Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M145/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
  • C10M145/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate monocarboxylic
  • C10M145/14—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
  • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
  • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricant comprising a polyacrylate which contains a C 13/15 acrylate in polymerized form, where the C 13/15 acrylate comprises at least 70 wt% of linear and branched C 13 and C 15 alkyl (meth)acrylates. It further relates to the polyacrylate, to the C 13/15 acrylate, to a method for preparing the polyacrylate by free-radical polymerization of the C 13/15 acrylate, and to a method for preparing a lubricant by contacting the polyacrylate to a base oil. Combinations of preferred embodiments with other preferred embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
• Lubricants comprising poly(alkyl)(meth)acrylates are known, yet they need still improvement.
• the object was solved by a lubricant comprising a polyacrylate which contains a C 13/15 acrylate in polymerized form, where the C 13/15 acrylate comprises at least 70 wt% of linear and branched Ci 3 and Ci 5 alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the object was also solved by the polyacrylate.
• the object was also solved by the C 13/15 acrylate.
• the object was also solved by a method for preparing the polyacrylate by free-radical polymerization of the C 13/15 acrylate.
• the object was also solved by a method for preparing a lubricant by contacting the polyacrylate to a base oil.
• the C 13/15 acrylate is usually a technical mixture of alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the C 13/15 acrylate is usually a monomer in a technical grade, which typically contains a technical mixture of alkyl (meth) acrylates, e.g. C 12 -C 16 alkyl(meth)acrylates.
• Technical grade monomers are commercially available in large scale, such as those named in the comparative examples of this application.
• the C 13/15 acrylate is a technical mixture of alkyl (meth)acrylates in the form of a commercially available monomer.
• the C 13/1S acrylate comprises at least 70 wt%, such as at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97 or 99 wt% of linear and branched C 13 and C 15 alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the C 13/15 acrylate comprises at least four different linear and branched C 13 and C 15 alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the wt% of the various alkyl (meth)acrylates in the C 13/15 acrylate is usually determined by the GC analysis of the C 13/15 alcohol, which were used for preparation of the C 13/15 acrylate.
• the area% of the GC usually correspond to wt%.
• the wt% of the various alkyl (meth)acrylates in the C13/15 acrylate usually relates to the whole technical mixture of the alkyl (meth)acrylates (e.g. the C12-C16 alkyl(meth)acrylates) in the C13/15 acrylate.
• 100 g of a Monomer X in a technical grade may consist of a mixture of C12-C16 alkyl(meth)acrylates, wherein 80 g are linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl
• (meth) acrylates 10 g are C12 alkyl(meth)acrylates, 10 g are C M alkyl(meth)acrylates, and traces of C16 alkyl(meth)acrylates. This would correspond roughly to 80 wt% of of linear and branched Ci 3 and Ci 5 alkyl (meth)acrylates, 10 wt% of C12 alkyl(meth)acrylates, 10 wt% of CM
• the term“(meth)acrylate” may refer to acrylate and/or methacrylate, where the latter is preferred.
• the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates preferably comprise C13 and Ci 5 alkyl methacrylates.
• the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates usually refers to a mixture of different alkyl (meth)acrylates, where the alkyl groups are a mixture of linear and branched tridecyl and linear and branched pentadecyl.
• a linear C 13 alkyl (meth)acrylate can also be called a n-tridecyl (meth)acrylate.
• a linear C 15 alkyl (meth)acrylate can also be called a n-pentadecyl (meth)acrylate.
• branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates are possible, such as 2-methyl branched, 2-ethyl branched or higher branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the term higher branched alkyl may summarize alkyl which has C3 and longer alkyl branches at the 2 position, alkyl which a branch at a position other than the 2 position, and alkyl with more than one branch.
• Prefered are 2-methyl branched and 2-ethyl branched C13 and C15 alkyl
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise
• the C 13/15 acrylate may comprise
• the C13/1 S acrylate may comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 50 wt% of branched C13 and Ci5 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise up to 80, 70, 60, 55, or 50 wt% of branched Ci 3 and Ci 5 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 20 to 70 wt%, preferably 30 to 60 wt%, and in particular 40 to 50 wt% of branched C13 and C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13/1 S acrylate may comprise 30 to 70 wt%, preferably 40 to 70 wt%, and in particular 50 to 60 wt% of branched C13 and C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13/1 S acrylate may comprise at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35 wt% of branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise up to 60, 50, 40, 35, or 30 wt% of branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 5 to 60 wt%, preferably 15 to 50 wt%, and in particular 20 to 40 wt% of branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 20 to 60 wt%, preferably 25 to 50 wt%, and in particular 30 to 50 wt% of branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise at least 5, 10, or 15 wt% of branched C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise up to 40, 30 or 20 wt% of branched C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 5 to 50 wt%, preferably 5 to 40 wt%, and in particular 10 to 30 wt% of branched C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13/1 S acrylate may comprise at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, or 60 wt% of linear and branched Ci3 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise up to 90, 85, 80, 75, or 70 wt% of linear and branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 35 to 85 wt%, preferably 45 to 80 wt%, and in particular 55 to 75 wt% of linear and branched C13 alkyl groups.
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise at least 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 wt% of linear and branched C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise up to 60, 50, or 40 wt% of linear and branched Ci5 alkyl groups.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise 10 to 60 wt%, preferably 20 to 50 wt%, and in particular 25 to 40 wt% of linear and branched C15 alkyl groups.
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of C13 alkyl to C15 alkyl in a range from 90: 10 to 30:70, 90: 10 to 40:60, 80:20 to 50:50, or 75:25 to 60:40.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of C13 alkyl to C15 alkyl in a range from 90: 10 to 40:60, and in particular 80:20 to 50:50.
• the C13 / 1 S acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of branched C13 and C15 alkyl to linear C13 and Ci5 alkyl in a range from 5 : 1 to 1 : 5, 3 : 1 to 1 : 3, 2 : 1 to 1 : 2, or 1.5 : 1 to 1 : 1.5.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of branched C13 and C15 alkyl to linear C13 and C15 alkyl in a range from 1 : 1.05 to 1 : 3, 1 : 1.10 to 1 : 3, 1 : 1.15 to 1 : 2.5, or 1 : 1.20 to 1 : 2.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of branched C13 and Ci5 alkyl to linear C13 and C15 alkyl in a range from 1 : 1.1 to 1 : 3, and in particular from 1 : 1.15 to 1 : 2.5.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of branched C13 and Ci5 alkyl to linear C13 and C15 alkyl in a range from 1.05 : 1 to 3 : 1 , 1.1 : 1 to 3 : 1 , 1.15 : 1 to 2.5 : 1 , or 1.2 : 1 to 2 : 1.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise a weight ratio of branched C13 and C15 alkyl to linear C13 and C15 alkyl in a range from 1.1 : 1 to 3 : 1 , and in particular from 1.15 : 1 to 2.5 : 1.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise other alkyl (meth)acrylates in addition to the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates, such as C12, CM and Cie alkyl(meth)acrylates.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of other alkyl (meth)acrylates in addition to the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of each C12, CM and Cie alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the C13/15 acrylate may preferably comprise less than 5 wt%, and in particular less than 1 wt% of each C12, CM and Cie alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of CM alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2,
• Cie alkyl (meth)acrylate 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of Cie alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the C13/15 acrylate may comprise less than 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.3 or 0.1 wt% of the sum of C12, CM and Cie alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the Ci3/15 acrylate may be prepared by reacting (meth)acrylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of at least one acidic catalyst, optionally in the presence of at least one polymerization inhibitor and optionally in the presence of a solvent. Suitable processes are described in
• Useful acidic catalysts include the mineral acids and sulfonic acids, preferably sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, alkylsulfonic acids (e.g. methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) and arylsulfonic acids (e.g. benzene-, p-toluene-, or dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) or mixtures thereof, but acidic ion exchangers or zeolites are also conceivable.
• Acidic catalysts are sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable polymerization inhibitors are at least one compound from the group of hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl, bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2 methyl-4-tert- butylphenol, hypophosphorous acid, copper acetate, copper(ll) chloride, copper salicylate and cerium(lll) acetate. Preference is given to phenothiazine and/or hydroquinone monomethyl ether
• Suitable solvents for azeotropic removal of the water of reaction are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof. Preference is given to n-pentane, n-hexane, n-hep- tane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, toluene or xylene.
• the Ci 3/15 acrylate comprises the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl (meth)acrylates, where the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl groups are derived from linear and branched C13 and Ci 5 alkanols.
• the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkanols are usually a technical mixture of linear and branched tridecanols and linear and branched pentadecanols, and in the following also called C 13/15 alkanols.
• the C13/15 alkanols are usually primary alcohols.
• the C 13/15 alkanols are typically obtainable by reacting a monoolefin mixture of C12 and C M olefins with carbon monooxide and hydrogen, for example according to WO 2002/00580.
• the linear and branched C13 and C15 alkyl groups of the C13/15 acrylate are derived from a C13/15 alkanol obtained by reacting a monoolefin mixture of C12 and olefins with carbon monooxide and hydrogen.
• the C13/15 alkanols may be prepared by a process where a) a monoolefin mixture is prepared, substantively comprising olefins having 12 and 14
• the process preferably uses a monoolefin mixture produced on an industrial scale.
• these are the Ziegler olefins obtained by controlled oligomerization of ethene in the presence of alkylaluminum catalysts. They also include the olefins obtained by oligomerization of ethene in the presence of various catalyst systems, e.g. the olefins obtained in the presence of alkylaluminum chloride/titanium tetrachloride catalysts, or in the presence of nickel-phosphine complex catalysts using the Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP).
• SHOP Shell Higher Olefin Process
• Other suitable industrially accessible olefin mixtures are obtained in the paraffin-dehydrogenation of appropriate mineral oil fractions, e.g. of what are known as the petroleum or diesel oil fractions.
• thermal cracking steam-cracking
• catalytic dehydrogenation catalytic dehydrogenation
• chemical dehydrogenation via chlorination and dehydrochlorination.
• Thermal cracking here leads mainly to a-olefins
• olefin mixtures which generally include olefins having a non-terminal double bond.
• suitable olefin mixtures are the olefins obtained in metathesis reactions or telomerization reactions. Examples of these are the olefins from the Philipps triolefin process, a modified SHOP process comprising ethylene
• oligomerization double-bond isomerization
• metathesis etheneolysis
• Other processes for preparing suitable olefins are the preparation of a,w-diolefins by ring-opening etheneolysis of cycloolefins, the metathesis polymerization of cycloolefins to give
• Etheneolysis generally gives a high concentration of n-a-olefins.
• C12-C14 olefins Industrially accessible monoolefin mixtures of olefins having 12 carbon atoms and olefins having 14 carbon atoms are also called C12-C14 olefins. Preference is given to mixtures in which the ratio of olefins having 12 carbon atoms to olefins having 14 carbon atoms is in the range from 90: 10 to 50:50 by weight, preferably from 70:30 to 60:40 by weight. Particular preference is given to C12-C14 olefins in which the ratio of mixing of the olefins is in the region of about 2: 1.
• the process is advantageously suitable for preparing alcohol mixtures from industrially accessible monoolefin mixtures which generally comprise not only linear a-olefins but also olefins having non-terminal double bonds and branched olefins.
• the process is therefore more cost-effective than prior art processes which are dependent on the use of linear a-olefins, or in which olefins other than linear a-olefins are not converted into useful products.
• Suitable industrial monoolefin mixtures generally have up to 15% by weight of olefins other than a-ole- fins.
• R a is alkyl, preferably Ci-C 6 -alkyl, in particular methyl or ethyl.
• processes which give vinylidene- branched olefin isomers of this type are the dimerization of low-molecular-weight olefin cuts or the incorporation of higher n-1 -olefins during ethene oligomerization in the Ziegler process.
• the process preferably uses a monoolefin mixture which, based on the total olefin content, comprises from 85 to 95% by weight of linear a-olefins, from 1 to 5% by weight of linear non terminal olefins, from 5 to 10% by weight of vinylidene-branched olefins, and, where
• olefin isomers differing therefrom.
• other olefin isomers include, for example, isomers which have more than one branching point, and isomers having a longer-chain vinylidene branch.
• step b) takes place under conditions in which it is not only the linear a-olefins which are hydroformylated but essentially all of the olefins in the monoolefin mixture used.
• Suitalbe catalysts used for the hydroformylation in step b) derive usually from conventional rhodium complexes or salts known to the skilled worker, as usually used in hydroformylation reactions.
• the amount used of the rhodium catalysts is generally in the range from about 1 to 150 ppm, preferably from 1 to 100 ppm.
• the ligands preferably used here enable the catalyst, under the reaction conditions, to catalyze both the hydroformylation of linear a-olefins and that of olefins having non-terminal double bonds and/or that of branched olefins.
• the catalyst used in step b) preferably has at least one ligand selected among compounds capable of forming complexes and having carbonyl, carboxylate, hydride, sulfate, or nitrate groups, or having nitrogen-containing and/or
• Suitable rhodium catalysts or rhodium catalyst precursors are rhodium(ll) salts and rhodium(lll) salts, such as rhodium(lll) chloride, rhodium(lll) nitrate, rhodium(lll) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate (rhodium alum), rhodium(ll) carboxylate, rhodium(lll) carboxylate, preferably rhodium(ll) acetate or rhodium(lll) acetate, rhodium(ll) ethyl hexanoate or rhodium(lll) ethylhexanoate, rhodium(lll) oxide, salts of rhodium(lll)
• rhodium catalysts are rhodium complexes of the formula RhX m L 1 L 2 (L 3 ) n , where X is halide, preferably chloride, or bromide, alkyl carboxylate, aryl carboxylate, acetylacetonate, arylsulfonate or alkylsulfonate, in particular phenylsulfonate or toluenesulfonate, hydride or the diphenyltriazine anion, and L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 , independently of one another, are CO, olefins, cycloolefins, preferably cyclooctadiene (COD).
• COD cyclooctadiene
• X is preferably hydride, chloride, bromide, acetate, tosylate, acetylacetonate, or the diphenyltriazine anion, in particular hydride, chloride or acetate.
• Other suitable catalysts are listed in WO 2002/00580, page 7, line 11 to page 23, line 34 and the literature cited therein.
• the reaction temperature is generally in the range from room temperature to 200° C., preferably from 50 to 180° C., in particular from 80 to 150° C.
• the reaction may be carried out at an elevated pressure from about 10 to 1000 bar, preferably from 20 to 650 bar, in particular from 80 to 350 bar.
• the molar ratio H2:CO is generally from about 1 :5 to about 5:1 , preferably from 1 :2 to 2: 1.
• the aldehydes or aldehyde/alcohol mixtures produced during the hydroformylation may, if desired, be isolated and, where appropriate, purified by methods known to the skilled worker prior to the hydrogenation process. It is preferable for the hydroformylation catalyst to be removed from the reaction mixture prior to the hydrogenation process. It can generally be reused for the hydroformylation process, where appropriate after treatment.
• Suitable hydrogenation catalysts are generally transition metals, e.g. Cu, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Rh, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, etc., or mixtures of these, and to increase activity and stability they may be applied to supports, e.g. activated carbon, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, kieselghur, etc.
• supports e.g. activated carbon, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, kieselghur, etc.
• Fe, Co, and preferably Ni in the form of Raney catalysts as a spongiform metal with very high surface area.
• Preference is given to the use of heterogeneous catalysts which have become established in industry, for example active compositions on supports or unsupported catalysts, used, for example, by the up flow or down flow method, or in
• the pressure is preferably in the range from about 5 to 350 bar. It is preferable to use a slight molar excess of hydrogen.
• Use may also be made of other processes for the reduction of the aldehydes to give the alcohols. Examples of these are reduction using complex hydrides, e.g. LiAIFU or NaBFU, Bouveault-Blanc reduction using sodium in ethanol, and also other known processes.
• the polyacrylate contains the C13/15 acrylate in polymerized form.
• the polyacrylate can be prepared by free-radical polymerization of the C13/15 acrylate. Conventional methods of free- radical polymerization can be used to prepare the polyacrylate. Polymerization of the corresponding monomers can take place under a variety of conditions, including bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, usually in an organic solvent, preferably mineral oil.
• the reaction mixture comprises a diluent, the monomers to be polymerized, a polymerization initiator and usually a chain transfer agent and optionally a crosslinker.
• the diluent may be any inert hydrocarbon.
• concentration of total monomers may range from 30 to 90%.
• total monomer charge means the combined amount of all monomers in the initial, i.e. , unreacted, reaction mixture.
• the monomers may be polymerized simultaneously or sequentially or the monomers may be fed over time to the reaction vessel.
• Suitable polymerization initiators include initiators which disassociate upon heating to yield a free radical, e.g., peroxide compounds such as benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl perbenzoate, t-butyl peroctoate and cymene hydroperoxide; and azo compounds such as azo isobutyronitrile and 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutanenitrile).
• the mixture includes from 0.001 wt.-% to 5.0 wt.-% initiator relative to the total monomer mixture. For example, 0.02 wt.-% to 4.0 wt.-%, 0.02 wt.-% to 3.5 wt.-% are envisioned. Typically 0.02 wt.-% to 2.0 wt.-% are used.
• Suitable chain transfer agents include those conventional in the art such as mercaptanes and alcohols. For example, tridecyl mercaptane, dodecyl mercaptane and ethyl mercaptane, but also bifunctional mercaptanes, such hexane dithiol may be used as chain transfer agents.
• the selection of the amount of chain transfer agent to be used is based on the desired molecular weight of the polymer being synthesized as well as the desired level of shear stability for the polymer, i.e., if a more shear stable polymer is desired, more chain transfer agent can be added to the reaction mixture.
• the chain transfer agent is added to the reaction mixture or monomer feed in an amount of 0.001 to 3 wt.-% relative to the monomer mixture.
• all components are charged to a reaction vessel that is equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser and heated with stirring under a nitrogen blanket to a temperature from 50 °C to 125 °C for a period of 0.5 hours to 15 hours to carry out the polymerization reaction.
• the molecular weight distribution measured by GPC analysis using polystyrene standards is preferably less than 5.0 and generally ranges from 2.0 to 4.5, preferably from 3.0 to 4.4, and more preferably from 3.1 to 4.3.
• the molecular weight is determined by GPC using a poly methyl methacrylate standard.
• the determined average molecular weight is therefore relative to the standard not absolute.
• the molecular weight M w of the polyacrylate can be varied in broad ranges, such as from 1000 to 1 ,000,000 g/mol.
• the Mw is usually adapted to the application of the lubricant as listed below.
• the polyacrylate may be a homopolymer or copolymer of the C13/15 acrylate. In a preferred form the polyacrylate is a homopolymer of the C13/15 acrylate. In another preferred form the polyacrylate is a copolymer of the C13/15 acrylate.
• the polyacrylate may comprises at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95 wt% of the C13/15 acrylate.
• the polyacrylate comprises preferably at least 50 wt%, and in particular at least 70 wt% of the C13 / 1 S acrylate.
• the polyacrylate may comprise at least one type of comonomers in polymerized form in addition to the C13/15 acrylate.
• the comonomer can be selected from a linear or branched C1 -C34 alkyl (meth)acrylate, preferably C1 -C18 alkyl (meth)acrylate, or in particular CrCe alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• Suitable C1 -C34 alkyl (meth)acrylate have an alkyl chain selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propyl heptyl, nonyl, decyl, stearyl, lauryl, octadecyl, heptadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, henicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl, hexacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl, triacontyl and behenyl.
• hydroxyl-, epoxy- and/or amino-functional (meth)acrylate monomers as well as other functionally modified (meth)acrylate monomers is also generally possible although pure alkyl acrylates which have no further functional groups like for instance hydroxyl-, epoxy-, and/or amino-functional groups or the like are more preferred as the comonomers.
• the comonomer can be selected from dispersing monomer, such as aminoalkyl(meth)- acrylates, aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides, hydroxylalkyl(meth)acrylates, heterocyclic(meth)acry- lates and/or carbonyl-containing (meth)acrylates.
• the hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylates include, among others, 2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, 3,4- dihydroxybutyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1 ,6-hexanediol(meth)acrylate, and 1 ,10-decanediol(meth)acrylate.
• Carbonyl-containing (meth)acrylates comprise, for example, 2-carboxyethyl(meth)acrylate, carboxymethyl(meth)acrylate, N-(methacryloyloxy)formamide, acetonyl(meth)acrylate, Mono-2- (meth)acryloyloxyethyl succinate, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine, N-(meth)acryloyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, N- (2-(meth)acryloyloxypentadecyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(3-(meth)acryloyloxyheptadecyl)-2-pyrro- lidinone, and, N-(2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl)eth
• the heterocyclic(meth)acrylates include, among others, 2-(1-imidazolyl)ethyl(meth)acrylate, oxazolidinylethyl(meth)acrylate, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl(meth)acrylate, 1 -(2-methacryloyloxy- ethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, N-methacryloylmorpholine, N-methacryloyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(2-meth- acryloyloxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(3-methacryloyloxypropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone.
• the aminoalkyl(meth)acrylates include more particularly, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)- acrylate, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylate, N,N-diethylaminopentyl(meth)acrylate, N,N-dibutylaminohexadecyl(meth)acrylate.
• aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides as dispersing monomers, such as N,N-dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylamide.
• phosphorus-, boron- and/or silicon-containing (meth)acrylates as dispersing monomers, such as, 2-(dimethylphosphato)propyl(meth)acrylate, 2-(ethylene- phosphito)propyl(meth)acrylate, dimethylphosphinomethyl(meth)acrylate, dimethylphosphono- ethyl(meth)acrylate, diethyl(meth)acryloylphosphonate, dipropyl(meth)acryloylphosphate, 2-(d- ibutylphosphono)ethyl(meth)acrylate, 2,3-butylene(meth)acryloylethylborate,
• the preferred heterocyclic vinyl compounds include, among others, 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinyl- pyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, 3-ethyl-4-vinylpyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-5-vi- nylpyridine, vinylpyrimidine, vinylpiperidine, 9-vinylcarbazole, 3-vinylcarbazole, 4-vinylcarbazole, 1-vinylimidazole, N-vinylimidazole, 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-vinylpyrro- lidone, N-vinylpyrrolidine, 3-vinylpyrrolidine, N-vinylcaprolactam, N-vinylbutyrolactam, vinyl- oxolane, vinylfuran, vinylthiophene, vinylthiolane, vinylthiazoles and hydrogenated
• the particularly preferred dispersing monomers include more particularly ethylenically unsaturated compounds which comprise at least one nitrogen atom, these compounds being selected with particular preference from the aforementioned heterocyclic vinyl compounds and/or aminoalkyl(meth)acrylates, aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides and/or heterocyclic
• the comonomer is a dispersing monomer selected form DMAEMA (2-(di- methylamino)ethyl methacrylate), DMAPMA (3- dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide), N-vi- nylpyrrolidon, and N-vinyl-imidazol.
• the aforementioned ethylenically unsaturated monomers can be used individually or as mixtures. It is possible, furthermore, to vary the monomer composition during the polymerization of the main chain, in order to obtain defined structures, such as block copolymers or graft polymers, for example.
• Suitable comonomers are vinyl aromatic compounds, such as styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene or p-(tert-butyl) styrene; vinyl acetate; acrylic and methacrylic acid;
• acrylamide and methacrylamide maleic acid and the imides and C1 to C10-alkyl esters thereof; fumaric acid and the imides and C1 to C10-alkyl esters thereof; itaconic acid and the imides and C1 to C10-alkyl esters thereof; acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; macromonomers based on polyisobutylene, hydrogenated polybutadiene or end-functionalized polymethacrylates (e.g. made with RAFT technology).
• Preferred comonomers are linear or branched C1 -C34 alkyl (meth)acrylate, preferably C1 -C18 alkyl (meth)acrylate, or in particular C1-C6 alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the comonomer may be present in the polyacrylate in an amount of from 1 to 40 wt%, more preferably from 10 to 35 wt%, even more preferably from 15 to 35 wt%, based on the total weight of the polyacrylate.
• the polyacrylate comprises up to 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 wt% of a Ci- Ci 8 alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• the polyacrylate comprises up to 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 wt% of a C1-C6 alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• Lubricants usually refers to composition which are capable of reducing friction between surfaces (preferably metal surfaces), such as surfaces of mechanical devices.
• a mechanical device may be a mechanism consisting of a device that works on mechanical principles.
• Suitable mechanical device are bearings, gears, joints and guidances.
• the mechanical device may be operated at temperatures in the range of -30 C to 80 ° C.
• Lubricants are usually specifically formulated for virtually every type of machine and manufacturing process. The type and concentration of base oils and/or lubricant additives used for these lubricants may be selected based on the requirements of the machinery or process being lubricated, the quality required by the builders and the users of the machinery, and the government regulation.
• each lubricant has a unique set of performance requirements. In addition to proper lubrication of the machine or process, these requirements may include maintenance of the quality of the lubricant itself, as well as the effect of the lubricant’s use and disposal on energy use, the quality of the environment, and on the health of the user.
• the lubricant is usually a lubricating liquid, lubricating oil or lubricating grease.
• Typical lubricants are automotive lubricants (e.g. gasoline engine oils, diesel engine oils, gas engine oils, gas turbine oils, automatic transmission fluids ATF, manual transmission fluid MTF, continuously variable transmission fluid CVTF, gear oils) and industrial lubricants (e.g. industrial gear oils, pneumatic tool lubricating oil, high temperature oil, gas compressor oil, hydraulic fluids, metalworking fluids).
• automotive lubricants e.g. gasoline engine oils, diesel engine oils, gas engine oils, gas turbine oils, automatic transmission fluids ATF, manual transmission fluid MTF, continuously variable transmission fluid CVTF, gear oils
• industrial lubricants e.g. industrial gear oils, pneumatic tool lubricating oil, high temperature oil, gas compressor oil, hydraulic fluids, metalworking fluids.
• lubricants are axel lubrication, medium and heavy duty engine oils, industrial engine oils, marine engine oils, automotive engine oils, crankshaft oils, compressor oils, refrigerator oils, hydrocarbon compressor oils, very low-temperature lubricating oils and fats, high temperature lubricating oils and fats, wire rope lubricants, textile machine oils, refrigerator oils, aviation and aerospace lubricants, aviation turbine oils, transmission oils, gas turbine oils, spindle oils, spin oils, traction fluids, transmission oils, plastic transmission oils, passenger car transmission oils, truck transmission oils, industrial transmission oils, industrial gear oils, insulating oils, instrument oils, brake fluids, transmission liquids, shock absorber oils, heat distribution medium oils, transformer oils, fats, chain oils, minimum quantity lubricants for metalworking operations, oil to the warm and cold working, oil for water-based metalworking liquids, oil for neat oil metalworking fluids, oil for semi-synthetic metalworking fluids, oil for synthetic metalworking fluids, drilling detergents for the soil exploration, hydraulic oils, in biodegradable
• the concentration of the polyacrylate in the lubricant can be varied in broad ranges, such as from 0.1 to 100 wt%, or from 0.5 to 90 wt%. In another form the lubricant comprising 0.1 to 60, preferably 0.1 to 40 wt% of the polyacrylate.
• the treat rate is usually adapted to the application of the lubricant. Typical treat rates are:
• Hydraulic fluid 1 - 25 wt%
• the molecular weight M w of the poly(meth)acrylate in the lubricant can be varied in broad ranges, such as from 1000 - 1 ,000,000 g/mol. The is usually adapted to the application of the lubricant. Typical molecular weights M w are:
• ATF 10,000 to 400,000 g/mol, preferably 10,000 to 200,000 g/mol
• Gear oil 5,000 to 200,000g/mol, preferably 10,000 to 60,000 g/mol
• Hydraulic fluid 20,000 to 300,000 g/mol, preferably 30,000 to 180,000 g/mol
• Engine oil 50,000 to 1 ,000,000 g/mol, preferably 100,000 to 750,000 g/mol
• the lubricant usually further comprises
• a base oil selected from mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkyl naphthalenes, alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, phosphate ester and carboxylic acid ester; and/or
• the base oil may be selected from the group consisting of mineral oils (Group I, II or III oils), polyalphaolefins (Group IV oils), polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkyl naphthalenes, alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, phosphate esters and carboxylic acid esters (Group V oils).
• the base oil is selected from Group I, Group II, Group III base oils according to the definition of the API, or mixtures thereof. Definitions for the base oils are the same as those found in the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication "Engine Oil Licensing and
• Base oils categorizes base oils as follows: a) Group I base oils contain less than 90 percent saturates (ASTM D 2007) and/or greater than 0.03 percent sulfur (ASTM D 2622) and have a viscosity index (ASTM D 2270) greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120.
• Group II base oils contain greater than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120.
• Group III base oils contain greater than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120.
• Group IV base oils contain polyalphaolefins.
• Polyalphaolefins include known PAO materials which typically comprise relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include but are not limited to C2 to about C32 alphaolefins with the C8 to about C16 alphaolefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1- dodecene and the like being preferred.
• the preferred polyalphaolefins are poly- 1-octene, poly-1 -decene, and poly-1 -dodecene.
• Group V base oils contain any base oils not described by Groups I to IV.
• Examples of Group V base oils include alkyl naphthalenes, alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, and phosphate esters.
• Synthetic base oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1 -hexenes), poly(l-octenes), poly(l-decenes)); alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2- ethylhexyl)benzenes); poly-phenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and derivative, analogs and homologs thereof.
• polymerized and interpolymerized olefins e.g
• Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. constitute another class of known synthetic base oils. These are exemplified by polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of
• polyoxyalkylene polymers e.g., methyl-polyisopropylene glycol ether having a molecular weight of 1000 or diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 to 1500
• mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C3-C8 fatty acid esters and C13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
• Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy- or polyaryloxysilicone oils and sili-cate oils comprise another useful class of synthetic base oils; such base oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2- ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethyl- hexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butyl-phenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)disiloxane, poly(methyl) siloxanes and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
• base oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2- ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethy
• Other synthetic base oils include liquid esters of phosphorous-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid) and polymeric tetrahydrofurans.
• Suitable lubricant additives may be selected from viscosity index improvers, polymeric thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, anti-foam agents, dyes, wear protection additives, extreme pressure additives (EP additives), anti-wear additives (AW additives), friction modifiers, metal deactivators, pour point depressants.
• the viscosity index improvers include high molecular weight polymers that increase the relative viscosity of an oil at high temperatures more than they do at low temperatures.
• Viscosity index improvers include polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, alkylmethacrylates, vinylpyrro- lidone/meth-acrylate copolymers, poly vinylpyrrolidones, polybutenes, olefin copolymers such as an ethylene-propylene copolymer or a styrene-butadiene copolymer or polyalkene such as PIB, styrene/acrylate copolymers and polyethers, and combinations thereof.
• the most common VI improvers are methacrylate polymers and copolymers, acrylate polymers, olefin polymers and copolymers, and styrenebutadiene copolymers.
• Other examples of the viscosity index improver include polymethacrylate, polyisobutylene, alpha-olefin polymers, alpha-olefin copolymers (e.g., an ethylenepropylene copolymer), polyalkylstyrene, phenol condensates, naphthalene condensates, a styrenebutadiene copolymer and the like.
• polymethacry late having a number average molecular weight of 10000 to 300000 and alpha-olefin polymers or alpha-olefin copolymers having a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 30000, particularly ethylene- alpha-olefin copolymers having a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 10000 are preferred.
• the viscosity index increasing agents can be added and used individually or in the form of mixtures, conveniently in an amount within the range of from 3 0.05 to £ 20.0 % by weight, in relation to the weight of the base stock.
• Suitable (polymeric) thickeners include, but are not limited to, polyisobutenes (PIB), oligomeric co-polymers (OCPs), polymethacrylates (PMAs), copolymers of styrene and butadiene, or high viscosity esters (complex esters).
• PIB polyisobutenes
• OCPs oligomeric co-polymers
• PMAs polymethacrylates
• copolymers of styrene and butadiene or high viscosity esters (complex esters).
• Corrosion inhibitors may include various oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and phosphorus- containing materials, and may include metal-containing compounds (salts, organometallics, etc.) and nonmetal-containing or ashless materials.
• Corrosion inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, additive types such as, for example, hydrocarbyl-, aryl-, alkyl-, arylalkyl-, and alkylaryl- versions of detergents (neutral, overbased), sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, alcoholates, carboxylates, salixarates, phosphites, phosphates, thiophosphates, amines, amine salts, amine phosphoric acid salts, amine sulfonic acid salts, alkoxylated amines, etheramines, polyetheramines, amides, imides, azoles, diazoles, triazoles, benzotriazoles, benzothiadoles
• Detergents include cleaning agents that adhere to dirt particles, preventing them from attaching to critical surfaces. Detergents may also adhere to the metal surface itself to keep it clean and prevent corrosion from occurring.
• Detergents include calcium alkylsalicylates, calcium alkylphenates and calcium alkarylsulfonates with alternate metal ions used such as magnesium, barium, or sodium.
• the cleaning and dispersing agents which can be used include metal-based detergents such as the neutral and basic alkaline earth metal sulphonates, alkaline earth metal phenates and alkaline earth metal salicylates alkenylsuccinimide and
• alkenylsuccinimide esters and their borohydrides, phenates, salienius complex detergents and ashless dispersing agents which have been modified with sulphur compounds.
• These agents can be added and used individually or in the form of mixtures, conveniently in an amount within the range of from 3 0.01 to £ 1.0 % by weight in relation to the weight of the base stock; these can also be high total base number (TBN), low TBN, or mixtures of high/low TBN.
• Dispersants are lubricant additives that help to prevent sludge, varnish and other deposits from forming on critical surfaces.
• the dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant (for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides), a Mannich dispersant, an ester-containing dispersant, a condensation product of a fatty hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or ammonia, an alkyl amino phenol dispersant, a hydrocarbyl-amine dispersant, a polyether dispersant or a polyetheramine dispersant.
• succinimide dispersant for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides
• Mannich dispersant for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides
• an ester-containing dispersant for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides
• an ester-containing dispersant for example N-
• the succinimide dispersant includes a polyisobutylene-substituted succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene from which the dispersant is derived may have a number average molecular weight of about 400 to about 5000, or of about 950 to about 1600.
• the dispersant includes a borated dispersant.
• the borated dispersant includes a succinimide dispersant including a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene from which the dispersant is derived may have a number average molecular weight of about 400 to about 5000. Borated dispersants are described in more detail above within the extreme pressure agent description.
• Anti-foam agents may be selected from silicones, polyacrylates, and the like.
• the amount of anti-foam agent in the lubricant compositions described herein may range from 3 0.001 wt.-% to£ 0.1 wt.-% based on the total weight of the formulation.
• an anti-foam agent may be present in an amount from about 0.004 wt.-% to about 0.008 wt.-%.
• Suitable extreme pressure agent is a sulfur-containing compound.
• the sulfur-containing compound may be a sulfurised olefin, a polysulfide, or mixtures thereof.
• sulfurised olefin examples include a sulfurised olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene; an organic sulfide and/or polysulfide including benzyldisulfide; bis-(chlorobenzyl) disulfide; dibutyl tetrasulfide; di-tertiary butyl polysulfide; and sulfurised methyl ester of oleic acid, a sulfurised alkylphenol, a sulfurised dipentene, a sulfurised terpene, a sulfurised Diels- Alder adduct, an alkyl sulphenyl N'N- dialkyl dithiocarbamates; or mixtures thereof.
• the sulfurised olefin includes a sulfurised olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene or mixtures thereof.
• the extreme pressure additive sulfur-containing compound includes a dimercaptothiadiazole or derivative, or mixtures thereof.
• dimercaptothiadiazole include compounds such as 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4- thiadiazole or a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof.
• the oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a sulfur-sulfur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole units to form derivatives or oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole units.
• Suitable 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole derived compounds include for example 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole or 2-tert- nonyldithio-5-mercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole.
• the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl substituents of the hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole typically include 1 to 30, or 2 to 20, or 3 to 16.
• Extreme pressure additives include compounds containing boron and/or sulfur and/or phosphorus.
• the extreme pressure agent may be present in the lubricant compositions at 0 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%, or at about 0.05 wt.-% to about 10.0 wt.-%, or at about 0.1 wt.-% to about 8 wt.-% of the lubricant composition.
• anti-wear additives examples include organo borates, organo phosphites such as didodecyl phosphite, organic sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfurized sperm oil or sulfurized terpenes, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, zinc diaryl dithiophosphates, phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and any combinations thereof.
• Friction modifiers may include metal-containing compounds or materials as well as ashless compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof.
• Metal-containing friction modifiers include metal salts or metal-ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkaline earth, or transition group metals. Such metal-containing friction modifiers may also have low-ash characteristics. Transition metals may include Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and others.
• Ligands may include hydrocarbyl derivative of alcohols, polyols, glycerols, partial ester glycerols, thiols, carboxylates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates, phosphates, thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, amides, imides, amines, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, dithiazoles, diazoles, triazoles, and other polar molecular functional groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination.
• Mo-containing compounds can be particularly effective such as for example Mo-dithiocarbamates, Mo(DTC), Mo-dithiophosphates, Mo(DTP), Mo-amines, Mo (Am), Mo-alcoholates, Mo- alcohol-amides, and the like.
• Ashless friction modifiers may also include lubricant materials that contain effective amounts of polar groups, for example, hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partial glycerides, glyceride derivatives, and the like.
• Polar groups in friction modifiers may include hydrocarbyl groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination.
• Other friction modifiers that may be particularly effective include, for example, salts (both ash- containing and ashless derivatives) of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty amides, fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing carboxylates, and comparable synthetic long-chain hydrocarbyl acids, alcohols, amides, esters, hydroxy carboxylates, and the like.
• fatty organic acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids may be used as suitable friction modifiers.
• friction modifiers include fatty acid esters and amides, organo molybdenum compounds, molybdenum dialkylthiocarbamates and molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphates.
• Suitable metal deactivators include benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 4- or 5-alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. triazole) and derivatives thereof, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole and 5,5'-methylenebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole or triazole, e.g.
• the one or more metal deactivators include 1 ,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)-1 , 2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1 ,2,4-triazoles, such as 1- [bis(2-ethylhexyl) aminomethyl -1 , 2,4-triazole; alkoxyalky1-1 , 2,4-triazoles such as 1-(1- butoxyethyl)-1 , 2,4-triazole; and acylated 3-amino-1 , 2,4-triazoles, imidazole derivatives, for example 4,4'-methylenebis(2-undecyl-5-methylimidazole) and bis[(N-methyl)imidazol-2- yl]carbinol octyl ether, and combinations thereof.
• 1 ,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)-1 , 2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of
• the one or more metal deactivators include sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, for example 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1 , 3,4-thia-diazole and derivatives thereof; and 3,5- bis[di(2- ethylhexyl) aminomethyl]-1 , 3,4-thiadiazolin-2-one, and combinations thereof.
• Even further non-limiting examples of the one or more metal deactivators include amino compounds, for example salicylidenepropylenediamine, salicylami-noguanidine and salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
• the one or more metal deactivators are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 0.1 , from about 0.05 to about 0.01 , or from about 0.07 to about 0.1 , wt.-% based on the weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more metal deactivators may be present in amounts of less than about 0.1 , of less than about 0.7, or less than about 0.5, wt.-% based on the weight of the composition.
• Pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, alkylated naphthalene derivatives, and combinations thereof. Commonly used additives such as alkylaromatic polymers and polymethacrylates are also useful for this purpose. Typically, the treat rates range from 3
• Demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, and various polymers and copolymers of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• the lubricant can be prepared by contacting the polyacrylate and the base oil (e.g. selected from mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkyl
• the base oil e.g. selected from mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkyl
• naphthalenes alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, phosphate ester and carboxylic acid ester), and optionally the lubricant additive.
• the contacting can be achieved by mixing, stirring, pouring in the desired amounts.
• the polyacrylate can be used in various lubricant applications (such as transmission, gear, hydraulic, engine oil, etc.) where low-temperature properties are critical.
• Ci3/15 alkanol was prepared according to WO 2002/00580.
• the obtained C13/15 alkanol was analyzed by GC.
• the average composition from several preparations was as follows:
• the amount of C12 alkanol, C M alkanol and Cie alkanol was each below 1 wt%.
• Polymers were prepared varying amount of tert-butylperoctoate and dodecylmercaptane amount. The reaction temperature and solvent were kept constant.
• the viscosity was determined (Brookfield, at 100°C).
• the molecular weight Mw was determined by GPC analysis (polystyrene standard, detector: DRI Agilent 1100 UV Agilent 1100 VWD [254nm]) with tetrahydrofuran + 0.1 % trifluoracetic acid eluent (flow rate: 1 ml/min) at a concentration of 2mg/ml on a PLgel MIXED-B column.
• Comparative polymers were synthesized from the methacrylate monomers in Table 1 b according to the above procedure and characterized as summarized in Table 1 b. The following monomers were used:
• TDN Methacrylate based on Isotridecanol N from BASF SE which contained at least 99 % of tridecanol isomers.
• Lialchem 25/75 Methacrylate of Lialchem® 25/75 from Sasol, which contained an alkanol distribution of 22 % C12, 32 % C13, 29 % C14, 17 % C15 and 0.5 % C16 or higher, and an overall content of linear alcohols of 77 wt%.
• Neodol 25 Methacrylate of Neodol® 25 from Shell Chemicals, which contained an alkanol distribution of ⁇ 1 % C11 or lower, 21 % C12, 29 % C13, 25 % C14, 25 % C15 and ⁇ 1 % C16 or higher.
• Lial 125 Methacrylate of Lial® 125 from Sasol, which contained an alkanol distribution of ⁇ 1 % of C11 and lower, 19-25 % C12, 28-34 % C13, 27-33 % C14, 15-21 % C15 and ⁇ 1.5 % C16 or higher, and an overall content of linear alcohols of 43 wt%.
• Oil blends were prepared with the following composition in Table 2.
• the treat rate of the polyacrylate is given in the Table 3.
• a group I base oil (KV 40 about 30 mm 2 /s, ASTM D445, pour point below -15 °C, viscosity index >95) was added at the end to balance to 100 %.
• KV100 The kinematic viscosity at 100°C (“KV100”) was determined according to ASTM D445.
• the methacrylic ester of the C13/15 alkanol of example 2 was copolymerized with 10 wt% methyl methacrylate as follows.
• Example 5 The polymers were analyzed as decribed in Example 3, and the results are summarized in Table 5.
• Oil blends were prepared with the following composition in Table 6 with the polyacrylate from Example 3. The treat rate of the polyacrylate is given in the Table 7. Table 6: Oil blends with given SAE J 306 viscosity grades, amount in wt. %

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