WO2020258802A1 - 一种计及pwm谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法 - Google Patents

一种计及pwm谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法 Download PDF

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WO2020258802A1
WO2020258802A1 PCT/CN2019/128886 CN2019128886W WO2020258802A1 WO 2020258802 A1 WO2020258802 A1 WO 2020258802A1 CN 2019128886 W CN2019128886 W CN 2019128886W WO 2020258802 A1 WO2020258802 A1 WO 2020258802A1
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motor
iron loss
loss
pwm
coefficient
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张冬冬
武新章
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Xian Jiaotong University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/26Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
    • G01R27/2688Measuring quality factor or dielectric loss, e.g. loss angle, or power factor
    • G01R27/2694Measuring dielectric loss, e.g. loss angle, loss factor or power factor
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/30Circuit design
    • G06F30/36Circuit design at the analogue level
    • G06F30/367Design verification, e.g. using simulation, simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis [SPICE], direct methods or relaxation methods

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  • the invention belongs to the field of AC motor loss analysis and calculation, and specifically relates to a method for calculating the iron loss resistance of a frequency conversion motor under PWM harmonic conditions.
  • the PWM variable frequency drive system is highly integrated with the induction motor.
  • the PWM variable frequency drive contains a large number of harmonic components, which have a great influence on the loss of induction motors.
  • the iron loss of the PWM variable frequency power supply induction motor should be quickly and accurately calculated.
  • the iron loss of induction motors can generally be calculated by road calculation (analytic calculation method) or field calculation (finite element method). Due to the consideration of the complex geometry and material properties of the motor, the iron loss calculated based on the finite element method is more accurate. However, the calculation amount of the iron loss model based on the finite element method is very large, which brings great difficulty to the real-time acquisition of iron loss.
  • the parameters required for motor control are all parameters in the induction motor equivalent circuit (path calculation parameters). Therefore, in order to optimize the efficiency of induction motors from the perspective of motor control, it is necessary to accurately account for the iron loss equivalent resistance in the induction motor equivalent circuit.
  • the equivalent resistance of the equivalent iron loss needs to be able to be calculated using the parameters in the equivalent circuit of the induction motor (obtained using analytical calculation methods).
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for calculating the iron loss resistance of a frequency conversion motor under PWM harmonic conditions.
  • the method is based on the piecewise variable coefficient iron loss model, and the induction motor
  • the iron loss resistance is expressed as a function of induced potential and speed, and it takes into account the additional iron loss caused by the harmonics of the PWM inverter and the surface and pulsation loss caused by the motor spatial harmonics, with high processing accuracy.
  • the invention discloses a method for calculating the iron loss resistance of a frequency conversion motor under the condition of PWM harmonics.
  • the magnetic density and frequency variables in the piecewise variable coefficient model are replaced with induced potential and speed variables respectively; the change of the basic iron loss of the motor with the power frequency is taken into account by the piecewise variable coefficient method, In this way, the basic iron loss of the variable frequency motor under the PWM harmonic conditions can be obtained.
  • the specific method for establishing the basic iron loss of the variable frequency motor under PWM harmonic conditions is as follows:
  • B m is the amplitude of the fundamental magnetic density
  • k h and ⁇ are the coefficients of the classical hysteresis loss term
  • f is the fundamental frequency of the supply voltage
  • k 1 and ⁇ 1 are the magnetic density term coefficients of the additional hysteresis loss, k 1 and ⁇ 1 Changes with magnetic density and frequency
  • N * is the equivalent number of turns per phase of the stator
  • S is the equivalent core cross-sectional area of the motor
  • E m1 is the amplitude of the fundamental induced electric potential
  • p is the pole of the motor logarithm
  • k e is the coefficient of the classical eddy current loss term
  • k 2 and ⁇ 2 are the coefficients of the additional eddy current loss magnetic density term
  • k 2 and ⁇ 2 vary with magnetic density and frequency.
  • the basic iron loss of the motor by the harmonics of the PWM inverter is also taken into account by introducing the coefficients related to the output voltage of the PWM inverter. With the influence.
  • the hysteresis and eddy current loss caused by the harmonics of the power supply voltage are compensated by a coefficient related to the power supply voltage of the induction motor, and the compensated hysteresis loss P H_PWM and eddy current loss P E_PWM are respectively:
  • E av is the average value of induced electric potential
  • E av1 is the average value of fundamental induced electric potential
  • E rms is the effective value of induced electric potential
  • E rms1 is the effective value of fundamental induced electric potential
  • e(t) is induced electric potential A function of time
  • T is the period of the fundamental wave of the induced electromotive force.
  • the influence of the motor cogging on the iron loss of the variable frequency motor is also considered.
  • stator pulsation loss P psL and rotor pulsation loss P prL of the induction motor caused by the slotting of the motor are respectively:
  • Z 2 is the number of rotor teeth
  • G t1 and G t2 are the weights of the stator and rotor teeth respectively
  • K L1 and K L2 are the harmonic load coefficients of the stator and rotor teeth respectively
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are The coefficients related to the slot width are as follows:
  • the total pulsation loss P pL of the stator and rotor of the variable frequency motor is:
  • the iron loss equivalent resistance R Fe is shown in equation (26), and equation (26) feedbacks that the iron loss resistance changes with the change of induced potential and speed:
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • the method for obtaining the iron loss resistance of the frequency conversion motor disclosed in the present invention replaces the magnetic density and frequency variables of the piecewise variable coefficient model with the induced potential and speed variables, and takes into account the basic iron loss of the motor with the power frequency through the piecewise variable coefficient method.
  • the coefficients related to the output voltage of the PWM inverter are introduced to account for the influence of the harmonics of the PWM inverter on the basic iron loss of the motor. Therefore, it is very convenient to suppress the basic iron loss of the motor when considering the harmonic conditions of the PWM inverter from the perspective of motor control;
  • the method for obtaining the iron loss resistance of the frequency conversion motor disclosed in the present invention takes into account the influence of the motor cogging on the iron loss of the frequency conversion motor, and formulates the fundamental wave amplitude and speed of the part of the loss induced electric potential. Therefore, it brings great convenience to suppress the loss caused by the motor cogging from the perspective of motor control;
  • the method for obtaining iron loss resistance disclosed in the present invention is not only suitable for solving iron loss resistance of ordinary variable frequency induction motors, but also can be used for permanent magnet motors, switched reluctance motors and other types of motors;
  • an accurate frequency conversion motor equivalent circuit under the condition of iron loss can be obtained. Specifically, taking a 5.5kW and a 30kW variable frequency induction motor as an example, their iron loss resistance change law is obtained. And use the two induction motors to verify the effectiveness of the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 is an equivalent circuit diagram of an induction motor taking into account the iron loss of the motor
  • Figure 2 shows the measured line voltage and current of the 5.5kW variable frequency motor at rated power supply
  • Figure 3 shows the measured line voltage and current of the 30kW variable frequency motor when the rated power is supplied
  • Figure 4 shows the change rule of iron loss resistance of 5.5kW induction motor
  • Figure 5 shows the change rule of iron loss resistance of 30kW induction motor
  • Figure 6a shows the comparison between calculation and actual measurement of iron loss of 5.5kW induction motor under sinusoidal power supply
  • Figure 6b shows the comparison between calculation and actual measurement of iron loss of 5.5kW induction motor under variable frequency power supply
  • Figure 7a shows the comparison between the iron loss calculation and actual measurement of a 30kW induction motor when the power supply is sinusoidal
  • Fig. 7b shows the comparison between calculation and actual measurement of iron loss of 30kW induction motor under variable frequency power supply.
  • the invention proposes a method for calculating the iron loss resistance of a frequency conversion motor under the condition of PWM harmonics. Based on a piecewise variable coefficient iron loss model, the iron loss resistance of an induction motor is expressed as a function of induced potential and speed. This method takes into account the additional iron loss caused by the harmonics of the PWM inverter and the surface and pulsation loss caused by the spatial harmonics of the motor.
  • the specific method for establishing the iron loss resistance of the frequency conversion motor under the conditions of PWM harmonics is as follows:
  • the limitation of the classic iron loss model is that when the magnetic density is greater than 1.2T or the frequency exceeds 400Hz, the iron loss value calculated by the classic model is smaller than the measured value; all the coefficients in the classic model are constant coefficients, so it cannot be applied to the motor When the magnetic density of the core has a large range of amplitude or frequency.
  • the hysteresis loss of the induction motor can be obtained by the following formula:
  • k 1 and ⁇ 1 are the additional hysteresis loss magnetic density term coefficients, which vary with magnetic density and frequency.
  • the eddy current loss of induction motor can be obtained by the following formula:
  • k 2 and ⁇ 2 are the additional eddy current loss magnetic density term coefficients, which vary with magnetic density and frequency.
  • N * is the equivalent number of turns per phase of the stator
  • S is the equivalent core cross-sectional area of the motor
  • t is the time
  • B(t) the magnetic flux density
  • E m1 is the amplitude of the fundamental induced electric potential.
  • p is the number of pole pairs of the motor.
  • induction motors generally use variable frequency speed regulation, their supply voltage is not a standard sine wave.
  • the hysteresis and eddy current loss caused by the harmonics of the supply voltage can be compensated by the coefficient related to the supply voltage of the induction motor.
  • the compensated hysteresis and eddy current loss are respectively:
  • induction motors generally use distributed winding structures to eliminate the air gap magnetic field generated by the 5, 7, 11, and 13 sub-space harmonic magnetomotive forces. Even if the motor stator uses full-pitch windings, compared to the first-tooth harmonic magnetic field. The iron loss of 5, 7, 11 and 13 sub-space harmonic magnetomotive force is negligible. Therefore, the present invention only takes into account the iron loss caused by the primary tooth harmonics. When ignoring voltage harmonics, the air gap magnetic density B ⁇ can be obtained by the following formula:
  • B ⁇ is the flux density
  • ⁇ 'p is the pole arc coefficient is calculated, related to the degree of core saturation
  • l motor air-gap width.
  • the surface loss of the tooth harmonic magnetic field caused by the stator slot on the rotor surface is related to the stator tooth pitch t 1 , the rotor tooth pitch t 2 , the motor speed ⁇ , and the rotor slot width b 02 .
  • the surface additional loss can be obtained by equation (15)
  • C surf0 is the no-load surface additional loss coefficient.
  • k 0 is a coefficient related to the material and processing factors of the silicon steel sheet
  • K ⁇ 1 is the air gap coefficient when the stator is slotted and the rotor surface is smooth
  • ⁇ 01 is the function of the width of the stator notch.
  • K L1 is the harmonic load factor of the stator teeth, and its value is a factor related to the motor load and the size of the stator and rotor cogging.
  • K L2 is the harmonic load factor of the rotor teeth
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the coefficients related to the width of the stator and rotor slots respectively, as shown in the following formula:
  • the iron loss of the motor is equal to the loss caused by the iron loss resistance on the induced potential.
  • the total iron consumption of the frequency conversion motor is shown in equation (25).
  • the change of the iron loss resistance with the speed and the modulation coefficient of the PWM frequency converter is calculated as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the switching frequency of the inverter is 5kHz.
  • the ratio of the induced potential to the frequency is guaranteed to remain unchanged; when the synchronous speed exceeds the rated synchronous speed, the induced potential is taken as a constant value. It can be seen that the higher the modulation factor of the PWM inverter, the higher the speed of the induction motor, the greater the iron loss equivalent resistance.
  • the method of the present invention based on the analytical method, the classical model based on the time-step finite element and the piecewise variable coefficient model are used to calculate the performance of a 5.5kW variable-frequency induction motor with specifications shown in Table 1 under the condition of sinusoidal power supply with different supply voltages. Iron loss.
  • Table 1 under the condition of sinusoidal power supply with different supply voltages. Iron loss.
  • Figure 6a and Figure 6b The comparison between actual measurement and simulation is shown in Figure 6a and Figure 6b. It can be seen that the calculated value of the method of the present invention and the piecewise variable coefficient model is very close to the actual measured value.
  • the method of the present invention based on the analytical method, the classical model based on the time-step finite element and the piecewise variable coefficient model are used to calculate the iron of a 30kW variable frequency induction motor with different supply voltages and sinusoidal power supply conditions as shown in Table 2. Consumption.
  • the comparison between actual measurement and simulation is shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b. It can be seen that the calculated values of the method of the present invention and the segmented variable coefficient model are very close to the actual measured values.
  • the present invention discloses a method for obtaining the iron loss resistance of a variable frequency motor under PWM harmonic conditions. Based on the piecewise variable coefficient iron loss model, the induction motor iron loss is expressed as a function of induced potential and speed . This method takes into account the additional iron loss caused by the harmonics of the PWM inverter, and considers the influence of the motor's spatial harmonic components on the surface of the stator and rotor teeth and the pulsation loss. Based on the analytical calculation method of the iron loss of the PWM variable-frequency power supply induction motor, the present invention obtains the equivalent circuit model of the variable-frequency induction motor under the condition of considering the iron loss.
  • the method of the present invention is used to obtain their equivalent resistance change law. And using the method of the present invention, the classical model based on time-stepping finite element and the piecewise variable coefficient model based on time-stepping finite element respectively, the iron losses of the above two frequency conversion induction motors at different speeds are calculated, and compared with the actual measurement, the comparison result shows The method in this paper has high accuracy.

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Abstract

一种计及PWM谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,属于交流电机损耗分析及计算领域,该方法以分段变系数铁耗模型为基础,将感应电机铁耗电阻表示成感应电势和转速的函数。该方法计及了由PWM变频器谐波产生的附加铁耗以及由电机空间谐波产生的表面和脉振损耗。利用该方法,可以获得计及铁耗条件下的精确变频电机等效电路。最后,以一台5.5kW和一台30kW变频感应电机为例,获得了它们的铁耗电阻变化规律。并利用这两台感应电机验证该方法的有效性。

Description

一种计及PWM谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法 技术领域
本发明属于交流电机损耗分析及计算领域,具体涉及一种计及PWM谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法。
背景技术
现阶段PWM变频驱动系统与感应电机高度集成。PWM变频驱动含有大量的谐波成分,这些谐波成分对感应电机损耗有很大的影响。为降低电机铁耗,首先应能够快速准确的计算PWM变频供电感应电机的铁耗。感应电机铁耗一般可以通过路算(解析计算方法)或场算(有限元方法)。由于考虑了电机的复杂的几何以及材料特性,基于有限元方法计算的铁耗更加精确。但是,基于有限元方法的铁耗模型计算量是非常大的,这给铁耗的实时获得带来了很大的难度。另外,电机控制所需要的参数均是在感应电机等效电路中参数(路算参数)。因此,为从电机控制的角度优化感应电机的效率,需要在感应电机等效电路准确的计及铁耗等值电阻。该等效铁耗等值电阻需要能够利用感应电机等效电路中参数计算(利用解析计算方法获得)。
为了能够在感应电机设计初始阶段,获得较为准确的电机铁耗,许多学者从不同的角度提出了许多铁耗计算模型。其中,广泛应用的经典铁耗模型是通过对Steinmetz方程进行优化而获得的;经典铁耗模型按照铁耗产生的因素不同,将铁耗分为磁滞和涡流损耗,模型的系数均为常数。由于铁磁材料的复杂非线性特性,当感应电机工作在转速和电压幅值变化范围较大时,经典铁耗模型将不再适用。为了考虑谐波磁场对感应电机定转子铁芯损耗的影响,文献“张冬冬,赵海森等.用于电机损耗精细化分析的分段变系数铁耗计算模型[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(15):16-24.”和“张冬冬,郭新志等.基于DFT的感应电机转子谐波磁通密度高 效分离方法及负载条件下变频电机转子铁耗特性[J].电工技术学报,2019,34(01):75-83.”提出一种分段变系数铁耗模型,该模型可以准确计算的计算变频电机铁耗。但是该模型是基于有限元方法的,因此计算速度仍旧非常慢。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的缺点,本发明的目的在于提供一种计及PWM谐波条件下的变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,该方法以分段变系数铁耗模型为基础,将感应电机铁耗电阻表示成感应电势和转速的函数,并计及了由PWM变频器谐波产生的附加铁耗以及由电机空间谐波产生的表面和脉振损耗,处理精度高。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案予以实现:
本发明公开的一种计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,
以分段变系数模型为基础,将分段变系数模型中的磁密和频率变量分别用感应电势和转速变量替换;通过分段变系数的方式计及电机基本铁耗随电源频率的变化,从而求解得到PWM谐波条件下变频电机的基本铁耗。
优选地,建立计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机基本铁耗的具体方法如下:
以转速和感应电势表示的磁滞损耗P H_sin,如式(8)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000001
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000002
B m为基波磁密幅值;k h和α为经典磁滞损耗项系数;f为供电电压基波频率;k 1和β 1为附加磁滞损耗磁密项系数,k 1和β 1随磁密和频率变化;N *是定子每相串联等效匝数,S是电机等效铁心横截面积;E m1为基波感应电势的幅值;同步转速Ω 1;p为电机的极对数;
以转速和感应电势表示的涡流损耗P E_sin,如式(9)所示
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000003
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000004
k e为经典涡流损耗项系数;k 2和β 2为附加涡流损耗磁密项系数,k 2和β 2随磁密和频率变化。
优选地,将分段变系数模型的磁密和频率变量用感应电势和转速变量替换的同时,还通过引入与PWM变频器输出电压相关的系数来计及PWM变频器谐波对电机基本铁耗随的影响。
进一步优选地,由供电电压谐波引起的磁滞和涡流损耗,用与感应电机供电电压有关的系数来补偿,补偿后的磁滞损耗P H_PWM和涡流损耗P E_PWM分别为:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000005
P E_PWM=χ 2P E_sin  (11)
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000007
式中,E av为感应电势的平均值;E av1为基波感应电势的平均值;E rms为感应电势的有效值;E rms1为基波感应电势的有效值;e(t)为感应电势随时间变化的函数;T为感应电动势基波周期。
优选地,将分段变系数模型的磁密和频率变量用感应电势和转速变量替换的同时,还考虑电机齿槽对变频电机铁耗的影响。
进一步优选地,具体求解如下:
由于电机开槽产生的表面附加铁耗P surfL,如式(16)所示:
P surfL=C surfLE m1 2Ω 1.5   (16)
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000008
C surfL=K L1C surf0    (18)
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000009
Z 1为定子齿数;α' p为计算极弧系数,该系数与铁心饱和程度有关;l m为电机轴长;D 2为转子外径;l δ为电机气隙宽度;Ω为电机转速;C surf0为空载表面附加损耗系数;k 0是与硅钢片材质和加工因素相关的系数;K δ1为定子开槽,转子表面光滑时的气隙系数;β 01为定子槽口宽度的函数,其具体数值可查表获取;K L1为定子齿谐波负载系数,其值与电机负载、定转子齿槽尺寸等相关的系数;t 1为定子齿距;t 2为转子齿距;b 02为转子槽口宽度b 02
由于电机开槽产生的引起感应电机定子脉振损耗P psL和转子脉振损耗P prL分别为:
P psL=C psLE m1 2Ω 2  (19)
P prL=C prLE m1 2Ω 2  (20)
其中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000011
式中,Z 2为转子齿数;G t1和G t2分别为电机定转子齿的重量;K L1和K L2分别为定子和转子齿谐波负载系数;γ 1和γ 2分别为与定子、转子槽口宽度相关的系数,如下式所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000012
变频电机定转子总的脉振损耗P pL为:
P pL=C psLE m1 2Ω 2+C prLE m1 2Ω 2
=(C psL+C prL)E m1 2Ω 2   (24)
=C pLE m1 2Ω 2
该模型将电机铁耗等于并在感应电势上的铁耗电阻产生的损耗,变频电机总铁耗如式(25)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000013
铁耗等效电阻R Fe如式(26)所示,式(26)反馈出该铁耗电阻随感应电势和转速的变化而变化:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000014
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1)本发明公开的变频电机铁耗电阻获得方法将分段变系数模型的磁密和频率变量用感应电势和转速变量替换,通过分段变系数的方式计及电机基本铁耗随电源频率的变化,并引入与PWM变频器输出电压相关的系数来计及PWM变频器谐波对电机基本铁耗随的影响。因此为从电机控制的角度抑制计及PWM变频器谐波条件时电机基本铁耗带来了极大的方便;
2)本发明公开的变频电机铁耗电阻获得方法,考虑了电机齿槽对变频电机铁耗的影响,并将该部分损耗感应电势基波幅值和转速的方程。因此为从电机控制的角度抑制由电机齿槽产生的损耗带来了极大的方便;
3)本发明公开的铁耗电阻的获得方法,不仅适用于普通变频感应电机铁耗电阻求解,也可以用于永磁电机、开关磁阻电机及其它类型电机;
4)利用本发明可以获得计及铁耗条件下的精确变频电机等效电路。具体地,以一台5.5kW和一台30kW变频感应电机为例,获得了它们的铁耗电阻变化规律。并利用这两台感应电机验证本发明方法的有效性。
附图说明
图1为计及电机铁耗条件下的感应电机等效电路图;
图2为额定供电时,5.5kW变频电机实测线电压和电流;
图3为额定供电时,30kW变频电机实测线电压和电流;
图4为5.5kW感应电机铁耗电阻变化规律;
图5为30kW感应电机铁耗电阻变化规律;
图6a为正弦供电时,5.5kW感应电机铁耗计算与实测对比;
图6b为变频供电时,5.5kW感应电机铁耗计算与实测对比;
图7a为正弦供电时,30kW感应电机铁耗计算与实测对比;
图7b为变频供电时,30kW感应电机铁耗计算与实测对比。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明方案,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分的实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
需要说明的是,本发明的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别类似的对象,而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换,以便这里描述的本发明的实施例能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。此外,术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变形,意图在于覆盖不排他的包含,例如,包含了一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或设备不必限于清楚地列出的那些步骤或单元,而是可包括没有清楚地列出的或对于这些过程、方法、产品或设备固有的其它步骤或单元。
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步详细描述:
本发明提出的一种计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻计算方法,以分段变系数铁耗模型为基础,将感应电机铁耗电阻表示成感应电势和转速的函数。该方法计及了由PWM变频器谐波产生的附加铁耗以及由电机空间谐波产生的表面和脉振损耗。具体建立计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻方法如下:
经典铁耗模型的局限在于,当磁密大于1.2T或频率超过400Hz时,由经典 模型计算的铁耗值较实测值偏小;经典模型中的所有系数均为常系数,因此无法适用于电机铁心磁密的幅值或频率变化范围较大的情况。
为了在感应电机供电电压和转速变化较大时获得较为精确的预测值,感应电机磁滞损耗可由下式求出:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000015
式中,k 1和β 1为附加磁滞损耗磁密项系数,它们随磁密和频率变化。
感应电机涡流损耗可由下式求出:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000016
式中,k 2和β 2为附加涡流损耗磁密项系数,它们随磁密和频率变化。
由于感应电机铁心齿部和轭部磁密分布并不是均匀,这给求解电机定子齿部、轭部和转子齿部、轭部的等效截面积带来了困难。在求解电机铁心等效面积时,忽略感应电机铁心齿部和轭部磁密分布的不均匀性。在忽略因感应电机齿槽等由自身结构因素产生的空间谐波和漏磁通的条件下,认为电机轭部磁密只走切向,齿部磁密只走径向。并且由于感应电机转差频率一般非常低,因此,忽略转子侧的基本铁耗。此时,感应电势e(t)与磁密变化率的关系为
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000017
式中,N *是定子每相串联等效匝数,S是电机等效铁心横截面积,t为时间,B(t)磁通密度。
由式(3)可得:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000018
则基波电势于基波磁密的关系为:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000019
其中,E m1为基波感应电势的幅值。
下面用感应电机的同步转速Ω 1来替换供电电压基波频率f。它们之间的关系为:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000020
式中,p为电机的极对数。
将式(6)带入式(5),可得:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000021
将式(7)带入式(1)可以求出以转速和感应电势表示的磁滞损耗,如式(8)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000022
同理,将式(7)带入式(2)可以求出以转速和感应电势表示的涡流损耗,如式(9)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000023
由于现在感应电机一般都是应用变频调速的,所以其供电电压并不是标准的正弦波。由供电电压谐波引起的磁滞和涡流损耗,可以用与感应电机供电电压有关的系数来补偿,补偿后的磁滞和涡流损耗分别为:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000024
P E_PWM=χ 2P E_sin     (11)
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000026
现在感应电机一般采用分布绕组结构来消除由于5、7、11和13等次空间谐波磁动势产生的气隙磁场,即使电机定子采用整距绕组,相较于由一次齿谐波磁场产生的铁耗,由5、7、11和13等次空间谐波磁动势产生的铁耗是可以忽略不计的。因此,本发明仅计及由一次齿谐波产生的铁耗。忽略电压谐波时,气隙磁密B δ可由下式求出:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000027
式中,B δ为气隙磁密;α' p为计算极弧系数,铁心饱和程度有关;l δ为电机气隙宽度。
由定子开槽引起的齿谐波磁场在转子表面产生表面损耗与定子齿距t 1、转子齿距t 2、电机转速Ω以及转子槽口宽度b 02等参数有关。空载时,表面附加损耗可由式(15)求出
P surf0=C surf0E m1 2Ω 1.5  (15)
式中,C surf0为空载表面附加损耗系数。
负载时的表面损耗可由式(16)求出:
P surfL=C surfLE m1 2Ω 1.5  (16)
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000028
C surfL=K L1C surf0   (18)
式中,k 0是与硅钢片材质和加工因素相关的系数;K δ1为定子开槽,转子表面光滑时的气隙系数;β 01为定子槽口宽度的函数,其具体数值可查表获取;K L1为定子齿谐波负载系数,其值与电机负载、定转子齿槽尺寸等相关的系数。
由于电机的齿槽效应,电机定转齿槽对应关系将不断变化。定转齿槽对应关系将不断变化将引起铁心磁导的变化,进而导致定转子齿部磁密产生波动。由定转子齿部磁密的波动将引起感应电机定转子脉振损耗分别为:
P psL=C psLE m1 2Ω 2  (19)
P prL=C prLE m1 2Ω 2  (20)
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000030
式中,K L2为转子齿谐波负载系数;γ 1和γ 2分别为与定子、转子槽口宽度相关的系数,如下式所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000031
所以,感应电机定转子总的脉振损耗为:
P pL=C psLE m1 2Ω 2+C prLE m1 2Ω 2
=(C psL+C prL)E m1 2Ω 2   (24)
=C pLE m1 2Ω 2
该模型将电机铁耗等于并在感应电势上的铁耗电阻产生的损耗。变频电机总铁耗如式(25)所示。
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000032
其中,铁耗等效电阻R Fe如式(26)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000033
从式(26)可以看出,该铁耗电阻随感应电势和转速的变化而变化。且表达式将变频电机铁耗电阻表示成感应电势基波电势和转速的函数,非常容易获得。
实施例1
以一台5.5kW变频感应电机,其参数分别如表1所示。额定条件下,两台电机的电压和电流波形如附图2所示。利用本发明提出的铁耗电阻的求解方法,计算了其铁耗电阻随转速和PWM变频器的调制系数的变化情况如附图4。其中,变频器的开关频率为5kHz,当转速低于额定同步转速时,保证感应电势与频率的比值不变;当同步转速超过额定同步转速时,取感应电势为恒定值。可以看出,PWM逆变器的调制系数越高,感应电机转速越高铁耗等值电阻越大。
实施例2
以一台30kW变频感应电机,其参数分别如表2所示。额定条件下,两台电机的电压和电流波形如附图3所示。利用本发明提出的铁耗电阻的求解方法,计算了其铁耗电阻随转速和PWM变频器的调制系数的变化情况如附图5。其中,变频器的开关频率为5kHz,当转速低于额定同步转速时,保证感应电势与频率的比值不变;当同步转速超过额定同步转速时,取感应电势为恒定值。可以看出,PWM逆变器的调制系数越高,感应电机转速越高铁耗等值电阻越大。
实施例3
分别利用基于解析方法的本发明方法以及基于时步有限元的经典模型和分段变系数模型计算了一台规格如表1所示的5.5kW的变频感应电机在不同供电电压正弦供电条件下的铁耗。实测与仿真对比如图6a和图6b所示。可以看出, 而本发明方法和分段变系数模型计算值则非常接近实测值。
实施例4
分别利用基于解析方法的本发明方法以及基于时步有限元的经典模型和分段变系数模型计算了一台规格如表2所示的30kW的变频感应电机在不同供电电压正弦供电条件下的铁耗。实测与仿真对比如图7a和图7b所示。可以看出,本发明方法和分段变系数模型计算值非常接近实测值。
表1 5.5kW感应电机的规参数
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000034
表2 30kW感应电机的规格参数
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000035
Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-000036
综上所述,本发明公开的一种计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻获得方法,以分段变系数铁耗模型为基础,将感应电机铁耗表示成感应电势和转速的函数。该方法计及了由PWM变频器谐波产生的附加铁耗,并且考虑了电机空间谐波分量对定转子齿部表面和脉振损耗的影响。基于文中的PWM变频供电感应电机铁耗的解析计算方法,本发明获得了计及铁耗条件下的变频感应电机等效电路模型。最后,以一台5.5kW和一台30kW变频感应电机为例,利用本发明方法求解获得了它们的等值电阻变化规律。并分别利用本发明方法、基于时步有限元的经典模型和基于时步有限元的分段变系数模型计算了上述两台变频感应电机在不同转速的铁耗,并与实测对比,对比结果显示本文方法精度较高。
以上内容仅为说明本发明的技术思想,不能以此限定本发明的保护范围,凡是按照本发明提出的技术思想,在技术方案基础上所做的任何改动,均落入本发明权利要求书的保护范围之内。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于:
    以分段变系数模型为基础,将分段变系数模型中的磁密和频率变量分别用感应电势和转速变量替换;通过分段变系数的方式计及电机基本铁耗随电源频率的变化,从而求解得到PWM谐波条件下变频电机的基本铁耗。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于,建立计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机基本铁耗的具体方法如下:
    以转速和感应电势表示的磁滞损耗P H_sin,如式(8)所示:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100001
    式中,
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100002
    B m为基波磁密幅值;k h和α为经典磁滞损耗项系数;f为供电电压基波频率;k 1和β 1为附加磁滞损耗磁密项系数,k 1和β 1随磁密和频率变化;N *是定子每相串联等效匝数,S是电机等效铁心横截面积;E m1为基波感应电势的幅值;同步转速Ω 1;p为电机的极对数;
    以转速和感应电势表示的涡流损耗P E_sin,如式(9)所示
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100003
    式中,
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100004
    k e为经典涡流损耗项系数;k 2和β 2为附加涡流损耗磁密项系数,k 2和β 2随磁密和频率变化。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于,将分段变系数模型的磁密和频率变量用感应电势和转速变量替换的同时,还通过引入与PWM变频器输出电压相关的系数来计及PWM变频 器谐波对电机基本铁耗随的影响。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于,由供电电压谐波引起的磁滞和涡流损耗,用与感应电机供电电压有关的系数来补偿,补偿后的磁滞损耗P H_PWM和涡流损耗P E_PWM分别为:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100005
    P E_PWM=χ 2P E_sin  (11)
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100006
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100007
    式中,E av为感应电势的平均值;E av1为基波感应电势的平均值;E rms为感应电势的有效值;E rms1为基波感应电势的有效值;e(t)为感应电势随时间变化的函数;T为感应电动势基波周期。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于,将分段变系数模型的磁密和频率变量用感应电势和转速变量替换的同时,还考虑电机齿槽对变频电机铁耗的影响。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的计及PWM谐波条件下变频电机铁耗电阻的计算方法,其特征在于,具体求解如下:
    由于电机开槽产生的表面附加铁耗P surfL,如式(16)所示:
    P surfL=C surfLE m1 2Ω 1.5  (16)
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100008
    C surfL=K L1C surf0  (18)
    式中,
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100009
    Z 1为定子齿数;α' p为计算极弧系数,该系数与铁心饱和程度有关;l m为电机轴长;D 2为转子外径;l δ为电机气隙宽度;Ω为电机转速;C surf0为空载表面附加损耗系数;k 0是与硅钢片材质和加工因素相关的系数;K δ1为定子开槽,转子表面光滑时的气隙系数;β 01为定子槽口宽度的函数,其具体数值可查表获取;K L1为定子齿谐波负载系数,其值与电机负载、定转子齿槽尺寸等相关的系数;t 1为定子齿距;t 2为转子齿距;b 02为转子槽口宽度b 02
    由于电机开槽产生的引起感应电机定子脉振损耗P psL和转子脉振损耗P prL分别为:
    P psL=C psLE m1 2Ω 2  (19)
    P prL=C prLE m1 2Ω 2  (20)
    其中,
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100010
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100011
    式中,Z 2为转子齿数;G t1和G t2分别为电机定转子齿的重量;K L1和K L2分别为定子和转子齿谐波负载系数;γ 1和γ 2分别为与定子、转子槽口宽度相关的系数,如下式所示:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100012
    变频电机定转子总的脉振损耗P pL为:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100013
    该模型将电机铁耗等于并在感应电势上的铁耗电阻产生的损耗,变频电机总铁耗如式(25)所示:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100014
    铁耗等效电阻R Fe如式(26)所示,式(26)反馈出该铁耗电阻随感应电势和转速的变化而变化:
    Figure PCTCN2019128886-appb-100015
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CN111596208B (zh) * 2020-04-23 2022-05-31 武汉船用电力推进装置研究所(中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所) 一种永磁电机损耗在线测试装置及其方法
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CN113328674B (zh) * 2021-06-07 2022-08-09 广西大学 一种计及时空谐波条件的高速永磁电机永磁体损耗补偿方法及系统
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