱地作物免耕直播，省去因耕作所需的耗工。
二是清洁秸秆功能，秸秆全量还旱地后易导致机械旋耕或翻耕作业困难，导致农民以时间换空间，即搁置几天，让秸秆自然失水萎蔫以方便作业，耽误了农时。本发明实现了前茬秸秆平铺在旱地表面，形成下垫面，既保护旱地表层，又为旱地作物幼苗期生长提供根际环境，实现秸秆还旱地，资源化利用；
三是增氧功能，利用生态埂的薄封和位于地上部的透气功能，为旱地作物供氧；
四是保苗与壮苗功能，微埂混播能增加种子的吸水途径，促进种子的发芽与出苗；生态凹和生态沟的长度相同，相邻不相连，通过毛细管作用、旱地细坼作用，水多排渍，水少保水；适量肥料混合在埂状泥墙中，幼苗得以快速吸收养分，利于旺苗和壮苗的形成；
五是防控杂草功能，旱地作物幼苗期以生态埂形成的高位为主，旱地作物生长形成的遮光作用为辅；旱地作物生长中期以旱地作物茎叶生长形成的遮光作用为主，生态埂控制为辅的物理方法控制旱地杂草；旱地作物与鸡共育期间全程以鸡控草。
六是节肥与丰产功能，适量肥料的基施和旱地作物生长中后期因苗施肥、因墒施肥，特别是占总量70％-90％的化肥已在播种时进入生态埂中，避免化肥挥发损失、用量大及追肥不合理等问题；旱地作物生长前期利用基施化肥利于壮苗的形成，中后期因苗、因墒追肥，使旱地作物生长处于最佳状态，为旱地作物丰产奠定基础；
七是提高农业资源利用率的功能，生态埂播种实现了种子和基施肥料的精确定量、播种位置的精确定位，避免了旱地作物传统撒直播和肥料撒施的无序状态，节约种子和肥料；肥料基施在旱地作物生长前期可最直接、最快捷地供给营养，在旱地作物生长中、后期可逐步作用于植物根系，有利旱地作物根系吸收及生长，提高肥料利用率。
八是生态效益功能，减少农药使用量、减少作业能耗、免烧秸秆、减少雾霾；维持旱地耕层结构，保持旱地生物多样性及生态系统稳定性。
附图说明
图1为微埂混播机的结构示意图。
图2为微埂混播机的侧面结构示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1-图2所示，一种微埂混播机，包括拖拉机1，与拖拉机1后方固定连接的联杆2。 图1中的箭头为拖拉机1的前进方向，拖拉机1后方指与箭头相反的方向。拖拉机1上设置有第一驱动装置，第一驱动装置与链式开沟器3的一端连接。链式开沟器3倾斜设置，链式开沟器3高的一端与第一驱动装置连接，链式开沟器3低的一端与土地接触。链式开沟器3包括主动轮31、被动轮32、第一空载链条33、第二空载链条34、链条横梁35、刮土刀36和负荷链条37，第一空载链条33与第二空载链条34绕设于主动轮31与被动轮32之间，链条横梁35设置多道，且均设置于第一空载链条33与第二空载链条34之间，刮土刀36固定于第一空载链条33与第二空载链条34外侧，负荷链条37也绕设于主动轮31与被动轮32之间，第一驱动装置与主动轮31连接。第一驱动装置带动所述主动轮转动，从而带动所述被动轮、所述第一空载链条、所述第二空载链条和所述负荷链条转动，所述刮土刀对土壤进行开沟，并使土壤扬起。链式开沟器3的作业参数为沟间距2米-6米，深45-65厘米，宽10-18厘米。
链式开沟器3下方设置有输送机4，输送机4上端未封闭，用于接收扬起的泥土，且采用螺旋叶轮。输送机4上联通有排化肥器5、排种子器6，输送机4、排化肥器5和排种子器6分别由设置在拖拉机1上的第二驱动装置、第三驱动装置、第四驱动装置驱动，输送机4另一端连通有螺旋输送机7，螺旋输送机7固定于联杆2上，螺旋输送机7由设置于拖拉机1上的第五驱动装置驱动。
螺旋输送机7的底部从上至下依次联通有导落器8和塑形器9，导落器8和塑形器9设置有多组，塑形器9为梯形，梯形的尺寸为下底宽5.5厘米-11.5厘米，上底宽1.5厘米-5.5厘米，高3.5厘米-9.5厘米。相邻两组导落器8和塑形器9之间的距离为4厘米-6厘米。
撬式压板10包括翘起端和水平端，翘起端与联杆2固定，水平端与地面平行且靠近土地。撬式压板10呈L型，翘起端垂直于水平端。
输送机、排化肥器、排种子器和螺旋输送机的驱动都采用直流电机分别驱动；导落器和塑形器没有驱动，依靠落体重力、机器前行的动能与导落器、塑形器的耦合对种、肥、泥复合物进行导落和塑形。
实施例1
2019年10月至2020年5月油菜微埂混播栽培在湖南省长沙市长沙县路口镇明月村泉塘组实施：
1.前茬为水稻，10月27日收获，当日清沟排水，土干，适合四轮拖拉机作业。
2.水稻收获后留下的茬、秸秆，不移出，成为油菜生长的根际层。
3.如图1所示，采用微埂混播机播种：1)用链式开沟器开沟，将田中的泥土扬出形成沟。沟间距8米，沟深55厘米，沟宽12厘米。扬出的泥土大部分成为混播的原料，播种的材料由水稻种子、化肥、泥土三部分构成，形成复合物。播种时将油菜种子、化肥、开沟扬出的泥土按质量0.7：40：8400用微埂混播机的输送机混合。每亩种子用量0.35公斤、N:P:K比 例为25：7：8的复合肥20公斤，与泥土混合后播种；操作时由微埂混播机一次完成压茬铺平、开沟取土、混合种肥泥、条状排出成埂。
2)在沟之间的厢面上，利用安装在微埂混播机上的撬式压板压迫水稻的茬和秸秆，形成相对平整的下垫面。将种肥泥复合物条洒于田面，完成播种。播下的种、肥、泥复合物在落到地面之前，通过导落器和塑形器，落下后形成下宽上窄的梯形，成行呈微埂状。埂下底宽6.7厘米，上边宽1.5厘米，高3.5厘米；操作时由微埂混播机一次完成压茬铺平、开沟取土、混合种肥泥、条状排出成埂。播种后灌一次跑马水。
4.油菜进入苗期，每亩投放7周龄青年鸡50只，除草、除虫，防控病害，中耕。鸡放养初期，投喂专用饲料，每只鸡每天0.01公斤；适应田间环境后，以鸡田间捕食为主，投喂食料为辅。油菜抽薹期，每天傍晚投放饲料，改用配合饲料：玉米粉40斤、豆渣15斤、油糠15斤、统糠15斤、青饲料15斤(青饲料剁碎)，混合好后加入50斤井水(水里加入半斤的益生菌酵素)，每只鸡每天投别喂饲料0.025公斤，且随鸡体重增加而增加食料的投放量。
5.整个油菜生长期间，生长发育正常，产量增加，肥料减少：
表1.油菜微埂混播栽培与常规栽培比较种植业综合效益对照表
上述实施例阐明的内容应当理解为这些实施例仅用于更清楚地说明本发明，而不用于限制本发明的范围，在阅读了本发明之后，本领域技术人员对本发明的各种等价形式的修改均落于本申请所附权利要求所限定的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于包括以下步骤：
    S1、旱地清沟排水；
    S2、收割前茬作物，留茬并将前茬作物的秸秆粉碎后撒于留茬上；
    S3、在旱地上开沟，形成生态沟；
    S4、将直立的留茬和粉碎的秸秆压平在厢面上，形成下垫面，将种肥泥复合物呈成型为埂状并落于下垫面上，形成生态埂，相邻的生态沟之间形成多条生态埂，相邻生态埂之间为生态凹，播种后灌一次跑马水；种肥泥复合物由泥土与旱地作物种子、化肥拌匀、混合而成。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S4中，生态埂为梯形，生态埂的下底宽5.5-11.5厘米，上底宽1.5-5.5厘米，高3.5-9.5厘米。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S4中，旱地作物种子、化肥与泥土的质量比为6-14：50-70：6000-20000。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，相邻生态沟之间的间距为2-6米，生态沟的深度为45-85厘米、宽10-18厘米。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S4中种子的用量为0.2-7公斤/每亩。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S4中泥土为S3中开沟扬出的泥土。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S1中，于前茬作物成熟期清沟排水，直至旱地呈收割机能作业的状态。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，还包括S5、旱地作物出苗后15-50天，每亩投放6-8周龄戴眼罩的青年鸡40-60只，青年鸡放养初期，投喂专用饲料；适应旱地环境后，以青年鸡旱地捕食为主，投喂食料为辅。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，旱地作物栽培的株行距为5-45cm×10-80cm，旱地作物育苗的株行距为1-3cm×2-6cm。
  10. 根据权利要求2所述的一种旱地作物微埂混播栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，利用链式开沟器开沟；
    S4中，利用撬式压板压平直立的留茬和粉碎的秸秆；
    S4中，种肥泥复合物落到下垫面前经过导落器，导落器将洒落的种肥泥复合物输送至塑形器，通过塑形器形成梯形，落于下垫面上。
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