Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
  • G06Q20/327—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices
  • G06Q20/3274—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices using a pictured code, e.g. barcode or QR-code, being displayed on the M-device
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
  • G06F21/31—User authentication
  • G06F21/34—User authentication involving the use of external additional devices, e.g. dongles or smart cards
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F21/60—Protecting data
  • G06F21/602—Providing cryptographic facilities or services
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
  • G06K19/06018—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding
  • G06K19/06028—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding using bar codes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
  • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
  • G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
  • G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
  • G06K7/1408—Methods for optical code recognition the method being specifically adapted for the type of code
  • G06K7/1413—1D bar codes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
  • G06Q20/322—Aspects of commerce using mobile devices [M-devices]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
  • G06Q20/322—Aspects of commerce using mobile devices [M-devices]
  • G06Q20/3226—Use of secure elements separate from M-devices
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
  • G06Q20/327—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices
  • G06Q20/3276—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices using a pictured code, e.g. barcode or QR-code, being read by the M-device
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
  • G06Q20/352—Contactless payments by cards
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
  • G06Q20/357—Cards having a plurality of specified features
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
  • G06Q20/382—Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction
  • G06Q20/3821—Electronic credentials
  • G06Q20/38215—Use of certificates or encrypted proofs of transaction rights

Definitions

• Embodiments herein generally relate to computing platforms, and more specifically, to generate a barcode useful for completing a transaction by authenticating a user based on an authenticated communication between a contactless transaction card and a user device.
• Embodiments disclosed herein provide systems, methods, articles of manufacture, and computer-readable media for generating a barcode to complete a transaction, including but not limited to a payment transaction.
• an online or offline protocol is used to verify and/or authenticate a user in order to generate the barcode.
• an application executing on a computer system may initiate an online authorization transaction to verify an identity of a user with a third-party device.
• the application may be launched by tapping the contactless card on a user device, e.g. a mobile device).
• the application executed on the system, as part of the transaction may initiate a communication using near field communication (NFC), with a card associated with the user.
• NFC near field communication
• the application may be launched by tapping the contactless card on a user device, e.g. a mobile device).
• the communication may include receiving a plurality of inputs by the application, including an application transaction counter (ATC) and generating a cryptogram based on the plurality of inputs and a symmetric key associated with the contactless card.
• the application may then transmit the cryptogram and the ATC to the issuer, and the issuer may provide a response verifying the identity of the user based on the transmitted cryptogram, where the received response is based in part on recreation of the symmetric key and/or the cryptogram.
• the issuer may provide the mobile device or the contactless card with an authentication token that can be used to generate a barcode, where the barcode can be scanned and decrypted to obtain access to one or more features of an application.
• the verification process, and any or all of the operations associated therewith may be initiated by tapping the contactless card on the user device, e.g. a mobile device of the user.
• an online and/or offline authentication may be employed to authenticate a user and generate the barcode.
• a system or apparatus with a memory to store instructions and a processor circuit capable of executing the instructions may employ the offline verification and subsequent generation of the barcode.
• the execution of the instructions may cause the processor circuitry to perform one or more operations.
• the operations may include receiving, from an application associated with a user device, a user credential, e.g. a password and username, that is associated with a user profile.
• the application may be launched by tapping the contactless card on a user device, e.g. a mobile device).
• Another operation may include comparing the received user credential to a second (stored) user credential, e.g.
• the first comparison may also be initiated by a tapping of the contactless card on a user device, e.g. a mobile device). If a match is found, and in response thereto, one or more verification operations may be performed, including communicating, by the application and using near field communication (NFC), with a contactless card, where the contactless card may be associated with the user account and cardholder information, receiving, by the application and from the card, a public key of a key pair of the card and cardholder identification information of an account holder of the card, instructing, by the application, generation of a digital signature by the card using a private key of the key pair of the card, receiving the digital signature from the card, and verifying the digital signature using the public key.
• NFC near field communication
• the application may facilitate generation of an encrypted authorization token associated with the account, which may then be used to generate a barcode on i) a computing device associated with the processing circuitry or ii) the contactless card utilizing the encrypted authorization token.
• a contactless card with a communication interface for communicating with a computing device, and a processing circuitry for storing information is provided, where the information is configured and/or provided in part by one or more of an online and/or offline authorization or verification technique as disclosed herein.
• the information includes an authorization token received from a transaction associated with the computing device.
• the authorization token can be transmitted to the contactless card (a surface of the card with the display) and embedded as part of a dynamic barcode that is displayed on the contactless card for purposes of completing a transaction, such as a payment transaction.
• the dynamic barcode is pre-configured by the authorization token to authorize a single transaction, and to expire after the authorization of the single transaction.
• Figure 1 illustrates an embodiments of a system for verifying or authenticating a user according to a payment protocol.
• Figure 2 illustrates at least one embodiments of tapping to verify a user utilizing a payment protocol.
• Figure 3 illustrate at least one embodiment of generating a barcode based on the tapping and verification of Figure 2.
• Figures 4A-4B illustrate an example contactless card.
• Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a first logic flow.
• Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of a second logic flow.
• Figure 7A illustrates an embodiment of a third logic flow.
• Figure 7B illustrates an embodiment of a fourth logic flow.
• Figure 8 illustrates an embodiment of a computing architecture.
• aspects of the present disclosure include systems, methods, and/or techniques for providing authenticated cardholder access.
• various embodiments relate to generating a barcode utilizing an online or offline authentication protocol, where the barcode may be utilized for completing one or more transactions, including a payment transaction.
• a barcode is generated pursuant to an online or offline authentication protocol, but in order to further enhance security, it is valid only for a single transaction, and thereafter expires to prevent an inappropriate use of an application associated with the single transaction.
• the systems and methods may utilize one or more computing devices, processors, web servers, account servers, and/or contactless devices (e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID) cards).
• RFID radio frequency identification
• Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide one or more benefits in terms of verifying a user and completing a transaction, such as a payment transaction, including taking advantage of enhanced security offered by dynamic authentication techniques, e.g. online and/or online and offline techniques, while also utilizing a barcode to complete a transaction (which offers both convenience and additional security).
• dynamic authentication techniques e.g. online and/or online and offline techniques
• barcode to complete a transaction (which offers both convenience and additional security).
• utilizing the online technique and/or the offline enhances the efficiency of a computer device, e.g. a mobile phone, by providing a single method for authenticating or verifying a user across one or more applications, even if the one or more applications are distinct in their purpose, e.g. a transportation application in relation to an entertainment application.
• an authorization protocol can be used to efficiently and more securely authenticate a user across different applications and purposes, and then utilize a barcode generated as a result of the verification to complete a transaction associated with one or more of the different applications, including transactions and operations that may or may not involve making a payment.
• FIG. 1 depicts a schematic of an exemplary system 100, consistent with disclosed embodiments.
• the system 100 includes one or more contactless cards 101, one or more mobile devices 110, and a server 120.
• the contactless cards 101 are representative of any type of payment card, such as a credit card, debit card, ATM card, gift card, and the like.
• the contactless card 101 or card 101 is a virtual payment card.
• the contactless cards 101 may comprise one or more chips (not depicted), such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip, configured to communicate with the mobile devices 110 via NFC, the EMV standard, or other short-range protocols in wireless communication.
• RFID radio frequency identification
• the mobile devices 110 are representative of any type of network- enabled computing devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers, wearable devices, laptops, portable gaming devices, and the like.
• the server 120 is representative of any type of computing device, such as a server, workstation, computer cluster, cloud computing platform, virtualized computing system, and the like.
• a memory 102 of the contactless card includes card data 103, a counter 104, a master key 105, a diversified key 106, a unique customer identifier 107, and a data store of account numbers 108.
• the card data 103 generally includes account-related information, such as information used to process a payment using the contactless card 101.
• the card data 103 may comprise an account number, an expiration date, a billing address, and a card verification value (CVV).
• the account number may be any type of account number, such as a primary account number (PAN), a virtual account number, and/or a token generated based on the PAN.
• the card data 103 may further include names, billing address, shipping address, and other account-related information.
• the account numbers 108 store one-time-use virtual account numbers with associated expiration dates and CVV values.
• the account numbers 108 may include thousands single-use virtual account numbers, expiration dates, and CVV values.
• a memory 111 of the mobile device 110 includes an instance of an operating system (OS) 112 and a processor 119 may execute one or more operations associated with the applications of the operating system (OS) 112 and/or perform any other suitable operation associated with processor activity, including comparison operations and executing instructions associated with memory 111.
• Example operating systems 112 include the Android® OS, iOS®, Linux®, and Windows® operating systems.
• the OS 112 includes one or more applications, including an account application 113, an authentication or verification application or service 114 (hereinafter referred to as “authentication application” for convenience), one or more other applications 115, and/or one or more access applications 116.
• the account application 113 allows users to perform various account-related operations, such as viewing account balances, purchasing items, and processing payments.
• a user may authenticate using authentication credentials to access the account application 113.
• the authentication credentials may include a username and password, biometric credentials, and the like.
• the authentication application 114 is generally configured to determine when a user requires authentication for a transaction, service, or accessibility request, including for completing a payment associated with an application. For example, the authentication application 114 may determine that a user requires access to a particular application and/or to complete a transaction or payment associated therewith, such as access application 116. Access application 116 may be or may include an application configured to grant access to one or more features of a particular service associated with a user account , such as a transportation service (e.g.
• the access application 116 may be associated with a payment feature, e.g. a credit or hank account for making or receiving payment, and/or the authentication transaction may still implicate a non-payment feature for authentication or verification, e.g. credit or debit card activation.
• a payment feature e.g. a credit or hank account for making or receiving payment
• the authentication transaction may still implicate a non-payment feature for authentication or verification, e.g. credit or debit card activation.
• access application 116 is a retail or goods/services provision application, and one or more features associated with access application 116 involves completing a payment in association with goods or services offered in relation to access application 116, where, as discussed below, the transaction or payment in association therewith can be completed by scanning a barcode generated pursuant to an online and/or offline authorization protocol.
• the authentication application 114 may facilitate the authentication protocol utilizing a separate API interface and call for access to access applications 116.
• the authentication application 114 may be configured to verify a user by utilizing any suitable protocol, including one or more of any verification process utilizing cryptographic techniques, an EMV standard or authentication protocol compliant with an EMV standard.
• the authentication application 114 is configured to synchronize a counter 104 associated with a contactless card 101 and a server 120 associated with an issuer that can communicate with the contactless card 101 and the mobile device when an authentication of a user takes place.
• the authentication application 114 may coordinate with the server 120 and/or the contactless card 101 to log an authorization for a non-payment transaction in relation to a counter 104.
• the log may be a counter log 121 located in a memory 122 of the server 120 or a memory 102 of the contactless card 101.
• the log may keep a separate transaction tally of transactions that are payment transactions and non-payment transactions, irrespective of the total tally of the counter 104, and the server 120 or the contactless card 101.
• the server 120 and/or the authentication application 114 communicating with the contactless card may utilize the information contained therein for an anti-fraud measure.
• the authentication application 114 and/or the server 120 may decline a payment transaction if a threshold number of non-payment transactions is too small (or too large) in between the non-payment transactions and the payment transaction or vice versa.
• the counter log 121 containing distinguishing information, e.g. counts, between non-payment and payment transactions may be used for any other suitable purposes during an online or offline verification protocol.
• the authentication application 114 is associated with the account application 113.
• the authentication application 114 may be installed on the mobile device 110 with the account application 113, and the user is prompted to enable the authentication application 114 subsequent to the installation. More generally, each time the account application 113 is opened, the account application 113 may determine whether the authentication application 114 is enabled as the default authentication application for the OS 112. If the authentication application 114 is not enabled as the default authentication application, the account application 113 may prompt the user to enable the authentication application 114 as the default authentication application for the OS 112 and/or to enable one or more functionalities of the authentication application 114.
• the authentication application 114 may programmatically identify when authorization applications require authentication and may utilize a payment protocol to enable the verification, even if a payment is not associated with the verification or authorization.
• the authentication application 114 may prompt the user to tap a contactless card 101 to the mobile device 110 to initiate the authentication application 114 or one or more operations associated therewith.
• an online verification or authentication protocol may include one or more of the following operations: the authentication application may initiate a transaction to verify an identity of a user, where the authentication application may initiate the application in whole or in part, e.g. access application 116 and/or generate a barcode that can be scanned to access a feature of application 116 and/or complete a transaction in association therewith, by prompting the user to tap a contactless card 101 on a computer device, e.g. mobile device 110.
• the transaction may involve an NFC communication between a card reader 118 and a contactless card 101, where the contactless card 101 may provide the mobile device 110 with one or more inputs, including a latest version of an application transaction counter (ATC), and the contactless card 101 or the mobile device 110 (including any suitable components associated therewith) may generate a suitable cryptogram based on the plurality of inputs, and then the contactless card 101 or the mobile device 110 (including any suitable components associated therewith) may transmit the cryptogram and the ATC to an issuer of the contactless card 101 (e.g. a server 120 associated with the issuer).
• ATC application transaction counter
• the user may then be verified and receive access to one or more features associated with application 116 by receiving a response from the issuer verifying or authorizing the user, where the received response is based on at least one cryptographic operations performed by the issuer (e.g. server 120) in response to receiving the cryptogram.
• the issuer e.g. server 120
• the server 120 may transmit an authentication token (using any suitable token generating technique) to the barcode generating application 117 associated with either the mobile device 110 and the contactless card 101, where the barcode generating application 117 may cause the display 140, 141 of either the mobile device 110 and/or the contactless card 101 to display a barcode that can be scanned by any suitable scanning device.
• an authentication token using any suitable token generating technique
• the authentication token can be configured to grant access to one or more features of access application 116, including completing a payment transaction associated with the access application 116, and in various embodiments, in order to enhance the security associated with the transaction, the server 120 may configure the authentication token to authorize a single transaction associated with access application 116, and thereafter disabling the token/barcode from authorizing another operation in relation to access application 116 without another verification (online or offline) taking place.
• an offline verification or authentication protocol may include one or more of the following operations: the authentication application 114, in order to provide access to one or more features of access application 116 to a user, may initiate an NFC communication between the mobile device 110 and the contactless card 101, and receive one or more inputs from the contactless card 101, where the communication may utilize a card reader 118.
• the authentication application 114 may facilitate receipt of a public key of a key pair from the contactless card 101 and cardholder identification information of an account holder (e.g. user) of the card.
• An application or component associated with the contactless card 101 and/or the authentication application 114 may instruct a component of the card 101 to generate a digital signature by using a private key of the key pair of the card, and the mobile device 110 may receive the digital signature from the card 101 and verify the signature using the public key.
• the protocol may be initiated by one or more taps of the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110.
• the access application 114 may transmit an authentication token (using any suitable token generating technique) to the barcode generating application 117 associated with either the mobile device 110 and the contactless card 101, where the barcode generating application 117 may cause the display 140, 141 of either the mobile device 110 and/or the contactless card 101 to display a barcode that can be scanned by any suitable scanning device.
• an authentication token using any suitable token generating technique
• the authentication token can be configured to grant access to one or more features of access application 116, including completing a payment transaction associated with the access application 116, and in various embodiments, in order to enhance the security associated with the transaction, the authentication application 114 may configure the authentication token to authorize a single transaction associated with access application 116, and thereafter disabling the token/barcode from authorizing another operation in relation to access application 116 without another verification (online or offline) taking place.
• a hybrid protocol may be utilized involving one or more operations of the online and offline protocol, where the online protocol may be initiated by a first or second tap of the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110 and/or a first or second user credential comparison, and the offline protocol may be initiated by a first or second tap of the mobile device 110 on the contactless card 101 and/or a first or second user credential comparison, where the combination of offline and online protocols may be part of a single verification or authentication or where each may be associated with a partial verification or authentication.
• the contactless card 101 is a virtual payment card
• the authentication application 114 may retrieve information associated with the contactless card 101 by accessing a digital wallet implemented on the mobile device 110, where the digital wallet includes the virtual payment card.
• the server 120 further includes a data store of account data 124 and a memory 122.
• the account data 124 includes account-related data for a plurality of users and/or accounts.
• the account data 124 may include at least a master key 105, counter 104, such as an application transaction counter (“ATC”) 104 a customer ID 107, an associated contactless card 101, account holder name, account billing address, one or more shipping addresses, one or more virtual card numbers, and biographical information for each account.
• ATC application transaction counter
• the memory 122 includes a management application 123 and instances of the card data 103, the counter 104, master key 105, and diversified key 106 for one or more accounts from the account data 124.
• the system 100 is configured to implement key diversification to secure data, which may be referred to as a key diversification technique herein.
• the system 100 may implement an online authentication protocol or a hybrid online and offline authentication protocol. Both the online authentication protocol and hybrid offline and online authentication protocol may utilize one or more operations of the server 120.
• the authentication application 114 receives, from a user, a first application user credential associated with a user profile.
• the first application user credential may include biometrics data, an established gesture associated with user recognition, a username and password combination, and/or the like.
• the processor 119 compares the first application user credential with a stored second application user credential.
• the stored second application user credential may be associated with the user identity and it may be stored either in the memory 111 of mobile device 110 or in the memory 122 of the server 120. In various embodiments, the stored second application user credential is maintained on the server 120 and the first match is performed by the server 120.
• the authentication application 114 may grant the user access to one or more first-level user account options of a user account associated with access application 116.
• the user account may be a financial account, a health insurance account, and/or any other account of the like associated with any service provider (e.g., a transit account, an entertainment account, etc.).
• the user may access certain first-level user account options associated with access application 116, without the generation of a barcode occurring and without a completion of a transaction occurring, e.g. completion of a payment.
• the first-level user account options of a user account may include a display of an account balance, a display of recent transactions, and/or the like.
• a second-level of authentication may be required, such as fully completing an online and/or offline authentication protocol, generating an authentication token in response to successful completion of the protocol, and generating a barcode for scanning (utilizing the authentication token), where the scanning completes the transaction, e.g. payment, associated with access application 116.
• the server 120 (or another computing device) and the contactless card 101 may be provisioned with the same master key 105 (also referred to as a master symmetric key). More specifically, each contactless card 101 is programmed with a distinct master key 105 that has a corresponding pair in the server 120. For example, when a contactless card 101 is manufactured, a unique master key 105 may be programmed into the memory 102 of the contactless card 101. Similarly, the unique master key 105 may be stored in a record of a customer associated with the contactless card 101 in the account data 124 of the server 120 (and/or stored in a different secure location). The master key may be kept secret from all parties other than the contactless card 101 and server 120, thereby enhancing security of the system 100.
• master key 105 also referred to as a master symmetric key
• the master keys 105 may be used in conjunction with the counters 104 to enhance security using key diversification.
• the counters 104 comprise values that are synchronized between the contactless card 101 and server 120.
• the counter value 104 may comprise a number that changes each time data is exchanged between the contactless card 101 and the server 120 (and/or the contactless card 101 and the mobile device 110).
• the account application 113 may communicate with the contactless card 101 when the contactless card 101 is sufficiently close to a card reader 118 (e.g. within NFC range) of the mobile device 110.
• Card reader 118 may be a digital reader with NFC capabilities, e.g. an NFC reader, and may be configured to read from and/or communicate with contactless card 101 (e.g., via NFC, Bluetooth, RFID, etc.). Therefore, example card readers 118 include NFC communication modules, Bluetooth communication modules, and/or RFID communication modules.
• a user may require authorization or verification to access an access application 116.
• One or more components of the system 100 including authentication application 114 may initiate a communication (e.g. API call or another suitable mechanism) with the access application 116 to utilize one or more payment protocols to verify or authenticate the user, whether the access application 116, or a particular aspect sought for access by the user of the access application 116, does or does not involve making a payment.
• a communication e.g. API call or another suitable mechanism
• the one or more protocols may involve online techniques as discussed elsewhere herein.
• the authentication application 114 may provide a user with a prompt so that the user may tap the contactless card 101 to the mobile device 110, thereby bringing the contactless card 101 sufficiently close to the card reader 118 of the mobile device 110 to enable NFC data transfer between the contactless card 101 and the card reader 118 of the mobile device 110.
• the mobile device 110 may trigger the card reader 118 via an API call.
• the mobile device 110 may trigger the card reader 118 based on periodically polling the card reader 118. More generally, the mobile device 110 may trigger the card reader 118 to engage in communications using any feasible method.
• the authentication application 114 may receive a first application user credential as a precondition for card activation and/or for commencing with the online or offline authentication protocol.
• a user may provide the first application user credentials after receiving a prompt from the authentication application to enter the credentials.
• the first application user credentials may include biometrics data, an established gesture associated with user recognition, a username and password combination, facial recognition, and/or the like.
• the authentication application 114 communicates the first application user credentials to the processor 119.
• the processor 119 compares the first application user credentials with stored second application user credential.
• the stored second application user credential may be located within a memory 111 associated with the mobile device 110, the memory 102 associated with contactless card 101, and/or a memory 122 associated with the server 120.
• the first application user credential is provided to the server 120, and the server 120 compares the first application user credential to the stored second application user credential.
• the processor 119 communicates the comparison result to the authentication application 114 (e.g., for a match).
• a first match may initiate or serve as precondition for one or more of i) initiating the rest of the online verification protocol for verifying or authenticating the user to access the access application 116 and/or ii) granting the user access to first-level user account options of a user account associated with access application 116 (e.g., display of an account balance and/or recent transactions) and/or iii) generating an authentication token that is provided to barcode generating application 117 for generation of a barcode that can be scanned to access one or more features associated with access application 116 and/or otherwise complete a transaction in association therewith, e.g. a payment transaction.
• the verification authentication application responsive to finding a first match the verification authentication application initiates additional operations (associated with the online or offline verification process) to verify the user identity.
• the first match of the first application user credential to the stored second application user credential may or may not grant first-level access to an application, e.g. access application 116, but the first match serves may, in any event, serve as a precondition for initiating at least one of the online and/or offline protocols.
• the first-level access was not granted initially, successful completion of the at least one online and/or offline protocol results in granting first-level access.
• the second-level access to access application 116 is granted immediately upon completion of at least one of the online and/or offline verification protocols and scanning of a barcode generated as a result of completion of one of those protocols, where the second-level access may refer to completing a payment transaction in relation to access application 116.
• additional preconditions may be applied as a condition of initiating either the offline and/or online protocol, such as commencing the offline authentication protocol only if there is a network failure preventing the online authentication from taking place.
• a first tap of the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110 initiates one of the online and offline verification protocols and a second tap, subsequent tap, initiates the other one of the online and offline verification protocols.
• the contactless card 101 determines whether one or more preconditions is applied or takes place, after communication has been established between mobile device 110 and contactless card 101.
• MAC message authentication code
• this may occur when the contactless card 101 is read by the account application 113.
• this may occur upon a read, such as an NFC read, of a near field data exchange (NDEF) tag, which may be created in accordance with the NFC Data Exchange Format.
• NDEF near field data exchange
• a reader such as the account application 113 and/or the card reader 118, may transmit a message, such as an applet select message, with the applet ID of an NDEF producing applet.
• the generated cryptogram may be an authorization request cryptogram (ARQC) consistent with an EMV standard.
• ARQC authorization request cryptogram
• a sequence of select file messages followed by read file messages may be transmitted.
• the sequence may include “Select Capabilities file”, “Read Capabilities file”, and “Select NDEF file”.
• the counter value 104 maintained by the contactless card 101 may be updated or incremented, which may be followed by “Read NDEF file.”
• the message may be generated which may include a header and a shared secret. Session keys may then be generated.
• the MAC cryptogram may be created from the message, which may include the header and the shared secret.
• the MAC cryptogram may then be concatenated with one or more blocks of random data, and the MAC cryptogram and a random number (RND) may be encrypted with the session key. Thereafter, the cryptogram and the header may be concatenated, and encoded as ASCII hex and returned in NDEF message format (responsive to the “Read NDEF file” message).
• the MAC cryptogram may be transmitted as an NDEF tag, and in other examples the MAC cryptogram may be included with a uniform resource indicator (e.g., as a formatted string).
• the contactless card 101 may then transmit the MAC cryptogram to the mobile device 110, which may then forward the MAC cryptogram to the server 120 for verification as explained below. (However, in various embodiments discussed elsewhere herein, e.g. in an offline context, the mobile device 110 may verify the MAC cryptogram).
• the contactless card 101 may increment the counter value 104.
• the contactless card 101 may then provide the master key 105 and counter value 104 as input to a cryptographic algorithm, which produces a diversified key 106 as output.
• the cryptographic algorithm may include encryption algorithms, hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) algorithms, cipher-based message authentication code (CMAC) algorithms, and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of the cryptographic algorithm may include a symmetric encryption algorithm such as 3DES or AES128; a symmetric HMAC algorithm, such as HMAC-SHA-256; a symmetric CMAC algorithm such as AES-CMAC; and/or any other algorithm or technique consistent with any applicable version of ISO/IEC 1833 and/or ISO/IEC 7816.
• the contactless card 101 may then encrypt the data (e.g., the customer identifier 107 and any other data) using the diversified key 106.
• the contactless card 101 may then transmit the encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted customer ID 109) to the account application 113 of the mobile device 110 (e.g., via an NFC connection, Bluetooth connection, etc.).
• the account application 113 of the mobile device 110 may then transmit the encrypted data to the server 120 via the network 130.
• the contactless card 101 transmits the counter value 104 with the encrypted data.
• the contactless card 101 may transmit an encrypted counter value 104, or an unencrypted counter value 104.
• the management application 123 of the server 120 may perform the same symmetric encryption using the counter value 104 as input to the encryption, and the master key 105 as the key for the encryption.
• the counter value 104 may be specified in the data received from the mobile device 110, or a counter value 104 maintained by the server 120 to implement key diversification for the contactless card 101.
• the output of the encryption may be the same diversified key value 106 that was created by the contactless card 101.
• the management application 123 may then decrypt the encrypted customer ID 109 received via the network 130 using the diversified key 106, which reveals the data transmitted by the contactless card 101 (e.g., at least the customer identifier 107). Doing so allows the management application 123 to verify the data transmitted by the contactless card 101 via the mobile device 110, e.g., by comparing the decrypted customer ID 107 to a customer ID in the account data 124 for the account.
• the counter 104 e.g. ATC
• other data may be used to secure communications between the contactless card 101, the mobile device 110, and/or the server 120.
• the counter 104 may be replaced with a random nonce, generated each time a new diversified key 106 is needed, the full value of a counter value sent from the contactless card 101 and the server 120, a portion of a counter value sent from the contactless card 101 and the server 120, a counter independently maintained by the contactless card 101 and the server 120 but not sent between the two, a one-time-passcode exchanged between the contactless card 101 and the server 120, and a cryptographic hash of data.
• the server 120 may include one or more hardware security modules (HSM) 125.
• HSM hardware security modules
• one or more FISMs 125 may be configured to perform one or more cryptographic operations as disclosed herein.
• one or more FISMs 125 may be configured as special purpose security devices that are configured to perform the one or more cryptographic operations.
• the FISMs 125 may be configured such that keys are never revealed outside the F1SM 125, and instead are maintained within the F1SM 125.
• one or more FISMs 125 may be configured to perform at least one of key derivations, decryption, and MAC operations.
• the one or more FISMs 125 may be contained within, or may be in data communication with, server 120.
• the key diversification technique may be used to perform secure operations using the contactless card 101.
• the management application 123 may transmit a message to the authentication application 114 indicating that the user is verified and/or authenticated, and the authentication application 114 can grant the user access to the access application 116 as a result.
• the output transmitted may include an authorization response cryptogram (ARPC).
• ARPC authorization response cryptogram
• the server 120 that may be used in an online authentication or verification or an online and offline hybrid operations may be configured to operate consistent with an EMV standard, including performing operations that utilize an EMV payment protocol for non-payment purposes.
• the host server (or system) 120 may be associated with an issuer of a card associated with a user, and the host system including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer-readable program code executable by a processor, where the processor and storage medium may contain one or more hardware or software components, including those generally described in Figure 8.
• the host system may be configured to receive a transaction data associated with an access application 116 and/or a contactless card 101.
• the receipt of the transaction data may be facilitated as described herein, e.g. by an authentication application 114 (or other suitable component or application of mobile device 110) associated with a mobile device 110 and the user (or other suitable computer device), where the authentication application 114 may initiate an authentication or verification transaction with one or more other components, e.g. a contactless card 101 and a card reader 118.
• the transaction data received by the server 120 from the authentication application 114.
• the transaction data may include i) a counter (e.g. ATC) and a cryptogram based on one or more inputs of the transaction and a symmetric key associated with the card.
• the cryptogram is an authorization request cryptogram (ARQC).
• the management application 123 may transmit a response (e.g. from the issuer) to a suitable component of the mobile device 110, e.g. authentication application 114, verifying the identity of the user based on the received cryptogram and the authentication application 114 may grant access to a relevant portion or feature of access application 116 as a result and/or facilitate generation of a barcode useful for completing a transaction associated with access application 116.
• a suitable component of the mobile device 110 e.g. authentication application 114, verifying the identity of the user based on the received cryptogram and the authentication application 114 may grant access to a relevant portion or feature of access application 116 as a result and/or facilitate generation of a barcode useful for completing a transaction associated with access application 116.
• the response may include an authentication token provided to the barcode generating application 117 associated with the contactless card 101 and/or mobile device 110, which can be used by the barcode generating application 117 to display a barcode on either display 140 and/or display 141, where the barcode can be scanned by a suitable scanning device that can decrypt the authentication token in order complete a transaction associated with access application 116, e.g. a payment transaction, and/or otherwise provide access to a feature associated with access application 116.
• an authentication token provided to the barcode generating application 117 associated with the contactless card 101 and/or mobile device 110, which can be used by the barcode generating application 117 to display a barcode on either display 140 and/or display 141, where the barcode can be scanned by a suitable scanning device that can decrypt the authentication token in order complete a transaction associated with access application 116, e.g. a payment transaction, and/or otherwise provide access to a feature associated with access application 116.
• the management application 123 may configure the authentication token to be disabled once a single scan of the barcode takes place, where the scan grants access to a feature associated with access application 116 and/or otherwise completes a transaction associated therewith, which in turn can prohibit unauthorized subsequent use of the barcode to access aspects of access application 116.
• the generated barcode can be used for more than one application, e.g. multiple access applications 116, depending on which selection a user decides to make, provided that the authentication protocol has taken place.
• the management application 123 may receive, as part of the overall transaction data, instructions from a user or from the authentication application 114 to place a limit on a transaction associated with access application 116, e.g.
• the authorization token can be a payment token authorizing a payment transaction in relation to access application 116 with or without a pre-stipulated user limit as to the amount that can be spent.
• the generated barcode as outlined herein may be a dynamic barcode displayed on either the mobile device 110 and/or a surface of the contactless card 101 with at least one of the following features: i) the barcode can be configured to be disabled after a single use; ii) the barcode can be utilized for more than one access application 116 (provided the authentication protocol associated with the authentication token takes place), including a single or multiple use case, e.g. in the single use case, once the barcode is generated, but before a scan takes place, the authentication application 114 may permit the user to access another access application 116 and utilize the barcode without requiring any protocol to run again (e.g.
• the counter log 121 can be utilized by the authentication application 114 to ensure that a subsequent transaction after generation of the barcode has not taken place, which in turn can permit the user to switch use of the barcode to another access application 116 and/or to access another feature of the originally selected access application 116, distinct from what was originally selected); iii) the barcode can be configured to remain active for multiple scans and for different access applications 116 once the verification protocol takes place; and/or iv) the authorization token (and by extension the barcode) may be configured to be associated with a pre-stipulated limit (by the user or otherwise) in relation to the transaction associated with access application 116, e.g. placing a monetary limit on a payment transaction to be completed with respect to access application 116. It is noted that in various embodiments the described features of this paragraph apply not only to a barcode generated with respect to the online protocol described above, but with respect to any other protocol described herein, including the offline protocol described below.
• the server 120 may utilize the counter log 121 to perform an antifraud measure.
• counter log 121 may include time stamps associated with the counter value associated with one or more non-payment transaction.
• the counter log 121 may include time stamps associated with the counter value associated with one or more payment transactions.
• the counter value of the ATC in relation to a particular transaction e.g. whether it is a payment transaction or a non payment transaction, may also be logged.
• the management application 123 may be configured to compare a general number of payment transactions that take place in between non-payment transactions.
• the management application 123 may deny the payment transactions, even if otherwise the transaction may be completed (e.g. since it is assumed that a user may use the payment protocol for non-payment and payment protocol, an unduly large number of payment transactions after a non-payment transactions may be considered fraudulent).
• the opposite may be implemented, e.g. a large number of non-payment transactions being performed after a payment transaction in excess of a threshold may cause the management application 123 to deny a certain non-payment transaction when the verification or authentication takes place.
• a threshold in relation to time between any transaction e.g.
• the management application 123 may deny the authentication or verification operation.
• the counter log 121 may be used to perform any other suitable operation, including perform an anti-fraud measure in any other suitable manner.
• the anti-fraud measure can override a valid authorization token by instructing a suitable component of the mobile device, e.g. authentication application 114, to deny an application even if the authentication token associated with the barcode is valid.
• the system 100 can facilitate one or offline operations to verify or authenticate a user offline, where, in various embodiments, the offline operations are used in combination with an online technique, and where in various embodiments the offline operations may be used based on a precondition, e.g. if a network failure prevents use of the one or more online operations.
• the authentication application 114 receives the first application user credentials in order to access one or more aspects or feature of access application 116, where the offline verification or authentication technique may utilize a payment protocol consistent with an EMV standard for purposes other than to complete a payment transaction.
• a user may provide the first application user credentials after receiving a prompt from the authentication application.
• the first application user credentials may include biometrics data, an established gesture associated with user recognition, a username and password combination, facial recognition, and/or the like.
• the authentication application 114 communicates the first application user credentials to the processor 119.
• the processor 119 compares the first application user credentials with stored second application user credential.
• the stored second application user credential may be located within a memory 111 associated with the mobile device 110 or with a memory 102 of contactless card 101.
• the processor 119 communicates the comparison result to the authentication application 114 (e.g., for a match).
• a first match may grant the user access to first-level aspects, e.g. user account options of a user account, associated with access application 116 (e.g., display of an account balance and/or recent transactions).
• the authentication application 114 initiates verifying or authenticating a user identity with one or more offline operations. For example, the authentication application 114 may output for display on the mobile device 110 a notification to bring a contactless card 101 near the mobile device 110. The authentication application 114 may then communicate with the contactless card 101 (e.g., after being brought near the contactless card 101).
• Communication between the authentication application 114 and the contactless card 101 may involve the contactless card 101 being sufficiently close to the card reader 118 of the mobile device 110 to enable NFC data transfer between the authentication application 114 and the contactless card 101.
• the contactless card 101 sends, to the authentication application 114, or another suitable component or application of the mobile device 110, a public key of a public/private key pair and cardholder identification information of an account holder of the card, e.g. the user to be verified or authenticated in relation to access application 116.
• the authentication application 114 may instruct the contactless card 101 to generate a digital signature using a private key of the key pair of the card.
• the cardholder identification information may be incorporated within the digital signature or otherwise conveyed with the digital signature.
• the contactless card 101 sends the digital signature to the authentication application 114 or another suitable component or application of the mobile device 110.
• the authentication application 114 may communicate the digital signature with the processor 119, where the processor 119 may verify the digital signature using the public key.
• the contactless card 101 may provide a hash of the card’s public key encrypted by a trusted source (e.g., a private key of a card provider), and verifying the digital signature may include: decrypting the encrypted hash (e.g., with a public key of the card provider); calculating a new hash of the digital signature; and comparing the decrypted original hash to the new hash for a match, at which point the card provider (e.g., issuer), and the transaction card may be authenticated.
• the authentication application 114 may generate an authentication token and transmit the authentication token to either the barcode generating application 117 of the mobile device 110 and/or the contactless card 101.
• the barcode generating application 117 can generate a barcode that can be scanned by any suitable scanning device, and decrypted by the scanning device, which in turn can result in accessing one or more features associated with access application 116 and/or complete a transaction associated therewith.
• the authentication application 114 may configure the authentication token to be disabled after a single scan of the barcode occurs, thus disabling unauthorized use or access to features of access application 116, and/or to impose a limit in relation to a transaction, such as a monetary limit associated with a payment transaction.
• the offline authentication may be used when authentication application 114 determines a network failure associated with network 130 is present or for some other reason access to the server 120 is not possible, otherwise, the online authentication is used to authenticate the user and to facilitate the barcode.
• the offline and online techniques may run in sequence for added security in order to facilitate generation of the barcode.
• either the mobile device 110 and/or the contactless card 101 may be configured to perform an antifraud measure utilizing a counter log 121 (not expressly shown with respect to the mobile device 110).
• verifying the digital signature may be performed by a server, e.g. server 120, connected to the mobile device 110, e.g. connected by network 130.
• server 120 may output the digital signature for transmission to server 120, and server 120 may verify the digital signature.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic 200 depicting an example embodiment of tapping to initiate an online verification and/or offline authentication protocol to generate a barcode for accessing a feature and/or completing a transaction in relation to access application 116.
• a graphical user interface (GUI) of the authorization application 114 on the mobile device 110 may include a prompt 206 to tap the contactless card 101 to initiate an authentication or verification for another application, e.g. access application 116, where a separate API interface may be provided to communicate the verification or authentication (once completed) to the access application 116 by the authentication application 114.
• GUI graphical user interface
• the access application 116 provides a prompt 202 as a precondition for receiving the tap prompt 206 or after the tap takes place, but prior to any additional online or offline verification operations, to enter user credentials for comparison (e.g. as described with reference to Figure 1) for a first-level and/or second-level of information access in relation to access application 116.
• authentication application 114 provides an interface for the prompt 202 for entering the user credential with respect to access application 116 and/or any other application, e.g. other applications 115.
• the authentication application 114 transmits, via the card reader 118 (e.g., via NFC, Bluetooth, RFID, etc.), an indication to the contactless card 101.
• the indication may specify to perform one or more encryption techniques as described with respect to Figure 1.
• an online authentication technique is used, and the authentication application 114 receives transaction data from the server 120.
• an offline authentication technique is used, and the authentication application 114 and the contactless card 101 utilize public/private key encryption techniques to authenticate the user.
• the prompt to transmit data between the contactless card 101 and the mobile device 110 may specify to transmit the data to the authentication application 114 via any suitable protocol consistent with an EMV protocol or standard, where in various embodiments the authentication application 114 receives any suitable data directly from the contactless card 101 via a protocol consistent with an EMV protocol or standard.
• Figure 3 is a schematic 300 depicting an example embodiment of a generated barcode after tapping to initiate an online verification and/or offline authentication protocol (to generate the barcode), e.g. for accessing a feature and/or completing a transaction in relation to access application 116, takes place.
• a barcode 307 is generated on the display of the mobile device that is suitable for scanning by any suitable scanning device.
• the management application 123 of the server and/or the authentication application 114 of the mobile device 110 can provide an authentication token to a barcode generating application 117 associated with either mobile device 110 (as shown in Figure 3) and/or contactless card 101, and the barcode generating application 117 may use the authentication token to generate a single use barcode 307 for granting access to one or more features of access application 116 (and/or completing a transaction in relation therewith) and/or for repeated use for granting access to one or more features of access application 116 (and/or completing a transaction in relation therewith).
• FIG. 4A illustrates a contactless card 101, which may comprise a payment card, such as a credit card, debit card, and/or a gift card.
• the contactless card 101 may be issued by a service provider 405 displayed on the front or back of the card 101.
• the contactless card 101 is not related to a payment card, and may comprise, without limitation, an identification card.
• the payment card may comprise a dual interface contactless payment card.
• the contactless card 101 may comprise a substrate 410, which may include a single layer, or one or more laminated layers composed of plastics, metals, and other materials.
• Exemplary substrate materials include polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride acetate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polyesters, anodized titanium, palladium, gold, carbon, paper, and biodegradable materials.
• the contactless card 101 may have physical characteristics compliant with the ID-1 format of the ISO/IEC 7810 standard, and the contactless card may otherwise be compliant with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. However, it is understood that the contactless card 101 according to the present disclosure may have different characteristics, and the present disclosure does not require a contactless card to be implemented in a payment card.
• the contactless card 101 may also include identification information 415 displayed on the front and/or back of the card, and a contact pad 420.
• the contact pad 420 may be configured to establish contact with another communication device, such as the mobile devices 110, a user device, smart phone, laptop, desktop, or tablet computer.
• the contactless card 101 may also include processing circuitry, antenna and other components not shown in Figure 4A. These components may be located behind the contact pad 420 or elsewhere on the substrate 410.
• the contactless card 101 may also include a magnetic strip or tape, which may be located on the back of the card (not shown in Figure 4A).
• the contactless card 101 may include a display interface 416 which can display a barcode 417 that can be generated as described with reference to Figures 1-3 and 5-7B, where the barcode 417 can be scanned and decrypted by any suitable scanning device in order to grant access to features of an application and/or facilitate completion of a transaction associated with the application, such as a payment transaction.
• a display interface 416 which can display a barcode 417 that can be generated as described with reference to Figures 1-3 and 5-7B, where the barcode 417 can be scanned and decrypted by any suitable scanning device in order to grant access to features of an application and/or facilitate completion of a transaction associated with the application, such as a payment transaction.
• the contact pad 420 of contactless card 101 may include processing circuitry 425 for storing and processing information, including a microprocessor 430 and the memory 102. It is understood that the processing circuitry 425 may contain additional components, including processors, memories, error and parity/CRC checkers, data encoders, anti- collision algorithms, controllers, command decoders, security primitives and tamper proofing hardware, as necessary to perform the functions described herein.
• processing circuitry 425 may contain additional components, including processors, memories, error and parity/CRC checkers, data encoders, anti- collision algorithms, controllers, command decoders, security primitives and tamper proofing hardware, as necessary to perform the functions described herein.
• the memory 102 may be a read-only memory, write-once read-multiple memory or read/write memory, e.g., RAM, ROM, and EEPROM, and the contactless card 101 may include one or more of these memories.
• a read-only memory may be factory programmable as read-only or one-time programmable. One-time programmability provides the opportunity to write once then read many times.
• a write once/read-multiple memory may be programmed at a point in time after the memory chip has left the factory. Once the memory is programmed, it may not be rewritten, but it may be read many times.
• a read/write memory may be programmed and re-programed many times after leaving the factory. A read/write memory may also be read many times after leaving the factory.
• the memory 102 may be configured to store one or more applets 440, one or more counters 104, a customer identifier 107, and the virtual account numbers 108.
• the one or more applets 440 may comprise one or more software applications configured to execute on one or more contactless cards, such as a Java® Card applet. However, it is understood that applets 440 are not limited to Java Card applets, and instead may be any software application operable on contactless cards or other devices having limited memory.
• the one or more counters 104 may comprise a numeric counter sufficient to store an integer.
• the customer identifier 107 may comprise a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to a user of the contactless card 101, and the identifier may distinguish the user of the contactless card from other contactless card users. In various embodiments, the customer identifier 107 may identify both a customer and an account assigned to that customer and may further identify the contactless card associated with the customer’s account. As stated, the account numbers 108 may include thousands of one-time use virtual account numbers associated with the contactless card 101. An applet 440 of the contactless card 101 may be configured to manage the account numbers 108.
• the memory 102 can be configured to contain a barcode generating application 117 that can generate a barcode generating application 117, e.g. as shown in Figure 4A, that can be scanned and decrypted by any suitable scanning device and for any suitable purpose as described herein.
• processor and memory elements of the foregoing exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the contact pad, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. It is understood that these elements may be implemented outside of the pad 420 or entirely separate from it, or as further elements in addition to processor 430 and memory 102 elements located within the contact pad 420.
• the contactless card 101 may comprise one or more antennas 455.
• the one or more antennas 455 may be placed within the contactless card 101 and around the processing circuitry 425 of the contact pad 420.
• the one or more antennas 455 may be integral with the processing circuitry 425 and the one or more antennas 455 may be used with an external booster coil.
• the one or more antennas 455 may be external to the contact pad 420 and the processing circuitry 425.
• the coil of contactless card 101 may act as the secondary of an air core transformer.
• the terminal may communicate with the contactless card 101 by cutting power or amplitude modulation.
• the contactless card 101 may infer the data transmitted from the terminal using the gaps in the contactless card’s power connection, which may be functionally maintained through one or more capacitors.
• the contactless card 101 may communicate back by switching a load on the contactless card’s coil or load modulation. Load modulation may be detected in the terminal’s coil through interference. More generally, using the antennas 455, processing circuitry 425, and/or the memory 102, the contactless card 101 provides a communications interface to communicate via NFC, Bluetooth, and/or Wi-Fi communications.
• contactless cards 101 may be built on a software platform operable on smart cards or other devices having limited memory, such as JavaCard, and one or more or more applications or applets may be securely executed.
• Applets 440 may be added to contactless cards to provide a one-time password (OTP) for multifactor authentication (MFA) in various mobile application-based use cases.
• Applets 440 may be configured to respond to one or more requests, such as near field data exchange requests, from a reader, such as a mobile NFC reader (e.g., of the mobile device 110), and produce an NDEF message that comprises a cryptographically secure OTP encoded as an NDEF text tag.
• one or more applets 440 may be configured to encode the OTP as an NDEF type 4 well known type text tag.
• NDEF messages may comprise one or more records.
• the applets 440 may be configured to add one or more static tag records in addition to the OTP record.
• the one or more applets 440 may be configured to emulate an RFID tag.
• the RFID tag may include one or more polymorphic tags.
• each time the tag is read different cryptographic data is presented that may indicate the authenticity of the contactless card.
• an NFC read of the tag may be processed, the data may be transmitted to a server, such as the server 120, and the data may be validated at the server.
• the contactless card 101 and server 120 may include certain data such that the card may be properly identified.
• the contactless card 101 may comprise one or more unique identifiers (not pictured).
• the counters 104 may be configured to increment.
• each time data from the contactless card 101 is read e.g., by a mobile device 110
• the counter 104 is transmitted to the server for validation and determines whether the counter values 104 are equal (as part of the validation).
• the one or more counters 104 may be configured to prevent a replay attack. For example, if a cryptogram has been obtained and replayed, that cryptogram is immediately rejected if the counter 104 has been read or used or otherwise passed over.
• the counter 104 may be replayed.
• the counter that is incremented on the card is different from the counter that is incremented for transactions.
• the contactless card 101 is unable to determine the application transaction counter 104 since there is no communication between applets 440 on the contactless card 101.
• the contactless card 101 may comprise a first applet 440-1, which may be a transaction applet, and a second applet 440-2. Each applet 440-1 and 440-2 may comprise a respective counter 104. [0077] In various embodiments, the counter 104 may get out of sync.
• the counter 104 may increment but the application does not process the counter 104.
• NFC may be enabled and the device 110 may be configured to read available tags, but no action is taken responsive to the reads.
• an application such as a background application, may be executed that can be configured to detect when the mobile device 110 wakes up and synchronize with the server 120 indicating that a read that occurred due to detection to then move the counter 104 forward.
• Hashed One Time Password may be utilized such that a window of mis-synchronization may be accepted. For example, if within a threshold of 10, the counter 104 may be configured to move forward. But if within a different threshold number, for example within 10 or 1000, a request for performing re-synchronization may be processed which requests via one or more applications that the user tap, gesture, or otherwise indicate one or more times via the user’s device. If the counter 104 increases in the appropriate sequence, then it possible to know that the user has done so.
• the key diversification technique described herein with reference to the counter 104, master key 105, and diversified key 106 is one example of encryption and/or decryption a key diversification technique.
• This example key diversification technique should not be considered limiting of the disclosure, as the disclosure is equally applicable to other types of key diversification techniques.
• two cryptographic keys may be assigned uniquely per card.
• the cryptographic keys may comprise symmetric keys which may be used in both encryption and decryption of data.
• Triple DES (3DES) algorithm may be used by EMV and it is implemented by hardware in the contactless card 101.
• a session key may be derived (such as a unique key per session) but rather than using the master key, the unique card-derived keys and the counter may be used as diversification data. For example, each time the contactless card 101 is used in operation, a different key may be used for creating the message authentication code (MAC) and for performing the encryption. This results in a triple layer of cryptography.
• the session keys may be generated by the one or more applets and derived by using the application transaction counter with one or more algorithms (as defined in EMV 4.3 Book 2 Al.3.1 Common Session Key Derivation).
• the increment for each card may be unique, and assigned either by personalization, or algorithmically assigned by some identifying information. For example, odd numbered cards may increment by 2 and even numbered cards may increment by 5. In various embodiments, the increment may also vary in sequential reads, such that one card may increment in sequence by 1, 3, 5, 2, 2, ... repeating.
• the specific sequence or algorithmic sequence may be defined at personalization time, or from one or more processes derived from unique identifiers. This can make it harder for a replay attacker to generalize from a small number of card instances.
• the authentication message may be delivered as the content of a text NDEF record in hexadecimal ASCII format. In another example, the NDEF record may be encoded in hexadecimal format.
• Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 500.
• the logic flow 500 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein.
• the logic flow 500 may include some or all of the operations to verify or authenticate a user utilizing an online authentication technique and for generating a barcode that is useful for granting access to one or more features of an application. Embodiments are not limited in this context.
• the logic flow 500 begins at block 505, where at least one of the authentication application 114, the OS 112, the management application 123, and/or any other suitable application may initiate a transaction to verify an identity of a user and generate a barcode to access a feature associated with access application 116.
• the verification may commence by tapping the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110.
• the access application 116 provides a prompt with a precondition for receiving the tap prompt or immediately after the tap takes place, but prior to any additional online verification operations, to enter user credentials for comparison for a first-level and/or second- level of information access in relation to access application 116, where the nature of the first-level features is described elsewhere herein.
• the user credential is associated with a user profile and entered into an interface provided by the mobile device 110, where, as stated, the first application user credential may include biometrics data, an established gesture associated with user recognition, a username and password combination, and/or the like.
• the first application user credential may be transmitted by the authentication application 114 to the management application 123 of the server 120, where the first application user credential is compared to a stored second credential.
• a communication between the mobile device 110 and the contactless card 101 is initiated, where the communication utilizes a card reader 118 and where the communication is based on an NFC protocol.
• the communication is condition about the first-level comparison resulting in a match, and in various embodiments, instead of sending the first application credential for comparison at the server 120, the comparison is done between the mobile device 110 and the contactless card 101, where the stored second credential is stored in a memory 102 of the contactless card.
• the comparison with respect to the user credential is omitted, and a tap of the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110 initiates a prompt to select which application requires authentication, e.g.
• the access application 116, and the NFC communication between the contactless card 101 and the mobile device 110 commences to initiate online verification or authentication of a user using a payment protocol consistent with an EMV standard, but for purposes that include a verification or authentication for purposes other than merely completing a sale or purchase.
• a user taps the contactless card 101 to the mobile device 110 to cause the contactless card 101 to generate and transmit encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted customer ID 109).
• the contactless card 101 may increment the counter value 104 in the memory 102 responsive to receiving the indication to generate encrypted data.
• the contactless card 101 generates a diversified key 106 using the counter value 104 and the master key 105 in the memory 102 and a cryptographic algorithm.
• the contactless card 101 encrypts data (e.g., the customer identifier 107) using the diversified key 106 and the cryptographic algorithm, generating encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted customer ID 109).
• the contactless card 101 may transmit the encrypted data to the account application 113 of the mobile device 110, e.g., using NFC. In at least one embodiment, the contactless card 101 further includes an indication of the counter value 104 along with the encrypted data.
• the account application 113 of the mobile device 110 may transmit the data received from the contactless card 101 to the management application 123 of the server 120.
• the management application 123 of the server 120 may generate a diversified key 106 using the master key 105 and the counter value 104 as input to a cryptographic algorithm. In one embodiment, the management application 123 uses the counter value 104 provided by the contactless card 101. In another embodiment, the management application 123 increments the counter value 104 in the memory 122 to synchronize the state of the counter value 104 in the memory 122 with the counter value 104 in the memory 102 of the contactless card 101.
• the management application 123 decrypts the encrypted data received from the contactless card 101 via the mobile device 110 using the diversified key 106 and a cryptographic algorithm. Doing so may yield at least the customer identifier 107. By yielding the customer identifier 107, the management application 123 may validate the data received from the contactless card 101 at block 545. For example, the management application 123 may compare the customer identifier 107 to a customer identifier for the associated account in the account data 124, and validate the data based on a match.
• the management application 123 can prepare an authorization token that can be transmitted to the barcode generating application 117 of either the contactless card 101 and/or the mobile device 110, where the barcode can then be displayed by the display 140 and/or the display 141, where the authorization token can impose one or more restrictions and conditions as outlined above with respect to the various components of Figure 1, and at block 555 the barcode generation application 117 may generate a barcode using any suitable technique for barcode generation, where the generated barcode may be displayed on a display 140 of the mobile device and/or a display 141 of the contactless card 101.
• Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 600.
• the logic flow 600 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein.
• the logic flow 600 may include utilizing the generated barcode associated with Figure 5 to authorize a transaction associated with access application 116.
• Embodiments are not limited in this context.
• the logic flow 600 begins after one or more operations of Figure 5 are completed, where in various embodiments, the flow begins at block 530 of Figure 5.
• the barcode can be scanned by any suitable scanning device, and at block 615 the authorization token associated with the barcode can be decrypted using any suitable decryption technique (in relation to the technique utilized to create the authentication token).
• the decryption can result in acquiring access to one or more aspects of access application 116, including completing a payment transaction in relation thereto.
• the management application 123 may query the counter 104 to determine that a transaction has been completed and transmit an instruction to the barcode generating application 117 to disable the authorization token associated with the barcode, and in alternative embodiments, the authorization token can be preconfigured by the management application 123 to disable the barcode automatically after a single use.
• FIG. 7A illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 700A.
• the logic flow 700A may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein.
• the logic flow 700A may include some or all of the operations to perform both an online and offline verification and authentication of a user and subsequent generation of a barcode (based on the authorization), where the barcode is useful for authorizing access to one or more features of an application. Embodiments are not limited in this context.
• the logic flow 700A begins at block 705, where an application, e.g. authentication application 114 of mobile device 110, communicates with a contactless card 101.
• an application e.g. authentication application 114 of mobile device 110
• the authentication application 114 receives, from a user, a first application user credential associated with a user profile.
• a user may provide the first application user credentials after receiving a prompt from authentication application 114 and/or the user credentials may be provided after the user taps the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110.
• the first application user credential may include biometrics data, an established gesture associated with user recognition, a username and password combination, and/or the like.
• the processor 119 compares the first application user credential with a stored second application user credential. The stored second application user credential may be associated with a user identity.
• the user identity may include a personal identification number (PIN), a name of the user, an address, a date of birth, and/or the like.
• PIN personal identification number
• the authentication application 114 grants access to first-level user account options including a display of an account, a display of recent transactions, and/or the like.
• the user credential comparison is skipped (not performed) entirely.
• authentication application 114 receives a public key of a public/private key pair of the card from the contactless card 101.
• the authentication application 114 instructs the contactless card 101 to generate a digital signature by using a private key of the key pair of the card.
• the contactless card 101 generates the digital signature
• the authentication application 114 receives the digital signature from the contactless card 101 at block 720, and where at block 725 the mobile device may verify (by a processor 119 operation and/or utilizing an application, such as authentication application 114) the digital signature by using the public key of the key pair of the card.
• the authentication application 114 can prepare an authorization token that can be transmitted to the barcode generating application 117 of either the contactless card 101 and/or the mobile device 110, where the barcode can then be displayed by the display 140 and/or the display 141, where the authorization token can impose one or more restrictions and conditions as outlined above with respect to the various components of Figure 1, and at block 735 the barcode generation application 117 may generate a barcode using any suitable technique for barcode generation, where the generated barcode may be displayed on a display 140 of the mobile device and/or a display 141 of the contactless card 101.
• Figure 7B illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 700B.
• the logic flow 700B may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein.
• the logic flow 700B may include some or all of the operations to perform one or both of an online and offline verification and authentication of a user and generating a barcode as result of the verification and/or authentication.
• Embodiments are not limited in this context.
• the authentication application 114 may communicate a first application user credentials to the processor 119.
• the communication is initiated by tapping the contactless card 101 on a mobile device 110.
• the processor 119 compares the first application user credentials with stored second application user credential.
• the stored second application user credential may be located within a memory 111 associated with the mobile device 110, the memory 102 associated with contactless card 101, and/or a memory 122 associated with the server 120.
• the first application user credential is provided to the server 120, and the server 120 compares the first application user credential to the stored second application user credential.
• the processor 119 communicates the comparison result to the authentication application 114 (e.g., for a match).
• a suitable component of the mobile device 110 e.g. the processor 119, and/or a suitable component of the contactless card and/or a suitable component of the server 120, e.g. management application 123
• the authentication application 114 may initiate at least one verification operation as described herein to verify or authenticate the user, where the authorization and/or verification operation may be used to generate a barcode to access one or more features with respect to access application 116.
• the authorization and/or verification operation may be any suitable authorization or verification technique as described herein, including any cryptographic operation as described herein.
• the verification operation can be at least one the i) one or more host-less (e.g. no server operations) operations (e.g.
• issuer verification operations e.g. an online protocol or operation associated with a server
• block 750 is omitted and no match or comparison is conducted with respect to block 750, and the flow proceeds directly to block 755 and/or a tap of the contactless card 101 on the mobile device 110 results in the verification protocol commencing.
• partial access e.g. first-level access
• the authentication application 114 determines if the issuer verification operations can be performed, e.g.
• the authentication application 114 confirms that the at least one verification operation has taken place, and a suitable component of a suitable system, e.g. the system as described in Figure 1, such as the authentication application 114 of the mobile device 110 and/or the management application 123 of the server 120, can generate an authentication token authorizing the access of one or more features and/or the completion of one or more transactions with respect to access application 116.
• a suitable component of a suitable system e.g. the system as described in Figure 1, such as the authentication application 114 of the mobile device 110 and/or the management application 123 of the server 120, can generate an authentication token authorizing the access of one or more features and/or the completion of one or more transactions with respect to access application 116.
• the authentication token can be transmitted to a barcode generating application 117 and the barcode generating application 117 may generate a scannable barcode at the display 140 of the mobile device and/or the display of the contactless card 101, where in various embodiments successful scanning of the barcode by any suitable scanning device provides access to the one or more features of access application 116 and/or completes one or more transactions in relation thereto.
• any suitable component of a system e.g. the system of Figure 1, may apply a condition or restriction to the authentication token, which by extension applies to the barcode, such as authorizing only a single transaction with respect to the access application 116.
• the contactless card 101 may be tapped to a device, such as one or more computer kiosks or terminals, to verify identity so as to receive a transactional item responsive to a purchase, such as a coffee.
• a secure method of proving identity in a loyalty program may be established. Securely proving the identity, for example, to obtain a reward, coupon, offer, or the like or receipt of a benefit is established in a manner that is different than merely scanning a bar card.
• an encrypted transaction may occur between the contactless card 101 and the device, which may be configured to process one or more tap gestures.
• the one or more applications may be configured to validate identity of the user and then cause the user to act or respond to it, for example, via one or more tap gestures.
• data for example, bonus points, loyalty points, reward points, healthcare information, etc., may be written back to the contactless card.
• the contactless card 101 may be tapped to a device, such as the mobile device 110.
• identity of the user may be verified by the one or more applications which can then grant the user a desired benefit based on verification of the identity.
• an example authentication communication protocol may mimic an offline dynamic data authentication protocol of the EMV standard that is commonly performed between a transaction card and a point-of-sale device, with some modifications. For example, because the example authentication protocol is not used to complete a payment transaction with a card issuer/payment processor per se, some data values are not needed, and authentication may be performed without involving real-time online connectivity to the card issuer/payment processor.
• POS systems submit transactions including a transaction value to a card issuer. Whether the issuer approves or denies the transaction may be based on if the card issuer recognizes the transaction value. Meanwhile, in certain embodiments of the present disclosure, transactions originating from a mobile device lack the transaction value associated with the POS systems. Therefore, in various embodiments, a dummy transaction value (i.e., a value recognizable to the card issuer and sufficient to allow activation to occur) may be passed as part of the example authentication communication protocol. POS based transactions may also decline transactions based on the number of transaction attempts (e.g., transaction counter). A number of attempts beyond a buffer value may result in a soft decline; the soft decline requiring further verification before accepting the transaction. In some implementations, a buffer value for the transaction counter may be modified to avoid declining legitimate transactions.
• a dummy transaction value i.e., a value recognizable to the card issuer and sufficient to allow activation to occur
• POS based transactions may also decline transactions based on the number of
• the contactless card 101 can selectively communicate information depending upon the recipient device. Once tapped, the contactless card 101 can recognize the device to which the tap is directed and based on this recognition the contactless card can provide appropriate data for that device. This advantageously allows the contactless card to transmit only the information required to complete the instant action or transaction, such as a payment or card authentication. By limiting the transmission of data and avoiding the transmission of unnecessary data, both efficiency and data security can be improved.
• the recognition and selective communication of information can be applied to a various scenarios, including card activation, balance transfers, account access attempts, commercial transactions, and step-up fraud reduction.
• the contactless card 101 can recognize the iOS® operating system and transmit data appropriate data to communicate with this device.
• the contactless card 101 can provide the encrypted identity information necessary to authenticate the card using NDEF tags via, e.g., NFC.
• the contactless card tap is directed to a device running the Android® operating system, e.g., an Android® smartphone or tablet, the contactless card can recognize the Android® operating system and transmit appropriate and data to communicate with this device (such as the encrypted identity information necessary for authentication by the methods described herein).
• the contactless card tap can be directed to a POS device, including without limitation a kiosk, a checkout register, a payment station, or other terminal.
• a POS device including without limitation a kiosk, a checkout register, a payment station, or other terminal.
• the contactless card 101 can recognize the POS device and transmit only the information necessary for the action or transaction. For example, upon recognition of a POS device used to complete a commercial transaction, the contactless card 101 can communicate payment information necessary to complete the transaction under the EMV standard.
• the POS devices participating in the transaction can require or specify additional information, e.g., device-specific information, location-specific information, and transaction-specific information, that is to be provided by the contactless card. For example, once the POS device receives a data communication from the contactless card, the POS device can recognize the contactless card and request the additional information necessary to complete an action or transaction.
• additional information e.g., device-specific information, location-specific information, and transaction-specific information
• the POS device can be affiliated with an authorized merchant or other entity familiar with certain contactless cards or accustomed to performing certain contactless card transactions. However, it is understood such an affiliation is not required for the performance of the described methods.
• the contactless card 101 may be tapped to a mobile device without having to open an application, to indicate a desire or intent to utilize one or more of reward points, loyalty points, coupons, offers, or the like to cover one or more purchases.
• an intention behind the purchase is provided.
• the one or more applications may be configured to determine that it was launched via one or more tap gestures of the contactless card 101, such that a launch occurred at 3:51 pm, that a transaction was processed or took place at 3:56 pm, in order to verify identity of the user.
• the one or more applications may be configured to control one or more actions responsive to the one or more tap gestures.
• the one or more actions may comprise collecting rewards, collecting points, determine the most important purchase, determine the least costly purchase, and/or reconfigure, in real-time, to another action.
• data may be collected on tap behaviors as biometric/gestural authentication.
• a unique identifier that is cryptographically secure and not susceptible to interception may be transmitted to one or more backend services.
• the unique identifier may be configured to look up secondary information about individual.
• the secondary information may comprise personally identifiable information about the user.
• the secondary information may be stored within the contactless card.
• the device may comprise an application that splits bills or check for payment amongst a plurality of individuals.
• each individual may possess a contactless card, and may be customers of the same issuing financial institution, but it is not necessary.
• Each of these individuals may receive a push notification on their device, via the application, to split the purchase. Rather than accepting only one card tap to indicate payment, other contactless cards may be used.
• individuals who have different financial institutions may possess contactless cards 101 to provide information to initiate one or more payment requests from the card-tapping individual.
• the present disclosure refers to a tap of the contactless card. However, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to a tap, and that the present disclosure includes other gestures (e.g., a wave or other movement of the card).
• Figure 8 illustrates an embodiment of an exemplary computing architecture 800 comprising a computing system 802 that may be suitable for implementing various embodiments as previously described.
• the computing architecture 800 may comprise or be implemented as part of an electronic device.
• the computing architecture 800 may be representative, for example, of a system that implements one or more components of the system 100.
• computing system 802 may be representative, for example, of the mobile devices 110 and server 120 of the system 100. The embodiments are not limited in this context. More generally, the computing architecture 800 is configured to implement all logic, applications, systems, methods, apparatuses, and functionality described herein with reference to Figures 1-7B.
• a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a computer processor, a computer processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
• a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a computer processor, a computer processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
• an application running on a server and the server can be a component.
• One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Further, components may be communicatively coupled to each other by various types of communications media to coordinate operations. The coordination may involve the uni-directional or bi-directional exchange of information. For instance, the components may communicate information in the form of signals communicated over the communications media. The information can be implemented as signals allocated to various signal lines. In such allocations, each message is a signal. Further embodiments, however, may alternatively employ data messages. Such data messages may be sent across various connections. Exemplary connections include parallel interfaces, serial interfaces, and bus interfaces.
• the computing system 802 includes various common computing elements, such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, processing circuitry memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth.
• processors multi-core processors
• co-processors processing circuitry memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth.
• processors such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, processing circuitry memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth.
• I/O multimedia input/output
• the computing system 802 comprises a processor 804, a system memory 806 and a system bus 808.
• the processor 804 can be any of various commercially available computer processors or computer process circuitry, including without limitation an AMD® Athlon®, Duron® and Opteron® processors; ARM® application, embedded and secure processors; IBM® and Motorola® DragonBall® and PowerPC® processors; IBM and Sony® Cell processors; Intel® Celeron®, Core®, Core (2) Duo®, Itanium®, Pentium®, Xeon®, andXScale® processors; and similar processors. Dual microprocessors, multi-core processors, and other multi processor architectures may also be employed as the processor 804.
• the processor 804 may be configured by associated memory instructions contained in the system memory 806, such that when the instructions re executed on the processor (e.g. processor circuitry) 804, the processor may carry out one or more operations associated with any one of FIG. 5- FIG. 7B and/or any other operation or technique as disclosed herein.
• processor e.g. processor circuitry
• the system bus 808 provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 806 to the processor 804.
• the system bus 808 can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures.
• Interface adapters may connect to the system bus 808 via a slot architecture.
• Example slot architectures may include without limitation Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), Card Bus, (Extended) Industry Standard Architecture ((E)ISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), NuBus, Peripheral Component Interconnect (Extended) (PCI(X)), PCI Express, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), and the like.
• the system memory 806 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory (e.g., one or more flash arrays), polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information.
• the system memory 806 can include non-only memory (ROM), random-access memory
• the computing system 802 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more lower speed memory units, including an internal (or external) hard disk drive (HDD) 814, a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 816 to read from or write to a removable magnetic disk 818, and an optical disk drive 820 to read from or write to a removable optical disk 822 (e.g., a CD-ROM or DVD).
• the HDD 814, FDD 816 and optical disk drive 820 can be connected to the system bus 808 by a HDD interface 824, an FDD interface 826 and an optical drive interface 828, respectively.
• the HDD interface 824 for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interface technologies.
• the computing system 802 is generally is configured to implement all logic, systems, methods, apparatuses, and functionality described herein with reference to Figures 1-7.
• the drives and associated computer-readable media provide volatile and/or nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth.
• a number of program modules can be stored in the drives and memory units 810, 812, including an operating system 830, one or more application programs 832, other program modules 834, and program data 836.
• the one or more application programs 832, other program modules 834, and program data 836 can include, for example, the various applications and/or components of the system 100, e.g., the operating system 112, account application 113, authentication application 114, other applications 115, access application 116, and the management application 123.
• a user can enter commands and information into the computing system 802 through one or more wire/wireless input devices, for example, a keyboard 838 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 840.
• Other input devices may include microphones, infra-red (IR) remote controls, radio-frequency (RF) remote controls, game pads, stylus pens, card readers, dongles, finger print readers, gloves, graphics tablets, joysticks, keyboards, retina readers, touch screens (e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), trackballs, trackpads, sensors, styluses, and the like.
• IR infra-red
• RF radio-frequency
• input devices are often connected to the processor 804 through an input device interface 842 that is coupled to the system bus 808, but can be connected by other interfaces such as a parallel port, IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, and so forth.
• a monitor 844 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 808 via an interface, such as a video adaptor 846.
• the monitor 844 may be internal or external to the computing system 802.
• a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, and so forth.
• the computing system 802 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wire and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 848.
• the remote computer 848 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computing system 802, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 850 is illustrated.
• the logical connections depicted include wire/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 852 and/or larger networks, for example, a wide area network (WAN) 854.
• LAN local area network
• WAN wide area network
• the network 130 of Figure 1 is one or more of the LAN 852 and the WAN 854.
• the computing system 802 When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing system 802 is connected to the LAN 852 through a wire and/or wireless communication network interface or adaptor 856.
• the adaptor 856 can facilitate wire and/or wireless communications to the LAN 852, which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless functionality of the adaptor 856.
• the computing system 802 can include a modem 858, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN 854, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 854, such as by way of the Internet.
• the modem 858 which can be internal or external and a wire and/or wireless device, connects to the system bus 808 via the input device interface 842.
• program modules depicted relative to the computing system 802, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 850. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used.
• the computing system 802 is operable to communicate with wired and wireless devices or entities using the IEEE 802 family of standards, such as wireless devices operatively disposed in wireless communication (e.g., IEEE 802.16 over-the-air modulation techniques).
• the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.
• Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.1 lx (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity.
• a Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wire networks (which use IEEE 802.3-related media and functions).
• Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both.
• hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth.
• Examples of software may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints.
• One or more aspects of at least various embodiments may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein.
• Such representations known as “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that make the logic or processor.
• IP cores may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that make the logic or processor.
• Various embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine -readable medium or article which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method and/or operations in accordance with the embodiments.
• Such a machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software.
• the machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a cassette, or the like.
• CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
• CD-R Compact Disk Recordable
• CD-RW Compact Dis
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