WO2021175910A1

WO2021175910A1 - Optical component comprising a hybrid prism

Info

Publication number: WO2021175910A1
Application number: PCT/EP2021/055304
Authority: WO
Inventors: Friedrich Grimm
Original assignee: Friedrich Grimm
Priority date: 2020-03-03
Filing date: 2021-03-03
Publication date: 2021-09-10
Also published as: DE102020001448B3

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical component for an optical system (2), said optical component comprising at least one hybrid prism (1) for light (L) having a wavelength of 780 nm to 380 nm or for X-rays (R) having a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm or for infrared rays. The hybrid prism (1) has an optical axis (x) which combines properties of a lens with the properties of a reflection prism and is rotationally symmetrical, and said hybrid prism (1) is provided. The hybrid prism (1) has boundary surfaces (a-d) to the surrounding matter, the optical density changing at said boundary surfaces (a-d) and said boundary surfaces (a-d) comprising a front boundary surface (a), a rear boundary surface (d), and two inner boundary surfaces (b, c). The two inner boundary surfaces (b, c) are each arranged at an angle of inclination (α) to the optical axis (x). The hybrid prism (1) is designed to define the beam path over a length (e) in such a way that at least part of the beams (S) emanating from an object (Θ) enter the hybrid prism (1) at the front boundary surface (a), undergo an even number of total reflections at the two inner boundary surfaces (b, c), and emerge again from the rotationally symmetrical body (P) at a rear boundary surface (d). At least one of the boundary surfaces (a-d) has a generating curve (y) with an alternating tangent angle (β) in a longitudinal section (f), and the hybrid prism (1) is designed as a collecting prism (12) or as a dispersing prism (13) or as a hybrid condensing prism (14).

Description

Optical component with hybrid prism

The invention relates to an optical component which combines the properties of a lens with the properties of a reflection prism and is referred to below as a hybrid prism. A prism consists of a base and a top surface as well as a basically unlimited number of side surfaces that connect the base and top surface with one another, so that, for example, a glass cylinder that is optically denser with respect to the surrounding matter can also be referred to as a prism. A reflection prism is used to change the direction of light at two opposing totally reflective boundary surfaces, while a lens has two rotationally symmetrical refractive surfaces, at least one of which is designed so that parallel incident light rays cross at a focal point. The hybrid prism for optical systems with different spectral ranges consists of a rotationally symmetrical body similar to a rotational rhomboid, which is denser than the surrounding matter and has at least one glass body for light with a wavelength of 780 nm to 380 nm and for X-rays with a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm a vacuum within an enveloping body that surrounds it on all sides. The rotationally symmetrical body, with four interfaces to optically thinner matter, determines the beam path within an optical system over its length in such a way that the beams emanating from an object in a linked beam path enable the object to be depicted on an image surface, whereby they are shown at a front boundary surface in enter the rotationally symmetrical body and pass through an even number of total reflections at two inner boundary surfaces, each of which has an angle of inclination to the optical axis, and exit the rotationally symmetrical body again at a rear boundary surface. At least one of the four boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body has a generating curve with a continuously changing tangent angle in a longitudinal section. The hybrid prism is designed either as a collecting prism or as a diverging prism or as a condenser prism. In the wavelength range of visible light, the optical system is designed in particular as a human eye with a hybrid intraocular prism or as a lidar system with a headlight or as a projector and generally as an objective for a camera, a telescope or a microscope. In the wavelength range of the X-ray radiation, the optical system is used as a medical X-ray device and in particular as a tomograph or as a X-ray microscope with a spatial resolution of less than or equal to 20 nm or designed as a terrestrial or satellite-based X-ray telescope. In the production of electronic components such as microchips and processors, special masks for X-rays enable a structure size smaller than 5 nm to be implemented. The optical system can be designed for a Petawatt high-energy laser and for X-rays as a fusion reactor, in which a plurality of hybrid prisms are placed on a target are directed at the center of a fusion reactor vessel.

State of the art

Convex lenses as visual aids have been known since ancient times. Taking up the technique of lens grinding, Galileo Galilei built a telescope in 1609, the optical system of which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens, in order to recognize that the sun is not orbiting the earth, but rather the sun is the center of our planetary system. Johannes Kepler combined two converging lenses for his telescope in 1611 in order to observe the orbits of the planets. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is considered a pioneer of microscopy and built more than 300 microscopes from 1658. Isaac Newton recognized the wave nature of light through experiments on prisms and discovered through experiments with light at the slit passage and on prisms the composition of white light as a spectrum of different colors and published these findings in 1704 under the title "Opticks: or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colors of Light ". Through his experiments he noticed that lenses are also subject to the effect of color dispersion and proposed a telescope with mirrors as an alternative to telescopes, which was also built from 1672. The imaging errors caused by chromatic aberration can now be avoided by combining lenses made of different glasses. An imaging error always occurs when the light rays emanating from an object do not all meet at a focal point of an optical system. Serious imaging errors are spherical and chromatic aberration. Spherical and chromatic aberrations can now be corrected by systems made of several lenses of different types of glass, spherical aberrations by aspherical lenses or gradient lenses. Artificial intraocular lenses are designed to correct ametropia in the human eye. In the case of end-stage macular degeneration, this has hardly been possible so far.

If one follows the Gutenberg health study, in the facts and figures too Eye diseases are listed in Germany, macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of severe visual impairment and affects 20% of the 65 to 74 year olds and 35% of the 75 to 84 year olds. End-stage AMD affects around 5% of 75 to 84 year olds. The term Lidar is the English abbreviation for (light detection and ranging) and, like the term Ladar (laser detection and ranging), stands for a method related to radar in which laser beams are not used for detection and distance measurement, as is the case with radar used by objects. This technology plays a key role in the announced autonomous movement of vehicles, which is already taking place with restrictions. Already known methods for the practical application of the technology use search beams guided by means of a large number of movable mirrors to scan the area in front of a vehicle. An alternative method concerns the area-wide scanning with a divergent bundle of laser beams. A lidar system, which is also used as a dipped beam headlamp, is a desirable option for vehicle occupants, whether they are being driven or driving themselves. It has been known for more than 100 years that X-rays, unlike visible light, can penetrate substances such as skin, tissue, fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones. From the vacuum tube used by Conrad Röntgen and the associated simple projection method, the X-ray devices that are still used today quickly developed as versatile medical diagnostic instruments that create an image on an exposed film by simple projection. As early as the end of the 19th century, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen had tried to break the rays named after him using prisms made of different materials, which he did not succeed in doing. It was not until 1996 that a refractive lens for X-rays was produced, thereby refuting the old schoolbook adage that X-rays could not be broken. Initially, about 50 closely spaced cylindrical holes 0.5 mm in diameter in an aluminum block served as an X-ray diffraction device. From 2001, RWTH Aachen University succeeded in developing and manufacturing lenses with a parabolic rotation profile that can focus the X-rays in both directions and are free of spherical aberration. A monochromatic X-ray beam with a diameter of approximately 1 mm and which is coupled out from a synchrotron can be focused by means of a large number of lenses in order to generate an image of an object being irradiated. The disadvantage of this is the fact that very much Many such lenses have to be arranged one behind the other on an optical axis in order to achieve the desired focusing. Today, mirrors made of multiple layers for the grazing incidence of radiation, X-ray grids and X-ray lenses are available for X-ray analysis processes in order to achieve a high spatial resolution in X-ray analysis, which was not possible with the previously known X-ray diagnostics as a simple projection of the divergent X-rays onto a screen. In the field of X-ray microscopy, the current state of the art always requires two optical systems to first condense the monochromatized X-ray radiation, then to X-ray an object and then to generate an image on an image surface using an X-ray objective and a detector. When the x-rays are condensed by means of a zone plate and a pinhole, the zero-order x-rays are masked out by a radiopaque diaphragm, so that only an incomplete image of the object can be generated by means of a hollow cone-shaped divergent beam. For focusing a monochromatic parallel beam, a condenser optic is provided, which is formed, for example, by a refocusing mirror or a zone plate condenser and first concentrates the parallel beam on a focus of the condenser, in order to then introduce a divergent beam into a capillary optic, which is formed, for example, by a paraboloid of revolution will. Since the paraboloid of revolution cannot reflect the central rays of a divergent or parallel bundle of rays, this defect is transmitted via the X-ray lens to the CCD sensor of a camera. The use of two optical systems in X-ray microscopy is associated with the difficulty of having to arrange the object to be examined in the focal point or in the immediate vicinity of the focal point or to choose an offset solution in order to be able to record an image on the image surface of the detector. As a result, X-ray microscopy is subject to a number of methodological constraints that severely limit the arrangement of the components of the optical system and the size and arrangement of the object to be examined. Another possible application for the hybrid prism according to the invention is nuclear fusion. In order to be able to realize nuclear fusion, the so-called Coulomb force must first be overcome, with which positively charged atomic nuclei repel each other. If the arrangement of two atomic nuclei with a distance several times their nucleus radius succeeds, strong attractive forces act, which enable the fusion of the nuclei. This approach is only successful if the cores move towards one another at high speeds. The relativistic speeds of laser-accelerated electrons necessary for nuclear fusion can be achieved at correspondingly high temperatures. This is the case, for example, with the sun, which consists entirely of a plasma of hydrogen. The protons of hydrogen fuse in the sun and release energy. Hydrogen is also available in unlimited quantities on earth, so that attempts have been made to artificially generate a controlled nuclear fusion since 1958. At the temperatures required for nuclear fusion, hydrogen is present as a plasma in which the electrons and the hydrogen nuclei move independently of one another. While the plasma is held together by gravity in the sun, this possibility does not exist on earth. So far, two different ways of enclosing a plasma in a vessel have been developed. A so-called tocomak is designed to guide electrons and protons along the magnetic field lines of a magnetic field on helical paths. This requires strong magnetic coils in a radial and concentric arrangement around a toroidal fusion container. In the second option, the so-called inertial confinement, a target in the center of a spherical reaction container is bombarded with laser or particle radiation, so that the fusion temperature is reached very quickly and numerous fusion reactions have already taken place before there is enough time and space for the expansion of the plasma was standing. The problem with smaller Tokomak-type fusion reactors is the very short energy containment time, since the plasma cools down faster than expected. The internal turbulence of the plasma is responsible for the cooling, which, comparable to the regularly occurring solar flares, transports large amounts of energy from the hot core of the sun to the surface.

DE 2011 110 144 U 1 reveals an intraocular lens with different diffraction profiles, each of which has a focus on the optical axis of the intraocular lens.

WO 94/11765 reveals a bifocal converging lens in which at least one of the two surfaces is diffractive.

An intraocular lens emerges from WO 2007/092949 A1 which has refractive boundary surfaces in the edge area and diffractive boundary surfaces in the middle. US 6536899 B1 discloses a multifocal lens which is divided into a plurality of ring-shaped zones, with only every second zone being refractive. From US 7381 221 B2 a multizonally constructed, monofocal intraocular lens emerges.

From US 7 156516 B2 an intraocular lens emerges which has at least two diffractive surfaces and which can be constructed from more than one glass body.

DE 3626869 A1 discloses an intraocular lens with a frame module formed by the haptic and an exchangeable optics module.

US 2013/0235980 A1, from the description of FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 7, reveals a device in which X-ray radiation emanating from a point light source is reflected multiple times at grazing incidence on several mutually parallel and reflecting curved surfaces in order to collimate or to get focused. From DE 102012220465 A1 an EUV collector emerges from the description, which partially focuses EUV radiation from an EUV radiation source into a focal point by multiple reflections on rotationally symmetrical, curved mirror shells in grazing incidence.

From DE 3785763 T2 a device emerges from the description which collimates or focuses X-rays by multiple reflections.

DE 102005056404 B4 discloses an X-ray microscope with a condenser-monochromator arrangement for high spectral resolution. The X-ray microscope has capillary optics with an annular aperture which has a spatially fixed focus spot at a distance of a few millimeters behind the capillary optics, the object to be examined being arranged in the immediate vicinity of the focus spot. With the ring-shaped capillary optics explained in this publication, it is not possible to receive a complete image of the irradiated object with a CCD sensor in the image plane, since the linked beam path has a central gap.

US 2004/0125442 A1 discloses a phase contrast x-ray microscope whose condenser has Wolter optics and whose x-ray objective is formed by a zone plate.

From DE 19700615 A1 a monochromator arrangement for an X-ray microscope emerges in which the irradiated object with an offset to the optical axis is arranged so that only one sector of the X-ray radiation can be used for imaging by means of a CCD camera.

DE 44 32 811 A1 discloses an X-ray microscope with an annular condenser mirror in which the irradiated object is directly in the focus of the X-ray radiation.

DE 102017 011 352 B4 discloses a camera module unit for digital recordings that is inherently rigid and enables recordings with infinite depth of field in real time.

As Conrad Röntgen already suspected, a prism is also suitable for focusing X-rays, as shown below.

Task

Based on the prior art shown, the object of the invention is to provide a new optical component for different spectral ranges of electromagnetic waves that combines the properties of a lens with the properties of a reflection prism and is referred to as a hybrid prism within the scope of the invention. In particular, the object of the invention is to provide a hybrid prism which precisely concentrates light rays in a glass body and X-rays in a vacuum onto a focus, so that the hybrid prism as an objective in an optical system enables an object to be imaged. Another object of the invention is to design a hybrid prism either as a collecting prism or as a diverging prism or as a condenser prism or as an intraocular prism, so that the concatenated beam path with an even number of total reflections can be used for different optical systems and tasks that are imposed in the In the area of visible light, for example, a human eye with an intraocular prism or a lidar system as a headlight and generally an objective for a camera, a telescope or a microscope, and in the area of X-rays a medical X-ray device or an X-ray microscope or an X-ray telescope. Further objects and advantageous properties of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

In detail, the invention preferably at least partially solves the following objects:

- Specification of an intraocular prism that directs concatenated rays within the human eye around the macula, - Specification of an intraocular prism that enables a ring-shaped image area around the macula,

- Specification of a lidar system in which a transmitter and a receiver unit have a common optical axis,

- Specification of a lidar system with several headlights for laser light, which surround a camera concentrically,

- Specification of an optical component with a gap in the beam path that can be used as an installation space,

- Specification of an optical component with four interfaces at which the linked beam path can be controlled,

- Combination of condenser and lens for X-rays in one optical component,

- Specification of a lens for X-rays that can produce a complete image of an object irradiated,

- Specification of a hybrid condenser prism as an objective for an X-ray device, which focuses a divergent beam emitted by an X-ray tube exactly onto a microfocus,

- Specification of a hybrid condenser prism, the front focus of which is arranged congruently with the radiation source for X-rays within an X-ray tube,

- Specification of a tomograph for a tomography method with an objective for X-rays,

- Specification of a hybrid collecting prism as an objective for an X-ray microscope, which bundles a parallel beam generated by a synchrotron exactly onto a rear focus,

- Specification of a hybrid collecting prism as an objective for an X-ray telescope that can image X-rays,

- Specification of an objective for X-rays that can also use the zero-order rays for imaging,

- Specification of an objective for X-rays with a high degree of transmission and a low degree of absorption,

- Specification of an objective for X-ray radiation with a front and a rear correction lens, - Specification of a two-part enveloping body for a vacuum as an objective for X-rays

- Specification of an arrangement of hybrid prisms which inject X-rays into the plasma core of a toroidal fusion reactor in order to suppress the formation of undesirable turbulent flows in the plasma.

- Specification of a plurality of hybrid prisms in a radial arrangement and with a common focal point for the collision of X-rays in the center of a spherical fusion reactor which generates a particle radiation-induced plasma.

- Specification of a hydrogen capsule for the absorption of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen in the center of the spherical fusion reactor.

- Specification of a hybrid condenser prism for a Petawatt high-energy laser, which triggers a fusion of the heavy nuclei of the hydrogen by "isochoric heating" of a thin metal foil that surrounds a hydrogen capsule.

The object is achieved by an optical component for an optical system, which optical component has at least one hybrid prism, which hybrid prism has an optical axis, combines the properties of a lens with the properties of a reflection prism and is designed to be rotationally symmetrical, which hybrid prism is provided, which hybrid prism has interfaces to the surrounding matter, at which interfaces the optical density changes, which interfaces comprise a front interface, a rear interface and two inner interfaces, which two inner interfaces are each arranged at an angle of inclination to the optical axis, and which hybrid prism to it is designed to determine the beam path over a length in such a way that the beams emanating from an object enter the hybrid prism at least partially at the front boundary surface and an even number of total refles at the two inner boundary surfaces pass through exions and exit the rotationally symmetrical body at a rear boundary surface, at least one of the boundary surfaces having a generating curve with a changing tangent angle in a longitudinal section and the hybrid prism being designed as a collecting prism or as a diverging prism or as a hybrid condenser prism. Such a hybrid prism enables an advantageous optical influencing of electromagnetic waves and a focusing.

According to a preferred embodiment, the optical component is designed to concentrate a parallel beam onto a focal point.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism is designed as a body, preferably as a glass body.

According to a preferred embodiment, the optical component has an enveloping body, which enveloping body surrounds the hybrid prism on all sides, the hybrid prism being designed as a cavity. This is particularly advantageous for optically influencing X-rays.

According to a preferred embodiment, the cavity has a vacuum. According to a preferred embodiment, the optical component is designed for at least one of the optical systems from the system group consisting of

- intraocular prism for one eye,

- Lidar system with a headlight,

- objective for a camera or for a telescope or for a microscope,

- medical X-ray machine,

- X-ray microscope, and

- X-ray telescope.

According to a preferred embodiment, the two inner interfaces are designed to be totally reflective for light or for X-rays.

According to a preferred embodiment, the optical component has a hybrid prism or a plurality of hybrid prisms arranged coaxially and concentrically to the optical axis, which among one another form an arrangement in which the front and rear interfaces are refractive, or diffractive, or refractive and diffractive , which inner interfaces at least in a longitudinal section of their length have a constant angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis, at least one of the interfaces at least in a longitudinal section of the length having at least one generating curve with a continuously changing tangent angle and with an associated focus and the generating curve as an arc of a circle or one is determined as a polynomial curve of the second to fifth degree or as a free-form curve. According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism is designed as a body, and the hybrid prism enables two-fold total reflection or four-fold total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces, the hybrid prism

- in the case of double total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces, has a gap that can be used as an installation space and produces an annular image surface with an inner diameter, and

- In the case of fourfold total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces, a self-contained gap and an uninterrupted image surface are created, the body being biconvex, plano-convex, concave-convex, plano-concave, biconcave or convex-concave with respect to the front and rear boundary surface of the rotationally symmetrical body or is formed with a diffractive structure.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism is

- Designed as a hybrid collecting prism to generate a convergent beam with a focus by means of a generating convex curve in a longitudinal section of the interface, or

- Designed as a hybrid divergent prism to generate a divergent bundle of rays with a focus by means of a generating concave curve in a longitudinal section of the interface, the inner interfaces of a plurality of bodies of an arrangement arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis each having different angles of inclination and the plano-concave hybrid collecting prism or the plano-convex hybrid diverging prism are designed for the lens of a camera, a telescope or a microscope or for a headlight.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism as an intraocular prism for a human eye has at least two ring-shaped glass bodies arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis, which form an arrangement with front and rear interfaces and with inner interfaces and the generating curves of the interfaces either as a coherent curve or as a Fresnel structure each with a focus on the optical axis and the inner interfaces rise parallel to each other with a uniform angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis, so that one of the inner interfaces of a central glass body to another of the inner interfaces of the next larger ring-shaped glass body adjoins, which hybrid prism can be positioned within an eye in such a way that the focus of the hybrid intraocular prism is just so far removed from the retina within the eye that a circular gap is created on the image surface formed by the retina, which corresponds to the diameter of the macula and the rays of the beam path, bypassing the macula, form a complete image on the project the healthy retina surrounding the macula.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism has a vacuum that is delimited by four interfaces to form a cladding body in such a way that one of the inner interfaces has a composite generating curve for a spindle arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis, which generating curve is straight Longitudinal sections with an inclination angle with respect to the optical axis as well as a hyperbola or a parabola in at least one longitudinal section of the length of the hybrid prism, and that one of the inner boundary surfaces of the hybrid prism has a composite generating curve for a sleeve arranged concentrically and coaxially to the spindle at a radial distance which generating curve has straight longitudinal sections with an angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis and a parabola or ellipse in at least one longitudinal section of the length, and that the front boundary surface and the rear boundary surface of the hybrid prism each connect to refractive or diffractive or refractive and diffractive surfaces of a correction lens, which hybrid prism is designed to move the rays of the beam path of X-rays at least partially away from the optical axis on the front correction lens and towards the optical axis on the rear correction lens and completely reflecting four times at the inner boundary surfaces, the spindle preferably being held isothermally or cryostatically freely floating in the sleeve by permanent magnets or is connected to the sleeve by a connecting element, and the two-shell shell body preferably made of Zerodur from Schott AG or made of metal.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hybrid prism is optically denser within the boundary surfaces, at least for a predetermined wavelength range, than outside the boundary surfaces.

The structure of the hybrid prism

The hybrid prism preferably has one similar to a rotary rhomboid rotationally symmetrical body on which a generating curve with an alternating tangent angle is formed at least in one longitudinal section. It has a glass body for light and for laser light in the wavelength range from 1400 nm to 380 nm, which is optically denser than the surrounding matter and has a refractive index> 1. X-rays that penetrate matter with a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm are subject to a phase shift and are partially absorbed, so that the actual proportion of the refractive index is <1. The vacuum is therefore optically denser for the X-rays than the surrounding matter. Accordingly, the rotationally symmetrical body with four boundary surfaces is delimited on all sides by an optically thinner enveloping body. For light and laser light as well as for X-rays, the four interfaces between the rotationally symmetrical body and the optically thinner matter determine the beam path in such a way that the beams emanating from an object in a linked beam path enable the object to be depicted on an image surface. The hybrid prism is either designed as a single rotationally symmetrical body or consists of a plurality of annular rotationally symmetrical bodies which are arranged coaxially and concentrically to the optical axis and which are connected to one another to form an array. The front and rear boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body are refractive and / or diffractive, while the totally reflective inner boundary surfaces have an angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis. At least one of the four boundary surfaces has a generating curve with a continuously changing tangent angle for the focus of the rotationally symmetrical body in at least one longitudinal section of its length. The generating curve is designed as an arc of a circle or as a polynomial curve of the second to fifth degree or as a free-form curve.

Optical systems that are designed for visible light with a wavelength of 780 nm to 380 nm have the sun or an LED arrangement as the radiation source, while a lidar system has a laser whose radiation source is in a wavelength range from 1400 nm to 400 nm and extends into the invisible infrared range. Either an X-ray tube or a synchrotron with an undulator is used as the radiation source for X-rays with a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm. Lasers that generate ultraviolet radiation can generally also be used as radiation sources. Hybrid prisms for light and laser light

The rotationally symmetrical body is designed as a glass body for light and for laser light. The beams of the linked beam path are deflected at the four interfaces of the glass body in such a way that a gap is created which forms an installation space within the beam path and creates an annular image surface with an inner diameter. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the hybrid prism, this gap in the concatenated beam path is closed by a fourfold total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces of the glass body, so that the formation of a circular or rectangular image area is made possible. Analogous to a lens, the front and rear sides of the glass body are either biconvex, plano-convex, concavo-convex, biconcave, plano-concave or convex-concave, the boundary surfaces of the glass body allowing a correction of the chromatic aberration and the coaxial and concentric to the optical axis arranged ring-shaped glass body of an array among each other have an interspace which is provided for receiving an optically thinner UV adhesive cement.

Avoiding the chromatic aberration

With a particularly advantageous embodiment of the hybrid prism, it is possible to completely avoid chromatic aberration of the rays. A plano-concave collecting prism with a glass body converges a parallel beam bundle solely by total reflection at a generating convex curve of the inner, the optical axis facing away from the boundary surface of the rotational rhomboid, whereby the rear boundary surface of the glass body is concave and has a parabola as generating curve. A plano-convex diverging prism, on the other hand, diverges a parallel beam bundle solely through total reflection at a generating concave curve of the inner, the optical axis facing away from the boundary surface of the rotational rhomboid, whereby the rear boundary surface of the vitreous is convex and has a parabola as a generating curve. The totally reflective inner boundary surfaces of the glass bodies of an array each have different angles of inclination, so that a chromatic aberration of the rays of the concatenated beam path is excluded both in the hybrid collecting prism and in the hybrid diverging prism and such hybrid prisms in a special way for the lens of a camera, a Telescope or a microscope and with the opposite beam path are suitable for a headlight. The front and rear interfaces preferably have a diffractive structure for diffraction of the Light. The inner interfaces preferably have a dichromatic or polychromatic coating to correct the chromatic aberration.

The hybrid intraocular prism

In a preferred embodiment variant, the optical system relates to a human eye with a hybrid intraocular prism which consists of at least two ring-shaped glass bodies arranged concentrically and coaxially with respect to the optical axis. For patients suffering from macular degeneration, the intraocular prism can restore vision. Two or more glass bodies form an array with one another, in which the inner totally reflective boundary surfaces rise at a uniform angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis and are each aligned parallel to one another, the totally reflective boundary surface of a central glass body adjoining the totally reflective boundary surface of the next larger ring-shaped glass body and the The rear focus of the hybrid intraocular prism within the eye is just far enough away from the retina that a circular gap is created on the image area formed by the retina, which corresponds to the diameter of the macula, so that the rays of the interlinked beam path bypassing the macula on the inside of the eye project a complete image onto the healthy retina surrounding the macula.

Lidar systems

In a preferred embodiment of the hybrid prism, the optical system is designed as a lidar system with a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmission unit consists of a radiation source for a laser with pulsed light and a filter element for the production of white light as well as a hybrid collecting prism with a glass body, which is designed as a headlamp, the parallel beam of the laser beam with a diameter of 1.5 mm to 6 mm to transform into a convergent bundle of rays and to concentrate on a focus within the glass body for the headlight so that the lidar light can illuminate the area in front of a vehicle as a divergent bundle of rays with an opening angle of 20-30 degrees. The receiver unit consists of a camera, the objective of which has an array of a plurality of annular, rotationally symmetrical bodies arranged concentrically and coaxially with the hybrid collecting prism of the transmitter unit and is designed to capture the rays of the reflected from an object To project pulsed light via the focus of the lens onto a ring-shaped lidar sensor, so that the lidar system can detect and recognize objects in front of a vehicle in real time and at the same time serve the vehicle occupants as low beam and can be installed in the headlight housing of a vehicle. In an alternative embodiment for the lidar system, the area in front of the vehicle is illuminated in a targeted manner by means of a plurality of headlights for pulsed laser light, with individual headlights being switched off in oncoming traffic in order to avoid glare. Each of the headlights has an optical axis for the laser, for a filter element and for the glass body of a hybrid collecting prism that distributes the laser beam in a targeted manner. The receiver unit for the light reflected from the surroundings and from the objects consists of a rigid camera with a lidar sensor, the lens of which is surrounded by the laser headlights. The reflected light beams can be captured by the camera with an image angle of up to 72 degrees and directed as a parallel beam onto the camera's CCD sensor.

Hybrid prisms for X-rays

With a real proportion of the refractive index <1, the vacuum is optically denser for X-rays than the surrounding matter. Therefore, a rotationally symmetrical body for X-rays in the wavelength range of 0.1-5 nm has a vacuum that has four interfaces to an optically thinner, two-part envelope body, which is composed of a spindle arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis and one with a radial distance to the spindle arranged sleeve is formed. The rotationally symmetrical body has a composite generating curve for the spindle which is arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis. The generating curve of the spindle consists of straight longitudinal sections each with a constant angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis and in at least one longitudinal section of the length of a hyperbola or parabola. The generating curve for the sleeve of the enveloping body also consists of straight longitudinal sections with a constant angle of inclination with respect to the optical axis and in at least one longitudinal section of the length of a parabola or an ellipse. The front and rear boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body are each formed by a refractive and / or diffractive surface of a correction lens, so that the X-rays are deflected away from the optical axis at the front correction lens and towards the optical axis at the rear correction lens and towards the both of the spindle and The boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body formed by the sleeve are each totally reflected four times. With this arrangement, it is possible to combine the condenser and the imaging optics of an X-ray microscope in an objective formed by a hybrid collecting prism, and X-rays, which are coupled out as a brilliant, monochromatic parallel beam bundle from a synchrotron with an undulator, exactly to a focal point less than or equal to 0, 1mm to focus. For X-rays, which are coupled out of the synchrotron as a slightly divergent bundle of rays, the hybrid condenser prism is provided as an objective to focus the X-rays on a focal point less than or equal to 0.1 mm and, by means of a CCD sensor, on the image surface of the X-ray microscope to produce a microscopic image of an illuminated object. With regard to the arrangement and size of the object to be examined, there is a previously unknown freedom. The correction lenses at the front and rear ends of a hybrid prism considerably improve the image quality by limiting possible angular tangent errors in connection with the grazing incidence of the X-ray radiation on the spindle and sleeve of the enveloping body. The spindle of the enveloping body is held in the sleeve either without contact or by means of connecting webs. The use of a hybrid prism as an objective for X-rays opens up new imaging methods for X-ray analysis, which can use the entire cross-section of a parallel beam or the entire beam cone of a divergent beam to penetrate an object and thus also to record a complete image of the object . The application spectrum of the new imaging method for X-ray analysis ranges from structural biology to boundary and surface physics to atomic and molecular physics.

Medical X-ray equipment

In an X-ray device, the radiation source is formed by an X-ray tube with a point-shaped radiation source that emits a divergent beam with a usable aperture angle less than or equal to 10 degrees as hard X-ray radiation in the range from 25 keV to 125 keV. An objective for the X-ray radiation is arranged within the X-ray tube, which lens is designed as a hybrid condenser prism, the front focus of which is arranged congruently with the radiation source of the X-ray tube assumed to be punctiform. The condenser prism is designed to homogenize the X-ray radiation by means of the front correction lens and to concentrate at the boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body in a chained beam path with fourfold total reflection on a rear focus of the rear correction lens. Then an object formed by a body or body part is x-rayed. The X-ray device can be designed, for example, as a tomograph that rotates around the object, so that sharp slice images of the object can be received on a cylindrical image surface by means of a cell detector.

X-ray microscopes

In the case of an X-ray microscope, the optical system has a hybrid collecting prism and is designed to use the monochromatic parallel beam bundle with a beam diameter of 1.0 mm to 10 mm, coupled out at a synchrotron with an undulator, as hard X-ray radiation in the range from 10 keV to 125 keV of an objective, which is formed by the hybrid collecting prism, to concentrate on a focus of the rotationally symmetrical body assigned to the rear boundary surface. A divergent bundle of rays is then projected onto an image surface in order to obtain a microscopic image of the object through which the parallel bundle of x-rays irradiated by means of a CCD sensor of a CCD camera. Alternatively, the optical system of the X-ray microscope can have a hybrid condenser prism. The condenser prism combines the function of a condenser and an imaging lens, whereby first the divergent bundle of X-rays emitted by a synchrotron in the range from 10 keV to 125 keV is concentrated on a focus of the rotationally symmetrical body assigned to the rear interface, and then on an image area to obtain a microscopic image of the object through which the divergent bundle of rays of the X-ray radiation irradiated by means of the CCD sensor of a CCD camera.

X-ray telescopes

In a terrestrial or satellite-based X-ray telescope, the hybrid collecting prism has a diameter of at least 1 m and is designed to use a CCD camera to image X-rays in the range from 0.1 keV to 2.0 keV, which are emitted by known and unknown radiation sources . The totally reflective boundary surfaces of the hybrid collecting prism are formed by a spindle arranged coaxially and concentrically to the optical axis and by one of the spindle Formed in a radial distance concentrically surrounding sleeve, which define the vacuum with inner interfaces. The spindle and the sleeve each have a generating curve for the rotationally symmetrical body in a longitudinal section of their length. At the inner boundary surfaces of the rotationally symmetrical body, the X-ray radiation is totally reflected four times in a linked beam path and concentrated on a rear focus, so that an image of the radiation source can then be recorded on the image surface of the optical system using the CCD sensor of a CCD camera.

Fusion reactors

If X-rays penetrate a vacuum, there is a phase shift in the X-ray radiation, which causes a refractive index of less than 1. This phase shift can also be the cause of the turbulence, which in fusion reactors leads to an energy containment time of only a few milliseconds, so that the ignition of the plasma, i.e. nuclear fusion, cannot start. In the plasma, a-radiation causes the plasma to be heated, while the emission of g-radiation results in a continuous flow of heat from the hot core of the plasma in the direction of the container wall. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, X-ray radiation is injected into the plasma from the outside to the inside by means of a plurality of hybrid prisms. The externally supplied X-ray radiation also experiences a phase shift in the plasma, so that resonance effects within the relativistic particle movement can cause a temperature increase in the plasma to reduce the energy confinement time e.g. B. can be increased significantly in a Tokomak reactor, so that a fusion reaction with a positive energy balance appears possible even with smaller reactor vessels.

In a first advantageous embodiment variant for a fusion reactor, the optical system consists of a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms which are designed with a short focal length. The focal point is arranged immediately behind the rear boundary surface, so that a divergent bundle of rays is formed after the focal point and an arrangement of a plurality of such condenser prisms is designed to inject x-rays as divergent bundles of rays into the plasma inside the fusion reactor in order to create an interaction to induce with the particles of the plasma. Through the permanent introduction of external energy into the plasma the temperature gradient between the extremely hot interior of the plasma and the relatively less hot area of the plasma facing the reactor vessel can be reduced, so that undesired turbulent flows in the plasma are avoided and the energy containment time is extended. The fusion reactor itself can be designed for inertial fusion or as a Tokomak reactor for electromagnetically induced fusion. The already mentioned resonance effects from the interaction between internal particle movements and particle movements additionally excited by means of the X-ray radiation are suitable for extending the energy confinement time.

In a further variant of the fusion reactor, a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms for high-energy X-rays in the range of e.g. 20 keV each are arranged on the outer shell of a pressure vessel and have a common focal point in the middle of a hydrogen capsule. The collision of the X-rays creates a plasma in which the nuclei of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, are fused to the chemical element flelium, so that a shock wave emanating from the common focus of the condenser prisms in the center of the hydrogen capsule propagates from the inside to the outside. The fluid dynamic expansion of the plasma is slower than the fusion of the nuclei themselves, so that the fusion can last for a few seconds and therefore generates an excess of energy.

In a preferred embodiment variant for a fusion reactor, the optical system has a concentric radial arrangement of several condenser prisms for a Petawatt laser. At the Helmholz Center GSI for heavy ion research in Darmstadt, such a high-energy laser called "Phelix laser" is designed to generate plasma states of matter. With a wavelength of 527 nm, the laser works with high-intensity ultraviolet radiation outside of the light that can be perceived by the human eye. Therefore, within the scope of the invention, a hybrid prism for such a laser is proposed. The hybrid prism is designed as a condenser prism and has an enveloping body with four interfaces to optically denser matter. The enveloping body is formed by an inner spindle that is concentric to the optical axis and by a surrounding sleeve, which between one another enclose an evacuated cavity in the form of a rotational rhomboid. The spindle and the sleeve can each be made from the Schott material Zerudur. The focal point of the hybrid condenser prism is arranged on the outer surface of a hydrogen capsule wrapped in a metal foil for the heavy isotopes deuterium and tritium of hydrogen. By isochronous heating of the metal foil in the area of the focal point, a plasma is formed, which propagates with a shock wave from the outer metal foil into the interior of the hydrogen capsule. The heavy nuclei of the hydrogen are fused, the fluid dynamic expansion of the plasma taking place more slowly than the nuclear fusion itself, so that the fusion process can be sustained for a few seconds in order to gain energy.

The figures show different possible embodiments and applications of the invention.

Show it:

Fig. 1 above the linked beam path of an intraocular lens in cross section, below the intraocular lens made of two rotationally symmetrical bodies in a perspective detail view,

FIG. 2 shows the intraocular lens according to FIG. 1 in a cross section of the human eye, FIG. 3 shows an intraocular lens made of four rotationally symmetrical bodies in a perspective detail view,

4 at the top an intraocular lens made of four rotationally symmetrical bodies with a Fresnel structure in cross section along the optical axis x and at the bottom in a perspective detail view,

FIG. 5 shows the central rotationally symmetrical body of the intraocular lens according to FIG. 14 in a cross section,

6 shows a hybrid collecting prism free of chromatic aberration as a single element in a cross section,

7 shows a hybrid collecting prism as an array of four glass bodies free of chromatic aberration in a cross section,

8 shows a hybrid collecting prism as an array of five glass bodies free of chromatic aberration in a cross section,

9 shows a hybrid diverging prism as an array of three ring-shaped glass bodies free from chromatic aberration in a cross section,

10 shows a lidar system for infrared light in a schematic cross section along the optical axis x, 11 shows a lidar system as a headlight in a schematic cross section along the optical axis x,

FIG. 12 shows the lidar system according to FIG. 11 in a perspective detail view, FIG. 13 shows the headlight for a lidar system in a cross section along the optical axis x,

14 shows a lidar system with eight headlights according to FIG. 13 in a perspective detail view,

15 shows the lidar system according to FIG. 14 at the top in a view, at the bottom in a schematic cross section,

16 shows an objective for X-rays, which is designed as a hybrid condenser prism with diffractive correction lenses, in a cross section along the optical axis x,

FIG. 17 shows the hybrid condenser prism for X-rays according to FIG. 16 in a detail perspective,

18 shows an objective for X-rays, which is designed as a hybrid condenser prism with refractive correction lenses, in a cross section along the optical axis x,

19 shows the hybrid condenser prism for X-rays with refractive correction lenses according to FIG. 18 in a detail perspective,

20 shows an x-ray device designed as a tomograph with a hybrid condenser prism within an x-ray tube in a schematic cross section; Axis x,

22 shows an objective for X-ray radiation, which is designed as a hybrid collecting prism with refractive correction lenses, in a cross section along the optical axis x,

23 shows an X-ray microscope, the objective of which is formed by a hybrid collecting prism according to FIGS. 21-22 and the radiation source of which is formed by a synchrotron, in a schematic perspective,

24 shows an X-ray telescope with a hybrid collecting prism in a perspective detail view, 25 shows a hybrid condenser prism with a short focal length, which is designed to inject a divergent bundle of rays into the plasma within the pressure vessel of a fusion reactor, in a schematic cross section.

26 shows a fusion reactor with four hybrid condenser prisms for X-rays which have a common focal point in the center of a spherical pressure vessel in a schematic cross section,

27 shows an arrangement of a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms on a fusion reactor, the focal points of which for laser beams lie on the surface of a hydrogen capsule in the perspective detail view.

1 shows a hybrid prism 1 which is designed as a hybrid collecting prism 12 and can be inserted into a human eye, for example as an intraocular prism 22, so that, as shown in FIG. 2, an optical system 2 is formed. The intraocular prime 22 consists of two glass bodies 10, which form an array 101 with one another and each have a rotationally symmetrical body P with a front boundary surface a, two opposing inner boundary surfaces b, c with an angle of inclination a with respect to the optical axis x and with a rear boundary surface d exhibit. The front and rear boundary surfaces a, d of the rotationally symmetrical bodies P are convex and each have a continuously changing tangent angle β in a longitudinal section f of length e of the hybrid prism 1. The front focus Fa on the optical axis x relates to a virtual biconvex lens, the front side of which forms the front boundary surface a of the hybrid collecting prism 12 and has an arc of a circle as the generating curve y, while the rear focus Fd of the hybrid collecting prism 12 is also on the optical one Axis x lies and has a parabola as the generating curve y. The rays S, which, starting from an object Q, strike the intraocular prima 22 as a divergent bundle of rays SD with an opening angle d, are refracted at the front interface a and totally reflected twice at the inner interfaces b, c, and again at the rear interface d to be refracted and concentrated as a convergent beam SK on the focus Fd. The interlinked beam path with the example beams A, B has a gap G, which can be used as an installation space, for example for the sensor of a blood glucose meter and, as shown in FIG so that the degenerate macula 222 can be masked out. The perspective A detail representation of the intraocular prime 22 shows haptics 220 for installation in a human eye.

FIG. 2 shows the cross section through a human eye in which the eye lens has been replaced by an artificial intraocular prism 22, which corresponds to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. With the flaptics 220, the intraocular prism 22 is inserted into the capsular bag 221 of the eye. The light L reflected by an object Q strikes the intraocular prism 22 and is refracted in a concatenated beam path at the front boundary surface a and, as shown in FIG to be concentrated on the focus Fd. The focus Fd of the convergent beam SK lies within the eye and is so far away from the retina 223 that the rays S reflected by an object Q, bypassing the degenerated macula 222, produce a complete image of the object Q on one of the retina 223 formed annular image area F with an inner diameter D allow. This ensures that all of the image information of an object Q can be recorded by the receptors of the retina 223 in an object plane. After replacing the eye lens with the hybrid intraocular prism 22 in a cataract operation, the patient will first perceive an image with a central flaw, which however contains all the image information. There is well-founded hope that, after a period of acclimatization, the patient will be able to perceive a complete picture again without any flaws due to a neural adaptation performance of the neural network of the optic nerves and the brain.

3 shows a hybrid intraocular prism 22 with an array 101 which is formed by a total of four glass bodies 10 arranged concentrically and coaxially with respect to the optical axis x. While the front boundary surfaces a have a coherent spherical curvature, the rear boundary surfaces d are designed with a Fresnel structure z.

4 at the top shows an array 101 of four glass bodies 10, which are connected to one another to form a Fresnel structure z, in a cross section along the optical axis x. That constructed as an array 101 from four rotationally symmetrical bodies P Hybrid prism 1 is designed as a hybrid collecting prism 12 and focuses the parallel beam SP with the example beams A, B in a concatenated beam path with double total reflection at the inner interfaces b, c of the rotationally symmetrical bodies P formed by glass bodies 10 on a focus Fd.

The bottom of FIG. 4 shows the array 101 formed by four glass bodies 10 for an intraocular prism 22 in a schematic detail perspective. The concatenated beam path has a gap G which, as shown in FIG. 2, enables the rays S of the light L to be projected onto an annular image surface F which is formed by the retina 223 around the macula 222. The inner diameter D of the annular image area F formed by the retina 223 is defined via the distance between the focus Fd and the retina 223. The individual rotationally symmetrical glass bodies 10 can be produced in a 3D printing process with a femto-second laser from transparent plastic in such a way that optically effective interfaces c, b are formed between the individual rotational rhomboids.

FIG. 5 shows the central glass body 10 for a hybrid intraocular prism 22 according to FIGS. 1-4, each of which is constructed as an array 101 from at least two individual elements 100. The rotationally symmetrical body P has a front convex boundary surface a, two inner boundary surfaces b, c and a rear convex boundary surface d. The rays S of the light L are refracted as a parallel bundle of rays SP with the example rays A, B at the front boundary surface a and each time totally refracted twice at the inner boundary surfaces b, c. With the convex rear boundary surface d of the rotationally symmetrical body P, it is possible to bring the individual light colors back together at the focus Fd.

6 shows a hybrid collecting prism 12 which is formed by a glass body 10 with a central gap G. The glass body 10 designed as a rotationally symmetrical body P has a length e and in a convex longitudinal section f of the inner boundary surface c has a generating curve y formed by a parabola with an associated focus Fc, the concave rear boundary surface d being a parabola as generating curve y Has. The hybrid collecting prism 12 is suitable for different optical systems and can be used, for example, as an objective for a camera, for a telescope or for a microscope. With a radiation source Q at the focal point Fc For example, the hybrid collecting prism 12 with an inverted beam path can be used as a headlight which emits perfectly collimated light L.

FIG. 7 shows the hybrid collecting prism 12 according to FIG. 6 as a central glass body 10 of an array 101, which is formed by three further rotationally symmetrical bodies P which surround the central glass body 10 coaxially and concentrically with respect to the optical axis x. The array 101 with a total of four glass bodies 10 has a length e, each of which has a curvature formed by a generating parabolic curve y in a convex longitudinal section f of the inner boundary surface c in order to direct the parallel beam SP with the example beams A, B onto one of the boundary surface c focus assigned focus fc. The boundary surfaces b, c are not arranged parallel to one another, so that joints are created between the individual rotationally symmetrical bodies P which are filled with a UV adhesive cement. The rear boundary surface d is concave so that the example rays A, B of the convergent beam SK traverse the boundary surface d uninterrupted. The hybrid collecting prism 12 is just as suitable for the objective 28 of a camera as, with the reverse beam path, for a headlight with a radiation source Q at the focal point Fc, which emits perfectly collimated light L.

FIG. 8 shows a simplified form of the hybrid collecting prism 12 described in FIG. 7, which is formed by five rotationally symmetrical bodies P arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis x. The collecting prism 12 has a length e and, in a convex longitudinal section f of the inner boundary surface c, has a generating convex curve y which is designed as a parabola.

The rear boundary surfaces d of the rotationally symmetrical body P have a coherent concave curvature which is formed by a generating parabola. The inner boundary surfaces b, c of a paraboloid of revolution P each have different angles of inclination a with respect to the optical axis and are not arranged parallel to one another, so that open joints are formed between the individual glass bodies 10 of the array 101, which are filled with a UV adhesive cement. The convex longitudinal section f of the inner boundary surface c in each case brings about the concentration on the focus Fc. The parallel beam SP has a gap G which is formed by the central glass body 10. The collecting prism can be used as a concentrator element for a solar collector or with an inverted one Chained beam path can be used as a headlight 29 with a radiation source Q in the focus Fc.

9 shows the array 101 of a hybrid diverging prism 13, which is constructed from three glass bodies 10, in a cross section along the optical axis x. The diverging prism 13 has a length e and has a generating curve y formed by a parabola in a concave longitudinal section f of the inner boundary surface c of each rotationally symmetrical body P. The inner boundary surfaces b, c are not aligned parallel to one another, so that open joints are formed between the individual glass bodies 10, which are filled with a UV adhesive putty. The diverging prism 13 converges the parallel beam SP with the example beams A, B to a divergent beam end bundle SD with an opening angle d and with a virtual focus Fc. The middle glass body 10 has a gap G in the divergent beam SD, which can be used as an installation space.

10 shows an optical system 2, which is designed as a lidar system 23 with a transmitter unit and with a receiver unit, in a schematic cross section. The transmission unit consists of a laser 230 and a hybrid collecting prism 12 which, as a headlight 29, totally reflects the laser beam of infrared light L emitted by the laser 230 four times and concentrates it on a focus Fd, from which the laser beams emerge in a divergent beam Spread SD with an opening angle d. The rays S of the divergent beam SD are reflected on an object Q and can be received by the objective 28 of a CCD camera 280, which is arranged concentrically and coaxially with the headlight 29 of the transmitter unit. The parallel beam SP is refracted twice at the front and rear interfaces a, d of the hybrid converging lens 12, while it is totally reflected twice at the inner interfaces b, c of the rotationally symmetrical body P, so that it is concentrated on a focus Fd with the formation of a gap G and is received by the sensor 281 on an annular image area F. The laser 230 is arranged within the gap G formed by the concatenated beam path. The sensor 281 of the CCD camera 280 is annular and has a central, unexposed area with an inner diameter D. 11 shows a lidar system 23 in which, in contrast to the previous exemplary embodiment, the laser 230 and a filter element 231 are arranged behind the ring-shaped sensor 281 of the CCD camera 280. The objective 28 of the CCD camera 280 consists of two rotationally symmetrical bodies P, which together form an array 101 of two glass bodies 10. Both the laser beam emitted by the laser 230 and the focus Fd of the hybrid converging lens 12 of the objective 28 of the CCD camera 280 lie on the optical axis x. The filter element 231 is formed by a filter element 231 made of phosphor. The hybrid converging lens 12 of the transmitter unit is arranged within the gap G formed by the objective 28 of the CCD camera 280, so that the transmitter and receiver form an array 101 arranged concentrically and coaxially with respect to the optical axis x.

FIG. 12 shows the lidar system 23 according to FIG. 11 in a perspective illustration. The hybrid collecting prism 12 of the transmitter unit of the lidar system 23 designed as a headlight 29 is arranged within the gap G of the CCD camera 280 formed by the objective 28. The hybrid converging lens 12 bundles the laser beam onto a focus Fd of the hybrid converging prism 12 of the transmitter unit while still inside the glass body 10 of the central rotationally symmetrical body P, so that the laser beam is fanned out into a divergent beam SD with an opening angle d. As shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, the laser beams are reflected by an object O and pass through the objective 28 of the CCD camera 280 as reflected beams S, whereby they are each totally reflected twice in a linked beam path and onto one of the rear boundary surface d A focus Fd assigned to a rotationally symmetrical body P can be concentrated in order to be subsequently received by the annular lidar sensor 281 of the CCD camera 280.

FIG. 13 shows a headlight 29 for the lidar system 23 shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 in a schematic cross section. The laser beam generated by a laser 230 enters a hybrid collecting prism 12 formed by a glass body 10 as a parallel beam Sp at the front boundary surface a and is totally reflected four times at the inner boundary surfaces b, c of the glass body 10 in order to focus on one inside the glass body 10 Focus Fd to be concentrated and to leave the glass body 10 at the rear boundary surface d as a divergent beam Sd with an opening angle d. The inner interfaces b, c of the glass body 10 with a central gap G each have a generating curve y for the rotationally symmetrical body P in a longitudinal section f of length e.

14 shows a lidar system 23 with a transmitting unit and a receiving unit in a perspective detail view. The transmission unit is formed by eight headlights 29 for laser light L, which correspond to the example described in FIG. The CCD camera 280 corresponds to the patent specification DE 102017011 352 B4 listed in the prior art for a camera module unit.

15 shows the lidar system 23 according to FIGS. 13-14, at the top in a schematic view and at the bottom in a schematic cross section. The eight headlights 29 are arranged in a circle around the lens 28 of the CCD camera 280 and each appear with their rear boundary surface d to the outside. As shown in the schematic cross section, the headlights 29 can have a uniform opening angle d, the optical axis x pointing in different directions so that the image angle of the camera, which in this exemplary embodiment is 72 degrees, is completely illuminated. Alternatively, the headlights 29 can each have different opening angles d. The CCD camera 280 with a lidar sensor 281 is inherently rigid and delivers images in real time with an infinite depth of field.

16 shows an objective 28 for X-ray radiation R, which is designed as a hybrid condenser prism 14, the front focus Fa of which is arranged congruently to the radiation source Q of an X-ray tube 21, which is assumed to be punctiform. The X-ray tube 21 emits a divergent beam SD with an opening angle d of less than or equal to 10 degrees. The vacuum V is optically denser than a two-part enveloping body 11 for the rotationally symmetrical body P with the four boundary surfaces ad. The enveloping body 11 is formed by a spindle 111 arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis x and by a sleeve 112 surrounding the spindle 111 at a radial distance, the front and rear interfaces a, d each facing the vacuum V and being a component a diffractive correction lens 110 with a diameter of 2-6 mm. While the front correction lens 110 deflects the example rays A, B of the divergent beam SD barely noticeably away from the optical axis x, they are totally reflected at the inner boundary surface b, c in grazing incidence a total of four times in order to be precise at the rear boundary surface d of the correction lens 110 Focus Fd to get bundled. In two longitudinal sections f of length e of the hybrid condenser prism 14, the interface b has a generating curve y for the spindle 111, which is formed by a hyperbola, while the outer boundary surface c has a generating curve y for the sleeve 112 in two longitudinal sections f formed by a parabola. In this way, it is possible in the longitudinal sections f with changing tangent angles β of the boundary surfaces b, c to concentrate the x-ray radiation R emanating from the radiation source Q exactly onto a rear focus Fd. As a result of the additional diffraction of the x-ray radiation R at the correction lenses 110, a very precise focus Fd with a diameter of less than or equal to 0.1 mm can be produced. The linked beam path of the X-ray radiation R with the example beams A, B has a central gap G which is occupied by a spindle 111 with an installation space. A contactless mounting of the spindle 111 in the sleeve 112 is made possible by permanent magnets within the installation space of the spindle 111.

17 shows the condenser prism 14 for X-ray radiation R according to FIG. 16 in a detail perspective with a representation of the chained beam path from the radiation source Q to the focal point Fd assigned to the rear correction lens 110, the example rays A, B of the X-ray radiation R being within the vacuum V. are each subjected to fourfold total reflection. The optically denser vacuum V has inner interfaces b, c with a two-part, optically thinner enveloping body 11, which can consist of metal or glass, for example.

18 shows the longitudinal section of a hybrid condenser prism 14 which is designed as an objective 28 for the X-ray radiation R emanating from a radiation source Q. The objective 28 has a two-part enveloping body 11 for the rotationally symmetrical body P with vacuum V, which is formed by a spindle 111 coaxially and concentrically surrounding the optical axis x and by a sleeve 112 surrounding the spindle 111 at a distance. The hybrid condenser prism 14 can, as shown in FIG. 20, within the high vacuum of an X-ray tube 21 with the The front focal point Fa can be arranged congruently to the radiation source Q of the X-ray tube 21, which is assumed to be punctiform, so that the X-ray radiation R as a divergent beam SD with a usable opening angle d less than or equal to 10 degrees in the vacuum V passes a biconvex correction lens 110, e.g. made of aluminum, which passes the front one Interface a of the hybrid condenser prism 14 forms. The fact that the vacuum for X-ray radiation R is optically denser than matter means for the formation of refractive lenses that in the vacuum converging lenses are planoconcave or biconcave and diverging lenses are planoconvex or biconvex. Accordingly, the front correction lens 110 is biconvex and deflects the example beams A, B of the collimated beam Sp of the X-ray radiation R barely noticeably away from the optical axis x, while the rear correction lens 110 of the hybrid condenser prism 14 is biconcave and the example beams A, B of the X-ray radiation R fully concentrated on the focus Fd. The actual concentration on the focus Fd assigned to the rear boundary surface d, however, takes place in the grazing incidence of the X-ray radiation R with the example beams A, B, by total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces b, c of the rotationally symmetrical body P, which are each divided into two longitudinal sections f of length e of the hybrid condenser prism 12 have generating curves y which are arranged mirror-inverted to the center of the length e and which are designed as a hyperbola or as a parabola at the interface b of the spindle 111 and as a parabola or as an ellipse at the interface c of the sleeve 112. At the inner boundary surfaces b, c, the example beams A, B of the divergent beam SD emanating from the radiation source Q are each totally reflected four times before they leave the hybrid condenser prism 14 again at the boundary surface d formed by a biconcave correction lens 110 and as a convergent beam SK can be concentrated on the focus Fd. With such a hybrid condenser prism 14, which, as shown in FIG. 20, is arranged within the high vacuum of an X-ray tube 21, it is possible to produce sharper and more detailed X-ray recordings.

Fig. 19 shows the hybrid condenser prism 14 according to will. If the enveloping body 11 is made of metal, the spindle 111 can be held in a free-floating manner within the vacuum V in a contactless manner, for example by electromagnetic forces or by superconductivity, so that a complete image of an illuminated object is made possible. The hybrid condenser prism 14 can be made of aluminum or glass, for example, with a length e of 60 mm and an outside diameter of 20 mm.

20 shows an X-ray device 25 which is designed as a tomograph 250, the radiation source Q formed by the X-ray tube 21 including a hybrid condenser prism 14, which corresponds to one of the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS acted upon X-ray tube 21 is arranged and rotates in a rotary motion around an annular cavity through which the patient referred to as object O is pushed successively. The cylindrical-shell-shaped image area F has a cell detector 251 which provides detailed, sharp x-ray images of the patient in layers. The optical system 2 for X-ray devices 25 of all types has an objective 28 formed by a hybrid condenser prism 14, so that the X-ray diagnostics can be significantly improved by detailed, high-resolution X-ray recordings.

FIG. 21 shows an objective 28 which is designed as a hybrid collecting prism 12 in which, as shown in FIG mm with a high photon flux and great spectral brilliance. At the front, diffractive interface a of the correction lens 110, a homogenized, coherent X-ray beam enters the vacuum V as a parallel beam SP and passes through a fourfold total reflection at the inner interfaces b, c of the enveloping body 11 in order to arrive at the rear diffractive interface d leaving the vacuum V as a convergent bundle of rays SK with a focus Fd from the rotationally symmetrical body P.

FIG. 22 shows a hybrid collecting prism 12 for X-ray radiation R, the structure of which essentially corresponds to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 21, the difference relating to the formation of the interfaces a, b. The vacuum V, which is optically denser for X-ray radiation R, has the consequence that the refractive correction lens 110 at the front boundary surface a of the rotationally symmetrical body P. is formed biconvex to act as a divergent lens and the refractive correction lens 110 is formed biconcave at the rear boundary surface d of the rotationally symmetrical body P to act as a converging lens. The actual bundling of the X-ray radiation R with the example rays A, B on the focus Fd assigned to the rear boundary surface d, however, takes place by total reflection in grazing incidence at the inner boundary surfaces b, c of the rotationally symmetrical body P, which in the longitudinal sections f of the length e of the hybrid Collecting prism 12 each have a generating curve y, which are designed as a hyperbola or parabola at the interface b of the spindle 111 and as a parabola or ellipse at the interface c of the sleeve 112.

23 shows an X-ray microscope 26 with an objective 28 formed by a hybrid collecting prism 12 in a schematic perspective illustration. The radiation source Q of the X-ray microscope 26 is formed by a synchrotron 210 with an undulator 211, so that a homogenized monochromatic X-ray beam of high spectral brilliance with the example beams A, B and with a diameter of 1-10 mm can be coupled out of the synchrotron 210 as a parallel beam SP and an object O held by an object carrier in an object plane is irradiated and then bundled onto a focus Fd by the hybrid collecting prism 12, which corresponds to one of the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS to expose the CCD sensor 281 of a CCD camera 280 without any gaps.

24 shows a satellite-supported X-ray telescope 27 in a perspective detail view. The X-ray telescope 27 has an objective 28 which is formed by a hybrid collecting prism 12 and essentially corresponds to the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 21-22. The objective 28 of the X-ray telescope 27, however, has a diameter of at least 1 m and consists of a lightweight shell construction. The rays S of the parallel beam SP are each totally reflected four times in the paraboloid of revolution P formed by the spindle 111 and the sleeve 112, so that they can be received in an order appropriate to the image on the image area F formed by a CCD sensor 281.

The gap G in the linked beam path of the X-ray radiation R is taken up by the spindle 111 of the enveloping body 11, which in turn provides an installation space for forms the technical equipment of the satellite. In contrast to the previously customary Wolter optics, a single hybrid collecting prism 12 is sufficient here for the detection and recording of known and unknown radiation sources in space.

25 shows a hybrid condenser prism 14 with a shorter focal length than the distance between the rear boundary surface d and the focal point Fd, which can be produced in different sizes, e.g. from Zerodur, a glass ceramic material from Schott. The hybrid condenser prism 14 is designed to inject a divergent beam SD of X-rays R into the plasma 301 of a fusion reactor 30 with a vacuum V. In its geometric structure, the hybrid condenser prism 14 corresponds to the exemplary embodiment described in FIGS. 18 and 19. The X-rays R have a radiation source Q (not shown in more detail), which corresponds to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 23 and comprises a synchrotron 210 and an undulator 211. The divergent bundles of rays SD of the plurality of hybrid condenser prisms 14 heat the plasma 301, in particular in the less hot area of the plasma 301 facing the inner wall of the pressure vessel 302. With the divergent bundles of rays SD, energy is supplied to the plasma 301 during the fusion, so that the temperature gradient between the hot core and the relatively cooler edge areas is reduced. The peripheral fusion of the plasma 301 takes place by ionizing as many particles as possible. The heat potential of the plasma 301 has so far only been partially used, since the plasma formation already takes place when every ten thousandth particle is ionized. The smearing of the plasma 301 by means of X-rays R enables a more uniform heat distribution in the plasma 301, so that the formation of undesired turbulent flows in the plasma 301 can be avoided. If it is possible to extend the energy containment time, a comparatively small calibrated fusion reactor can also be operated with a considerable excess of energy.

26 shows the exemplary arrangement of four hybrid condenser prisms 14 for X-rays R, which correspond in their geometric structure to the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, with a radiation source Q which corresponds to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 23. With this arrangement of the optical system 2, the common focal point Fd of the hybrid condenser prisms 14 is im Center of the pressure vessel 302 of a fusion reactor 30, which works on the principle of inertial fusion, arranged. Both the space surrounding the pressure vessel 302 and the space enclosed by the pressure vessel 302 have a vacuum V. A spherical hydrogen capsule 300 is arranged concentrically to the common focal point Fd of the hybrid condenser prisms 14, the outer shell of which consists of a metal foil, for example silver, and which contains the heavy isotopes deuterium and tritium of hydrogen as fuel for the fusion reactor 30. The collision of the X-rays R with an energy of 20 to 100 keV at the common focal point Fd, which can have a diameter of 5 nm or smaller, leads to a fusion reaction with a shock wave inside the hydrogen capsule 300, which propagates from the focal point Fd expands inside the pressure vessel 302 from the inside to the outside. Since the fluid dynamic expansion of the plasma 301 takes place more slowly than the nuclear fusion itself, the energy confinement time can be lengthened to such an extent that the fusion supplies a huge excess of energy. To trigger the nuclear fusion by colliding the X-rays R, at least two or a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms 14 can be arranged on the pressure vessel 302.

27 shows a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms 14, at the front boundary surfaces a of which a Petawatt flare energy laser enters the hybrid condenser prisms 14, is totally reflected at the inner boundary surfaces b, c, and is focused on focal points Fd at the rear boundary surfaces d. The hybrid condenser prism 14 can be made of glass, for example, and has a two-part enveloping body 11 with a front and a rear correction lens 110 and the interfaces a and d, as well as a spindle 111 arranged concentrically to the optical axis x with the interface b and a die The sleeve 112 surrounding the spindle 111 and the boundary surface c, so that the enveloping body 11 has four boundary surfaces ad to optically thinner matter. Since the focal point Fd can have a diameter> 5 nm, a very high energy density is available at the focal point Fd, which is sufficient for this on the outside of a hydrogen capsule 300, which is surrounded by a metal foil, extending into the interior of the hydrogen capsule 300 causing a propagating shock wave, so that inside the hydrogen capsule 300 a plasma 301 spreads from the outside to the inside and a nuclear fusion of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, can be triggered very quickly. Since the expansion of the plasma 301 proceeds more slowly than the nuclear fusion itself, an extended energy containment time is possible, so that the fusion process can achieve an energy surplus. Water is a suitable heat transfer fluid in order to derive the heat energy obtained from the fusion reactor 30 and to convert it into electricity, for example, in a steam turbine with a connected generator. With the optical systems 2 shown in FIGS. 26 and 27, it is possible to achieve a resonance effect by means of shock waves propagating in opposite directions, all particles of the plasma 301 being ionized and the temperature of the plasma 301 rising over a longer period of time. Here, too, the extended energy containment time again leads to an excess of energy from the nuclear fusion.

A wide variety of alterations and modifications are of course possible within the scope of the invention.

Overview of reference symbols

Claims

1. Optical component for an optical system (2), which optical component has at least one hybrid prism (1) for light (L) with a wavelength of 780 nm to 380 nm or for X-rays (R) with a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm or for infrared rays, which hybrid prism (1) has an optical axis (x) which combines the properties of a lens with the properties of a reflection prism and is rotationally symmetrical, which hybrid prism (1) is provided, which hybrid prism (1) boundary surfaces ( ad) to the surrounding matter, at which interfaces (ad) the optical density changes, which interfaces (ad) comprise a front interface (a), a rear interface (d) and two inner interfaces (b, c), which two inner boundary surfaces (b, c) are each arranged at an angle of inclination (a) to the optical axis (x), and which hybrid prism (1) is designed to guide the beam path over a length (e) in this way determine that the rays (S) emanating from an object (O) at least partially enter the hybrid prism (1) at the front boundary surface (a), pass through an even number of total reflections at the two inner boundary surfaces (b, c) and on a rear boundary surface (d) emerge again from the rotationally symmetrical body (P), with at least one of the boundary surfaces (ad) in a longitudinal section (f) having a generating curve (y) with a changing tangent angle (β) and the hybrid prism (1) is designed as a collecting prism (12) or as a diverging prism (13) or as a hybrid condenser prism (14).

2. Optical component according to claim 1, which is designed to concentrate a parallel beam (SP) on a focal point (Fd).

3. Optical component according to claim 1 or 2, in which the hybrid prism (1) is designed as a body (P), preferably as a glass body (10).

4. The optical component according to claim 1 or 2, which has an enveloping body (11), which enveloping body (11) surrounds the hybrid prism (1) on all sides, the hybrid prism (1) being designed as a cavity.

5. The optical component according to claim 4, wherein the cavity has a vacuum (V).

6. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed for at least one of the optical systems from the system group consisting of

- intraocular prism (22) for one eye,

- Lidar system (23) with a headlight (29),

- Objective (28) for a camera (280) or for a telescope or for a microscope,

- medical X-ray machine (25),

- X-ray microscope (26), and

- X-ray telescope (27).

7. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the two inner interfaces (b, c) are designed to be totally reflective for light (L) or for X-rays (R).

8. The optical component according to one of the preceding claims, which has a hybrid prism (1) or a plurality of hybrid prisms (1) arranged coaxially and concentrically to the optical axis (x), which among one another form an arrangement in which the front and rear Boundaries (a, d) are refractive and / or diffractive, which inner boundary surfaces (b, c) at least in a longitudinal section (f) of their length (e) have a constant angle of inclination (a) with respect to the optical axis (x), wherein at least one of the interfaces (ad) has at least one generating curve (y) with a continuously changing tangent angle (β) and with an associated focus (Fa-Fd) in at least one longitudinal section (f) of length (e) and the generating curve ( y) is determined as an arc of a circle or as a polynomial curve of the second to fifth degree or as a free-form curve.

9. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the hybrid prism (1) is designed as a body (P), and which hybrid prism (1) enables double total reflection or fourfold total reflection at the inner interfaces (b, c), wherein the hybrid prism (1)

- in the case of double total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces (b, c) has a gap (G) that can be used as an installation space and produces an annular image surface (F) with an inner diameter (D), and - In the case of fourfold total reflection at the inner boundary surfaces (b, c), a self-contained gap (G) and an uninterrupted image surface (F) are created, the body (P), based on the front and rear boundary surfaces (a, d ) of the rotationally symmetrical body (P) is biconvex, plano-convex, concave-convex, plano-concave, biconcave or convex-concave or with a diffractive structure.

10. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the hybrid prism (1)

- Is designed as a hybrid collecting prism (12) to generate a convergent bundle of rays (SK) with a focus (Fc) by means of a generating convex curve (y) in a longitudinal section (f) of the interface (c), or

- Is designed as a hybrid diverging prism (13) to generate a divergent bundle of rays (SD) with a focus (Fc) by means of a generating concave curve (y) in a longitudinal section (f) of the interface (c), the inner interfaces ( b, c) a plurality of bodies (10) of an arrangement arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis (x) each have different angles of inclination (a) and the plano-concave hybrid collecting prism (12) or the plano-convex hybrid diverging prism (13) for the objective ( 28) a camera (280), a telescope or a microscope or for a headlight (29).

11. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the hybrid prism (1) as an intraocular prism (22) for a human eye has at least two annular, concentric and coaxially to the optical axis (x) arranged glass bodies (10), which one below the other Form an arrangement with front and rear interfaces (a, d) as well as with inner interfaces (b, c) and the generating curves (y) of the interfaces (a, d) either as a coherent curve (y) or as a Fresnel structure (z) are each formed with a focus (Fa, Fd) on the optical axis (x) and the inner interfaces (b, c) rise parallel to one another with a uniform angle of inclination (a) with respect to the optical axis (x), so that one of the inner interfaces (C) a central glass body (10) adjoins another of the inner interfaces (b) of the next larger ring-shaped glass body (10), which hybrid prism (1) is positioned in this way within an eye ar is that the focus (Fd) of the hybrid intraocular prism (22) within the eye is just so far away from the retina (223) that on the image area (F) formed by the retina (223) a circular gap (G) is created which corresponds to the diameter (D) of the macula (222) and the rays (S) of the beam path, bypassing the macula (222), form a complete image on the healthy retina surrounding the macula (222) (223) project.

12. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the hybrid prism (1) has a vacuum (V) which is limited by four interfaces (ad) to a cladding body (11) formed in two shells in such a way that one of the inner interfaces (b ) has a composite generating curve (y) for a spindle (111) arranged concentrically and coaxially to the optical axis (x), which generating curve (y) has straight longitudinal sections (f) with an angle of inclination (a) with respect to the optical axis (x ) and in at least one longitudinal section (f) of the length (e) of the hybrid prism (1) has a hyperbola or a parabola, and that one of the inner interfaces (c) of the hybrid prism (1) has a composite generating curve (y) for a with a radial distance concentrically and coaxially to the spindle (111) arranged sleeve (112), the generating curve (y) straight longitudinal sections (f) with an angle of inclination (a) with respect to the optical axis (x) and has a parabola or ellipse in at least one longitudinal section (f) of length (e), and that the front boundary surface (a) and the rear boundary surface (d) of the hybrid prism (1) each on refractive and / or diffractive surfaces of a correction lens ( 110) connect which hybrid prism (1) is designed to move the rays (A, B) of the beam path of X-rays (R) at least partially away from the optical axis (x) on the front correction lens (110) and on the rear correction lens (110) to the optical axis (x) and totally reflect four times at the inner boundary surfaces (b, c), the spindle (111) preferably being held isothermally or cryostatically freely floating in the sleeve (112) by permanent magnets or by a Connecting element is connected to the sleeve (112), and wherein the two-shell shell (11) is preferably formed from Zerodur from Schott AG or from metal.

13. Optical component according to one of the preceding claims, in which the hybrid prism is optically denser within the boundary surfaces (ad) at least for a predetermined wavelength range than outside the boundary surfaces (ad).

14. Optical system (2) which has at least one optical component according to one of the preceding claims.

15. The optical system (2) according to claim 14, which has a lidar system (23) with a transmitter unit and with a receiver unit, the transmitter unit having a radiation source (Q) for a laser (230) with pulsed light (L) and a Has filter element (231) for producing white light (L), which optical system has a first hybrid prism (1) and second hybrid prisms (1), which first hybrid prism (1) as a hybrid collecting prism (12) with a glass body (10) to it is designed to concentrate a parallel beam (SP) with a diameter of the laser beam of 1-2 mm within the glass body (10) designed as a headlight (29) on a focal point (Fd), while the receiver unit has a camera (280) whose The objective (28) has an arrangement of the second hybrid prisms (1), the second hybrid prisms (1) being arranged concentrically and coaxially to the first hybrid prism (1) of the transmitting unit and annular, rotationally symmetrical bodies (P) and are designed to project the beams (S) of the pulsed light (L) reflected by an object (O) via the focus (Fd) of the objective (28) onto an annular CCD sensor (281), so that the lidar System (23) is designed for the detection and detection of objects (O) and preferably enables autonomous driving and at the same time serves as a headlight (29) which can be installed in the headlight housing of a vehicle.

16. Optical system (2) according to claim 14 or 15, which is designed as a lidar system (23) with a transmitter unit, a filter element (231), a laser (230), a receiver unit and a CCD sensor (281), in which the transmitting unit has a plurality of headlights (29) each with an optical axis (x) for the laser (230), for the filter element (231) and for the glass body (10) of the hybrid collecting prism (12) with a focal point (Fd ) within the glass body (10), the receiver unit being formed by a rigid camera (280) with a lidar sensor (281) and a convergent bundle of rays (SK) reflected by an illuminated object (O) with an opening angle (d) directs up to 72 degrees as a parallel beam (SP) onto the CCD sensor (281).

17. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 16, which is designed as a medical X-ray device (25) with a radiation source (Q), which hybrid prism (1) is designed as a condenser prism (14) with a rotationally symmetrical body (P) , which radiation source (Q) is punctiform and is formed by an X-ray tube (21) which emits a divergent beam (SD) with a usable opening angle (d) less than or equal to 10 degrees as hard X-rays (R) in the range from 50 keV to emitted to 600 keV, in which condenser prism (14) a front focus (Fa) is arranged congruently with the point-like assumed radiation source (Q) and the condenser prism (14) is designed as an objective (28) to X-rays (R) by means of a to homogenize the front correction lens (110) made of aluminum and to deflect it away from the optical axis (x), so that the X-rays (R) at the inner interfaces (b, c) of the rotationally symmetrical body (P) are totally reflected four times and are concentrated on a rear correction lens (110) made of aluminum on the focus (Fd) on the optical axis (x) in order to subsequently create an object (O ) to x-ray, with the x-ray device (25) and the object (O) either assuming a rigid position with respect to one another, or preferably the x-ray device (25) is designed as a tomograph (250) and rotates around the object (O) so that by means of a cell detector (251) on a cylindrical image surface (F) layer by layer, complete, sharp X-ray images of the object (O) are received, the focus (Fd) preferably having a diameter of less than 5 nm.

18. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 17, which is designed as an X-ray microscope (27) whose objective (28) is formed by the hybrid prism (1) designed as a hybrid collecting prism (12) and is designed for the purpose Hard X-rays (R) emitted by a synchrotron (210) with an undulator (211) as a monochromatic parallel beam (SP) with a beam diameter of 1.0 mm to 10 mm in the range of 10 keV to 125 keV in a convergent beam ( SK) to concentrate on the focus (Fd) of the rotationally symmetrical body (P) assigned to the rear boundary surface (d) in order to then use a divergent beam (SD) on an image surface (F) for a CCD sensor (281) of a CCD Camera (280) to generate a microscopic image of the object (O) irradiated by the parallel beam (SP) of the X-rays (R) in an object plane, or in which the optical system (2) is designed as an X-ray microscope (27) t, where the hybrid prism (1) is designed as a hybrid condenser prism (14) to produce a divergent bundle of rays (SD) of the X-rays (R) in the range from 10 keV to 125 keV by means of the hybrid condenser prism (14), which is emitted by a synchrotron (210) to concentrate the focus (Fd) of the hybrid prism (1) assigned to the rear boundary surface (d) in order to subsequently take a microscopic image of the object (R) irradiated by the divergent beam (SD) of the X-rays (R) in an object plane on an image surface (F). 0) by means of the CCD sensor (281) of a CCD camera (280), the focus (Fd) preferably having a diameter of less than 5 nm.

19. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 18, which is designed as a satellite-based X-ray telescope (27), the lens (28) of which is designed as a hybrid collecting prism (12) with a diameter of at least one meter hybrid prism (1) is formed and is designed to image X-rays (R), which are emitted in the range from 0.1 keV to 2.0 keV from a radiation source (Q), by means of a CCD camera (280), the inner interfaces (b , c) of the hybrid collecting prism (12) are formed by a spindle (111) arranged coaxially and concentrically to the optical axis (x) and by a sleeve (112) concentrically surrounding the spindle (111) at a radial distance, each in two longitudinal sections (f) of their length (e) have a generating curve for the rotationally symmetrical body (P), so that the X-rays (R) in the linked beam path at the inner interfaces (b, c) of the rotationally symmetrical body (P ) are each totally reflected four times and concentrated on a rear focus (Fd) in order to then produce an image of the radiation source (Q ) to record.

20. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 19, in which

- a radiation source (Q) for visible light (L) with a wavelength of 780 nm to 380 nm from the sun or an LED arrangement, or

- A radiation source (Q) for infrared rays and visible light (L) with a wavelength of 1400 nm to 400 nm consists of a laser (230), or

- a radiation source (Q) for X-rays (R) with a wavelength of 1 nm to 30 pm has an X-ray tube (21) or a synchrotron (210) with an undulator (211).

21. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 20, which has an arrangement of several hybrid prisms (1) designed as hybrid condenser prisms (14) with a focal point (Fd) and with a short focal length for X-rays (R), and which is designed to inject the X-rays (R) from a plurality of hybrid condenser prisms (14) into a plasma (301) as divergent bundles of rays (SD) in each case in the interior of a fusion reactor (30) in order to remove as many particles of the plasma (301 ) to ionize, so that the plasma (301) is further heated, in particular in the outer areas facing the pressure vessel (302), in order to reduce the temperature gradient to the hot core zone, in order to reduce the energy containment time by avoiding undesired turbulent flows in the plasma (301) extend.

22. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 21, which has an arrangement of several hybrid prisms (1) designed as hybrid condenser prisms (14) for high-energy X-rays (R) in the range of 20 keV to 600 keV each, which have a have a common focal point (Fd) in the middle of a hydrogen capsule (300) and in the middle of a spherical pressure vessel (302), so that the collision of the X-rays (R) causes a fusion of the atomic nuclei of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, to form the chemical element helium with a shock wave emanating from the common focal point (Fd) in the center of the hydrogen capsule (300), the fluid dynamic expansion of the plasma (301) taking place from the inside to the outside and taking place more slowly than the fusion of the nuclei themselves, and the fusion process an energy surplus produced.

23. Optical system (2) according to one of claims 14 to 22, which has an arrangement of several Petawatt lasers (230) which are designed to generate the beams (A, B) at the front interfaces (a) as condenser prisms (14) formed hybrid prisms (1) to enter and the rays (A, B) at the rear boundary surfaces (d) of the enveloping body (11) on focal points (Fd) on the outer surface of a hydrogen capsule (300) encased by a metal foil for to focus the uptake of the heavy isotopes deuterium and tritium of hydrogen, so that the metal foil undergoes a relativistic movement by isochtonous heating in the area of the focal points (Fd) Electrons, protons and nuclei of the metal foil, which propagate as a shock wave into the interior of the hydrogen capsule (300), and trigger a fusion of the heavy nuclei of hydrogen to form the chemical element helium, with the fluid dynamic expansion of the plasma (301) taking place more slowly than the nuclear fusion itself, so that the fusion process can be sustained over a predetermined period of time and produces a usable energy gain.