EP0753162A1

EP0753162A1 - Optical system with a high degree of symmetry

Info

Publication number: EP0753162A1
Application number: EP94908267A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Frank Gallert
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1994-02-23
Filing date: 1994-02-23
Publication date: 1997-01-15
Also published as: JPH09509265A; AU6154094A; WO1995023349A1

Abstract

The invention concerns an optical system consisting of a lens system (1) in which a diaphragm (2) is located, an image field (3) in which detectors (6) are located and an object field (0), the radii of curvature of the lens system (1), the image field (3) and the object field (0) preferably meeting at a common point which is also the centre of the diaphragm (2). Image-field flattening lenses (7) can be used to flatten the curved image field (3), the flattened image fields lying parallel to planes tangential to the curved image field (3). One or more surfaces of the optical system can be designed as reflecting surfaces (4). An aspherical corrector plate (5) can be inserted into the plane of the diaphragm (2). The light from the curved or flattened image field (3) is fed to the detectors (6) by photoconductive elements (8) which can be displaced with respect to each other and with respect to the image field (3). A preferably afocal ancillary system (9) designed to focus and flatten the image field (3) can be mounted in front of the lens system (1). If the magnification of the ancillary system (9) is variable, the overall focal length of the optical system can also be varied. The image field (3) can be designed as a mirror (10), thus forming a retro-reflector.

Description

Optical system with high symmetry

The invention is based on a lens system with spherical symmetry. Such a system is already described in the patent 1) of the patent US 5004328, in which the special case of concentrically arranged balls and hollow balls is dealt with. The object of the subject of the invention is to apply the term concentric symmetry to less obvious cases and here to a much larger range of solutions, in order to obtain, in particular, refined possibilities for correcting the longitudinal color error and the spherochromatic aberration, thereby increasing the possible light intensity and degrees of freedom in optical design, such as for optimal adaptation to specific tasks, such as e.g. as a solar collector. In the system according to the invention, claim 1 excludes all the cases which are already claimed by document 1), so that there is no overlap of the protected areas.

It is particularly the aim of the system according to the invention to bring the size of the spherochromatic aberrations, which can be corrected only to a limited extent, in document 1) due to the fact that two radii are the same in terms of pairs, and can only be corrected to a limited extent. In particular, the system according to the invention has set itself the task of pressing the spherochromatic residual errors remaining when the color longitudinal error is correct for an aperture number of 5 of the lens system to such an extent that systems with a focal length of up to 200 mm provide a diffraction-limited image, in which case the object field shown covers more than 20600 square degrees and then e.g. is imaged on a hemisphere with a diameter of 400 mm. Accordingly, systems according to the invention with a focal length of up to 500 mm of the same number of openings between lines c and F of the light spectrum should achieve an imaging quality which corresponds to a scattering disc of less than 0.02 mm, as a result of which the adaptation to the resolving power of the detectors according to the prior art is achieved elements, such as the edge length of CCD pixels, would be achieved, in which case the mapping takes place on a hemisphere with a diameter of 1000 mm. This goal should be achieved with the smallest possible number of areas.

Another object of the invention is to continuously adapt the curved image field 3 of the lens system 1 at least piece by piece to flat surfaces of detectors 6, this adaptation being intended to disturb the existing symmetry as little as possible. Another goal is to refine the correction of spherical zone errors

EBSATZBLATV Particular attention is paid to decoupling the correction of this aberration as far as possible from the correction of the longitudinal color error.

Another object of the invention is to optimize the lens system, in particular for use as an energy collector.

Ways are also to be shown of how the information obtained with the optical system according to the invention can be reproduced, and here in particular using the lens system 1 according to the invention as a projection system in cinema technology. Last but not least, solution variants are to be given which enable the lens system 1 to be focused for different object widths.

An optical system was created in which light that comes from an object plane 0 strikes a lens system 1 in which an aperture 2 is arranged. All the radii of the lens system 1 and the curved image plane 3, in which a detector 6 is arranged, have substantially the same center - the center of the diaphragm 2.

In principle, the optical materials which are located between such concentrically formed radii can all be different from one another. That shells of the same geometry, which are arranged to the left and right of the diaphragm 2, can also consist of different optical material. Only the optical material that is located directly to the left and right of the free opening of the diaphragm 2 should preferably be identical in order to rule out color magnification errors. Reflecting surfaces 4 can also be arranged concentrically to the center of the diaphragm 2 in order to fold the light path and, if necessary, to increase the light intensity of the optical system.

To further refine the correction of the spherical zone errors, an aspherical corrector plate 5 can be introduced into the plane of the diaphragm 2, the surface shape of which is related to that of a conventional Schmidt plate in the mirror system of the same name. In order to level the curved image field 3 of the lens system 1, small leveling lenses 7 can be introduced shortly before the plane of the image field 3, which cause imaging on flat detectors 6 of approximately the same dimension as that of the leveling lenses 7, these detectors 6 with their surfaces facing parallel planes Form tangent planes to the curved image field 3. The recording and further processing of the image information on the curved image field by means of a matrix-shaped arrangement of CCD receivers is anchored in claim 2, wherein the information can be stored in the usual electronic way, such as recording on video tape or other data carriers. In order to achieve the aim of the object according to the invention, the focus on different image

REPLACEMENT LEAF To allow widths that are assigned to different object widths without substantially deviating from the image field 3, which is also concentrically arranged with respect to the center of the diaphragm 2 and which has different radii of curvature depending on the image width, and thus do not allow any significant disturbance of the symmetry, a quasi-continuous change in the radius of curvature becomes the detector surface, which conforms to the respective image field 3, and this is achieved according to claim 3 in that rotationally symmetrical to the axis, which passes through the center of the diaphragm 2 and is normal to the plane of this diaphragm surface, arranged cylinder jacket-shaped areas 8 are, which are displaceable in the direction of this axis and relative to each other. These cylindrical jacket-shaped areas 8 can carry detector elements 6 on their front side, which conforms to the image field 3, or the cylindrical jacket-shaped areas 8 can in turn consist of light-conducting fibers 8, which feed the image to a flat detector 6 for further processing, for example. The necessary differential displacement of the cylindrical jacket-shaped regions 8 against one another in the case of focusing processes on differently curved image fields 3 can take place here, for example, by means of a sensible mechanical device, which is based on a given position and the size of the adjustment movement required for the axial detector element of the detector 6 is necessary for focusing, derives a control variable, which then, for example, automatically forces the correct adjustment movements for the cylindrical jacket-shaped elements 8 located outside the axis, for example by way of a curve control.

In this case, the geometries of the end faces of the cylindrical jacket-shaped areas 8 are advantageously selected and matched to a central focusing position so that the smallest possible jumps between the end faces of the individual cylindrical jacket-shaped areas 8 result for the maximum adjustment ranges to be processed.

Thus, the main disadvantage of concentric optical systems - namely the lack of focusability on differently curved image fields 3, which are assigned to object fields 0 at different distances, is circumvented without noticeably revealing the symmetry of the concentric arrangement. The delicacy of the approximation of the quasi-continuous radius adaptation to differently curved image fields 3 is only a function of the number of areas in the shape of a cylinder jacket on a certain image field 3 and the favorable adaptation of their end face geometry.

If this focusing mechanism is dispensed with, the radius of the image field 3 is preferably chosen to be as large as that image width of the lens system 1 which results for the object widths to be imaged most frequently.

REPLACEMENT LEAF For the observation of astronomical objects, for example, the image width corresponds to the paraxial focal length for parallel incident light, but modified somewhat to adjust to the level of the smallest dispersion or the best optical focus. With the measures described above, the system according to the invention can find its way into pictorial photography and in particular videography. In the case of series production, the adjustment mechanism for small systems with a focal length of up to approximately 50 mm should be economically producible. The new quality of the system according to the invention is given above all by the fact that it has no optically excellent axis. While conventional optical systems, such as. Photo lenses, telescope lenses, microscope lenses, eyepieces and others have an excellent optical axis, which is mainly the result of the striving for a flat image field and thus the zeroing of the Petzval sum, in the system according to the invention there is always a curvature of the image field 3 and the object field 0 conjugated to it , both of which are in turn concentric with the center of the diaphragm 2. The infinite number of optical axes of the system according to the invention can easily be converted into one another by rotary transformations. For centered sequences of optical surfaces with only one axial radius of curvature, such as the conic sections that are symmetrical to an axis, there is no coma, astigmatism or distortion on the axis and in no order, no matter how small a centered sequence of conic sections is completely free of coma, astigmatism and distortion on the axis. In the system according to the invention, due to the fact that all surfaces are substantially spherical, all the straight lines passing through the center of the elbow center are optical and can be converted into one another by rotary transformation. The optical axis for an arbitrarily incident bundle from any direction is forced by the arrangement of the diaphragm (2) in the plane of the center of curvature of the spherical surfaces.

Since the image on each of these axes is now completely free of coma, astigmatism and distortion, the maximally semi-space-shaped object space can be transferred completely free of coma, astigmatism and distortion to the conjugated image space. Now, however, one will always focus on a concentric shell of a certain thickness in the object space by "focusing" on a likewise concentric shell in the image space with a defined radius of curvature. The extent of the shell of the object space in the depth that is picked out of the object space then corresponds to the permitted scattering disc on the image shell. The system according to the invention now inevitably has an excellent axis.

REPLACEMENT3LATT And this is the axis of the highest image brightness, which goes through the center of the aperture 2 and lies in the direction of the normal of the aperture plane. For bundles that are inclined towards this normal, the plane of the aperture 2 is shortened in the tangential section, whereby it is now elliptical appearing projection of the aperture surface with the cosine of the angle of incidence against the normal in its area is reduced, whereby the intensity of the off-axis image point and thus consequently the local illuminance decreases with this cosine of the angle of incidence. In this context, it should be noted that for lenses with a flat image field, this decrease in illuminance is associated with the 4th power of the cosine of the angle of incidence to the normal, one power due to the aperture, two powers due to the increasing distance to the edge of the image field and thus go back to a square increasing surface element and a power by projecting this surface element onto the image plane 3 inclined to this surface element. In the case of the system according to the invention, the last two factors are eliminated, since the distance between the image plane 3 is independent of the angle of incidence and because a surface element of a constricted bundle always projects perpendicularly onto the image plane 3 at this point. The system according to the invention is therefore advantageous both because of its off-axis imaging quality, which is the same as the axial imaging quality, and because of its lower light decay towards the edge. So while for an ordinary lens with a flat image field, for example, the illuminance for a 120 degree object field is only 1/16 of the illuminance in the axis normal to the aperture plane, for the same object field in the system according to the invention the illuminance at the edge of the conjugate image field is 1/2 that Illuminance at the intersection of the surface normal of the aperture 2 and the image field 3. In general, the image quality in the system according to the invention will be somewhat better towards the edge than in the axis of the highest illuminance, ie the axis normal to the aperture plane. The explanation is simple. If the bundle of incidence inclined to the aperture normal were of the same cross-sectional geometry as the bundle that is incident in the direction of the normal, the scattering discs produced would be completely identical in terms of their geometry on the image field plane. The bundles incident at an angle normal to the aperture are, as already mentioned, trimmed through the aperture 3 in the tangential direction so that these bundles become approximately elliptical in cross-section, the major axis of this ellipse lying in the sagittal direction of an incident bundle is held back at the diaphragm plane, most of all in the tangential section and least - namely none at all - in the sagittal section. Ie from the circular figure of destruction

REPLACEMENT SHEET In the image plane 3 for the bundle incident in the direction of the aperture normal, a generally shorter tangential direction of confusion for inclined to the aperture normal incident bundle will now arise, the sagittal extension of this disc being the diameter of the circular diffusion disc at the intersection of aperture normal and Field 3 corresponds. The reduction in the extent, primarily in the tangential cut, for diffusion discs, which are caused by bundles falling towards the aperture normal, is now a complicated function, in particular the type of correction of the transverse aberrations that has been chosen for the axial disc. Only one thing is certain: scattering discs for bundles that are inclined towards the aperture normal are in any case no larger than the disc for the bundle incident in the direction of the aperture standard, provided that there are no deviations from the concentricity of the image field 3 allows.

The image quality in the axis that is normal to the aperture plane is now very simply defined, the image quality that is at least achieved for a field of view of up to 180 degrees in diameter, or an image field area of approximately 20,600 square degrees. In other words, something very astonishing is possible - namely, if one achieves diffraction-limited quality at the intersection of the aperture normal and image field 3, then one also achieves diffraction-limited imaging quality on the entire image field 3 and also without distortion.

In other words, systems can be specified without further diffraction-limited and distortion-free imaging, for example, of the entire starry sky visible at one place on earth at a defined point in time, which means that, at least with regard to this task, one can speak of perfection achieved.

What would mean a single such recording of information is shown in the event that it is possible to build a lens with a 100 mm free aperture (which is not synonymous with the smaller diameter of the diaphragm 2) and a focal length of 500 mm, which show diffraction-limited should. If you calculate with picture slices of 2 arc seconds, i.e. the geometrical image errors still have to stay a lot lower, so you get around 20600 x 1800 x 1800 theoretically distinguishable image elements, each of which would be 0.00485 mm in linear dimension, i.e. smaller than CCD pixels according to the state of the art. A 4 million pixel CCD has edge lengths of 0.015 mm. However, it can be assumed that this value can be reduced at least for certain purposes. This lens would bring the flood of information (if you look at the limitation

REPLACEMENT LEAF from existing receivers) of about 70 billion distinguishable pixels. If, for the sake of convenience, only 256 different brightness values are taken, only one picture with such a camera would fill about 70 hard disks of 1 gigabyte each without further image compression.

If, for example, a resolution of 10 arcseconds is achieved, about 2.8 billion distinguishable image elements still arise on the hemisphere-shaped image field 3. As a comparison, the Schmidt camera is used as the best wide field system of high imaging quality. A Schmidt camera, which has the aperture number 3, for example, depicts minimally scattering figures of 1 arc second on a field of view with an edge length of 5 degrees. Ie 25 x 3600 x 3600 theoretically distinguishable picture elements. This number can also not be increased significantly by choosing a larger number of apertures, that is to say a camera with less light, since the image quality is better and thus the lens becomes smaller, but on the other hand the size of the field of view that can be transmitted decreases. That is, the Schmidt camera is capable of imaging approximately 325 million distinguishable picture elements. This comparison shows what progress systems according to the invention represent, in particular with regard to the scope of the image information which can be achieved with a picture, and what challenge, on the other hand, lies in processing and storing this quantity of information. If one takes only once a system with, for example, 10 arcseconds resolution, which can be easily achieved, the state of the art would require about 700 CCDs with 4 million pixels each in order to capture the information that this lens provides . Probably the most advanced state of the art currently represents probably one Anord¬ voltage with a mosaic of 64 ^CCDs, each with 1 million pixels and a further arrangement with 30 Tektronix 2048 x 2048 pixels - CCD ^'s, which is currently under development. See also Newsletter 4 of the International Astronomical Union, Commission 9, Working Group Wide Field Imaging, page 9, right column.

However, it is to be expected that the development of this "mosaic CCD technology" will be advanced very quickly, so that it can be considered in a historically short time to record the information provided by the system according to the invention in this way. The embodiment of the system according to the invention with arrays of matrixfbrmigen Detek¬ gate elements 6, which in turn, for example, CCD ^'s exist, contents of the claim 2. The arrangement of Ebnungslinsen 7, which are arranged in front of the detector elements 6, also content of the claim 2 In order to achieve an image field leveled with respect to the respective detector element 6, the radii of the respective leveling lens are as in claim 2

REPLACEMENT LEAF shown, chosen. With the aid of a suitable deflection of these lenses, that is to say the choice of the ratio of the radii of curvature Rlel and R2el of the leveling lenses 7, the aberrations introduced by them can be minimized, which is particularly true of the distortion. If, as a special case, the planarization lenses 7 are designed such that their surface facing the detector element 6 is a flat surface, then the radius of the respective planarization lens 7 facing the lens system 1 results with:

Rlel = (nel - 1) / nel * Rimage field, [1]

where Rimage field represents the radius of curvature of the image field 3. This is negative, ie concave against the incident light. For this special case, the radius Rlel facing the lens system 1 also becomes negative and thus concave with respect to the incident light. The material of the leveling lenses 7 is expediently chosen with the refractive index nel with the smallest possible dispersion - that is to say a high Abbe number.

Systems according to the invention can also be used for airspace surveillance, the design of the system having to be matched to the desired or expected average object distance. The position of an object depicted in this way can now be obtained directly from the receiver pixels without having to correct the distortion as in the case of a normal lens, or without having to track this with the moving object. The system according to the invention can also be used in cinema technology as an "all-round camera". At the same time, it can be used to project the recordings obtained in this way. For example, were obtained with a system according to the invention as a camera. For this purpose, light-emitting units, the elements of which can be controlled individually, are now to be arranged in object plane 0 of lens system 1. For example, LCD, LED or picture display tubes can be used here. The reproduction of films that were gained during the movement become the impressions in classic panorama or all-round cinemas, where the latter often have disillusioning picture edges because several cameras are involved. surpass. Another area of application opens up the system according to the invention in endoscopy.

Last but not least, the object according to the invention offers new, improved starting points for the purpose of orienting machines in space. A stereoscopic orientation can take place with two of these "artificial eyes", in which the image impressions obtained are processed in a computer.

REPLACEMENT LEAF But even with just one "eye", machines will be able to orient themselves more cheaply than with conventional optics. There are two main reasons for this. The first is the large, completely distortion-free field of view. Ie in the direction where the machine sees an object, there it is. The second essential and almost more important reason is not so obvious. It depends on the distribution of sharply perceived areas in the surrounding object world. While we are not even aware that, for example, our human eye sees a constant distance even in depth of field, ordinary lenses are designed in such a way that they provide a flat image field. For a tolerated diameter of the scattering discs in the image plane, a certain range of plane planes is now sharply imaged in the object world. The geometry of the pictorial world compels, so to speak, the perception of defined, here planer, depth of field in the object world. For a machine with combined movement, rotation and focusing, the calculation of the distance of an object or even more of many objects would be an extremely complicated and time-consuming process. In contrast, in the system according to the invention, this computing effort is considerably less. This, too, imposes a defined concentric geometry on the depth of field with the image geometry of the object world, or vice versa - as one wishes. Since the focusing according to claim 3 can also be solved in the system according to the invention, there is nothing standing in the way of orientation in space. Given the state of focus, all objects that appear equally sharp (the edge sharpness of objects can be evaluated mathematically well) are also equally far from the "eye" of the machine. In other words, with the state of focus, the machine immediately receives information about the direction and distance of all objects that are located in a given depth of field that is concentric with the "eye" of the machine. In this way, it is able to locate all objects in the surrounding half space both by direction and by distance with a "camera drive", ie completely stationary and only changing the image width Significance of the system according to the invention at least for angular measurement technology or space technology. The listed possible uses of the system according to the invention are only selected examples - more are conceivable. Lens systems according to document 1) have some of the same positive properties as the system according to the invention, only that in the former the freedom of construction is severely restricted by the restriction to concentric spheres or hollow spheres of one medium, which is the case in a number of cases From the outset, a design disadvantage meant optimization of the design for the respective task. However, it is

REPLACEMENT LEAF System according to the invention usually not much more difficult to manufacture than that from document 1).

It is immediately evident that the system according to the invention maps distortion-free onto the conjugated, likewise concentric image shell 3 for each held concentric object shell 0. This distortion-free image on the curved image plane 3 can be converted into a distortion-free image on a plane plane if the image point by pixel on the curved image shell is projected onto the plane in such a way that the respective image point obtained on the plane, the generating one The pixel on the curved image field 3 and the center of the diaphragm 2 can be connected by an exact straight line. This rule would thus fix the start and end point of a light guide cable which connects the curved concentric screen 3 to the planar image field to be generated, if freedom from distortion is also desired on the planar image field. The real course of the light guide cable between these points is irrelevant with regard to the list, as long as only the diameter of the light guide cable is in a meaningful relationship to the scattering disc produced on the curved image field 3, i.e. for this purpose it should not be significantly larger than the scattering disc.

However, this type of "projection" with a constant diameter of the light guide cable has the disadvantage that the further outside the pixel lies on the flat plane, the less dense its neighboring points are - so "dark" areas occur. If, in the other extreme, the light guide cables are arranged in such a way that the connecting straight line between the start and end point of the cable is parallel to the normal of the aperture plane, then a negative distortion arises on the plane image plane that is generated, which may have to be electronically equalized. The possibility of supplying the curved image field 3 of the lens system 1 to a preferably flat detector 6 with the aid of light-conducting elements such as glass fiber cables is the content of claim 3.

The invention will be explained below using several exemplary embodiments. In the associated drawings (see embodiment 1) show:

Fig.1 - the arrangement of the elements of the optical system according to the invention Fig.2 - some possible forms of the lens system 1st

Fig.3 - the spot diagrams for visual field diameters of 0; 40; 80; 120 and 160 degrees according to embodiment 1

REPLACEMENT LEAF Fig.4 - the spot diagrams for visual field diameters of 0; 40; 80; 120 and 160 degrees according to embodiment 2 Fig. 5,6,7- the aberration of the wavefront for 486,13; 546.07; and 656.27 nanometers for the

Field of view diameter 0 degrees with respect to embodiment 2 Fig. 8,9 - the point washing function for wavelengths according to Fig. 5,6,7 and field of view diameters of 0 degrees and 160 degrees with respect to embodiment 2 Fig. 10 - spot diagram for embodiment 3 for facial diameter of 0; 2;

4 and 6 degrees at the wavelength 486.13 nanometers Fig. 11 - Spot diagram for embodiment 4 with a field of view diameter up to 2 degrees Fig. 12 - Spot diagram for embodiment 4 with a field of view diameter up to 4 degrees Fig. 13 - Spot diagram for embodiment 4 with a field of view diameter up to 8 degrees Fig. 14 - Spot diagram for embodiment 4 with a field of view diameter of up to 16 degrees Fig. 15 - Beam path in the lens system 1 for an afocal attachment system 9 whose Petzvalum sum compensates for that of the lens system 1 for 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 degree field of view

1 shows a special embodiment on an enlarged scale, this drawing roughly representing the geometry of the second embodiment to be explained. Light that comes from a point of the object plane 0 (this is not shown) strikes the lens system 1, in which a diaphragm 2 is arranged, and then onto the image plane 3. The center of the diaphragm 2 is preferably the center of all optically active surfaces of the lens system 1 as well as the curved image field 3 and the object field 0. A detector 6 is arranged in the image plane 3. One or more image field flattening lenses 7 arranged in front of the image plane 3 can serve to flatten it. These field-flattening lenses 7 are parallel to tangent planes to the curved image field 3. Reflecting surfaces 4 arranged concentrically to the center of the diaphragm 2 fold the light path (not shown). The aspherical correction plate 5 can be introduced into the plane of the diaphragm 2. Light-guiding elements 8 are arranged in the plane of the image field 3. An afocal attachment system 9 can be placed in front of the lens system 1, its diaphragm 2 coinciding with the position of the real exit pupil of the afocal attachment system 9. The image plane 3 can be designed as a mirror 10, whereby a retroreflector is created.

2 a to d now show some possible embodiments of the lens system 1, which are only examples of the variety of possible shapes.

REPLACEMENT LEAF Embodiment 1

Tab. 1 gives the design data of exemplary embodiment 1 with the expected refractive indices of the types of glass used, which are assigned to the wavelengths.

In this case, the column distance gives the distance between the corresponding surface and the subsequent surface seen in the direction of the incidence of light.

Tab. 1

No. Area radius distance nc ne nF glass / cover

1 250,000 135,000 1.5303564 1.5353416 1.539552 ZK1 / 58.0

2 115,000 235,100 1.4324581 1.4349401 1.4370252 Fluo./ 95.4

3 -120.100 129.900 1.5372326 1.5429278 1.5478087 KFl / 51.1

4 -250,000 249,788 1 1 1 air

The radius of the curved image field 3 thus results in:

Image field = - 499.788 mm.

The example system consists, seen in the order of the incidence of light, of a hemispherical shell made of ZK1 with the glass number 533580 and concentric with the center of the diaphragm 2, followed by a fluorite lens with the glass number 434954 which is to the left and right of the plane of the diaphragm 2 is delimited by two radii which are concentric to the center of the diaphragm, but which are also of different sizes, which is followed by a hemisphere made of KF1 with the glass number 540511, which is also concentric to the center of the diaphragm. For the sake of simplicity, the two outer radii that limit the example system have been chosen to be the same in order to ensure that the entire system is checked as simply as possible. However, this equality of the radii is generally not a must in the system according to the invention and a deviation from this gives further structural degrees of freedom for the refined correction of the spherical residual errors or the spherical chroma. Even with outer radii of the same amount, the difference between the example system according to the invention and the systems claimed in document 1) is obvious. The enclosed optical material on the left and right of the opening of the aperture 2 - here fluorite - is clearly different in amount from two

REPLACEMENT LEAF which radii are limited and, furthermore, the adjoining spherical half-shells are of different thicknesses and also consist of different optical material, so that for embodiment 1 according to the invention, too, the difference to the systems of concentrically arranged spheres and hollow spheres claimed in document 1) is clear becomes. The free opening of the system with a diameter of 100 mm is realized with respect to the e-line by a free opening in the panel 2 of the exemplary embodiment 1 of 69.689 mm. The exemplary embodiment 1 according to the invention is therefore optimized in terms of its imaging properties in the case of the objective with respect to object planes 0 that are infinitely distant. Optimization to completely different distances, likewise substantially to the center of the diaphragm 2 of object fields 0 which are concentrically located, is of course possible and belongs to the scope of the system according to the invention, so that optimized design variants can be designed as reducing or enlarging projectives, for example for microscopy or cinema projection. It can be seen from FIG. 3 that in the optimized setting plane indicated there is a dispersing disc of 0.0157 mm, which corresponds to 6.3 arc seconds in the angular dimension. This scattering disc now remains for a field diameter of 180 degrees as explained above, the upper limit of the extent of the scattering figures that occur. The linear diameter of the diffraction disk, which is known to be independent of the focal length, is approximately 0.0067 mm for an optical system without central obstruction with the number of openings 5 for the wavelength 546.07 nm. This results in the diffraction limitation for embodiment 1 from focal lengths less than 200 mm. As usual, a corresponding downscaling with regard to all radii, distances and diameters would have to be carried out. For a desired 80 mm focal length, the scaling factor would be 8/50. For example, the outer radii of the exemplary embodiment would result in 40 mm. The diameter of the scattering figure is then 0.0026 mm and is therefore noticeably smaller than the Airy disc. There are limits to the minimization of the diameter of the scattering disc, even if it would be possible to eliminate the longitudinal error completely, by distributing the zonal spherical aberrations. In exemplary embodiment 1, a diameter of 0.006 mm is obtained for the scattering disc with respect to the F line, which roughly sets the limit for the possibilities of this design example at a focal length of 500 mm and an aperture of 5.

REPLACEMENT 5 I - Λ-1 Embodiment 2

In embodiment 1, the wavefront aberration is 1.044 waves at 486 nm, 0.592 waves at 546 nm and 0.581 waves at 656 nm with respect to the wavelength 546 nm. Embodiment 2 is intended to show what possibilities the system according to the invention has, since compared to document 1) additional degrees of freedom Construction exist. It is possible to further reduce the spot diameter and, what is even more important, to reduce the wavefront aberrations considerably. See FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. It can be seen that the Rayleigh criterion of 1/4 wavelength is fulfilled for a diffraction-limited image in the middle of the wavelengths. Fig. 4 shows the associated spot diagram. The small circle is the Airy disk for the wavelength 546 nm.

It is clear that an embodiment reduced to 200 mm focal length with the same number of openings of 5 is very clearly diffraction-limited, since the wavefront aberrations depend linearly on the system size. The number of openings can thus be reduced further and remains diffraction-limited. Table 2 below gives the design data of exemplary embodiment 2.

Tab. 2

No. Area radius distance nc ne nF glass / cover

1 250,000 94,000 1.5303564 1.5353416 1.539552 ZK1 / 58.0

2 156,000 259.35 1.4324581 1.4349401 1.4370252 Fluo./ 95.4

3 -103.35 153.62 1.5372326 1.5429278 1.5478087 KFW 51.1

4 -256.97 242.9303 1 1 1 air

The radius of the curved image field 3 thus results in:

Image field = - 499.9003 mm.

The free diameter of the diaphragm 2 is determined to be 73.695 mm in order to allow a parallel bundle of 100 mm in diameter to enter the lens system 1 of exemplary embodiment 2. The focal length in the image space is 500 mm. This results in opening number 5 in exemplary embodiment 2.

REPLACEMENT LEAF Embodiment 3

Embodiment 3 illustrates the use of an aspherical correction plate according to the coatings 10 and 11 of claim 1.

The Korrektoφlatte 5 is formed in the embodiment 3 as an air lens. The aspherical surfaces of the correction plate 5 are formed on the surfaces of the lens shells adjacent to the diaphragm 2. A simple example of only one type of glass is given that is optimized for a field of view diameter of 6 degrees and a wavelength of 486 nm. The scattering discs remain below 0.0078 mm. To correct the longitudinal color error, additional concentric shells made of other optical materials can be added. The area 2 is the area that lies directly in front of the plane of the diaphragm 2 in the direction of the incidence of light. Surface 3 is the surface that immediately follows the plane of the diaphragm 2 in the direction of the incidence of light. Both surfaces are designed as aspherically deformed plane surfaces, but can generally also contain a radius term in order to minimize the sphero-chromatic aberrations in the case of complex lens arrangements with the aid of an opposite longitudinal color error.

In embodiment 3, both surfaces are separated by an air lens. It is important to keep this distance as small as possible in order to disturb the concentric symmetry as little as possible. The two lens shells on the left and right of the diaphragm 2 are made of the same optical material in order to rule out color magnification errors. In the exemplary embodiment

BK 7 related. Areas 2 and 3 will result as follows:

Area 2: z = l, 123535 * 10 ^{~ 7} * mm ^~ * r ⁴ - 8, 06055 * 10 ^-11 * m ^"5 * r ⁶ Area 3: z = 8, 314804 * 10 ^{~ 8} * M ^{" 3} * r ⁴ - 8, 223996 * 10 ^"n * m ^{" 5} * r ⁶ where r is the radial coordinate in mm in the plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis and contains the vertex of the respective surface, z being oriented in the mathematical sense is. The following table 3 gives the data of exemplary embodiment 3. Tab. 3 Number of openings of the exemplary embodiment: 3.6449; Focal length 364.49 mm

No. surface radius distance n (486, lnm) glass / cover

1 250,000 249,500 1.52237718 BK7

2 infinite 1,000 1 air

3 infinite 249,500 1.52237718 BK7

4 -250,000 114.0872 1 air

The radius of curvature of the optimally adapted image field 3 is: Rimage field = -372.7853mm. The arrangement is therefore no longer purely concentric, due to higher order aberrations in the correction plate 5. The free diameter of the diaphragm 2 results in 66.051 mm.

REPLACEMENT BLADE Embodiment 4

In exemplary embodiment 4, the data from image-field-flattening lenses 7 for embodiment 2 are calculated with respect to practically existing detector elements 6. For the sake of simplicity, the radius of the image-field-flattening lens 7, which faces the respective detector element 6, should be designed as a flat surface. The radius of the field-flattening lens 7, which faces the lens system 1, therefore immediately follows from equation [2]: Rlel = -171.5321 mm for BK7 at the wavelength 486.13 nm.

From this value it can be seen that it is impossible to level the entire image field 3 which the lens system 1 supplies with a single large image field flattening lens 7. However, a plurality of planarization lenses 7 can be formed, each of which forms tangential planes to the curved image field 3 of the lens system 1. The leveling lenses 7 are therefore each perpendicular to the main beam which is assigned to a given object point and passes through the center of the diaphragm 2. The center thickness of the field flattening lens 7 should generally be kept small. In the exemplary embodiment 4, the flat surface of the leveling lens 7 should lie directly on the surface of the detector element 6, but this is not a requirement in the general case. With the aid of a suitable deflection of the leveling lens 7, the distortion introduced can also be virtually eliminated. The following Table 4 gives the data of the field-flattening lenses 7 and their distance from the last lens vertex of the lens system 1 of the exemplary embodiment 2. The radius and the distance of the leveling lens 7 were computer-optimized, so that these values differ somewhat depending on the field of view to be leveled The value of equation [2] differs, which follows only from the 3rd order theory. The center thickness of the leveling lens is 1 mm in each case. Its rear radius R2el is designed as a flat surface. The column distance shows the distance from the front vertex of the respective leveling lens 7 to the vertex of the last surface of the lens 1 of the exemplary embodiment 2. The image area coincides with the flat surface of the leveling lens.

Tab. 4

Object field radius Rlel distance diameter of the EL l degree -173.8926 242.2648 17.584

2 degrees -173.2914 242.2646 35.056

4 degrees -175.0348 242.2622 70.372

8 degrees -182.4985 242.2225 143.164

IR8 SPARE SHEET The leveling lenses 7 were each optimized for object fields of 2; 4; 8 and 16 degrees. The assigned FIGS. 11 to 14 show the astonishingly good image quality on the now flat image field. The system according to the invention can thus find its way into conventional image recording technology. It can be expected that the CCD technology will also dominate in the photo technology in the future. As a result, it is no longer necessary to maintain a larger distance between the last lens apex and the detector, since there are no moving parts. Because of this fact, this version of the system according to the invention is suitable as a standard lens. The color correction of exemplary embodiment 4 is the same as that of exemplary embodiment 2. That is, the wave font aberrations remain in the wavelength range between 486 and 656 nm under 1/3 wave with respect to the wavelength 546 nm. Both exemplary embodiments 2 and 4 can thus be used visually and easily the best telescope triplets with fluorite optics with the same number of openings.

Embodiment 5

In embodiment 5, an inventive system is given according to claim 5, in which an afocal attachment system 9 is used. The afocal attachment system 9 consists of two collecting, confocal parabolic mirrors. The imaging lens system corresponds to that of embodiment 1. The afocal attachment system 9 constricts the bundle diameter of light incident parallel to it by a factor of 3. It thus has the magnification 3, which is the ratio of the tangent to the angle of parallel light bundles in the exit pupil relative to the entrance pupil gives. The afocal attachment system 9, consisting of two confocally arranged parabolic mirrors, is in itself free of coma and astigmatism in the 3rd order and free of spherical aberration in every order. For the selected enlargement of 3, the selected attachment system 9 is additionally free of 3rd order distortion.

If the Petzval sum is to be eliminated in the overall system, which here consists of an afocal attachment system 9 consisting of two confocal parabolic mirrors and a lens system 1 according to the invention, the following condition must be met:

Rlpar = 2 * (v + 1) * Rimage field, [2]

where Rlpar is the axial radius of curvature of the first parabolic mirror towards the

REPLACEMENT LEAF parallel bundles seen in the light movement and where Rimage field is the radius of curvature of the image field 3 which the lens system 1 designs alone.

The so-called enlargement of the afocal attachment system 9 is denoted by v and results from:

v = | Rlpar / R2par | , [3]

where R2par denotes the axial radius of curvature of the second parabolic mirror. In the present embodiment 5, however, the fulfillment of equation [2] stands in the way that the distance of the intermediate image plane, which forms the first parabolic mirror, from the plane of the real exit pupil, which is formed by the afocal attachment system 9 from both parabolic mirrors, is too small is relative to the diameter of the lens system 1.

The distance between the real exit pupil of the afocal attachment system 9 and the intermediate image plane, which is generated by the first parabolic mirror, results with:

delta = | Rlpar / 2 | * 1 / v ² , [4]

the real exit pupil being closer to the first parabolic mirror by the distance delta than the intermediate image plane generated by the latter.

The total focal length from the afocal attachment system 9 and lens system 1 is given in terms of amount:

| Fges | = v * flinse, [5]

where Fges characterizes the total focal length and Flinse the focal length in the image space of the

Lens system 1 is.

The distance between the two parabolic mirrors follows with:

al = | Rlpar / 2 | * (l + 1 / v). [6]

With regard to a lens system 1, the data of which correspond to that of exemplary embodiment 1, an afocal attachment system 9 consisting of two confocal collecting parabolic mirrors is given below:

tr- SET-BLADE Rlpar = -7200 mm R2ρar = -2400 mm al = 4800 mm

In order to achieve a flat image field, the axial radius of curvature Rlpar of the first parabolic mirror for an enlargement of v = 3 according to equation [3] should have been -4000 mm, the amount of the R image field of exemplary embodiment 1 being rounded to 500 mm. However, the distance between the exit pupil and the intermediate image would have been only delta = 222.2222 mm. For the selected radius Rlpar = -7200 mm and v = 3, delta = 400 mm results, which allows the beam paths to be separated. For this purpose, a small plane mirror is now introduced into the plane of the intermediate image, which is formed by the first parabolic mirror, and e.g. inclined by 45 degrees against the optical axis, whereby this is rotated by 90 degrees after reflection on the plane mirror. The axes of both parabolic mirrors are thus perpendicular to one another. The diameter of the first parabolic mirror is 300 mm because of v = 3. The lens system 1 is thus no longer in the way with regard to light incident parallel to the optical axis on the first parabolic mirror, since its center is 400 mm from the optical axis which runs between the parabolic mirrors and its radius is 250 mm.

Based on the large overall length, it can be seen that the exemplary embodiment 5 is not too practical. However, it is only a simple demonstration of the possibility of arranging an afocal attachment system 9 in front of the lens system 1, the plane of the real exit pupil of the afocal attachment system 9 coinciding with that of the diaphragm 2 of the lens system 1. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that other afocal attachment systems 9 can be formed which result in a more favorable overall geometry. Such an afocal attachment system 9 can in particular be a telescope of the Kepler type, which results in a real exit pupil. When designing the afocal attachment system 9, which is pronounced in this way, care must be taken to ensure that it is, as such, largely free of coma and astigmatism. Any remaining spherical aberration can be eliminated within the lens system 1 as long as it is only intended for joint use with the afocal attachment system 9.

The magnification of the afocal attachment system 9 can also be designed to be variable, so that the overall focal length of the optical system comprising the afocal attachment system 9 and the lens system 1 also becomes variable. In particular, such an afocal attachment system 9 can also

REPLACEMENT BUΓI be designed in such a way that the focusing for different object widths is taken over by the latter, so that it provides substantially parallel bundles for different object widths in its real exit pupil. The radius of the image field 3 of the lens system 1 can now remain constant with respect to object planes that are at different distances. The aperture 2 in the lens system 1 can otherwise be omitted in such an arrangement. The radius of curvature of the optimally adapted image field of embodiment 5 is:

Image field = - 1119.07 mm.

The distance of this image plane in the axis perpendicular to the aperture 2, which goes through the center of the aperture, to the last lens vertex of lens 1 of embodiment 2 is:

s ^' = 242.921 mm.

The total focal length of embodiment 5 is 1500 mm with a free aperture of 300 mm. The diameters of the scattering disks are smaller than the single lens in the angular dimension by the factor of the magnification v, while they are of the same order in the linear dimension.

15 shows a lens system 1 which corresponds to that of embodiment 2. This is preceded by an afocal subsystem which is aplanatic and anastigmatic in the 3rd order and is distortion-free. The Petzval sum of this afocal attachment system 9 is determined such that it compensates for that of the lens system 1. The afocal attachment system 9 cannot be seen in FIG. 15. A flat image field of 20 degrees is realized. 15 shows the beam path for inclinations of the main beam against the optical axis of 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 10 degrees. It can clearly be seen that the position and inclination of the exit pupil is a function of the angle of inclination of the main beam. This produces the so-called spherical aberration of the exit pupil, which must not be confused with the usual spherical aberration. Ultimately, the aberration of the exit pupil is based on the curvature of the Petzval shell of the afocal subsystem 9, which is introduced to compensate for that of the lens system 1. This aberration of the exit pupil only makes it possible to flatten the image field 3 in the otherwise symmetrical lens system 1 - a process that remains unexamined as long as the position of the paraxial exit pupil is generally identified with the field-dependent position.

REPLACEMENT LEAF From what has been said, it can be seen that in the optimization of an overall system consisting of the afocal attachment system 9 and the lens system 1, it may be necessary to introduce the distance between the position of the exit pupil of the afocal attachment system 9 and the center of the lens system 1 in order to make the position of the exit pupil dependent on the field To take into account. Claim 5 is therefore to be understood in this sense and is not limited to the coincidence of the position of the paraxial exit pupil of the afocal attachment system 9 with the center of the lens system 1.

Embodiment 6

In embodiment 6, a system according to the invention according to claim 7 is given for the cinema projection. For this purpose, exemplary embodiment 2 is used, the image plane 3 of which now serves as object plane 0, in which a matrix of individually controllable, light-emitting elements is arranged. Embodiment 6 is designed for an assumed projection distance of 40 meters. The cinema hall would thus also have a radius of 40 meters in relation to the center of the aperture of the system according to the invention now used as a projection. For this purpose, exemplary embodiment 2 is optimized for the selected projection distance. For this purpose, the direction of the light path through the lens system 1 is now reversed compared to that of the exemplary embodiment 2. Image plane 3 of this exemplary embodiment now becomes object plane 0. However, its radius of curvature is chosen to be somewhat larger in order to adapt to the desired projection distance of 40 m. Further modifications of the lens system 1 are not necessary for this task, but can, if necessary, serve to further refine the correction of the image. The radius of the object field results in:

Robject field = - 506.1935 mm,

at a radius of the image field of

Image field = - 40,000 mm.

From this follows the magnification m with:

REPLACEMENT SHEET m = image field / robject field [7]

to: m = 79.021165

The system according to the invention now very generally represents a projective of a given imaging scale that can be developed at least for an object width with virtually no errors. The imaging scale results simply from the quotient of the radius of the image field curvature to the radius of the object field curvature or, to put it simply, as a quotient from image width to object width.

If the imaging scale is equal to zero, we have the special case of the objective that is infinitely focused on the object width. If the imaging scale is infinite, the case of the collimator results. Between these two extremes lies a number of other cases that can be characterized as an enlarging or reducing projective, whereby the case of the reducing projective corresponds mostly to the case of the photographic lens, which is focused on an object world whose distance from the center of the lens system 1 much larger than its focal length for the object distance is infinite.

The case of the magnifying projective corresponds to the case of, for example, a microscope objective, or simply the lens in magnifying apparatus, in which the object shell 0 is outside the simple focal length for an infinite object width, but is again closer to the center than the image shell.

Of course you can also create virtual screens - only then you have to choose the distance of the object shell smaller than the focal length of the system with respect to the object width infinite. It should be clear that the system according to the invention can be used to operate virtually error-free projection, i.e. Enlargement or reduction of object shells 0 which are concentric to the center of the diaphragm into conjugated images 3 which are also concentric to the center of the diaphragm. In this way, good microscope objectives can be specified which magnify object fields 0 with a large linear extension to conjugate image fields 3 map, whereby the "off-axis" quality is not inferior to the axial image quality. It is also possible to design projection systems which, for example in semiconductor production, can be used to expose the desired structures onto light-sensitive material in a greatly reduced size with high precision.

REPLACEMENT LEAF Embodiment 7

In exemplary embodiment 7, a system according to the invention is designed according to claim 8. For this purpose, the image plane 3 is designed as a mirror. The lens system 1 is that of embodiment 2. A spherical concave mirror 10 is introduced into the plane of the image field 3 of the lens system 1, the radius of curvature Rlsph of the concave mirror 10 being equal to that of the image field 3 of the lens system 1 in the embodiment 2. So it follows:

Rlsph = - 499.9003 mm

Finally, some explanations regarding the system according to the invention should follow.

It goes without saying that both slight aspherical deviations of the surfaces used from the spherical shape according to coat 13 of claim 1, as well as deviations from the strict concentricity, which are advantageous for one or the other application of the system according to the invention, also Its scope should include how the possibility of reducing the size of the system for applications which are only intended to transmit smaller object fields 0 is represented by the system being flattened in approximately parallel planes or concentric cylinders to the normal of the plane of the aperture 3. Furthermore, the possibility of focusing the system according to the invention is to be considered, in that the hemispheres or hemispherical shells adjoining each other at the diaphragm plane are removed from one another, as anchored in claim 4, as belonging to the scope of the invention.

Likewise, it may be necessary for certain purposes to position the diaphragm 2 at a different location in the beam path or, in some cases, to dispense entirely with the diaphragm 2, these versions of the system according to the invention also being used alone or in combination with the aforementioned modifications should be regarded as belonging to the scope of protection of the subject matter according to the invention. It is also understood that other detectors 6 can be used as the listed ^CCD's, men there are suitable for use, with electronic and other methods inventive further processing of images obtained with the inventive system, as well as in the range of The object includes, such as: its expression as a visual system; its use as an energy collector, particularly as an efficient collector of solar energy; his

REPLACEMENT LEAF Use as a projection system in cinema technology, microscopy, in optical and optoelectronic enlarging and reducing apparatuses; its use in angular measurement technology; its use as an artificial eye for machines; its use as a collimator, in lighting technology and as headlight optics; its use in space and military technology; its application as a photo or video lens; its use as a magnifying glass, eyepiece or as a magnifying glass; its use as a coupling and decoupling device for the transmission of light signals in the transmission of optical fibers; its use in computing technology by introducing switchable elements in the plane of the diaphragm 2 or in another plane; its use as an optical window in observation systems for industrial and craft production and in space technology; its use in the architecture and design of buildings based on optical or lighting reasons; its use in medical technology, especially in endoscopy; its use in systems of surveillance and security technology; its use in astronomical research and sky surveillance, especially as a meteor early warning system and for tracking and measuring satellite orbits; its use in traffic regulation and airspace surveillance systems; Underwater cameras and other imaging systems including those located in another medium such as air, water or vacuum; its use in exposure and copying systems, including reproduction systems; its use for focusing and focusing light in material processing and analysis; its use in scientific and technical measuring devices and apparatus such as spectrographs and monochromators, beam bundling and expansion systems; its use in other areas which are not included in this list, which list is to be understood as only exemplary and is not intended to represent any limitation of the possible applications of the system according to the invention, which fall within the scope of the same.

REPLACEMENT LEAF

Claims

Expectations

1. Optical system with substantially spherical surfaces, characterized in that all the radii involved in the construction of the lens system (1) lie substantially concentrically to a common point, which in turn is the center of the diaphragm (2) and the curved image field (3) of the Lens system (1) and the associated curved object field (0), these radii enclosing a maximum of an angle of 180 degrees and thus delimiting a maximum of spherical half-shells that end at the plane of the diaphragm (2) that all optical materials that are between concentric shells, which are each formed by concentric radii that are in pairs to the left or right of the diaphragm (2), can be different from one another, preferably optical material that lies between the concentric radii, the free opening of the diaphragm (2 ) are immediately adjacent left and right, left and right of the diaphragm (2) agrees that the free diameter the aperture (2) is preferably less than or at most equal to twice the smallest concentric radius of the lens system (1), that the refractive index of the optical material, which lies between the concentric radii that are directly adjacent to the aperture (2), is substantially larger is as 1, so that this optical material is neither air nor vacuum, that lens systems (1), which consist of a sphere with a refractive index and a concentric hollow sphere of another refractive index that adheres to it, represent a special case that does not claim is that the optical materials which are located in concentric shells, which are delimited by concentric shells made of solid optical material further away from the center of the diaphragm (2), can also be formed as liquids or gases, that the refractive index of the optical materials used between the limiting radii both constant and as a function of the O can be formed, the dependency of the refractive index on the location being preferably symmetrical to the center of the diaphragm (2) of the lens system (1) within the corresponding shell, the refractive index within a shell lying concentrically to the center of the diaphragm (2) with decreasing distance to this center of the diaphragm (2) it is possible to form both monotonically increasing and monotonously decreasing as well as not monotonously, that the diaphragm (2) of the lens system (1) is especially used in applications of the optical system as an energy concentrator can be dispensed with as a solar collector,

E-SPACE SHEET that reflecting surfaces (4) can be arranged downstream of the lens system (1) or are an integral part of the lens system (1), these surfaces preferably being arranged concentrically to the center of the diaphragm (2) of the lens system (1), that in the At the level of the diaphragm (2) of the lens system (1), a correction plate (5) can be introduced, which serves to correct spherical aberration, the correction plate (5) being formed with at least one aspherical surface, the shape of which is derived from the following description drawing results in:

IN z = c * r ² / (l + 1 - (1 + k) * c ² * r ² ) + Σ cxi * r *

where preferably j = 2 * i, where z denotes the so-called arrow height, which represents the elevation of the surface of the corrector plate (5) above a plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis and through the intersection of the respective surface of the correction plate ( 5) and optical axis, where c is the curvature of the surface of the correction plate (5) at the intersection of this with the optical axis and thus the inverse of the axial radius of curvature, where r is the axial distance of the point on the surface of the correction plate (5) from represents the optical axis in a plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis and contains the point on the surface of the correction plate (5), where k represents the Schwarzschild constant, which defines the negative of the square of the eccentricity of the associated conic section , with the quantities α representing coefficients which describe the weight with which aspherical terms differ ener order in the design of the surface of the Correktoφlat¬ (5), wherein the optical axis is the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the diaphragm (2) and passes through the center of that that the Correktoφlatte (5) adjacent Surfaces are substantially formed as flat surfaces, or nestle into the shape of the correcting plate (5), in which case the correcting plate (5) can be formed as an air lens, that in the plane of the diaphragm (2) color filters, polarizers, and mechanical, electrical or diaphragms which can be influenced electro-optically or other elements which influence the light flow, such as shutters, diffraction gratings, screen diaphragms, interference filters, such that one or more surfaces of the lens system (1) and the plane of the image field (3) can be designed aspherically so that the lens system ( 1) collectible, afocal or dispersive.

ERS-er ^ LÄrr

2. Optical system according to claim 1, characterized in that the curved detector (6), which is introduced into the curved plane of the image field (3), consists of a matrix-shaped arrangement of preferably CCD receivers, the individual elements of the matrix Detectors (6) can also be configured, in which case field-flattening lenses (7) can be placed in front of these elements, the radii of which are measured such that they each compensate for the Petzval sum of the lens system (1), the radii of the field-flattening lenses (7) according to the following relationship:

1 / Rlel - 1 / R2el = nel / (nel-l) * l / Rimage field,

where Rlel is the radius of the respective flat field lens (7) facing the lens system (1), R2el is the radius of the respective flat lens (7) facing the element of the detector (6) and nel is the refractive index of the flat lens (7) and where R field is the radius of the ge curved image field (3), which is generated by the lens system (1), and wherein the elements of the matrix of the detector (6) are arranged in planes that are parallel to tangential planes to the curved image field (2) of the lens system (1 ) are aligned, whereby as detector (6), for example, image recording tubes which work according to the inner or outer light-electric effect, or other light-sensitive systems can also be used, the matrix-like arrangement of the detectors (6) also being in the form of a honeycomb or Football leather structure can take place in order to evenly cover a curved image field (3).

3. Optical system according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that in the curved image plane (3) a structure made of glass fibers (8) or other lichtleit¬ the elements (8) is introduced, the curved image field (3) of further processing feeds, this structure preferably consisting of hollow cylindrical regions which are arranged concentrically to the axis which passes through the center of the diaphragm (2) and is perpendicular thereto, these hollow cylindrical regions being displaceable overall in this axis and relative to one another , whereby for different object widths the then differently curved image field (3) is achieved, so that the focusability of the lens system (1) is given without violating the requirement of the concentricity of the image plane (3) to the center of the diaphragm (2).

4. Optical system according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in

REPLACEMENTBi-. T that the lens system (1) is divided in the plane of the diaphragm (2), the resulting halves being displaceable against one another and against the plane of the image field (3) in order to achieve focusing for different object widths, individual ones as well Shells can be moved against each other and against the plane of the image field (3), the lens system (1) also being able to be designed such that all elements of the lens system (1) are arranged only to the left or right of the aperture (2), with now color magnification error occurs.

5. Optical system according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that a preferably afocal attachment system (9) is placed in front of the lens system (1), whereby substantially the position of the real exit pupil of the preferably afocal attachment system (9) coincides with the position of the diaphragm (2) of the lens system (1), the magnification of the preferably afocal system (9) being variable, so that the total focal length of the optical system from the preferably afocal front system (9) and the downstream lens system ( 1) also becomes variable, a flat image field (3) being obtained by compensating for the Petzval sum of the preferably afocal attachment system (9) that of the lens system (1).

6. Optical system according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the outer delimiting lens surfaces of the lens system (1) substantially with the image plane (3) or the object plane (0) or with the image plane (3) and the object plane (0) collapse.

7. Optical system according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that in the object plane (0) or in the image plane (3) light-emitting elements such as liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diodes (LED) or picture tubes with luminescent luminophores , or other light-emitting elements are arranged which allow the projection of images, films or other information.

8. Optical system according to claim 1, characterized in that the image plane (3) is designed as a mirror (10), whereby the resulting system of lens system (1) and mirror (10) acts as a retroreflector, one in the plane of the aperture (2) or shutter arranged in another plane, if necessary, serves to modulate the response function of the optical system.

REPLACEMENT LEAF