WO2021082403A1 - 一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2021082403A1
WO2021082403A1 PCT/CN2020/090883 CN2020090883W WO2021082403A1 WO 2021082403 A1 WO2021082403 A1 WO 2021082403A1 CN 2020090883 W CN2020090883 W CN 2020090883W WO 2021082403 A1 WO2021082403 A1 WO 2021082403A1
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electrode
bismuth vanadate
oxygen vacancies
rich
surface oxygen
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French (fr)
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巩金龙
冯时佳
王拓
刘斌
胡聪玲
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天津大学
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/50—Processes
    • C25B1/55—Photoelectrolysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of photoelectrochemical cell semiconductor electrodes, and specifically relates to a bismuth vanadate electrode and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • photoelectrochemical cell photocatalytic hydrogen evolution can convert solar energy into hydrogen energy stored 1, and hydrogen as a clean energy can effectively alleviate environmental problems.
  • photocatalytic hydrogen evolution photoelectrochemical cell 2 can not be ignored.
  • Oxygen vacancies in the surface or sub-surface layer can effectively improve the photoelectric performance of the semiconductor anode, while avoiding the formation of bulk recombination centers8 .
  • the present invention focuses on solving the technical problem of introducing oxygen vacancies into the surface layer of a bismuth vanadate thin film electrode, and provides a bismuth vanadate electrode rich in surface oxygen vacancies and a preparation method, and its application in photocatalysis.
  • special equipment equipment that specifically introduces oxygen vacancies, such as a plasma etching machine
  • the introduction of oxygen vacancies on the surface of bismuth vanadate is simple and easy to operate, strong controllability, minimal energy consumption, and extremely low cost. Large-scale production can be achieved.
  • a bismuth vanadate electrode rich in surface oxygen vacancies includes a conductive substrate layer and a bismuth vanadate layer; the electrode is obtained after bismuth vanadate particles are grown on a conductive substrate, and then the bismuth vanadate electrode is obtained.
  • the bismuth vanadate electrode is immersed in an alkaline buffer solution containing sulfite and subjected to photolithographic modification.
  • the conductive substrate layer is FTO conductive glass or ITO conductive glass.
  • the sulfite is potassium sulfite or sodium sulfite.
  • the concentration of the sulfite is 0.05-0.5 mol/L.
  • the photolithography modification uses a light source with a wavelength of 200-1000 nm, an intensity of 10-100 mW/cm 2 , and an illumination time of 1-30 min.
  • a method for preparing the above-mentioned bismuth vanadate electrode rich in surface oxygen vacancies the bismuth vanadate electrode is immersed in a buffer solution containing 0.05-0.5 mol/L sulfite and pH 9-10, and at the same time Apply light with a wavelength of 200-1000nm and an intensity of 10-100mW/cm 2 for a duration of 1-30min to obtain the target product.
  • the bismuth vanadate electrode is prepared by a metal organic decomposition method, which is specifically carried out according to the following steps:
  • the precursor solution onto the conductive substrate preheated to 25-60°C, and then uniformly coat the precursor solution on the surface of the conductive substrate;
  • the precursor is bismuth nitrate and acetyl
  • step (2) The sample obtained in step (1) is sintered at high temperature in air or oxygen atmosphere, and then cooled to room temperature to obtain the bismuth vanadate electrode.
  • the high-temperature sintering temperature in step (2) is 450-500°C.
  • the present invention successfully introduces oxygen vacancies into the surface layer of the bismuth vanadate electrode through the photoetching method, and the bismuth vanadate thin film electrode rich in surface oxygen vacancies has a higher majority carrier concentration and a higher solidity The charge separation efficiency of the liquid interface, thus showing higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and photocurrent density in the photoelectrochemical cell.
  • the present invention only introduces oxygen vacancies in the surface layer of the bismuth vanadate electrode, which effectively avoids the generation of bulk defects. This is beneficial to increase the interface charge separation through the introduction of surface oxygen vacancies, and at the same time, avoid bulk oxygen vacancies from bringing new bulk recombination centers.
  • the present invention is simple and easy to operate. At the same time, since no vacuum equipment is required, the present invention requires extremely low cost, which is beneficial to industrial production. At the same time, the operating conditions of the present invention are relatively mild, and only oxygen vacancies are introduced into the surface layer of the bismuth vanadate, which does not cause substantial damage to the conductive substrate.
  • the bismuth vanadate electrode obtained in the present invention is used as an anode for the photolysis of water to produce hydrogen, and can efficiently carry out the photolysis of water reaction, and thus has a good application prospect.
  • Figure 1 is a scanning electron microscope cross-sectional view of the bismuth vanadate electrode prepared in Example 1, with a scale of 500 nm;
  • Example 2 is a scanning electron microscope plan view of the bismuth vanadate electrode prepared in Example 1, and the scale is 500 nm;
  • Figure 3-4 is a comparison diagram of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the bismuth vanadate electrode prepared in Example 1 before and after photolithography modification;
  • Example 6 is a comparison diagram of photocurrent-voltage curves of the bismuth vanadate electrode prepared in Example 1 before and after photolithography modification under simulated sunlight irradiation.
  • precursor solution weigh 0.2425g bismuth nitrate and 0.1325g vanadium acetylacetonate and dissolve them in 500 ⁇ L dimethyl sulfoxide to obtain 1mol/L precursor solution;
  • the precursor solution is uniformly coated on the FTO by a spin coater according to certain spin coating parameters.
  • the spin coating parameters are: 1000rpm for 20s, 4000rpm for 40s, and acceleration of 1000rpm/s;
  • the obtained electrode is used as the working electrode, the platinum sheet electrode is used as the counter electrode, and the silver/silver chloride electrode is used as the reference electrode to assemble a photoelectrochemical cell, and the photoelectric performance test is carried out.
  • the photoelectric performance test conditions are as follows: the electrolyte is a 1mol/L boric acid buffer solution with a pH of 9.0 containing 0.2mol/L sodium sulfite; the light area of the working electrode is 0.5cm 2 ; the light source is a 300W xenon lamp with AM 1.5G filter. The sunlight is simulated, and the light intensity at the working electrode of the photoelectrochemical cell is 100mW/cm 2 after being tested by a radiometer.
  • step (2) is ITO conductive glass.
  • step (2) is ITO conductive glass.
  • the reaction was carried out using the method of Example 1, and the difference was only that the concentration of sodium sulfite in step (5) was 0.05 mol/L.
  • the reaction is carried out using the method of Example 1, and the difference is only that the concentration of sodium sulfite in step (5) is 0.25 mol/L.
  • the reaction was carried out using the method of Example 1, and the only difference was that the intensity of the light source in step (5) was 10 mW/cm 2 .
  • the reaction was carried out using the method of Example 1, and the only difference was that the intensity of the light source in step (5) was 50 mW/cm 2 .
  • the reaction was carried out using the method of Example 1, and the only difference was that the concentration of the precursor in step (2) was 0.1 mol/L.
  • the reaction was carried out using the method of Example 1, and the only difference was that the concentration of the precursor in step (2) was 0.5 mol/L.
  • the electrodes obtained in Examples 1-15 were subjected to the photoelectric performance test. At the same time, the photoelectric performance was based on the photocurrent (mA/cm 2 ) of 0.6V (relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode) in the voltage-photocurrent curve.
  • the photoetching method of the present invention effectively improves the photoelectric performance of the bismuth vanadate electrode in the photoelectrochemical cell.
  • the photocurrent density of the bismuth vanadate electrode is increased after photolithography treatment.
  • the present invention successfully introduces oxygen vacancies into the surface layer of the bismuth vanadate electrode, and the bismuth vanadate thin-film electrode rich in surface oxygen vacancies has a higher majority carrier concentration and a higher solid-liquid interface. Charge separation efficiency, thus showing higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and photocurrent density in the photoelectrochemical cell.
  • the bismuth vanadate electrode prepared by the present invention has strong competitiveness in terms of ease of operation and photoelectric performance.
  • the PE-BVO film presents a nanoporous structure with a particle size of 50-150nm.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
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Abstract

一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极及其制备方法和应用，该电极包括导电衬底层和钒酸铋层，钒酸铋层由光刻蚀改性得到；先采用金属有机物分解的方法在导电衬底上生长出钒酸铋颗粒，之后将其浸没在含有亚硫酸盐的碱性缓冲溶液中，同时施加一定时间和一定波长及强度的光照，即完成整个电极的制备；该电极可组装成光电化学池用于光电化学池光解水制氢。

Description

一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极及其制备方法和应用 技术领域
本发明属于光电化学池半导体电极技术领域，具体来说，是涉及一种钒酸铋电极及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
能源与环境已经成为全球关注的焦点性问题，光电化学池光解水制氢可以将太阳能转化为氢能储存起来 1，而氢气作为清洁能源能够有效地缓解环境问题。因此，光电化学池光解水制氢的作用不容忽视 2。
在光电化学池光解水制氢的研究中，单斜型钒酸铋是目前应用最为广泛的具有可见光响应的半导体阳极材料 3-4。但是，钒酸铋的光电流离理论值依然存在很大的差距，主要归因于较差的电荷传输和载流子分离能力 5。杂质元素的体相掺杂可以有效地提高钒酸铋的多数载流子浓度，从而提高电荷传输能力，但是这种方式不可避免地会引入新的复合中心 6。体相引入氧空位也可以得到相似的效果，但是，体相氧空位的含量不易控制。适当的氧空位含量可以提高钒酸铋的性能，但是过多的氧空位也会成为复合中心 7。表层或亚表层的氧空位可以有效地提高半导体阳极的光电性能，同时可以避免体相复合中心的生成 8。对于钒酸铋而言，表层氧空位的引入方法极少。
因此，引入表层氧空位是目前钒酸铋薄膜电极亟需解决的关键性科学技术难题。
(1)Chang,X.X.；Wang,T.；Gong,J.L.,CO 2photo-reduction:insights into CO 2activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts.Energy Environ.Sci.2016,9(7),2177-2196.
(2)Kobayashi,H.；Sato,N.；Orita,M.；Kuang,Y.；Kaneko,H.；Minegishi,T.；Yamada,T.；Domen,K.,Development of highly efficient CuIn 0.5Ga 0.5Se 2-based photocathode and application to overall solar driven water splitting.Energy Environ.Sci.2018,11(10),3003-3009.
(3)Wang,S.；Chen,P.；Bai,Y.；Yun,J.H.；Liu,G.；Wang,L.,New BiVO 4Dual Photoanodes with Enriched Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Solar-Driven Water Splitting.Adv.Mater.2018,30(20),1800486.
(4)Han,H.S.；Shin,S.；Kim,D.H.；Park,I.J.；Kim,J.S.；Huang,P.S.；Lee,J.K.；Cho,I.S.；Zheng,X. L.,Boosting the solar water oxidation performance of a BiVO 4photoanode by crystallographic orientation control.Energy Environ.Sci.2018,11(5),1299-1306.
(5)Park,Y.；McDonald,K.J.；Choi,K.S.,Progress in bismuth vanadate photoanodes for use in solar water oxidation.Chem.Soc.Rev.2013,42(6),2321-37.
(6)Luo,W.J.；Li,Z.S.；Yu,T.；Zou,Z.G.,Effects of Surface Electrochemical Pretreatment on the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Mo-Doped BiVO 4.J.Phys.Chem.C 2012,116(8),5076-5081.
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发明内容
本发明着力于解决在钒酸铋薄膜电极的表层引入氧空位的技术问题，提供了一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极和制备方法，以及在光催化中的应用，在不借助于特定设备(专门引入氧空位的设备，如等离子体刻蚀机)的情况下，完成钒酸铋表层氧空位的引入，操作简便易行，可控性强，能耗极小，成本极低，可实现大规模生产。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明通过以下的技术方案予以实现：
一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，该电极包括导电衬底层和钒酸铋层；该电极是在导电衬底上生长出钒酸铋颗粒后得到钒酸铋电极后，再将所述钒酸铋电极浸没在含有亚硫酸盐的碱性缓冲溶液中进行光刻蚀改性得到。
进一步地，所述导电衬底层为FTO导电玻璃或ITO导电玻璃。
进一步地，所述亚硫酸盐为亚硫酸钾或亚硫酸钠。
进一步地，所述亚硫酸盐的浓度为0.05-0.5mol/L。
进一步地，所述光刻蚀改性采用波长为200-1000nm、强度为10-100mW/cm 2的光源，光照时间为1-30min。
一种上述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极的制备方法，将所述钒酸铋电极置于含有 0.05-0.5mol/L的亚硫酸盐且pH为9-10的缓冲液中浸没，同时施加波长为200-1000nm、强度为10-100mW/cm 2的光照，光照时间为1-30min，即可得到目标产物。
进一步地，所述钒酸铋电极采用金属有机物分解法制备而成，具体按照以下步骤进行：
(1)将前驱体溶液滴加到预先加热至25-60℃的导电衬底上，再将所述前驱体溶液均匀涂覆在所述导电衬底表面；所述前驱体为硝酸铋和乙酰丙酮氧化钒的混合溶液，溶剂为二甲基亚砜，硝酸铋和乙酰丙酮氧化钒的摩尔浓度相同，均为0.1-1mol/L；
(2)将步骤(1)所得样品在空气或氧气氛围下进行高温烧结，然后冷却到室温，得到所述钒酸铋电极。
更进一步地，步骤(2)中所述高温烧结的温度为在450-500℃。
一种上述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极在光催化中的应用，以所述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极作为工作电极、铂片电极作为对电极、银/氯化银电极为参比电极，组装成光电化学池。
本发明的有益效果是：
本发明通过光刻蚀的方法，成功地将氧空位引入到钒酸铋电极的表层，而富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋薄膜电极具有更高的多数载流子浓度，具备更高的固液界面的电荷分离效率，因而在光电化学池中表现出更高的光电转化效率和光电流密度。并且，本发明仅仅在钒酸铋电极的表层引入氧空位，有效地避免了体相缺陷位的产生。这有利于通过表层氧空位的引入来增加界面电荷分离，同时，避免体相氧空位带来新的体相复合中心。
与现有引入氧空位的技术(如等离子体刻蚀法)相比，本发明操作简单易行，同时，由于不需要借助于真空设备，本发明所需成本极低，有利于工业化生产。同时，本发明的操作条件较为温和，只在钒酸铋表层引入氧空位，不对导电衬底造成实质性的损伤。
本发明所得到的钒酸铋电极用于光解水制氢的阳极，可以高效地进行光解水反应，因而具备较好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是实施例1所制备的钒酸铋电极的扫描电子显微镜截面图，标尺为500nm；
图2是实施例1所制备的钒酸铋电极的扫描电子显微镜平面图，标尺为500nm；
图3-4是实施例1所制备的钒酸铋电极在光刻蚀改性前后的X射线光电子能谱对比图；
图5是实施例1所制备的钒酸铋电极在光刻蚀改性前后的模特-肖特基曲线对比图；
图6是模拟太阳光照射下，实施例1所制备的钒酸铋电极在光刻蚀改性前后的光电流-电压曲线对比图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体的实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述，以下实施例可以使本专业技术人员更全面的理解本发明，但不以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例1
(1)配制前驱体溶液：称量0.2425g硝酸铋和0.1325g乙酰丙酮氧化钒，溶解于500μL二甲基亚砜中，得到1mol/L前驱体溶液；
(2)取75μL上述前驱体溶液，滴涂在预先加热到60℃的2×2cm 2的FTO导电玻璃上；
(3)通过旋涂仪按照一定的旋涂参数将前驱体溶液均匀地涂覆在FTO上，旋涂参数为，1000rpm保持20s，4000rpm保持40s，加速度为1000rpm/s；
(4)将上述样品置于空气气氛的管式炉中烧结，烧结制度为450-500℃保持2h，升温速率为5℃/min，然后冷却到室温，得到钒酸铋薄膜电极(记为BVO)；
(5)将上述钒酸铋薄膜电极浸没在含有0.5mol/L亚硫酸钠的pH为9.2的1mol/L的硼酸钾溶液中，同时施加波长范围为200-1000nm、光照强度为100mW/cm 2的模拟太阳光，光照时间为10min，得到光刻蚀改性的钒酸铋薄膜电极(记为PE-BVO)。
(6)将所得电极作为工作电极，铂片电极作为对电极，银/氯化银电极为参比电极组装成光电化学池，进行光电性能测试。光电性能测试条件为，电解液为含有0.2mol/L亚硫酸钠的1mol/L的pH为9.0的硼酸缓冲溶液；工作电极光照面积为0.5cm 2；光源为300W氙灯搭配AM 1.5G滤光片获得的模拟太阳光，且光电化学池工作电极处光强度经辐照计测试后为100mW/cm 2。
实施例2：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，不包含步骤(5)。
实施例3：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)中的衬底为ITO导电玻璃。
实施例4：
采用实施例2的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)中的衬底为ITO导电玻璃。
实施例5：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的亚硫酸盐为亚硫酸钾。
实施例6：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的亚硫酸钠浓度为0.05mol/L。
实施例7：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的亚硫酸钠浓度为0.25mol/L。
实施例8：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的光源强度为10mW/cm 2。
实施例9：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的光源强度为50mW/cm 2。
实施例10：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的光照时间为1min。
实施例11：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(5)的光照时间为30min。
实施例12：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)的FTO温度为25℃。
实施例13：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)的FTO温度为40℃。
实施例14：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)中的前驱体浓度为0.1mol/L。
实施例15：
采用实施例1的方法进行反应，其区别仅在于，步骤(2)中的前驱体浓度为0.5mol/L。
将实施例1-15所得电极进行光电性能测试，同时，光电性能以电压-光电流曲线中0.6V (相对于可逆氢电极)的光电流(mA/cm 2)为指标。
Figure PCTCN2020090883-appb-000001
通过上述表格可以看出，本发明通过光刻蚀的方法，有效地提高了钒酸铋电极在光电化学池中的光电性能。具体表现为，在0.6V(相对于可逆氢电极)的电压下，通过光刻蚀处理后，钒酸铋电极的光电流密度均有提升。由此证明，本发明成功地将氧空位引入到钒酸铋电极的表层，而富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋薄膜电极具有更高的多数载流子浓度，具备更高的固液界面的电荷分离效率，因而在光电化学池中表现出更高的光电转化效率和光电流密度。相对于现有技术，本发明所制备的钒酸铋电极在操作的简易程度和光电性能上，均具有较强的竞争力。
如附图1，从扫描电子显微镜截面图可以看出，PE-BVO薄膜规整地生长于FTO基底上，薄膜的厚度为200-210nm。
如附图2，从扫描电子显微镜俯视图可以看出，PE-BVO薄膜呈现纳米多孔结构，颗 粒尺寸为50-150nm。
如附图3-4，从X射线光电子能谱对比图中可以看出，钒酸铋薄膜在光刻蚀改性后，Bi和V均向低结合能偏移，说明光刻蚀促进了表面氧空位的产生。
如附图5，从模特-肖特基曲线的对比图中可以看出，钒酸铋薄膜在光刻蚀改性后，载流子浓度得到了有效的提升。
如附图6，从光电流-电位对比图中可以看出，钒酸铋薄膜在光刻蚀改性后，光电流得到了明显的提升，体现了光刻蚀改性在光电性能方面的优势。
对比实施例1和2的结果可以看出，光刻蚀有效地提升了钒酸铋电极的光电流，从1.35mA/cm 2提升倒3.53mA/cm 2。
对比实施例3和4的结果可以看出，光刻蚀仍然有效地提升了钒酸铋电极的光电流。同时，对比实施例1、2与实施例3、4的结果可知，光刻蚀的效果对FTO和ITO衬底均适用。
对比实施例1和5的结果可以看出，即使将亚硫酸钠换成亚硫酸钾，光刻蚀对钒酸铋电极光电流的提升效果仍然保持。
对比实施例1、6、7的结果可以看出，亚硫酸钠的浓度越高，光刻蚀对钒酸铋电极的提升效果越好。
对比实施例1、8、9的结果可以看出，光照强度越高，光刻蚀对钒酸铋电极的提升效果越好。
对比实施例1、10、11的结果可以看出，光照时间越长，光刻蚀对钒酸铋电极的提升效果越好，但是10min的光照时间足以将光电流提升到最大值。
对比实施例1、12、13的结果可以看出，衬底温度越高，所得钒酸铋电极的光电流越高，原因在于，提高衬底温度高可以增加钒酸铋薄膜厚度，从而提高钒酸铋电极的光吸收。
对比实施例1、14、15的结果可以看出，前驱体浓度越高，所得钒酸铋电极的光电流越高，原因在于，前驱体浓度可以增加钒酸铋薄膜厚度，从而提高钒酸铋电极的光吸收。
尽管上面结合附图对本发明的优选实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，并不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可以作出很多形式的具体变换，这些均属于本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，其特征在于，该电极包括导电衬底层和钒酸铋层；该电极是在导电衬底上生长出钒酸铋颗粒后得到钒酸铋电极后，再将所述钒酸铋电极浸没在含有亚硫酸盐的碱性缓冲溶液中进行光刻蚀改性得到。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，其特征在于，所述导电衬底层为FTO导电玻璃或ITO导电玻璃。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，其特征在于，所述亚硫酸盐为亚硫酸钾或亚硫酸钠。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，其特征在于，所述亚硫酸盐的浓度为0.05-0.5mol/L。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极，其特征在于，所述光刻蚀改性采用波长为200-1000nm、强度为10-100mW/cm 2的光源，光照时间为1-30min。
  6. 一种如权利要求1-5中任一项所述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极的制备方法，其特征在于，将所述钒酸铋电极置于含有0.05-0.5mol/L的亚硫酸盐且pH为9-10的缓冲液中浸没，同时施加波长为200-1000nm、强度为10-100mW/cm 2的光照，光照时间为1-30min，即可得到目标产物。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极的制备方法，其特征在于，所述钒酸铋电极采用金属有机物分解法制备而成，具体按照以下步骤进行：
    (1)将前驱体溶液滴加到预先加热至25-60℃的导电衬底上，再将所述前驱体溶液均匀涂覆在所述导电衬底表面；所述前驱体为硝酸铋和乙酰丙酮氧化钒的混合溶液，溶剂为二甲基亚砜，硝酸铋和乙酰丙酮氧化钒的摩尔浓度相同，均为0.1-1mol/L；
    (2)将步骤(1)所得样品在空气或氧气氛围下进行高温烧结，然后冷却到室温，得到所述钒酸铋电极。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)中所述高温烧结的温度为在450-500℃。
  9. 一种如权利要求1-5中任一项所述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极在光催化中的应用，其特征在于，以所述富含表层氧空位的钒酸铋电极作为工作电极、铂片电极作为对电极、银/氯化银电极为参比电极，组装成光电化学池。
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