Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/1652—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, cellulose derivatives; Cyclodextrin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5073—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
  • A61K31/223—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of alpha-aminoacids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
  • A61K47/38—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1611—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1682—Processes
  • A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient

Definitions

• compositions comprise a granulation according to the present invention.
• FIG. 1 A shows the particle size distribution for pharmaceutical granulation (1) prepared using different wet massing times.
• FIG. 2 A shows the particle size distribution for pharmaceutical granulation (2) prepared using different wet massing times.
• FIG. 4 A shows the particle size distribution for pharmaceutical granulation (4) prepared using different wet massing times.
• FIGS. 6B and 6C show SEM images of pharmaceutical granulation (6) at two different magnifications.
• FIGS. 7B and 7C show SEM images of pharmaceutical granulation (7) at two different magnifications.
• FIGS. 8B and 8C show SEM images of pharmaceutical granulation (8) at two different magnifications.
• FIGS. 9A-9E show SEM images of pharmaceutical granulation (9) at two different magnifications.
• FIG. 9F shows the size distribution of the particles used to form pharmaceutical granulation
• FIG. 11 is a table summarizing granulation and wet massing processing conditions for Examples 1-9.
• FIG. 13 shows an SEM image of the as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient of Example 13 at 700X magnification.
• FIG. 14 shows an SEM image of the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Example 13 at 700X magnification after jet-milling.
• FIG. 15 shows the particle size distribution of the as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient described in Example 13.
• FIG. 16 shows the particle size distribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient described in Example 13 after jet-milling.
• FIG. 17 shows an SEM image of granules prepared as described in Example 13 at 100X magnification.
• FIG. 18 shows an SEM image of granules prepared as described in Example 13 at 240X magnification.
• any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
• a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
• “Immediate release” refers to a pharmaceutical composition that releases substantially all of an active pharmaceutical ingredient into the gastrointestinal tract of a patient within less than 1 hour following oral administration, such as less than 50 minutes, less than 40 minutes, less than 30 minutes, less than 20 minutes, or less than 10 minutes following oral administration.
• an immediate release dosage from can release greater than 90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 98% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the pharmaceutical composition into the gastrointestinal tract within less than 1 hour such as within less than 50 minutes, less than 40 minutes, less than 30 minutes, less than 20 minutes, or less than 10 minutes, following oral administration.
• Immediate release pharmaceutical compositions can be appropriate for active pharmaceutical ingredient that is absorbed into the systemic circulation from the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions include modified release formulations, delayed release formulations, extended release, and sustained release formulation. These formulations are intended to release an active pharmaceutical ingredient from the pharmaceutical composition at a desired rate and/or at a desired time following oral administration by a patient and/or at a certain location or locations with the gastrointestinal tract.
• the United States Pharmacopeia defines a modified release system as one in which the time course or location of drug release or both are chosen to accomplish objectives of therapeutic effectiveness or convenience not fulfilled by immediate release dosage forms. More specifically, modified release (MR) solid oral dosage forms include extended release (ER) and delayed release (DR) products.
• ER extended release
• DR delayed release
• a delay ed-release product is one that releases a drug all at once at a time other than promptly after administration.
• a modified release formulation can include delay ed-release formulations using enteric coatings, site-specific or timed release formulations such as for colonic delivery, extended-release including, for example, formulations capable of providing zero-order, first-order, or biphasic release profiles, and programmed release such as pulsatile and delayed extended release.
• Alkyl refers to a saturated, branched, or straight-chain, monovalent hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane.
• An alkyl group can be, for example, Ci-e alkyl, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-3 alkyl.
• An alkyl group can be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, or fert-butyl.
• a cycloalkyl can be selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound, which possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
• Such salts include acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids and one or more protonable functional groups such as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines within the parent compound.
• suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• a salt can be formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy ethane sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-pheny
• Specific surface area can be determined by laser diffraction.
• the Hausner Ratio can be determined according to USP 1174.
• the parameter D90 refers to tire point in the size distribution of a sample, up to and including which, 90% of the total volume of material in the sample is contained. For example, for a 1)90 of 400 pm, 90% of the sample volume has a size of 400 pm or less D50 is the size below which 50% of the total volume of material in the sample is contained. Similarly. DIO refers to the size below which 10% of the total volume of material in the sample is contained.
• the volume distribution of the sample can be determined by laser diffraction or by sieve analysis
• a granule can comprise, for example, from 95 wt% to 99.5 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, from 96 wt% to 99.5 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, from 96 wt% to 99 wt%, from 97 wt% to 99 wt%, or from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, where wt% is based on the total weight of the granule.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient can have an aqueous solubility, for example, from 100 mg/mL to 600 mg/mL, from 200 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL, or from 250 mg/mL to 450 mg/mL.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient having a water solubility greater than 100 mg/mL include salt forms, hydrates, and/or solvates having a water solubility greater than 100 mg/mL where the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient has a water solubility less than 100 mg/mL.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient can comprise g-hydroxy butyric acid or a derivative of g- hydroxybutyric acid.
• g-Hydroxybutyric acid has the structure of Formula (1):
• R 1 can be selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and iso-propyl.
• a hydrophilic fumed silica can have a specific surface area (BET from 100 m 2 /g to 300 m 2 /g such as from 175 m 2 /g to 225 m 2 /g, a pH value from 3.7 to 4.5 in a 4% aqueous dispersion, a loss on drying in 2 hours at 105 °C of less than or equal to 1.5%, a tapped density from about 40 g/L to 60 g/L, and an SiCh content greater than 99.8% based on ignited material.
• BET specific surface area
• a granulation or granule can consist of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a binder, and an antistatic agent.
• a granulation can consist of a binder consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose and/or an antistatic agent consisting of hydrophilic fumed silica.
• a granulation or granule can consist of an active pharmaceutical ingredient selected from a compound of Formula (2), a binder wherein the binder consists of hydroxypropyl cellulose, and an antistatic agent wherein the antistatic agent consists of hydrophilic fumed silica.
• a granulation can have trace amounts of water.
• a granulation can be characterized, for example, by a particle size distribution D10 from 60 pm to 140 pm; a particle size distribution D50 from 230 pm to 310 pm; and a particle size distribution D90 from 490 pm to 550 pm.
• a granulation can have a bulk density, for example, from 0.5 g/mL to 0.8 g/mL, from 0.55 g/mL to 0.75 g/mL, or from 0.6 g/mL to 0.7 g/mL.
• Bulk density can be determined using a bulk density cylinder.
• Granulations provided by the present disclosure can be prepared by combining an active pharmaceutical ingredient and one or more excipients to form a dry mixture, wet granulating the dry mixture to provide a wet granulation, and wet massing the wet granulation to provide the granulation.
• the steps of wet granulating and wet massing can be repeated one or more times, such as from 1 to 6 times, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more times.
• a dry mixture can comprise, for example, less than 3 wt% of an antistatic agent, less than 2 wt%, less than 1.25 wt%, less than 1 wt%, less than 0.75 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, or less than 0.25 wt% of an antistatic agent, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture.
• a dry mixture can comprise, for example, from 95.0 wt% to 99.5 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient; from 0.1 wt% to 1.0 wt% of a binder; and from 0.1 wt% to 2,0 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture.
• a dry mixture can comprise, for example, from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient; from 0.25 wt% to 0.75 wt% of a binder; and from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient can be screened, de-lumped, co-milled, Fitz-milled, pin- milled, or jet-milled before adding to the dry mixture.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient can have a size distribution characterized by a D90, for example, less than 30 pm, less than 25 pm, less than 20 pm, or less than 15 pm.
• An active pharmaceutical ingredient can have a size distribution characterized by a D90, for example, from 10 pm to 30 pm, from 11 pm to 25 pm, or from 10 pm to 20 pm.
• An as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient can be jet-milled to provide a suitable particle size distribution.
• the dry mixture can be mixed in a bowl, for example, for from 0.5 minutes to 5 minutes to provide a homogeneous dry mixture.
• Granulating the dry mixture can comprise, for example, granulating for from 5 minutes to 20 minutes such as from 5 minutes to 15 minutes, or from 5 minutes to 10 minutes, at a mixer speed, for example, from 700 rpm to 1000 rpm, such as from 800 rpm to 900 rpm; and a chopper speed, for example, from 3,000 rpm to 4200 rpm, such as from 3,200 rpm to 4,000 rpm, or from 3,400 rpm to 3,800 rpm.
• step (a) The dry granulation obtained in step (a) can be wet granulated.
• water can be added to the dry granulation at a rate, for example, from 0.0025 wt%/min to 0.0075 wt%/min, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry granulation.
• the wet granulation can be granulated, for example, for from 5 minutes to 20 minutes, such as from 5 minutes to 15 minutes, or from 5 minutes to 10 minutes.
• the wet granulation can contain, for example, from 3 wt% to 7 wt% water, such as from 3.5 wt% to 6.5 wt%, or from 4 wt% water to 6 wt% water, where wt% is based on the total weight of the wet granulation.
• the amount of water added is determined by weighing the amount of water incorporated into/consumed by the granulation.
• wet granulation can then be wet massed to form smooth and high-density granules.
• Wet massing can be done, for example, at a mixer speed from 400 rpm to 700 rpm such as from 500 rpm to 600 rpm, and a chopper speed, for example, from 1300 rpm to 2300 rpm such as from 1500 rpm to 2100 rpm; for from 20 minutes to 100 minutes such as from 30 minutes to 90 minutes, from 30 minutes to 80 minutes, or from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
• the temperature of the wet granulation can be maintained at a temperature, for example, from 20 °C to 25 °C such as from 22 °C to 25 °C.
• the temperature of the wet granulation can be maintained, for example, by immersing the mixing bowl containing the granulation in a temperature-controlled bath.
• wet massing can be done, for example, using a granulation bowl with a mixer speed from 525 rpm to 575 rpm, and a chopper speed from 1700 rpm to 1900 rpm for from 20 minutes to 80 minutes such as from 25 minutes to 70 minutes, from 30 minutes to 60 minutes, or from 35 minutes to 55 minutes, at a temperature from 22 °C to 24 °C.
• the granulation can be dried.
• the granulation can be dried in an oven or in a fluid bed dryer until the loss on drying is less than 1.0 w/wt%.
• a granulation prepared by a method provided by the present disclosure can be characterized by a yield in the particle size range from 100 pm to 425 pm of 55 wt% to 70 wt%; a yield in the particle size range from 100 pm to 425 pm of 63 wt%; a yield in the particle size range from 200 pm to 350 pm of from 30 wt% to 40 wt%; and by a yield in the particle size range from 200 pm to 350 pm of 36 wt%, wherein the particle size range is determined by sieve analysis and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient can have a particle size distribution D50, for example, less than 30 pm, less than 25 pm, or less than 20 pm.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient can have a specific gravity, for example, form 200 m2/kg to 1200 m2/kg.
• the temperature of the granulation can be maintained at a temperature, for example for 20 °C to 25 °C. It can be desirable that water be added to the granulation at the lowest possible rate such as at a rate of less than 2 g/min. Adding water slowly can minimize agglomeration.
• the one or more granulation steps from about 5 wt% to 25 wt%, such as from 10 wt% to 20 wt% total water can be added, where wt% is based on the total weight of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• the temperature of the granulation can be maintained, for example, at a temperature form 15 °C to 25 °C.
• the mixer speed it can be useful to maintain the mixer speed as high as possible such as greater than 600 rpm, greater than 700 rpm, greater than 800 rpm, or greater than 1000 rpm.
• a granule provided by the present disclosure can comprise one or more coatings.
• a coating can have an average thickness, for example, less than 300 pm, less than 200 pm, less than 150 pm, less than 100 pm, less than 50 pm, or less than 25 pm.
• a coated granule can comprise, for example, less than 50 wt% of a coating, less than 40 wt%, less than 30 wt%, less than 20 wt%, or less than 10 wt% of a coating, where wt% is based on the total weight of the coated granule.
• Dosage forms containing a highly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient require a thick coating to reduce the release rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• a coating can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, a plasticizing agent, an anti tacking agent, a colorant or pigment, a glidant, and a viscosity modifier.
• a coating can comprise an immediate release coating, or a controlled-release coating.
• a controlled-release coating can comprise, for example, a delayed release coating, a pH- release coating, a sustained release coating, or a modified-release coating.
• a delayed release drug delivery system is designed to deliver drugs at a specified time or over a period of time following administration.
• a coating can comprise a water-soluble coating and can include polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl ethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• a coating can comprise a water-insoluble coating or water-resistant coating to protect a dosage form from absorbing water during storage.
• suitable water-insoluble or water- resistant coatings can include polymers such as ethyl cellulose, poly -acrylates, polymethacrylates, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• a coating can provide, for example a time -dependent release, a pH-dependent release, or sustained release.
• a coating can be applied to granules provided by the present disclosure by any suitable method such as by spraying a solution, suspension, or dispersion of the coating onto granules in a fluidized bed apparatus.
• a pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can comprise a granulation provided by the present disclosure.
• a pharmaceutical composition can comprise any suitable dosage form for oral administration.
• suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, caplets, sachets, bottles, stick packs, and suspensions.
• An oral dosage form can comprise, for example, from 0.1 grams to 10 grams of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, from 0.2 grams to 8 grams, from 0.5 grams to 5 grams, from 1 gram to 4.5 grams, or from 1.5 grams to 4 grams of an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• An oral dosage form can comprise, for example, greater than 0.5 grams, greater than 1 gram, greater than 2 grams, greater than 3 grams, greater than 4 grams, greater than 6 grams, or greater than 8 grams of an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• An oral formulation provided by the present disclosure can comprise an oral tablet formulation.
• An oral formulation provided by the present disclosure can comprise an oral suspension.
• a granulation comprising a plurality of granules, wherein the granules are characterized by greater than 95 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), wherein, the granulation is characterized by a particle size distribution (PSD) (D50) from 150 pm to 300 pm; and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• API active pharmaceutical ingredient
• Aspect 2 The granulation of aspect 1, wherein the granulation comprises from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 3 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the granulation is characterized by a PSD (D50) from 225 pm to 275 pm.
• Aspect 4 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability less than 2 wt%, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 5 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the granulation is characterized by: a PSD (D10) from 50 pm to 150 pm; and a PSD (D90) from 450 pm to 750 pm, wherein the PSD is determined by sieve analysis.
• Aspect 6 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the granulation is characterized by: a PSD (D10) from 80 pm to 120 pm; and a PSD (D90) from 510 pm to 650 pm, wherein the PSD is determined by sieve analysis.
• Aspect 7 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the granulation is characterized by a PSD (D10) of 106 pm; a PSD (D50) of 267 pm; and a PSD (D90) of 533 pm, wherein the PSD is determined by sieve analysis.
• Aspect 8 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the granulation has an active pharmaceutical ingredient bulk density from 0.150 g/mL to 0.320 g/mL, wherein bulk density is determined using USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 9 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the granulation has an active pharmaceutical ingredient bulk density of 0.250 g/mL to 0.280 g/mL, wherein bulk density is determined using USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 10 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the granulation has a bulk density from 0.70 g/mL to 1.70 g/mL, wherein bulk density is determined using USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 11 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the granulation is characterized by a loss on drying (LOD) from 0 wt% to 1.5 wt%, where wt% is based on the weight of the granulation after drying.
• LOD loss on drying
• Aspect 12 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the granulation is characterized by a loss on drying (LOD) from 0.2 wt% to 1.2 wt%, where wt% is based on the weight of the granulation after drying.
• LOD loss on drying
• Aspect 13 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability from 0.95% to 1.10%, wherein friability is determined using a sieve shaker as described in the examples.
• Aspect 14 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability of 1.02%, wherein friability is determined using a sieve shaker as described in the examples.
• Aspect 15 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the granules are characterized by a sphericity from 0.90 to 1.00, wherein sphericity is determined by dynamic image analysis.
• Aspect 16 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the granules characterized by a surface roughness as substantially shown in FIGS. 9B-9E.
• Aspect 17 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 15, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient has an aqueous solubility greater than 100 mg/mL.
• Aspect 18 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 15, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient has an aqueous solubility from 100 mg/mL to 1,000 mg/mL.
• Aspect 19 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 18, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises g-hydroxybutyric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Aspect 20 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 18, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises g-hydroxybutyric acid, a derivative of g-hydroxybutyric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.
• Aspect 21 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 18, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a compound of Formula (2): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein,
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen and Ci-e alkyl; and each of R 2 and R 3 is independently selected from hydrogen . , Ci-e alkyl, Ci-e alkoxylcarbonyl, and C3-6 cycloalkoxylcarbonyl.
• Aspect 22 The granulation of aspect 21, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is selected from:
• Aspect 23 The granulation of aspect 21, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is 4-((I-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (2a) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• Aspect 24 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 23, wherein the granulation further comprises: a binder; and an antistatic agent.
• Aspect 25 The granulation of aspect 24, wherein the granulation comprises: from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; from 0.25 wt% to 0.75 wt% of a binder; and from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 26 The granulation of aspect 24, wherein the granulation comprises: 98.5 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; 0.5 wt% of a binder; and 1.0 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 27 The granulation of any one of aspects 24 to 26, wherein the binder comprises hydroxypropyl cellulose.
• Aspect 28. The granulation of any one of aspects 24 to 27, wherein the antistatic agent comprises hydrophilic fumed silica.
• Aspect 29 The granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 28, wherein the granules comprise a coating.
• Aspect 30 The granulation of aspect 29, wherein the granulation comprises less than 2 wt% of the coating, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 31 The granulation of any one of aspects 29 to 30, wherein the coated granules comprise greater than 95 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granules.
• Aspect 32 The granulation of any one of aspects 29 to 31, wherein the coating comprises a controlled release coating.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 32.
• Aspect 34 The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 33, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an oral formulation.
• Aspect 35 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 33 to 34, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an immediate release formulation.
• Aspect 36 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 33 to 34, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a controlled release formulation.
• a method of preparing the granulation of any one of aspects 1 to 32 comprising: combining the active pharmaceutical ingredient, a binder, and an antistatic agent to form a dry mixture; wet granulating the dry mixture for from 5 minutes to 10 minutes to provide a wet granulation; wet massing the wet granulation for from 30 minutes to 60 minutes to provide a wet granulation; and drying the wet granulation to provide the granulation.
• Aspect 38 The method of aspect 37, wherein wet granulating comprises: granulating the dry mixture for from 5 minutes to 15 minutes at a mixer speed from 800 rpm to 900 rpm and a chopper speed from 3200 rpm to 4000 rpm; adding water at a rate from 0.0025 wt%/min to 0.0075 wt%/min, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture; and maintaining the temperature of the wet granulation during wet granulation at a temperature from 20 °C to 25 °C.
• Aspect 39 The method of aspect 37, wherein wet granulating comprises: granulating for from 5 minutes to 60 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed from 3600 rpm; adding water at a rate of 0.005 wt%/min, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the mixture; and maintaining the temperature of the wet granulation from 22 °C to 24 °C.
• Aspect 40 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 39, wherein wet massing comprises: wet massing for from 30 minutes to 60 minutes at a mixer speed of 550 rpm and a chopper speed from 1,500 rpm to 2,100 rpm; and maintaining the temperature of the wet granulation at a temperature from 20 °C to 25 °C.
• Aspect 41 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 39, wherein wet massing comprises: wet massing for from 30 minutes to 60 minutes at a mixer speed from 500 rpm to 600 rpm and a chopper speed from 1800 rpm; and maintaining the temperature of the wet granulation from 22 °C to 24 °C.
• Aspect 42 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 41, wherein the mixture comprises: from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; from 0.25 wt% to 0.75 wt% of a binder; and from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the mixture.
• Aspect 43 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 41, wherein the mixture comprises: 98.5 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; 0.5 wt% of a binder; and 1.0 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the mixture.
• Aspect 44 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 43, wherein the granulation is characterized by a yield in the particle size range from 100 pm to 425 pm of 55 wt% to 70 wt%, wherein the particle size range is determined by laser diffraction and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 45 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 44, wherein the granulation is characterized by a yield in the particle size range from 100 pm to 425 pm of 63 wt%, wherein the particle size range is determined by laser diffraction and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 46 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 45, wherein the granulation is characterized by a yield in the particle size range from 200 pm to 350 pm of from 30 wt% to 40 wt%, wherein the particle size range is determined by laser diffraction and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 47 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 46, wherein the granulation is characterized by a yield in the particle size range from 200 pm to 350 pm of 36 wt%, wherein the particle size range is determined by laser diffraction and wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation.
• Aspect 48 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 47, wherein the wet granulation comprises from 0.025 wt% to 0.075 wt% water, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the wet granulation.
• Aspect 49 The method of any one of aspects 37 to 47, wherein the wet granulation comprises 0.05 wt% water, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the wet granulation.
• a granulation comprising a plurality of granules, wherein, the granules comprise greater than 95 wt% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation; and the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises an aqueous solubility greater than 100 mg/mL.
• API active pharmaceutical ingredient
• Aspect 2A The granulation of aspect 1A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is characterized by a particle size distribution characterized by a D90 less than 30 pm.
• Aspect 3A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 2A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is characterized by a specific surface area from 200 m 2 /kg to 1200 m 2 /kg, wherein the specific surface area is determined using laser diffraction.
• Aspect 4 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 3 A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is characterized by a bulk density from 0.1 g/mL to 0.4 g/mL, wherein the bulk density is determined according to USP 616, Method 1.
• Aspect 5A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 4A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient has a bulk density from 0.15 g/mL to 0.35 g/mL, wherein the bulk density is determined using USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 6 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 5 A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient has an aqueous solubility from 100 mg/mL to 1,000 mg/mL.
• Aspect 7A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 6A, wherein the granules comprise from 96 wt% to 99.5 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granules.
• Aspect 8A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 7A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a particle size distribution (PSD) characterized by a D50 from 150 pm to 500 pm, wherein the particle size distribution is determined by laser diffraction or by sieve analysis.
• PSD particle size distribution
• Aspect 9A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 7A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a particle size distribution D50 from 200 pm to 400 pm, wherein the particle size distribution is determined by laser diffraction or by sieve analysis
• Aspect 10A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 7A, wherein the granulation is characterized by: a particle size distribution D10 from 50 pm to 250 pm; and a particle size distribution D90 from 400 pm to 750 pm, wherein the particle size distribution is determined by laser diffraction or by sieve analysis.
• Aspect 11 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 7A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a particle size distribution D10 from 80 pm to 120 pm; and a particle size distribution D90 from 510 pm to 650 pm, wherein the particle size distribution is determined by laser diffraction or by sieve analysis.
• Aspect 12A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 11A, wherein the granulation has a bulk density from 0.50 g/mL to 1.20 g/mL, wherein bulk density is determined according to USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 13A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 12A, wherein the granulation has a bulk density from 0.40 g/mL to 0.80 g/mL, wherein bulk density is determined according to USP 616, Method I.
• Aspect 14 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 13 A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a loss on drying (LOD) from 0.05 wt% to 1.5 wt%, where wt% is based on the weight of the granulation after drying.
• Aspect 15A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 13A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a loss on drying (LOD) from 0.2 wt% to 1.2 wt%, where wt% is based on the weight of the granulation after drying.
• LOD loss on drying
• Aspect 16A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 15A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability less than 2 wt%, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation, and the friability is determined using a sieve shaker according to the method described in the examples.
• Aspect 17A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 15 A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability less than 1.10 wt%, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation, and the friability is determined using a sieve shaker according to the method described in the examples.
• Aspect 18 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 15 A, wherein the granulation is characterized by a friability of less than 1.02 wt%, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granulation, and the friability is determined using a sieve shaker according to the method described in the examples.
• Aspect 19A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 18A, wherein the granules are characterized by a sphericity from 0.90 to 1.00, wherein sphericity is determined by dynamic image analysis.
• Aspect 20A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 19A, wherein the granules are characterized by a surface roughness as substantially shown in FIGS. 9B-9E.
• Aspect 21A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 19A, wherein the granules are characterized by a surface roughness as substantially shown in FIGS. 19-20.
• Aspect 22A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 21A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises g-hydroxybutyric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Aspect 23A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 21A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a derivative of g-hydroxybutyric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Aspect 24A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 21A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a compound of Formula (2): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein,
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen and Ci-e alkyl; and each of R 2 and R 3 is independently selected from hydrogen . , Ci-e alkyl, Ci-e alkoxylcarbonyl, and C 3-6 cycloalkoxylcarbonyl.
• Aspect 25 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 21A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is selected from:
• Aspect 26 A The granulation of any one of aspects 1A to 21 A, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is 4-((I-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (2a) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• Aspect 27A The granulation of any one of aspects 1 A to 26A, wherein the granules further comprise: a binder; and an antistatic agent.
• Aspect 28A The granulation of aspect 27A, wherein the granules comprise no more than 2 wt% of the binder, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granules.
• Aspect 30A The granulation of any one of aspects 27A to 29A, wherein the granules comprise: from 98 wt% to 99 wt% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; from 0.25 wt% to 0.75 wt% of a binder; and from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% of an antistatic agent, wherein wt% is based on the total weight of the granules.
• Aspect 44A The granulation of any one of aspects 42A to 43 A, wherein the coating comprises a seal coating, a controlled release coating, or a combination thereof.
• Aspect 47A The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 45A to 46A, wherein the oral formulation comprises an oral suspension.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was the compound of Formula (2a), 4-((I-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.
• the binder was Pharmacoat® 606 HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) (Shin-Etsu Chemical Company, Ltd.) (Example 1) or Klucel® EXF HPC (hydroxypropylcellulose) (Ashland) (Example 2-9).
• the antistatic agent was Aerosil® 200 (hydrophilic fumed silica, BWT SA 200 m 2 /g) (Evonik Industries). Milling was done using a Comil® (Quadro Engineering).
• a total of 5.0 wt% water was added during wet granulation, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture. Water was added using a syringe and a 2-fluid spray nozzle with atomizing air set to 4 psi. The wet granulation was granulated for 10 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm.
• a jacketed 4 L bowl was used throughout processing. During wet massing, an attached chiller was used to prevent overheating of the product. After initial granulation, sub-batches were combined into the jacketed bowl for additional granulation followed by wet massing.
• FIG. 4 A The granule size distribution before and after wet massing for 20 minutes is shown in FIG. 4 A and SEM images of the resulting granules are shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C at magnifications of 11 OX and 340X, respectively.
• a total of 5.0 wt% water was added during wet granulation, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture. Water was added using a syringe and a 2-fluid spray nozzle with atomizing air set to 4 psi. The wet granulation was granulated for 10 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm.
• FIG. 5A The granule size distribution during wet massing is shown in FIG. 5A and SEM images of the resulting granules are shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C at magnifications of 110X and 340X, respectively.
• the constituents of the dry mixture in terms of wt% are provided in Table 1.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was passed through a Comil® fitted with a 0.045-inch screen before adding to the dry mixture.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was not jet milled.
• a total of 5.0 wt% water was added during wet granulation, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture. Water was added using a syringe and a 2-fluid spray nozzle with atomizing air set to 4 psi. The wet granulation was granulated for 10 min at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm. [348] After the initial granulation, the two sub-batches were combined into the jacketed bowl for the first wet massing. The initial granulation was wet massed for 20 min at a mixer speed of 547 rpm and a chopper speed of 1,800 rpm. During wet massing the temperature was maintained between 21 °C and 22 °C using a water chiller attached to a jacketed 4 L bowl.
• FIG. 6A The granule size distribution during wet massing is shown in FIG. 6A and SEM images of the resulting granules are shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C at magnifications of 110X and 340X, respectively.
• FIG. 7A The granule size distribution during wet massing is shown in FIG. 7A and SEM images of the resulting granules are shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C at magnifications of 110X and 340X, respectively.
• Example 8 The constituents of the dry mixture in terms of wt% are provided in Table 1.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient used in Example 8 was the same as that used in Examples 7 and 9.
• a total of 4.8 wt% water was added during wet granulation, where wt% is based on the total weight of the dry mixture. Water was added using a syringe and a 2-fluid spray nozzle with atomizing air set to 4 psi. The wet granulation was granulated for 11.5 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm. [360] The wet granulation was wet massed for up to 60 minutes at a mixer speed of 547 rpm and a chopper speed of 1,800 rpm, while the temperature of the wet granulation was between 21 °C and
• FIG. 8A The granule size distribution during wet massing is shown in FIG. 8A and SEM images of the resulting granules are shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C at magnifications of 34X and 110X, respectively.
• FIG. 9A The evolution of the PSD during wet massing is shown in FIG. 9A. The number of fines and large particles continued to decrease during wet massing.
• FIG. 9F A more detailed PSD of the granulation after wet massing for 60 minutes as determined using laser diffraction is shown in FIG. 9F.
• FIGS. 9B to 9E SEM images of the granules are shown in FIGS. 9B to 9E at magnifications of 110X, 220X, 1,000X, and 2,000X, respectively.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B show the particle size distribution of granules prepared from un-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient and from milled active pharmaceutical ingredient, respectively. This active pharmaceutical ingredient was the same as was used in Examples 7-9 and had a purity of 99.3%.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient used in Examples 12 and 13 had a different morphology generally characterized by a larger crystal size (FIGS.13-18).
• the as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient was jet-milled to reduce the crystal size to less than about 20 pm.
• FIG. 13 shows an SEM image of as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient at 700X magnification.
• FIG. 14 shows an SEM image of jet-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient at 700X magnification.
• FIGS. 15 and 16 show a particle size distribution of as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient and jet-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient, respectively, as determined by laser diffraction.
• the PSD of the as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient was characterized by a D10 of 11.8 pm, a D50 of 34.0 pm, and a D90 of 72.3 pm.
• the PSD of the jet-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient was characterized by a D10 of 7.8 pm, a D50 of 16.1 pm, and a D90 of 21.5 pm.
• the specific surface area distributions of as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient and jet-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient was determined by laser diffraction.
• the as-crystallized active pharmaceutical ingredient had a specific surface area of 291 m 2 /kg, and the jet-milled active pharmaceutical ingredient had a specific surface area of 478 m 2 /kg.
• the jet milled active pharmaceutical ingredient was characterized by a specific surface area of 1174 m 2 /kg.
• a granulation composition (800.0 g) was prepared by combining 98.5 wt% active pharmaceutical ingredient (394.0 g), 0.5 wt% binder 2.0 g), and 1.0 wt% antistatic agent (4.0 g), where wt% was based on the total weight of the mixture.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was the compound of Formula (2a), 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, and was jet-milled.
• the binder was Klucel® EXF HPC (hydroxypropylcellulose) (Ashland).
• the antistatic agent was Aerosil® 200 (hydrophilic fumed silica, BWT SA 200 m2/g) (Evonik Industries). Milling was done using a Comil® (Quadro Engineering).
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was milled with a 32R screen, with a square impeller and a 0.175-inch spacer and 1349.8 rpm.
• composition was separated into two, 400 g batches for granulation. Each sub-batch was granulated for about 6.75 minutes, with 12.1 g added water at a flow rate of about 1.8 g/min using an atomizing air pressure of 3.0 psi.
• the bed height was 4.0 cm.
• the mixer speed was 850 rpm and the chopper speed was 3600 rpm.
• composition was wet massed for 10 minutes at a final temperature of 24.7 °C with a bed height of 8.0 cm and a mixer speed of 547 rpm and a chopper speed of 1800 rpm.
• composition was wet milled using a screen size of 32R, a square impeller and a 0.175-inch spacer at a speed if 3000 rpm.
• the wet milled composition was then granulated for 22 min with 41 g (10.25 wt%) added water at a flow rate of 1.8 g/min and an atomizing air pressure of 3 psi.
• the bed height was 6.0 cm.
• the mixer speed was 850 rpm and the chopper speed was 3600 rpm.
• the granulated composition was wet massed for 40 minutes at a temperature of from 24.7 °C to 30.9 °C with a final bed height of 5.2 cm and a mixer speed of 547 rpm and a chopper speed of 1800 rpm.
• the granules were oven dried at 40 °C for 20 hours. [391] The dried granules had a bulk density of 0.41 g/mL, a Hausner Ratio of 1.38, and a surface area of 1174 m 2 /kg.
• a formulation (400.0 g) was prepared by combining 98.5 wt% active pharmaceutical ingredient (394.0 g), 0.5 wt% binder 2.0 g), and 1.0 wt% antistatic agent (4.0 g), where wt% was based on the total weight of the formulation.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient was the compound of Formula (2a), 4-((I-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and was jet-milled.
• the binder was Klucel® EXF HPC (hydroxypropylcellulose) (Ashland).
• the antistatic agent was Aerosil® 200 (hydrophilic fumed silica, BWT SA 200 m 2 /g) (Evonik Industries). Milling was done using a Comil® (Quadro Engineering).
• the formulation was granulated using a GMX Granumeist® high shear granulator (Freund- Vector Corporation) with a 4 L jacketed bowl fitted with an impeller and a chopper.
• a total of 9.0 wt% (18.1 g) water was added during wet granulation, where wt% is with respect to the total weight of the dry formulation sub-batch. Water was added by dripping into the mixing bowl at a flow rate of about 2.0 g/min. The wet granulation was granulated for about 9.3 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with an average temperature of the wet granulation of about 25 °C. The bed height decreased by about 40% from 7.0 cm to 4.0 cm).
• a first wet massing step the wet granulated sub-batches were combined and wet massed for 20 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with an average temperature of the wet granulation from 20.0 °C to 23.4 °C.
• the bed height decreased by about 30% from 7.0 cm to 5.0 cm.
• a second granulation step the product of the first wet massing step was granulated for 26.7 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with an average temperature of the wet granulation of 25.2 °C.
• Water (53.6 g) was added by spraying using an atomizing air pressure of 4.0 psi at a distance of 4.19 cm from the granulation bed. The bed height deceased from 5.0 cm to 4.0 cm.
• the second wet granulation was wet massed for 40 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with a temperature of the wet granulation of about 30 °C to 40 °C.
• the bed height decreased by about 12% from 4.0 cm to 3.5 cm.
• a third granulation step the product of the second wet massing step was granulated for 8.4 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with an average temperature of the wet granulation of 25.2 °C.
• Water (17.3 g) was added by spraying using an atomizing air pressure of 4.0 psi at a distance of 5.69 cm from the granulation bed. The bed height remained the same at about 3.5 cm.
• the third wet granulation was wet massed for 20 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with a temperature of the wet granulation of about 30 °C to 40 °C.
• the bed height decreased by about 14% from 3.5 cm to 3.0 cm.
• a fourth granulation step the product of the third wet massing step was granulated for 8.3 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with an average temperature of the wet granulation of 25.2 °C.
• Water (17.3 g) was added by spraying using an atomizing air pressure of 4.0 psi at a distance of 5.9 cm from the granulation bed. The bed height decreased from 3.0 cm to 2.8 cm.
• a fourth wet massing step the third wet granulation was wet massed for 20 minutes at a mixer speed of 850 rpm and a chopper speed of 3,600 rpm, with a temperature of the wet granulation of about 19 °C to 20 °C.
• the bed height remained about the same at 3.0 cm.
• FIGS. 19 and 20 show photographs of the granules at 100X and 240X magnification, respectively.

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