WO2021063149A1 - 导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池 - Google Patents

导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池 Download PDF

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WO2021063149A1
WO2021063149A1 PCT/CN2020/113078 CN2020113078W WO2021063149A1 WO 2021063149 A1 WO2021063149 A1 WO 2021063149A1 CN 2020113078 W CN2020113078 W CN 2020113078W WO 2021063149 A1 WO2021063149 A1 WO 2021063149A1
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molecular
oxide
conductive paste
organic
preparation
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PCT/CN2020/113078
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English (en)
French (fr)
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黄立夫
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无锡帝科电子材料股份有限公司
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/14—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material
    • H01B1/16—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of solar cell manufacturing, in particular to a conductive paste, its preparation method and application, and solar cell electrodes and solar cells containing the same.
  • a conductive secondary gate electrode is formed on the front light-receiving surface of the solar cell wafer, which reduces the light-receiving area of the silicon wafer and affects efficiency. Therefore, it is desirable to form a narrower electrode on the light-receiving surface of the silicon wafer to increase light reception. Area, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery, and maintaining good printing and mass production performance.
  • the present invention aims to provide a conductive paste, its preparation method and application, and solar cell electrodes and solar cells containing the same, so as to solve the problem of reduced printability in long-term mass production under the thinning of electrodes in the existing conductive paste technology, and further Technical issues affecting efficiency and mass production.
  • a method for preparing a conductive paste includes the following steps: S1, activating the organic carrier by heating in sections to obtain an activated organic carrier; and S2, mixing the activated organic carrier with conductive powder and glass frit to make a conductive paste
  • the organic vehicle includes organic solvents and organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymers.
  • the organic low molecular/high molecular polymer is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxy Ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyamide cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polyisobutyl acrylate, polyacrylamide, polyurethane, Many kinds of polyvinyl butyral and polyamide.
  • activating the organic carrier by heating in sections includes: dissolving each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer in a solvent and heating to dissolve, and then dissolving each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer after dissolution.
  • each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer is dissolved in a solvent and the temperature for heating and dissolution is 30-90°C; preferably, the dissolved organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer
  • the temperature of mixing and heating activation is 30 ⁇ 90°C, and the time is 1 ⁇ 2 hours; more preferably, each organic low molecular/high molecular polymer is dissolved in a solvent and heated to dissolve and the dissolved organic low molecular /High-molecular polymer mixing is carried out during heating and activation.
  • the organic solvent is selected from toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexanone, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, monobutyl ether acetate, One or more of the group consisting of propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether and terpineol.
  • the organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer contains a binder resin and an additive; preferably, the content of the binder resin in the conductive paste is 0.01-6wt%; preferably, the content of the additive in the conductive paste
  • the mass ratio of the organic low-molecular polymer to the organic low-molecular polymer in the organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymer is 1/4 to 1/1;
  • the additives include dispersant, contact Modifier and/or plasticizer, more preferably, the additive is selected from one or more of the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane polyamide and polyamide; preferably, the binder tree
  • the ester is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose , Polyamide cellulose, polyisopren
  • the content of the organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer dissolved in the solvent is 5-50% by weight; preferably, the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether One or more of the group consisting of.
  • the organic carrier accounts for 2.0-20 wt% of the conductive paste
  • the conductive powder accounts for 75-95 wt% of the conductive paste
  • the glass frit accounts for 0.1-7 wt% of the conductive paste.
  • the organic solvent accounts for 1-10 wt% of the conductive paste.
  • composition of the binder resin and the additives accounts for 1-10% by weight of the conductive paste.
  • the conductive powder includes at least one conductive inorganic powder; preferably, the inorganic powder is silver powder.
  • the average particle size D50 of the silver powder is 0.1-10 ⁇ m.
  • the glass frit is a bulk composition of lead oxide-bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide-tungsten oxide; preferably, the glass frit also contains selected from lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and strontium oxide , Barium oxide, phosphorous oxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, boron oxide, titanium oxide, and nickel oxide.
  • the average particle size D50 of the glass frit is 0.1-10 ⁇ m.
  • a conductive paste is provided.
  • the conductive paste is prepared by any of the above-mentioned preparation methods.
  • a solar cell electrode which is made of the above-mentioned conductive paste; preferably, the width of the solar cell electrode is 10-40 m.
  • a solar cell includes an electrode, and the electrode is the above-mentioned solar cell electrode.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a solar cell electrode manufactured by using the conductive paste of the present invention in an implementation method of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a screen for testing the printability without a screen according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • a method for preparing a conductive paste includes the following steps: S1, activating the organic carrier by heating in sections to obtain an activated organic carrier; and S2, mixing the activated organic carrier with conductive powder and glass frit to make a conductive paste
  • the organic vehicle includes organic solvents and organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymers.
  • organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymer refers to organic low-molecular-weight polymers and organic high-molecular polymers.
  • organic low-molecular polymer refers to an organic polymer with a molecular weight of less than 2000
  • organic high-molecular polymer refers to an organic polymer with a molecular weight of more than 3000.
  • the organic low molecular/high molecular polymer is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxy Ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyamide cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate, polyacrylamide, polybutadiene butylene glycol ester, polyisoprene, polyurethane, poly Many of the group consisting of vinyl butyral and polyamide.
  • a stable organic network structure can be formed under common heating conditions, which is conducive to the subsequent dispersion of inorganic powders.
  • activating the organic carrier by heating in sections includes: (1) first dissolving each organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymer in a solvent and heating to dissolve it; (2) then dissolving the dissolved organic carrier An organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer, mixed with other organic raw materials and heated to activate, the heating and stirring conditions are the same as the previous dissolving step,
  • the temperature at which each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer is dissolved in a solvent and heated is 30-90°C, so as to fully dissolve each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer according to the characteristics of each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer; preferably Yes, the temperature for heating and activation of each dissolved organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer is 30 ⁇ 90°C, the stirring speed is 500-2000rpm, and the time is 1 ⁇ 2 hours. In this activation step, the organic low molecular weight can be reduced.
  • Molecule/high molecular polymer and other organic raw materials including dispersant, thixotropic agent, and organic additives are fully mixed to form a stable organic network structure, improve the dispersion performance of its inorganic powder, and improve the slurry
  • the thermal stability can effectively improve the ink permeability of the slurry at the opening of the narrow screen, and slow down the short run of the slurry when heated to agglomerate and settle.
  • each organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer is separately dissolved in a solvent and heated to dissolve, and each of the dissolved organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymers is mixed and heated for activation.
  • the organic solvent is selected from toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexanone, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, monobutyl ether acetate, One or more of the group consisting of propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether and terpineol.
  • the use of the above-mentioned high boiling point and high polarity organic solvents can effectively dissolve/disperse the selected organic raw materials, achieve optimized compatibility with inorganic powders, and provide slurry low-temperature drying performance.
  • the content of the organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer dissolved in the solvent is 5-50% by weight, which facilitates the full dissolution of raw materials and industrial operations, and maximizes industrial value;
  • the organic solvent is selected from One or more of the group consisting of diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether.
  • the organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer contains a binder resin and additives; preferably, the content of the binder resin in the conductive paste is 0.01-6wt%; preferably, The content of the additive in the conductive paste is 0.01-6wt%.
  • the conductive paste produced by activating the organic carrier by heating in sections has a wide printing process window, which can be matched with different screen printing screen specifications to produce thinner solar cell electrodes and improve photoelectric conversion. Efficiency, and solve the problem of poor mass production.
  • the mass ratio of the organic low molecular weight polymer to the organic low molecular weight polymer in the organic low molecular weight/high molecular weight polymer is 1/4 to 1/1; preferably, the additives include a dispersant, a thixotropic agent and/or a
  • the additive is selected from one or more of the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane polyamide and polyamide; preferably, the binder resin is selected from cellulose Acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyamide cellulose, One or more of the group consisting of polyisoprene, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate and polyacrylamide.
  • the conductive paste produced by activating the organic carrier by means of stepwise heating contains 70 to 95 wt% of conductive powder, 0.2 to 6 wt% of glass frit, and 1.5 to 25 wt% Organic carrier.
  • the organic solvent accounts for 1-10 wt% of the conductive paste
  • the organic low/high molecular polymer accounts for 1-10 wt% of the conductive paste.
  • the conductive powder contains at least one conductive inorganic powder; preferably, the inorganic powder is silver powder, and more preferably, the average particle size D50 of the silver powder is 0.1-10 ⁇ m.
  • the glass frit is a bulk composition of lead oxide-bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide-tungsten oxide; preferably, the glass frit contains selected from lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, and magnesium oxide. , Calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, phosphorous oxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, boron oxide, titanium oxide and nickel oxide. More preferably, the average particle size D50 of the glass frit is 0.1-10 ⁇ m.
  • an application of the above-mentioned conductive paste in the preparation of solar cells is provided.
  • the application of the solar conductive paste of the present invention can manufacture thinner solar cell electrodes, effectively improve the cell conversion efficiency and improve the problem of poor mass production.
  • a solar cell electrode is prepared from any one of the aforementioned conductive pastes.
  • the width of the solar cell electrode is 10-40 ⁇ m.
  • a solar cell including an electrode.
  • the electrode is the above-mentioned solar cell electrode prepared from the paste composition of the present invention.
  • the solar cell electrode components include silver powder, lead oxide-bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide-tungsten oxide based glass powder and organic carrier. Now, the composition of the solar cell electrode of the present invention will be described in more detail.
  • the conductive paste used to prepare the solar cell electrode contains silver powder as the conductive powder.
  • the average particle size of the silver powder can be on the order of nanometers or micrometers.
  • the silver powder may have a particle size of tens to hundreds of nanometers or several to tens of micrometers. Or, it is a mixture of two or more silver powders that may have different particle diameters.
  • the silver powder may have a spherical, granular, flake, or amorphous shape.
  • the silver powder may preferably have an average particle diameter of about 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m in D50, and more preferably an average particle diameter of about 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle size can be measured using Mastersize 2000 (Malvern Co., Ltd.) by ultrasonic dispersion in isopropanol at room temperature and 25°C, and measuring after three minutes. Within this average particle size range, the conductive paste can provide lower line resistance and contact resistance.
  • the amount of silver powder added is about 60 to 95 wt%. Within this range, the conductive powder can prevent deterioration of conversion efficiency due to an increase in resistance. More preferably, the conductive powder is present at about 75 to 95 wt%.
  • the glass powder is used to enhance the adhesion between the conductive powder and the silicon wafer, and during the high-temperature sintering process of the conductive paste, silver grains are formed in the emitter region by etching the anti-reflection layer and melting the silver powder to reduce the contact resistance. In addition, during the sintering process, the glass powder softens and reduces the sintering temperature.
  • the solar cell pieces are connected to each other by solder ribbons to form a solar cell module.
  • the low adhesive strength between the solar cell electrode and the solder ribbon may cause the cell to detach and reduce reliability.
  • the present invention uses lead oxide-bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide-tungsten oxide (PbO-Bi 2 O 3 -TeO 2 -WO 3 ) as the main glass frit.
  • the lead oxide-tellurium oxide-bismuth oxide-tungsten oxide-based glass powder may contain about 0.1-20% by weight of lead oxide, about 1-20% by weight of tellurium oxide, about 30-60% by weight of bismuth oxide, and about 5 ⁇ 25wt% tungsten oxide, and the mass ratio of tellurium oxide to tungsten oxide is 0.5:1 to 1.75:1. Within this range, the glass powder can ensure excellent bonding strength and conversion efficiency.
  • the lead oxide-tellurium oxide-bismuth oxide-tungsten oxide based glass powder may further contain at least one metal oxide selected from lithium oxide (Li 2 O), sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide (BaO), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and nickel oxide (NiO).
  • at least one metal oxide selected from lithium oxide (Li 2 O), sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide (BaO), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and nickel oxide (
  • the glass powder can be prepared by any typical method from lead oxide-tellurium oxide-bismuth oxide-tungsten oxide plus the above-mentioned at least one metal oxide.
  • metal oxide and lead oxide-tellurium oxide-bismuth oxide-tungsten oxide are mixed in a certain ratio through a ball mill or a planetary mill.
  • the mixed composition is melted at about 900-1300°C and then quenched to about 25°C. Then use a disc mill, a planetary mill, etc. to pulverize the resulting material to provide the required glass powder.
  • the addition amount of the glass powder is about 0.1 to 7 wt%.
  • the addition amount in one embodiment can be 0.1 to 4 wt%, in one embodiment the addition amount can be 0.3 to 5 wt%, and the addition amount in another embodiment It is 0.4 to 7 wt%.
  • Organic vehicles include organic solvents and organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymers.
  • the organic solvent is selected from toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexanone, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl
  • ether monobutyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, and terpineol.
  • the organic solvent can be 2 to 10% by weight in one embodiment, 4 to 10% by weight in another embodiment, and 5 to 9% by weight in another embodiment. This amount is used The organic solvent is sufficient to provide the suitable viscosity of the conductive paste to meet various printing needs.
  • the binder resin is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl acetate
  • the binder resin is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose xanthate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl acetate
  • the additives can increase the fluidity, processability and storage stability of the slurry, and include a dispersant, a thixotropic agent and a plasticizer, selected from polyvinyl butyral One or more combinations of aldehyde, polyurethane polyamide and polyamide.
  • the organic vehicle Based on the total weight of the composition, the organic vehicle contains organic solvent and organic low-molecular-weight/high-molecular-weight polymer, and can be present in an amount of about 2 to 20% by weight. Within this range, the organic vehicle is made through two-stage co-activation. It can provide the conductive paste with sufficient adhesive strength and excellent long-term printability.
  • a conductive paste is used to cover the solar cell electrode and the solar cell.
  • the back electrode 210 and the front electrode 230 can be formed by screen printing battery electrode components on a silicon wafer 100 including a P layer 101 and an n layer 102 serving as an emitter, and sintering at a high temperature.
  • a preliminary process for preparing a back electrode is performed by printing a back conductive paste on the back of a silicon wafer, and drying the printed paste at 200 to 400° C. for 10 to 50 seconds.
  • the preliminary process for preparing the front electrode can be performed by printing the front conductive paste on the light-receiving surface of the silicon wafer, and drying the printed paste at 200 to 400° C. for 5 to 15 seconds.
  • the front and back electrodes can be formed by sintering the chip at about 400 to 950°C, preferably about 850 to 950°C, for about 30 to 60 seconds.
  • the conductive paste made by using two-stage co-activation (activation by heating in stages) organic carrier is made of the following materials.
  • Conductive powder 89.3wt% spherical silver powder with a particle size (D50) of 1.3-2.1 ⁇ m.
  • Glass powder 2.0% by weight of lead oxide-tellurium oxide-bismuth oxide-tungsten oxide based glass powder.
  • the particle size (D50) is 1.8-2.0 ⁇ m (refer to patent CN201611271037.3).
  • the binder resin in the organic low-molecular/high-molecular polymer may include acrylic thermoplastic resin and ethyl cellulose.
  • the addition amount is shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
  • Additives Contains dispersants, thixotropic agents and plasticizers.
  • Organic solvent a mixture containing propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, alcohol ester twelve, and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, with a weight of 5-7.5% of the conductive paste.
  • the conductive paste is prepared using the following process:
  • the glass powder and silver powder are added to the above-mentioned carrier mixture, and a paste composition is formed after thorough stirring.
  • the paste composition is repeatedly rolled with a three-roll mill, and ground to a conductive paste with a fineness (FOG) of 10-15/5-10 ⁇ m or finer.
  • the conductive paste obtained above was printed on the SiN layer (156 x 156 mm) of the silicon wafer substrate by screen printing technology using a printing and ink refilling speed of 400/800 mm/s.
  • the screen specification used is 430 mesh/13 ⁇ m wire/total thickness 33 ⁇ 36 ⁇ m/opening of 17, 20, 23, 26, 29 ⁇ m (narrow surface opening) non-screen printing test screen ( Figure 2).
  • the cell piece was dried in an infrared drying oven, and then passed through a belt-type sintering oven for sintering at 920°C for 40 seconds.
  • the fired conductive paste is cooled to form an electrode.
  • the difference from the above-mentioned embodiment is that the grouping of the organic vehicle is divided into mixing and heating, and the temperature is in the range of 40-80° C., and stirring until it is dissolved.
  • the composition and ratio of the glass frit used are kept the same, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
  • the comparative example 3 with the highest battery conversion efficiency was selected as a reference, and compared with Examples 3 to 5 made by using a two-stage co-activated carrier, the electrodes were formed using the same screen and printing technology. The resistance is measured in the same way as above, the electrode width is measured, and the efficiency (EFF%) is measured.
  • the formed solar cell is placed in a Berger solar cell tester to measure efficiency.
  • the xenon arc lamp in the solar cell tester simulates sunlight with a known intensity and radiates the light on the front surface of the cell.
  • Use the four-point contact method to measure the voltage (V) and current (I) under a load resistance setting of about 400 to determine the voltage-current curve of the battery, and then calculate the battery conversion efficiency (EFF) based on this curve.
  • Example 3 As shown in Table 2, in Example 3 with the same carrier composition, the electrical resistance and the electrode aspect ratio are maintained, and the resistance value is slightly improved, especially when the narrow opening is 17 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode width shows that Example 5 is the narrowest, and the electrode height is slightly increased.
  • Comparative Example 3 the efficiency of Example 5 is significantly improved, and the resistance value can be maintained low, indicating that the ink penetration performance of the slurry has also been improved.
  • the conductive paste prepared by the two-stage co-activated organic carrier can achieve fine-line grid line printing, increase the electrode aspect ratio, and then improve the battery conversion efficiency, and take into account the good long-term printing and ink-passing properties, and effectively improve Mass production of solar cells.

Abstract

本发明公开了一种导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池。其中，该制备方法包括以下步骤：S1，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化，得到活化后的有机载体；以及S2，将活化后的有机载体与导电粉末、玻璃粉料混合制作成导电浆料，其中，有机载体包括有机溶剂和有机低分子/高分子聚合物。应用本发明的导电浆料，能够制造细线化的太阳能电池电极，有效提升电池转换效率，在长时间的量产下有良好的印刷性和过墨性。

Description

导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池 技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池制造技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池。
背景技术
由于日益紧迫的能源危机、日趋严重的环境污染和温室效应等问题，发展可再生的绿色清洁能源成为世界各国的共识。在目前有所研究的各种可再生的绿色能源中，太阳能取之不尽用之不竭。阳光照射在地球上每分钟的能量相当于人类每年耗能的总合。并且太阳能没有污染，运用其的设备易于安装和维护，因此最具有大规模应用的前景。而大规模开发和利用光伏太阳能发电，提高电池的光电转换效率和降低其度电生产成本是其核心所在。
传统的太阳能电池有正电极、减反射层、n-型半导体(正面向光面)、P-型半导体、背电极组成等重要组成部分。在太阳能电池的晶圆硅片的前受光面因为形成了导电副栅电极，导致硅片受光面积降低而影响效率提升，因此希望在硅片前受光面上形成寬度更窄的电极，以增加受光面积，进而改善电池光电转换效率，并维持良好的印刷和量产性能。
为了形成更精细的导电副栅电极，可通过不同丝网技术和/或控制印刷网版砂厚、膜厚和开口的参数改变达成要求，但容易造成现有导电浆料长时间印刷性的不稳定或下降，进而影响效率。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种导电浆料、其制备方法和应用、包含其的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池，以解决现有导电浆料技术中电极细线化下长时间量产印刷性降低，进而影响效率与量产性的技术问题。
为了实现上述目的，根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种导电浆料的制备方法。该制备方法包括以下步骤：S1，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化，得到活化后的有机载体；以及S2，将活化后的有机载体与导电粉末、玻璃粉料混合制作成导电浆料，其中，有机载体包括有机溶剂和有机低分子/高分子聚合物。
进一步地，有机低分子/高分子聚合物为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚丙烯酸异丁酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚氨基甲酸酯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和聚酰胺组成的组中的多种。
进一步地，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化包括：将每种有机低分子/高分子聚 合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解，然后将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化；优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解的温度为30～90℃；优选的，将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的温度为30～90℃，时间为1～2小时；进一步优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解和将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的过程中均进行搅拌。
进一步地，有机溶剂为选自由甲苯、正己烷、环己酮、乙基溶纤剂、丁基溶纤剂、二甘醇单丁基醚、二甘醇二丁基醚、单丁醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二、三丙二醇单甲醚和松油醇组成的组中的一种或多种。
进一步地，有机低分子/高分子聚合物包含黏合剂树酯和添加剂；优选的，黏合剂树酯在导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％；优选的，添加剂在导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％；优选的，有机低分子/高分子聚合物中有机高分子聚合物与有机低分子聚合物的质量比为1/4～1/1；优选的，添加剂包括分散剂、触变剂和/或增塑剂，更优选的，添加剂选自由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚氨基甲酸酯聚酰胺和聚酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种；优选的，黏合剂树酯为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚异戊二烯、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯和聚丙烯酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种。
进一步地，有机低分子/高分子聚合物溶解于溶剂中的含量为5～50wt％；优选的，有机溶剂为选自二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二和三丙二醇单甲醚组成的组中的一种或多种。
进一步地，有机载体占导电浆料的2.0～20wt％，导电粉末占导电浆料的75～95wt％；玻璃粉料占导电浆料的0.1～7wt％。
进一步地，在制备得到的导电浆料中，有机溶剂占导电浆料的1～10wt％。
进一步地，黏合剂树酯和添加剂的组合物占导电浆料的1～10wt％。
进一步地，导电粉末包含至少一种具导电性的无机粉末；优选的，无机粉末为银粉。
进一步地，银粉的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
进一步地，玻璃粉料为氧化铅-氧化铋-氧化碲-氧化钨为本体组成的；优选的，玻璃粉料还包含选自由氧化锂、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锶、氧化钡、氧化磷、氧化锌、二氧化硅、氧化硼、氧化钛和氧化镍组成的组中的一种或多种。
进一步地，玻璃粉料的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
根据本发明的另一个方面，提供一种导电浆料。该导电浆料由如上述任一种制备方法制备得到。
根据本发明的再一个方面，提供一种上述导电浆料在制备太阳能电池中的应用。
根据本发明的又一个方面，提供一种太阳能电池电极，由上述导电浆料所制作而成；优 选的，太阳能电池电极的宽度为10～40μm。
根据本发明的再一个方面，提供一种太阳能电池。该太阳能电池包括电极，电极为上述太阳能电池电极。
有机载体中的各种有机原材料，特别是树酯与触变剂等，需要借助溶剂在不同的加热条件下分别溶解活化以达到高度活化程度。各种有机原材料分别活化后,再一起混合加热，有利于后续的无机粉体分散，及制成浆料后的热稳定性。所以，应用本发明的制备方法，采用分段加热的方式进行活化后制备得到的导电浆料，能够制造细线化的太阳能电池电极，有效提升电池转换效率，在长时间的量产下有良好的印刷性和过墨性。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明一实施方法中使用本发明导电浆料制造的太阳能电池电极的示意图；以及
图2示出了根据本发明实施例1中无网结印刷性测试网版结构示意图。
具体实施方式
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，提供一种导电浆料的制备方法。该制备方法包括以下步骤：S1，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化，得到活化后的有机载体；以及S2，将活化后的有机载体与导电粉末、玻璃粉料混合制作成导电浆料，其中，有机载体包括有机溶剂和有机低分子/高分子聚合物。
有机载体中的各种有机原材料，特别是树酯与触变剂，需要借助溶剂在不同的加热条件下分别溶解活化以达到高度活化程度。各种有机原材料分别别活化后,再一起混合加热，有利于后续的无机粉体分散，及制成浆料后的热稳定性。所以，应用本发明的制备方法，采用分段加热的方式进行活化后制备得到的导电浆料，能够制造细线化的太阳能电池电极，有效提升电池转换效率，在长时间的量产下有良好的印刷性和过墨性。
本发明中“有机低分子/高分子聚合物”是指有机低分子聚合物和有机高分子聚合物。在本发明中“有机低分子聚合物”是指分子量小于2000的有机聚合物；“有机高分子聚合物”是指分子量大于3000的有机聚合物。
优选的，有机低分子/高分子聚合物为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺 纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丁二烯丁二醇酯、聚异戊二烯、聚氨基甲酸酯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和聚酰胺组成的组中的多种。采用这些有机聚合物，得以在共同加热条件下形成稳定的有机网络结构,利于后续的无机粉体分散。
在本发明中，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化包括：(1)首先将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解，(2)然后将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物，与其他有机原料共同混合加热活化，加热搅拌条件同前述溶解步骤,
优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解的温度为30～90℃，以针对每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物的特性对其进行充分溶解；优选的，将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的温度为30～90℃，搅拌转速为500-2000rpm,时间为1～2小时，在此活化步骤中可以使有机低分子/高分子聚合物与其他有机原料包括分散剂,触变剂,和有机添加剂等充分混匀，得以形成一个稳定的有机网络结构,提高其无机粉体的分散性能,改善制成浆料后的热稳定性，有效改善浆料在窄网版开口的透墨性，并减缓浆料受热团聚和沉降的短版。进一步优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解和将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的过程中均进行搅拌。
优选的，有机溶剂为选自由甲苯、正己烷、环己酮、乙基溶纤剂、丁基溶纤剂、二甘醇单丁基醚、二甘醇二丁基醚、单丁醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二、三丙二醇单甲醚和松油醇组成的组中的一种或多种。采用上述高沸点高极性的有机溶剂，可有效溶解/分散所选用的有机原材料，和无机粉体达到优化的兼容性，提供浆料低温烘干的性能。进一步地优选的，有机低分子/高分子聚合物溶解于溶剂中的含量为5～50wt％，这样便于原料的充分溶解及工业操作，实现工业价值的最大化；优选的，有机溶剂为选自二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二和三丙二醇单甲醚组成的组中的一种或多种。
在本发明一种典型的实施方式中，有机低分子/高分子聚合物包含黏合剂树酯和添加剂；优选的，黏合剂树酯在导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％；优选的，添加剂在导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％。在上述范围内，利用分段加热的方式进行活化有机载体所制作的导电浆料具有宽广印刷工艺窗口，得以配合不同的丝网印刷网版规格，生产细线化的太阳能电池电极，提升光电转化效率,并解决量产性不佳的问题。
优选的，有机低分子/高分子聚合物中有机高分子聚合物与有机低分子聚合物的质量比为1/4～1/1；优选的，添加剂包括分散剂、触变剂和/或增塑剂，更优选的，添加剂选自由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚氨基甲酸酯聚酰胺和聚酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种；优选的，黏合剂树酯为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚异戊二烯、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯和聚丙烯酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，利用分段加热的方式进行活化有机载体所制作的导电浆料包含70～95wt％的导电粉末、0.2～6wt％的玻璃粉料，以及1.5～25wt％的有机载体。优选的，有机溶剂占导电浆料的1～10wt％，而有机低/高分子聚合物占导电浆料的1～10wt％。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，导电粉末包含至少一种具导电性的无机粉末；优选的，无机粉末为银粉，更优选的，银粉的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，玻璃粉料为氧化铅-氧化铋-氧化碲-氧化钨为本体组成的；优选的，玻璃粉料包含选自由氧化锂、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锶、氧化钡、氧化磷、氧化锌、二氧化硅、氧化硼、氧化钛和氧化镍组成的组中的一种或多种。更优选的，玻璃粉料的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，提供一种上述导电浆料在制备太阳能电池中的应用。应用本发明的太阳能导电浆料，能够制造细线化的太阳能电池电极，有效提升电池转换效率并改善量产性不佳的问题。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，一种太阳能电池电极。该太阳能电池由上述任一种的导电浆料制备而成，优选的，太阳能电池电极的宽度为10～40μm。
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，提供了一种太阳能电池，包括电极。该电极为上述由本发明的糊剂组合物制备而成的太阳能电池电极。
根据本发明一种典型的实施例，太阳能电池电极组成份包括银粉、氧化铅-氧化铋-氧化碲-氧化钨基玻璃粉料和有机载体。现在，将更详细描述本发明的太阳能电池电极的组成。
(i)银粉
根据本发明一种典型的实施方式，用于制备太阳能电池电极的导电浆料包含银粉作为导电粉末。银粉的平均粒径可以是纳米或微米等级。例如，银粉可以具有几十至几百纳米或几至几十微米的粒度。或者，是可以具有不同粒径的两种或多种银粉混合物。
银粉可以具有球状、粒状、薄片或无定形的形状。
银粉可优选具有D50约0.1至10μm的平均粒径，更优选约0.5至5μm的平均粒径。平均粒径可以使用Mastersize 2000(Malvern Co.，Ltd.)，在室温25℃下通过超声波分散在异丙醇中，于三分钟后量测。在该平均粒径范围内，导电浆料可以提供较低的线电阻和接触电阻。
基于导电浆料的重量计算，银粉添加量约为60至95wt％。在该范围内，导电粉末可以防止由于电阻的增加而导致的转换效率劣化。更佳情况下，导电粉末是以约75至95wt％存在。
(ii)玻璃粉末
玻璃粉用于增强导电粉末与硅片之间的粘附力，并且在导电浆料高温烧结过程中，通过蚀刻减反射层和熔化银粉而在发射极区域中形成银晶粒来降低接触电阻。此外，在烧结工艺期间，玻璃粉末软化并降低烧结温度。
为了提高太阳能电池效率而增加电池吸光面积时，可能会存在接触电阻增加的问题。因此，需要最小化串联电阻和对p-n结的影响。另外，随着使用具有不同表面电阻的各种硅片的合适烧结温度在范围内变化，玻璃粉末需要确保足够的热稳定性以耐受较大的烧结温度窗口。
太阳能电池片通过焊带彼此连接以构成太阳能电池组件。在此种情况下，太阳能电池电极和焊带之间的低粘合强度有可能导致电池片的脱离和降低可靠性。为了确保太阳能电池具有较佳的粘合强度，本发明使用了氧化铅-氧化铋-氧化碲-氧化钨(PbO-Bi 2O 3-TeO 2-WO 3)为本体的玻璃粉料。
在本发明中，氧化铅-氧化碲-氧化铋-氧化钨基玻璃粉末可以包含约0.1～20wt％的氧化铅，约1～20wt％的氧化碲，约30～60wt％的氧化铋，约5～25wt％的氧化钨，且氧化碲与氧化钨的质量比为0.5:1～1.75:1。在该范围内，玻璃粉末可以确保优异的黏合强度和转化效率。
根据在本发明一种典型的实施方式，氧化铅-氧化碲-氧化铋-氧化钨基玻璃粉末可以进一步包含至少一种金属氧化物，选自氧化锂(Li 2O)，氧化钠(Na 2O)，氧化钾(K 2O)，氧化镁(MgO)，氧化钙(CaO)，氧化锶(SrO)，氧化钡(BaO)，氧化磷(P 2O 5)，氧化锌(ZnO)，二氧化硅(SiO 2)，氧化硼(B 2O 3)，氧化钛(TiO 2)和氧化镍(NiO)。
玻璃粉末可以由氧化铅-氧化碲-氧化铋-氧化钨加上上述至少一种金属氧化物通过任何典型的方法制备。例如，金属氧化物与氧化铅-氧化碲-氧化铋-氧化钨以一定比例透过球磨机或行星式研磨机进行混合。将混合的组合物在约900～1300℃下熔融，然后骤冷至约25℃。然后使用盘磨机和行星式研磨机等对所得材料进行粉碎，从而提供所需之玻璃粉末。
基于导电浆料的重量计算，玻璃粉的添加量约为0.1至7wt％。依据电极与基板之间黏附力的需求，在一个实施例中的添加量可为0.1至4wt％，在一个实施例中的添加量可为0.3至5wt％，在另一个实施例中的添加量则为0.4至7wt％。
(iii)有机载体
有机载体包括了有机溶剂与有机低分子/高分子聚合物。
根据在本发明一种典型的实施方式，其中有机溶剂为选自甲苯、正己烷、环己酮、乙基溶纤剂、丁基溶纤剂、二甘醇单丁基醚、二甘醇二丁基醚、单丁醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二、三丙二醇单甲醚和松油醇的一种或多种组合。
基于导电浆料的重量％，有机溶剂在一个实施例中可为2至10wt％，在另一个实施例中为4至10wt％，在另一个实施例中则为5至9wt％，使用此量的有机溶剂，足以提供导电浆料合适的黏度以因应各种印刷需求。
根据在本发明一种典型的实施方式，其中黏合剂树酯为选自纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚异戊二烯、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯和聚丙烯酰胺的一种或多种组合。
根据在本发明一种典型的实施方式，其中添加剂可以增加浆料的流动性、加工性和储存稳定性，其中包含了分散剂、触变剂和增塑剂，选自为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚氨基甲酸酯聚酰胺和聚酰胺的一种和多种组合。
基于组合物的总重量，有机载体包含了有机溶剂和有机低分子/高分子聚合物，可以约2至20wt％的量存在，在该范围内，透过二段式共活化制做的有机载体可以为导电浆料提供足够的黏合强度和优异的长时间印刷性。
根据本发明一种典型的实施例，使用导电浆料至被的太阳能电池电极和太阳能电池。如图1所示，背面电极210和正面电极230可以透过丝网印刷电池电极组分于包括P层101和用作发射极的n层102的硅片100上，并经过高温烧结以形成。例如，通过在硅片的背面上印刷背面导电浆料，并在200至400℃下干燥所印刷的浆料10至50秒，来进行用于制备背面电极的预备工艺。此外，可以通过在硅片的受光面上印刷正面导电浆料，并在200至400℃下干燥所印刷的浆料5至15秒，来进行用于制备正面电极的初步工艺。进一步地，可以通过约400至950℃，优选约850至950℃下烧结芯片约30至60秒来形成正面与背面电极。
接下来，本发明将通过参考实施例更详尽地描述。然而，应当注意，这些实施例的提供仅用于说明本发明，不应以任何方式解释为限制本发明。
为了清楚的目的，省略了本领域技术人员清楚的详细描述。
实施例1
使用二段式共活化(分段加热的方式进行活化)有机载体制作的导电浆料使用下列材料所制成。
导电粉末：89.3wt％的球形银粉，粒径(D50)为1.3～2.1μm。
玻璃粉料：2.0重量％以氧化铅-氧化碲-氧化铋-氧化钨基的玻璃粉末。粒径(D50)为1.8～2.0μm(可参考专利CN201611271037.3)。
有机低分子/高分子聚物中的黏合树酯可以包括丙烯酸热塑性树酯和乙基纤维素。添加量在表1和表2中示出。
添加剂：包含了分散剂、触变剂和增塑剂。
有机溶剂：包含丙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二、三丙二醇单甲醚的混合物，重量为导电浆料的5～7.5％。
导电浆料使用以下过程制备：
1)二段式共活化有机载体制备:在30～60℃加热搅拌的条件下,将丙烯酸树酯,乙基纤维素、触变剂和增塑剂各自溶解于有机溶剂(浓度为5～50wt％)。将上述预溶解后的有机原料，分散剂和剩余溶剂，于在50～80℃下搅拌1～2小时。冷却至室温后，使用400～500目的钢丝网，进行处理收集。
2)将玻璃粉末和银粉加入上述载体混合物，充分搅拌后形成一糊剂组合物。用三辊研磨机反复辗压此糊剂组合物，研磨至细度(FOG)为10～15/5～10μm或更细的导电浆料。
将上述所获得的导电浆料通过丝网印刷技术，使用印刷与回墨速度为400/800mm/s，印 刷到硅片基板的SiN层上(156×156mm)。所用的丝网规格为430目/13μm线材/总厚33～36μm/开口为17、20、23、26、29μm(窄面开口)的无网结印刷性测试网版(图2)。将电池片在红外干燥炉中干燥，随后通过带式烧成炉中，于920℃下烧成40秒。将焙烧后的导电浆料冷却，形成电极。
利用电阻测试仪量测网版不同开口下的电阻值。
对比例中，与上述实施例中不同的是有机载体的分组分为混合后加热，温度范围为40～80℃，搅拌至溶解。
在本发明中，所有实施例和比较例中，为了比较载体制作方式不同的影响，采用的玻璃粉料的组分和比例保持一致，如表1和表2所示。
表1
Figure PCTCN2020113078-appb-000001
表2
Figure PCTCN2020113078-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2020113078-appb-000003
数据说明：
1.电阻值越低，代表浆料透墨性，印刷性佳，不易产生断栅情形。
2.不同玻璃组分对于浆料透墨性没有影响。
在导电浆料中使用二段式共活化载体的实施例1～2中，其量测电阻值在17～29μm开口下分别都低于传统制程工艺未实施共活化的比较例1～2。
选取电池转换效率最高的比较例3作为基准，和使用二段式共活化载体制成的实施例3～5比较，使用相同的丝网与印刷技术形成电极。以与上述相同的方式测量电阻，量测电极宽度，并量测效率(EFF％)。在一个光源条件下，将形成的太阳能电池置于Berger太阳能电池测试仪中以用于量测效率。太阳能电池测试仪中的氙弧灯模拟具有已知强度的日光并幅射于电池的受光前表面。利用四点接触方法测量大约400负载电阻设置下的电压(V)和电流(I)，以确定电池的电压电流曲线，再根据此曲线计算电池转换效率(EFF)。
如表2所示，使用相同载体组成的实施例3，在电性能和电极高宽比维持的情况下，电阻 值略有改善,特别是在窄开口17μm下改善较为显著。电极宽度表示实施例5为最窄，电极高度略微上升。和比较例3相比，实施例5的效率有明显提升,且能维持较低的电阻值，显示浆料的透墨表现也有所改善。
从以上的描述中，可以看出，本发明上述的实施例实现了如下技术效果：
采用二段式共活化有机载体制备的导电浆料，可以实现细线化栅线印刷，提高电极高宽比，进而提升电池转化效率，并兼顾良好的长时间印刷性和过墨性，有效改善太阳能电池片的量产性。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (17)

  1. 一种导电浆料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    S1，将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化，得到活化后的有机载体；以及
    S2，将所述活化后的有机载体与导电粉末、玻璃粉料混合制作成导电浆料，
    其中，所述有机载体包括有机溶剂和有机低分子/高分子聚合物。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述有机低分子/高分子聚合物为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚丙烯酸异丁酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚氨基甲酸酯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和聚酰胺组成的组中的多种。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述将有机载体利用分段加热的方式进行活化包括：将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解，然后将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化；
    优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解的温度为30～90℃；
    优选的，将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的温度为30～90℃，时间为1～2小时；
    进一步优选的，将每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物分别溶于溶剂中加热溶解和将溶解后的每种有机低分子/高分子聚合物混合加热活化的过程中均进行搅拌。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述有机溶剂为选自由甲苯、正己烷、环己酮、乙基溶纤剂、丁基溶纤剂、二甘醇单丁基醚、二甘醇二丁基醚、单丁醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二、三丙二醇单甲醚和松油醇组成的组中的一种或多种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述有机低分子/高分子聚合物包含黏合剂树酯和添加剂；
    优选的，所述黏合剂树酯在所述导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％；
    优选的，所述添加剂在所述导电浆料中的含量为0.01～6wt％；
    优选的，所述有机低分子/高分子聚合物中有机高分子聚合物与所述有机低分子聚合物的质量比为1/4～1/1；
    优选的，所述添加剂包括分散剂、触变剂和/或增塑剂，更优选的，所述添加剂选自由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚氨基甲酸酯聚酰胺和聚酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种；
    优选的，所述黏合剂树酯为选自由纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素黄酸酯、纤维素乙酸丁酸酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚酰胺纤维素、聚异戊二烯、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸甲酯和聚丙烯酰胺组成的组中的一种或多种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，有机低分子/高分子聚合物溶解于溶剂中的含量为5-50wt％；
    优选的，所述有机溶剂为选自二乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯、醇酯十二和三丙二醇单甲醚组成的组中的一种或多种。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述有机载体占所述导电浆料的2.0～20wt％，所述导电粉末占所述导电浆料的75～95wt％；所述玻璃粉料占所述导电浆料的0.1～7wt％。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征在于，在制备得到的所述导电浆料中，所述有机溶剂占所述导电浆料的1～10wt％。
  9. 根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述黏合剂树酯和所述添加剂的组合物占所述导电浆料的1～10wt％。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述导电粉末包含至少一种具导电性的无机粉末；
    优选的，所述无机粉末为银粉。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述银粉的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述玻璃粉料为氧化铅-氧化铋-氧化碲-氧化钨为本体组成的；
    优选的，所述玻璃粉料还包含选自由氧化锂、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锶、氧化钡、氧化磷、氧化锌、二氧化硅、氧化硼、氧化钛和氧化镍组成的组中的一种或多种。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述玻璃粉料的平均粒径D50为0.1～10μm。
  14. 一种导电浆料，其特征在于，由如权利要求1至13中任一项所述的制备方法制备得到。
  15. 如权利要求14所述的导电浆料在制备太阳能电池中的应用。
  16. 一种太阳能电池电极，其特征在于，由权利要求14所述的导电浆料所制作而成；
    优选的，所述太阳能电池电极的宽度为10～40μm。
  17. 一种太阳能电池，包括电极，其特征在于，所述电极为如权利要求16所述的太阳能电池电极。
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