WO2021190665A1 - 开关 - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2021190665A1
WO2021190665A1 PCT/CN2021/085136 CN2021085136W WO2021190665A1 WO 2021190665 A1 WO2021190665 A1 WO 2021190665A1 CN 2021085136 W CN2021085136 W CN 2021085136W WO 2021190665 A1 WO2021190665 A1 WO 2021190665A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
arc
switch
fuse
mechanical switch
arc extinguishing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2021/085136
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
郭桥石
刘建德
贾宝华
Original Assignee
郭桥石
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 郭桥石 filed Critical 郭桥石
Priority to CN202180017535.8A priority Critical patent/CN115210981A/zh
Publication of WO2021190665A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021190665A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a switch, in particular to a switch with high safety and strong breaking capacity.
  • mechanical switches such as circuit breakers and contactors (relays) are required to break the load with large current (fault current, or short-circuit current, etc.), or the original arc extinguishing device of the mechanical switch fails (or cannot fail).
  • Function such as gas-filled switch or vacuum switch seal failure, or other arc extinguishing device failure or beyond its arc extinguishing capacity, or beyond the original mechanical switch interrupting capacity
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the current problems and provide a switch with good safety and strong breaking capacity.
  • a switch includes a mechanical switch, and at least one section of the arc of the mechanical switch is bypassed by a fuse (via an arc extinguishing electrode).
  • the design of the invention is reasonable, it takes advantage of the strong current-breaking ability of the fuse-link, and has the advantages of good safety and strong breaking ability.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the second embodiment of the switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the third embodiment of the switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is one of the principle diagrams of the fourth embodiment of the switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is the second schematic diagram of the fourth embodiment of the switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the fifth embodiment of the switch of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 it includes a mechanical switch K, a fuse F (which can be externally installed), an arc extinguishing electrode B1, and an arc extinguishing piece G1 (optional, an arc extinguishing grid, or an equivalent device for medium and small currents
  • a mechanical switch K which can be externally installed
  • an arc extinguishing electrode B1 which can be externally installed
  • an arc extinguishing piece G1 optional, an arc extinguishing grid, or an equivalent device for medium and small currents
  • all embodiments of the present invention can use arc extinguishing pieces as required).
  • the fuse F bypasses the arc between the contact A1 and the extinguishing electrode B1 to achieve this between the contact A1 and the extinguishing electrode B1
  • the arc is extinguished in the first section (front section), and then the fuse F is fused to realize the arc extinguishing of the section (rear section) between the contact A2 and the arc extinguishing electrode B1.
  • FIG. 2 it includes a mechanical switch K and an arc-extinguishing electrode B1 (B2).
  • B2 arc-extinguishing electrode
  • fuse-link F1 first fuse-link
  • fuse-link F2 The second fuse
  • the fuse F1 contacts The arc between the point A1 and the arc extinguishing electrode B1 is bypassed to realize the arc extinguishing between the contact A1 and the arc extinguishing electrode B1, and then the fuse body F1 is fused to realize the connection between the contact A2 and the arc extinguishing electrode B1.
  • the arc is extinguished during this period; when the fuse F1 is blown, during the breaking process of the mechanical switch K, the contact A1 and the contact A2 of the mechanical switch K appear arc, when the arc reaches the arc extinguishing electrode B2 (second arc extinguishing Electrode), the fuse link F2 bypasses the arc between the contact A1 and the arc extinguishing electrode B2 to realize the arc extinguishing between the contact A1 and the arc extinguishing electrode B2, and then the fuse F2 is blown to achieve the The arc between the contact A2 and the arc extinguishing electrode B2 is extinguished.
  • FIG. 3 it includes a mechanical switch K, a fuse F, an arc extinguishing electrode B1 (the first arc extinguishing electrode), and an arc extinguishing electrode B2 (the second arc extinguishing electrode).
  • the fuse is broken
  • the two ends of the body F are respectively connected through the arc extinguishing electrode B1, the arc extinguishing electrode B2 and the arc (the arc between A1 and A2, that is, the arc between the contact bridge A3 and A1, A2, or a non-contact bridge structure).
  • the fuse F to bypass the two sections of the arc of the mechanical switch K (the arc between B1 and B2 can also be defined as one section, which is one section when the non-contact bridge structure is used), and then the fuse F is fused to achieve extinction arc.
  • an arc extinguishing unit A (electronic arc extinguishing device) is added.
  • the voltage signal of the arc (fuse F) drives the first switch S1 of the arc extinguishing unit to be turned on.
  • the arc extinguishing unit A supplies power to the load R connected to the mechanical switch K (provides a pulse current) to realize the arc extinguishing to the mechanical switch K to prevent the fuse F from fusing.
  • the arc extinguishing unit A fails (or does not work)
  • the fuse F is fused to realize the arc extinguishing process.
  • FIG. 4 and Figure 5 it includes a mechanical switch K, a fuse F (can be externally installed), an arc extinguishing electrode B1, and an arc extinguishing piece G1.
  • the contact bridge A3 and the first contact Point A1 forms a first arc
  • contact bridge A3 and second contact A2 form a second arc
  • contact bridge A3 is in the arc extinguishing chamber (preferably non-centered layout)
  • one end of fuse F is connected to first contact A1
  • the breaking process of switch K the first arc is first connected to the arc extinguishing piece G1 (the wall of the arc extinguishing chamber, or an arc extinguishing grid, etc.) of the arc extinguishing chamber (that is, the arc extinguishing chamber) (the first arc can be lifted)
  • the voltage of an arc is conducive to bypassing the arc extinguishing of the fuse link F).
  • the fuse link F passes through the arc extinguishing electrode B1 (the first arc extinguishing electrode) and the second The arc establishes a connection, and the fuse F is used to bypass two of the arcs (including the first arc and the second arc) of the mechanical switch K (the first arc and the arc between A3 and B1), and then the fuse F is blown , Realize the arc extinguishing.
  • control unit A As shown in Figure 4, it also includes a control unit A.
  • the control unit A has the following embodiments:
  • the control signal of the mechanical switch K is provided by the control unit A, and the information that the fuse F has been blown is transmitted to the control unit A (detecting the voltage of the arc extinguishing electrode B1, preferably the voltage of B1 relative to A2, or the voltage of B1 relative to the load ground Voltage), when the fuse F has been blown, the control unit A refuses to perform unsafe control of the mechanical switch K (for example, the mechanical switch K is closed again, or opened again);
  • the control unit A shown in Figure 5 includes a relay K1, current-limiting element R1 (option, a resistor), control switch K2 (photoelectric switch, a relay can also be used), fuse F, relay K1, current-limiting element R1 (option), control switch K2 are connected in series Form a series circuit (preferably the series circuit is connected in parallel with the mechanical switch K, or the series circuit can be connected to the ground relative to the other end of the fuse F).
  • the drive signal of the relay K1 is provided by the drive power VCC of the mechanical switch K, and the control switch K2 is connected to the mechanical switch.
  • the control end of the switch K (the control switch K2 is connected in series with the control coil of the mechanical switch K).
  • control unit A can be used as an arc extinguishing unit (electronic arc extinguishing device).
  • the control unit A supplies power to the load R connected to the mechanical switch K to realize the arc extinguishing of the mechanical switch K.
  • the power supply of the extinguishing current can be provided by the output terminal of the fuse F (preferred), such as a control unit A built-in first switch, one end of the first switch is connected to the output terminal B1 node of the fuse F (fuse F can be used to protect the first switch at the same time) or connected to the power supply of the power end of the mechanical switch K, and the other end is connected to the load R Connected, the first switch is preferably a fully-controlled semiconductor switch.
  • the arc extinguishing current provided by the control unit A can be provided through the arc extinguishing electrode B1 or directly (through the node where A2 is located) to the load R (when the load is capacitive) ,
  • the control unit A can also be used as a switch to pre-charge the load).
  • the current signal of the mechanical switch K is transmitted to the control unit A (it can be input through the J2 port or in other ways, such as the mechanical switch K connected to a current sensor).
  • the control unit A controls the mechanical switch K disconnect.
  • the control unit A is used to detect the contact repulsion of the mechanical switch K (repulsion caused by overcurrent). When the contact repulsion is detected, the control unit A controls the mechanical switch K to open, and the control unit A can pass the detection The voltage between the contacts of the mechanical switch K (between A1 and A2, or between A3 and A1 or A2 can also be detected by detecting the contact repulsion of the mechanical switch K). This technical solution has convenient implementation and low cost. The advantages of fast response and cut-off speed.
  • the control unit A can use programmable devices such as microcontrollers and programmable logic devices for logic control, timing, voltage and current acquisition and other operations.
  • a mechanical switch with a bridge structure is used to extinguish the arc with a single arc extinguishing electrode B1, the medium between A1 and A3 recovers quickly, and the arc voltage between A1 and B1 is relatively high, and the arc extinguishing stability is good.
  • FIG. 6 it includes a mechanical switch K and an arc extinguishing electrode B1.
  • a mechanical switch K and an arc extinguishing electrode B1.
  • an arc extinguishing unit A electronic arc extinguishing device, or defined as a control unit
  • the connected load R supplies power to realize the arc extinguishing of the mechanical switch K.
  • the current signal of the fuse F is transmitted to the arc extinguishing unit A. When an arc occurs, a pulse current is provided to extinguish the arc.
  • the fuse F can be used when the arc extinguishing unit A fails. (Or does not work) plays the role of arc extinguishing.
  • Arc extinguishing unit A includes capacitor C1, first switch S1 (semi-controlled device, thyristor), the output signal of current sensor CT is connected to first switch S1, when the arc between contacts A1 and A2 is connected to fuse F At this time, the output signal of the current sensor CT drives the first switch S1 to be turned on, and the series circuit composed of the capacitor C1 and the first switch S1 supplies power to the load R to achieve arc extinguishing.
  • Resistor R1 is a charging component, and the charging power can also be changed to be provided by the output terminal of the mechanical switch K through the resistor R1.
  • the above embodiment is preferably that the length of the arc bypassed by the fuse link F is greater than the length of the arc that is not bypassed, or the distance between the moving contact A1 (as shown in Figure 1) and the arc extinguishing electrode B1 is greater than that of the contact A2 and the extinguishing
  • the distance of the arc electrode B1 is beneficial to improve the stability of arc extinguishing and reduce the burning loss of the mechanical switch K by the arc.
  • a component for freewheeling can be connected in parallel to the fuse F, which can extremely effectively suppress the generation of overvoltage.
  • Fuse link F parameter selection It is preferable to use a non-long-time working fuse link (that is, an unconventional fuse link, which can be customized or self-made) to obtain a smaller size and lowest cost. Under the limit breaking current condition of the switch of the present invention, It is better to control the total time from energization to cut-off of the fuse F in the range of 0.05 to 2 milliseconds; the fuse F is preferably a fuse with filler (quartz sand, etc.); the rated current of the fuse F, one of the options of the switch of the present invention
  • the relative position of the arc extinguishing electrode B1 and A2, or A3, or A1 should be selected to prevent the load from being completely disconnected by the current passing through the fuse link F for a long time.
  • the fuse link can be connected to the mechanical switch through fasteners, and the fuse link and the switch body of the present invention have a detachable structure, which facilitates the replacement of the fuse link, and can also be a non-detachable structure.
  • the fuse is used for extinguishing the fault (or short-circuit) current, and used for AC or DC arc extinguishing.
  • the above embodiments can be combined with the arc extinguishing capability of the mechanical switch K (or cooperate with other arc extinguishing devices, such as magnetic blow extinguishing, arc extinguishing piece, arc extinguishing unit A, etc.), so that the current condition of the mechanical switch K is within a certain range If the arc fails to establish a connection with the fuse link F, or even if the arc is connected to the fuse link F, the time for the fuse link F to pass the current is short enough (or the arc cannot establish a connection with the fuse link F) so that it will not blow; The arc effect and reduce the impact on the arc extinguishing ability of the original arc extinguishing device A of the mechanical switch K.
  • the arc extinguishing electrode B1 connected to the arc can be flexibly used in any shape (such as needle, ring, strip, U-shaped, Y-shaped, Flat plate shape, etc.), can also be matched with other magnetic blowing arc extinguishing devices to realize the connection between the arc and the arc extinguishing electrode.
  • the mechanical switch K can be a relay, or a contactor, or a circuit breaker, or a load switch, or an isolating switch; for example, when the mechanical switch K adopts a bridge structure, it can be used in the first A permanent magnet or a coil is placed at the end of the arc to make the arc faster to establish a connection with the arc extinguishing piece.
  • the magnetic blow-out arc can/should be designed such that the magnetic blowing force for the first arc is greater than the magnetic blowing force for the second arc.
  • the arc extinguishing electrode B1 (B2) can be connected with an action mechanism for adjusting the displacement of the arc extinguishing electrode.
  • the switch of the present invention is particularly suitable for controllable cut-off loads (electronic loads) such as frequency converters, (controllable cut-off) switching power supplies, etc., as the main circuit switch-on and switch-off control.
  • controllable cut-off loads electronic loads
  • the mechanical switch is mainly used to isolate the load and the power supply and break the control circuit current of the load.
  • the fuse is used to break the fault current. The fuse does not pass the normal working current (preferably, unless there is an electronic arc extinguishing device that quickly intervenes in the arc extinguishing).
  • the switch of the present invention can be used as a vehicle (or airborne, or ship) switch due to its strong current-cutting capability, and can be used as a fault current (or short-circuit current) protection switch to replace the switch and the fuse series circuit (the switch of the present invention can be selected more Small size and smaller rated working current fuse), or alternative switch and circuit breaker series circuit, has the advantages of lower energy loss, smaller size, lighter weight, and fast current interruption speed.
  • a mechanical switch without breaking operating current can be used to reduce cost, volume and product weight.
  • the mechanical switch when the mechanical switch is a gas-filled switch or a vacuum switch, air leaks (Note:
  • the mechanical switch can be a non-sealed switch, that is, a non-gas-filled or non-vacuum structure, which is beneficial to air convection and rapid medium recovery), or a mechanical switch
  • the connected electronic arc extinguishing device (unit) fails to extinguish the arc, and the fuse can be used to break the normal current of the load (this is not possible with the traditional mechanical switch series fuse).
  • the switch of the invention includes two technical schemes: a fuse or an external fuse.
  • the switch of the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the arc can be connected to the fuse link only when there is a large distance between the mechanical switch contacts, it has the advantages of good arc extinguishing stability, arc not easy to reignite and good isolation.
  • the fuse link and the arc of the present invention adopt a non-mechanical contact form to establish electrical connection, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost and convenient implementation.
  • the mechanical switch preferably adopts a single arc extinguishing electrode for arc extinguishing, which has little effect on the original structure (arc extinguishing structure) of the mechanical switch and is easy to implement.

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  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Abstract

一种开关，其包括一机械开关（K），利用一熔断体（F）对机械开关（K）的电弧的其中至少一段进行旁路。开关具有安全性好、分断能力强的优点。

Description

开关 技术领域
本发明涉及一种开关，特别是一种安全性高、分断能力强的开关。
背景技术
目前在用电系统中，需要断路器、接触器(继电器)等机械开关对负载进行大电流(故障电流，或短路电流等)分断，或机械开关原来的灭弧装置灭弧失败(或不起作用)时(如充气式开关或真空开关密封失效，或其它灭弧装置失效或超出其灭弧能力，或超出原机械开关断流能力)分断电流，经常会出现烧毁，爆炸现象。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于解决目前的问题，提供一种安全性好、分断能力强的开关。
实现本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来到达的：
一种开关，其包括一机械开关，利用一熔断体(通过灭弧电极)对机械开关的电弧的其中至少一段进行旁路。
工作原理：在机械开关分断过程中，机械开关的触点间出现电弧，当电弧到达与熔断体建立连接时，熔断体对旁路的前段电弧灭弧，然后熔断体熔断，实现对后段电弧灭弧。
本发明设计合理，其利用了熔断体断流能力强的特点，具有安全性好、分断能力强的优点。
附图说明
图1是本发明开关实施例一原理图。
图2是本发明开关实施例二原理图。
图3是本发明开关实施例三原理图。
图4是本发明开关实施例四原理图之一。
图5是本发明开关实施例四原理图之二。
图6是本发明开关实施例五原理图。
具体实施方式
本发明开关实施例一：
如图1所示，包括机械开关K、熔断体F(可外置)、灭弧电极B1、灭弧片G1(可选，为一灭弧栅，或为一等同装置，用于对中小电流灭弧，本发明所有实施例都可以根据需要选用灭弧片)，在机械开关K分断过程中，机械开关K的触点A1、触点A2间出现电弧，电弧先与灭弧片G1连接，如灭弧片G1灭弧失败且电弧到达灭弧电极B1时，熔断体F对触点 A1与灭弧电极B1之间这段电弧进行旁路，实现触点A1与灭弧电极B1之间这段(前段)电弧灭弧，然后熔断体F熔断，实现对触点A2与灭弧电极B1之间这段(后段)电弧灭弧。
本发明开关实施例二：
如图2所示，包括机械开关K、灭弧电极B1(B2)，为实现开关多次大电流分断，熔断体可采用多只，包括熔断体F1(第一熔断体)、熔断体F2(第二熔断体)，在机械开关K分断过程中，机械开关K的触点A1、触点A2间出现电弧，当电弧到达灭弧电极B1(第一灭弧电极)时，熔断体F1对触点A1与灭弧电极B1之间这段电弧进行旁路，实现触点A1与灭弧电极B1之间这段电弧灭弧，然后熔断体F1熔断，实现对触点A2与灭弧电极B1之间这段电弧灭弧；在熔断体F1熔断的情况下，在机械开关K分断过程中，机械开关K的触点A1、触点A2出现电弧，当电弧到达灭弧电极B2(第二灭弧电极)时，熔断体F2对触点A1与灭弧电极B2之间这段电弧进行旁路，实现触点A1与灭弧电极B2之间这段电弧灭弧，然后熔断体F2熔断，实现对触点A2与灭弧电极B2之间这段电弧灭弧。
本发明开关实施例三：
如图3所示，其包括机械开关K、熔断体F、灭弧电极B1(第一灭弧电极)、灭弧电极B2(第二灭弧电极)，在机械开关K的分断过程中，熔断体F两端分别通过灭弧电极B1、灭弧电极B2与电弧(A1、A2之间的电弧，即触桥A3与A1、A2之间的电弧，也可采用非触桥结构)建立连接，利用熔断体F对机械开关K的电弧的其中二段(B1与B2之间的电弧，也可以定义为一段，采用非触桥结构时为一段)进行旁路，然后熔断体F熔断，实现灭弧。
为提升本发明开关适用范围，增加灭弧单元A(电子灭弧装置)，当熔断体F有电流通过时，电弧(熔断体F)的电压信号驱动灭弧单元的第一开关S1导通，灭弧单元A对与机械开关K连接的负载R供电(提供脉冲电流)，实现对机械开关K灭弧，防止熔断体F熔断，当灭弧单元A灭弧失败(或不起作用)时，熔断体F熔断，实现灭弧过程。
本发明开关实施例四：
如图4、图5所示，其包括机械开关K、熔断体F(可外置)、灭弧电极B1、灭弧片G1，在机械开关K的分断过程中，触桥A3与第一触点A1形成第一电弧，触桥A3与第二触点A2形成第二电弧，触桥A3在灭弧室中(优选为非居中布局)，熔断体F一端与第一触点A1连接，机械开关K分断过程中，第一电弧先与灭弧室(即灭弧腔体)的灭弧片G1(为灭弧腔体的壁，或为一灭弧栅等等同装置)连接(可提升第一电弧的电压，有利于熔断体F旁路灭弧)，当灭弧片G1灭弧失败(即没完全断弧)，熔断体F通过灭弧电极B1(第一灭弧电极)与第二电弧建立连接，利用熔断体F对机械开关K的电弧(包括第一电弧，第二电弧)的其 中二段(第一电弧和A3与B1之间的电弧)进行旁路，然后熔断体F熔断，实现灭弧。
图4所示，还包括控制单元A，控制单元A有以下几种实施方式：
1、机械开关K的控制信号由控制单元A提供，熔断体F已熔断的信息传递至控制单元A(检测灭弧电极B1的电压，优选B1相对于A2的电压，或B1相对于负载地的电压)，在熔断体F已熔断情况下，控制单元A拒绝对机械开关K进行不安全控制(如机械开关K再次闭合，或再次分断)；如图5所示的控制单元A，其包括继电器K1、限流元件R1(选项，为一电阻)、控制开关K2(光电开关，也可采用一继电器)，熔断体F、继电器K1、限流元件R1(选项)、控制开关K2的控制端串联组成串联电路(优选串联电路与机械开关K并联，也可以串联电路相对于熔断体F的另一端与地连接)，继电器K1的驱动信号由机械开关K的驱动电源VCC提供，控制开关K2与机械开关K的控制端(控制开关K2与机械开关K的控制线圈串联)连接，当VCC端输入驱动电源时，如熔断体F熔断，机械开关K将不动作。
2、为提升本发明开关适用范围，控制单元A可作为灭弧单元(电子灭弧装置)，控制单元A对与机械开关K连接的负载R供电，实现对机械开关K灭弧，当电弧出现时(检测A1、A2的电压)提供脉冲电流灭弧，图4的灭弧单元A输出的灭弧电流，该灭弧电流的电源可以由熔断体F的输出端提供(优选)，如控制单元A内置第一开关，第一开关一端与熔断体F的输出端B1节点(熔断体F可同时用于对第一开关进行保护)或与机械开关K的电源端的电源连接，另一端与负载R连接，第一开关优先为全控型半导体开关，控制单元A提供的灭弧电流可以通过灭弧电极B1提供，也可以直接(通过A2所在的节点)提供给负载R(当负载为容性时，控制单元A可也作为一个开关对负载预充电)。
3、机械开关K的电流信号传递至控制单元A(可通过J2端口，或采用其它方式输入，如机械开关K连接一电流传感器)，机械开关K通过故障电流时，控制单元A控制机械开关K断开。
4、控制单元A用于检测机械开关K的触点斥开(过电流引起的斥开)，当检测到触点斥开时，控制单元A控制机械开关K断开，控制单元A可通过检测机械开关K的触点之间(A1与A2之间，也可采用检测A3与A1或A2之间)的电压得知机械开关K的触点斥开，本技术方案具有实施方便，成本低，响应及断流速度快的优点。
J1为控制信号输入端口(选项)，控制单元A可采用微控制器和可编程逻辑器件等可编程器件进行逻辑控制、定时、电压和电流采集等操作。
本实施例，采用桥接结构的机械开关配合单一灭弧电极B1灭弧，A1与A3之间的介质 恢复快，且A1与B1之间的电弧电压较高，灭弧稳定性好。
本发明开关实施例五：
如图6所示，包括机械开关K、灭弧电极B1，为提升开关适用范围，还包括灭弧单元A(电子灭弧装置，或定义为控制单元)，灭弧单元A对与机械开关K连接的负载R供电，实现对机械开关K灭弧，熔断体F的电流信号传递至灭弧单元A，当电弧出现时提供脉冲电流灭弧，熔断体F可在灭弧单元A灭弧失败时(或不起作用)起灭弧作用。
灭弧单元A：包括电容C1、第一开关S1(半控型器件，晶闸管)，电流传感器CT的输出信号连接至第一开关S1，当触点A1、A2之间的电弧连接至熔断体F时，电流传感器CT的输出信号驱动第一开关S1导通，电容C1与第一开关S1组成的串联电路为负载R供电，实现灭弧。注：电阻R1为充电元件，充电电源也可以改为由机械开关K的输出端通过电阻R1提供。
以上实施例优选为，熔断体F旁路的电弧的长度大于未被旁路的电弧的长度，或动触点A1(如图1所示)与灭弧电极B1的距离大于触点A2与灭弧电极B1的距离，有利于提升灭弧的稳定性，减少电弧对机械开关K的烧损。
为抑制熔断体熔断截流时产生过电压，造成电弧重燃，可在熔断体F上并联用于续流的元件(优选为一电容)，其能极其有效抑制过电压产生。
熔断体F参数选择：优选采用非长时间工作制熔断体(即非常规熔断体，可订制或自制)，以获得更小体积和最低成本，在本发明开关分断的极限分断电流条件下，熔断体F从通电到断流的总时间控制在0.05到2毫秒区间为佳；熔断体F优选带填充物(石英砂等)的熔断体；本发明开关的选项之一熔断体F的额定电流的选取，灭弧电极B1与A2，或A3，或A1的相对位置，要以防止电流长时间通过熔断体F引起负载无法完全断开为原则。
以上实施例，熔断体可通过紧固件与机械开关连接，熔断体与本发明的开关本体为可拆卸结构，方便更换熔断体，也可为不可拆卸结构。
以上实施例，熔断体用于对故障(或短路)电流灭弧，用于交流或直流灭弧。
以上实施例，可结合机械开关K本身的灭弧能力(或配合其它灭弧装置，如磁吹灭弧，灭弧片，灭弧单元A等)，使得机械开关K在一定范围内的电流条件下分断，电弧无法与熔断体F建立连接，或即使电弧与熔断体F建立连接，使得熔断体F通过电流的时间足够短(或电弧无法与熔断体F建立连接)不至于熔断；为调整引弧效果并减少对机械开关K原来的灭弧装置A灭弧能力的影响，与电弧连接的灭弧电极B1可以灵活采用任意形状(如针状、环状、条形、U形、Y型、平板形等)，也可以配合其它磁吹灭弧装置，实现电弧与灭弧电极 连接。
以上实施例，机械开关K可以为一继电器，或为一接触器，或为一断路器，或为一负荷开关，或为一隔离开关；如当机械开关K采用桥接结构时，可在第一电弧端放一块永磁体或一线圈，使得电弧更快与灭弧片建立连接，磁吹灭弧可/应设计为对第一电弧的磁吹力大于对第二电弧的磁吹力。
以上实施例，灭弧电极B1(B2)可以与一用于调整灭弧电极位移的动作机构连接。
本发明开关尤其适用于变频器、(可控关断的)开关电源等可控关断负载(电子负载)作为主电路接通和分断控制，此类工况下，机械开关闭合状态下工作电流大，机械开关正常分断时电流小或为零(这样熔断体不会起作用)，机械开关主要起负载与电源之间隔离和分断负载的控制电路电流的用途，熔断体用于分断故障电流，熔断体不通过正常工作电流(优选，除非存在电子灭弧装置快速介入灭弧)。
本发明开关因其断流能力强可作为车载(或航载、舰船)开关，可作为故障电流(或短路电流)保护开关时，替代开关与熔断体串联电路(本发明的开关可以选更小体积和更小额定工作电流的熔断体)，或替代开关与断路器串联电路，具有更低的能量损耗、更小的体积和更轻重量、断流速度快的优点。
以上实施例，当采用电子灭弧或正常分断电流较小的工况下，可以采用不具备分断工作电流(或电压)的机械开关，以便减低成本、减少体积及产品重量。
以上实施例，当机械开关为充气式开关或真空开关时漏气(注：机械开关可选非密封开关，即非充气、非真空结构，这样有利于空气对流，介质快速恢复)，或机械开关连接的电子灭弧装置(单元)灭弧失效，熔断体可用于分断负载正常电流(这是传统机械开关串联熔断体无法实现的)。
本发明开关包括熔断体，或外置熔断体两种技术方案。
综上所述，本发明开关具有以下优点：
1、结合了机械开关可控接通关断、低损耗的特性，和熔断体的体积小、成本低、电流及电压分断力高的特性(一只10mmX38mm的普通熔断体，其极限分断能力可达50KA/1000VDC或100KA/600VAC)。
2、由于在机械开关触点间存在较大的开距时电弧才能与熔断体连接，因此具有灭弧稳定性好，电弧不易重燃和隔离性好的优点。
3、在机械开关闭合状态下熔断体无需通过电流，小电流的熔断体即可满足大电流负载的工作需求，具有成本低、损耗小、断流速度快、体积小、重量轻的优点。
4、本发明熔断体与电弧采用非机械接触形式建立电连接，具有电路简单、成本低、实施方便的优点。
5、机械开关优选采用单一灭弧电极灭弧对机械开关原有结构(灭弧结构)影响小，容易实施。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种开关，其包括一机械开关，其特征是：利用一熔断体对所述机械开关的电弧的其中至少一段进行旁路。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：还包括一与所述熔断体并联用于续流的元件。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：还包括一灭弧片，所述电弧先与所述灭弧片连接，然后所述熔断体与所述电弧连接。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：还包括灭弧电极，所述熔断体的一端通过所述灭弧电极与所述电弧连接，或所述熔断体的两端通过所述灭弧电极与所述电弧连接。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：所述熔断体旁路的电弧的长度，大于所述未被旁路的电弧的长度。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：所述机械开关为一继电器，或为一接触器，或为一断路器，或为一负荷开关，或为一隔离开关。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：所述熔断体包括第一熔断体、第二熔断体，所述第一熔断体、所述第二熔断体分别与所述电弧连接。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：所述机械开关包括一触桥，第一触点、第二触点，所述电弧包括所述触桥与所述第一触点形成的第一电弧及所述触桥与所述第二触点形成的第二电弧，所述熔断体一端与所述第一触点连接，所述熔断体的另一端通过灭弧电极与所述第二电弧连接。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的开关，其特征是：所述机械开关分断过程中，所述第一电弧先与一灭弧片连接，当所述灭弧片灭弧失败时，所述第二电弧与所述灭弧电极连接。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的开关，其特征是：所述机械开关包括一触桥，第一触点、第二触点，所述熔断体通过灭弧电极与所述电弧连接，所述电弧包括所述触桥与所述第一触点形成的第一电弧及所述触桥与所述第二触点形成的第二电弧，所述灭弧电极包括用于与所述第二电弧连接的第一灭弧电极和用于与所述第一电弧连接的第二灭弧电极，所述熔断体两端分别与所述第一灭弧电极、所述第二灭弧电极连接。
  11. 根据权利要求1至10任一项权利要求所述的开关，其特征是：其由所述机械开关、一灭弧单元组成，所述灭弧单元对与所述机械开关连接的负载供电实现对所述机械开关灭弧。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的开关，其特征是：所述熔断体的电流信号，或所述熔断体的电压信号，或所述电弧的电压信号，传递至所述灭弧单元。
  13. 根据权利要求1至10任一项权利要求所述的开关，其特征是：其由所述机械开关、一控制单元组成，所述机械开关的电流信号传递至所述控制单元，所述机械开关通过故障电流时， 控制所述机械开关断开。
  14. 根据权利要求1至10任一项权利要求所述的开关，其特征是：其由所述机械开关、一控制单元组成，所述机械开关的控制信号由所述控制单元提供，所述熔断体已熔断的信息传递至所控制单元，在所述熔断体已熔断情况下，所述控制单元拒绝对所述机械开关进行不安全控制。
  15. 根据权利要求14权利要求所述的开关，其特征是：所述控制单元包括一继电器、控制开关，所述熔断体、所述继电器、所述控制开关的控制端串联，所述继电器的驱动信号由所述机械开关的驱动电源提供，所述控制开关与所述机械开关的控制端连接。
  16. 根据权利要求1至10任一项权利要求所述的开关，其特征是：其由所述机械开关、一控制单元组成，所述控制单元用于检测所述机械开关的触点斥开，当检测到所述触点斥开时，所述控制单元控制所述机械开关断开。
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