WO2020229576A2 - Beleuchtungseinheit, verfahren zur herstellung einer beleuchtungseinheit, konverterelement für ein opto-elektronisches bauelement, strahlungsquelle mit einer led und einem konverterelement, auskoppelstruktur, und optoelektronische vorrichtung - Google Patents
Beleuchtungseinheit, verfahren zur herstellung einer beleuchtungseinheit, konverterelement für ein opto-elektronisches bauelement, strahlungsquelle mit einer led und einem konverterelement, auskoppelstruktur, und optoelektronische vorrichtung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020229576A2 WO2020229576A2 PCT/EP2020/063405 EP2020063405W WO2020229576A2 WO 2020229576 A2 WO2020229576 A2 WO 2020229576A2 EP 2020063405 W EP2020063405 W EP 2020063405W WO 2020229576 A2 WO2020229576 A2 WO 2020229576A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0938—Using specific optical elements
- G02B27/095—Refractive optical elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/08—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a plurality of light emitting regions, e.g. laterally discontinuous light emitting layer or photoluminescent region integrated within the semiconductor body
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
- G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
- G01B11/2513—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object with several lines being projected in more than one direction, e.g. grids, patterns
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
- G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0916—Adapting the beam shape of a semiconductor light source such as a laser diode or an LED, e.g. for efficiently coupling into optical fibers
- G02B27/0922—Adapting the beam shape of a semiconductor light source such as a laser diode or an LED, e.g. for efficiently coupling into optical fibers the semiconductor light source comprising an array of light emitters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/30—Collimators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/20—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/20—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
- H01L33/24—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate of the light emitting region, e.g. non-planar junction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/44—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the coatings, e.g. passivation layer or anti-reflective coating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/50—Wavelength conversion elements
- H01L33/505—Wavelength conversion elements characterised by the shape, e.g. plate or foil
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/50—Wavelength conversion elements
- H01L33/508—Wavelength conversion elements having a non-uniform spatial arrangement or non-uniform concentration, e.g. patterned wavelength conversion layer, wavelength conversion layer with a concentration gradient of the wavelength conversion material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof
- H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
- H01L25/075—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L33/00
- H01L25/0753—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L33/00 the devices being arranged next to each other
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0008—Processes
- H01L2933/0033—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages
- H01L2933/0041—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages relating to wavelength conversion elements
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- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0008—Processes
- H01L2933/0033—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages
- H01L2933/0058—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages relating to optical field-shaping elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0083—Periodic patterns for optical field-shaping in or on the semiconductor body or semiconductor body package, e.g. photonic bandgap structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0091—Scattering means in or on the semiconductor body or semiconductor body package
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of group III and group V of the periodic system
- H01L33/32—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of group III and group V of the periodic system containing nitrogen
Definitions
- the invention relates to a lighting unit with at least one optoelectronic emitter unit.
- the invention also relates to a lighting unit with at least one emitter unit that emits radiation via a light exit surface, and with a polarization element that connects at least in sections to the light exit surface and a polarization and / or an intensity of radiation emitted by the emitter unit upon passage the radiation changes through the polarization element.
- the invention also relates to a converter element for an optoelectronic component, a radiation source with an LED and a converter element, and a method for producing a corresponding radiation source.
- the invention also relates to a device, in particular an opto-electronic component, in particular a light-emitting diode.
- the present invention relates to an optoelectronic device before, in which an arrangement with a plurality of light sources for generating light is provided.
- Such arrangements can be, for example, pixelated arrays of LEDs in which, for example, one pixel each forms a light source.
- a lighting unit with an optoelectronic emitter unit that has a desired emission characteristic would be desirable.
- lighting units are desirable that allow directed radiation in a certain solid angle and suppress radiation in other solid angles as possible.
- Technical solutions for beam shaping of electromagnetic radiation that has already emerged from the light exit surface of a lighting unit are known from the prior art.
- optics, in particular lenses are used, by means of which electromagnetic radiation freely propagating in space can be collimated.
- Such lighting units with optics arranged downstream of a light exit surface can be relatively large. This can be undesirable.
- the present invention is based on the object of providing a lighting unit which, in particular in comparison to a Lambertian radiator, has an improved radiation characteristic.
- a lighting unit comprises at least one optoelectronic emitter unit, which emits electromagnetic radiation via a light exit surface, and a photonic structure for beam shaping of the electromagnetic radiation before it emerges via the light exit surface, the photonic structure shaping the electromagnetic radiation in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation has a certain far field.
- the radiation characteristic of the lighting unit changes from a Lambertian radiator to a defined radiation characteristic in the far field.
- the wording that the electromagnetic radiation has a certain far field therefore means in particular that the radiation characteristic is defined in the far field and differs from the radiation characteristic of a Lambert radiator.
- the far field means an area which, depending on the application, is at least a few centimeters or a few meters away from the lighting unit.
- the photonic structure can, in particular in a layer, be arranged below the light exit surface and / or between the optoelectronic emitter unit and the light exit surface.
- the photonic structure can thus be integrated into the lighting unit, which means that it can be made compact.
- the photonic structure can also be integrated into the light exit surface or an end face of the photonic structure can form the light exit surface.
- the optoelectronic emitter unit can have at least one LED.
- the optoelectronic emitter unit can also have a field, which is also referred to as an array, of LEDs.
- the photonic structure can be a photonic crystal, a quasiperiodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structure.
- a photonic crystal is understood to be periodic structures that generate a band structure for photons through a periodic variation of the optical refractive index. This band structure can have a band gap in a certain frequency range. Alternatively, this property can also be generated with non-periodic but nevertheless ordered structures. Such structures are in particular quasi-periodic structures or deterministic aperiodic structures. These can be, for example, spiral-shaped photonic arrangements.
- the photonic structure can be a one-dimensional photonic structure, in particular a one-dimensional photonic crystal.
- a one-dimensional photonic crystal exhibits a periodic variation of the refractive index along one direction. This direction can in particular run parallel to the light exit plane.
- the one-dimensional structure allows beam shaping to take place in a first spatial direction.
- a photonic effect can be achieved in the photonic structure with just a few periods.
- the photonic structure can be designed, for example, in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation is at least approximately collimated with respect to the first spatial direction. A collimated beam can thus be generated at least with respect to the first spatial direction.
- a collimating optic can be arranged downstream of the light outlet surface as seen in the emission direction, the Optics are designed to collimate the electromagnetic radiation in a further, second spatial direction, which runs orthogonally to the first spatial direction.
- the first direction and the second direction can be mutually orthogonal directions that run parallel to the flat light exit surface.
- a beam collimated in both directions can thus be generated, which is directed along the main emission direction, which is directed away from the light exit surface and runs orthogonally to both the first and second directions.
- the photonic structure in particular designed as a one-dimensional photonic crystal, can be designed such that a main radiation direction of the electromagnetic radiation runs at an angle to the normal of the light exit surface, the angle not being zero degrees.
- the main emission direction can thus run inclined to the normal of the light exit surface.
- a beam collimated in at least one direction can thus emerge from the light exit surface at an angle, for example.
- the photonic structure formed as a one-dimensional photonic crystal can be arranged in a layer below, in particular directly below, the light exit surface.
- the one-dimensional photonic crystal can have a periodically repeating sequence of two materials with different optical refractive indices that extends in one direction.
- the materials can each have a rectangular or parallelogram-like cross section.
- the adjoining boundary surfaces of the materials can be inclined to the light exit surface.
- Such a structure can be formed, for example, by trenches running parallel to one another at an angle to the light exit surface in the area having the light exit surface Substrate to be etched.
- the trenches can be filled with a material that has a different optical refractive index than the substrate material that is etched away.
- the angle can depend on the incline of the trenches to the light exit surface, and the width of the trenches or the width of the substrate material remaining between the trenches influences the wavelengths on which the photonic structure is effective.
- the width of the trenches and the width of the substrate material lying between the trenches are adapted to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.
- the photonic structure can be a two-dimensional photonic structure, in particular a two-dimensional photonic crystal.
- An end face of the two-dimensional photonic structure can form the light exit surface of the lighting unit, or the two-dimensional photonic structure can be arranged in a layer below the light exit surface.
- the two-dimensional structure in particular a two-dimensional photonic crystal, can be designed in such a way that it influences the electromagnetic radiation in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation forms a defined, in particular a discrete, pattern in the far field.
- the lighting unit can thus be used, for example, in surface topography systems, for example for face recognition.
- the photonic structure can be arranged in a layer below the light exit surface, or an end face of the photonic structure can form the light exit surface, so that the photonic structure is located directly under the light exit surface and also includes it.
- the photonic structure can also be formed in a semiconductor layer of the optoelectronic emitter unit.
- the optoelectronic emitter unit can comprise a layer with converter material and the photonic structure can be formed in the layer with converter material or in a layer between the layer with converter material and the light exit surface.
- the optoelectronic emitter unit can have at least one optoelectronic laser, such as a VCSEL (from English: vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser). A field of several lasers is also conceivable.
- a VCSEL from English: vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
- the invention also relates to a surface topography recognition system with a lighting unit which comprises:
- the photonic structure being a two-dimensional photonic structure, in particular a two-dimensional photonic crystal, and the two-dimensional photonic structure being designed such that the electromagnetic radiation has a defined, in particular a discrete, pattern generated in the far field, and wherein the surface topography recognition system further comprises a detection unit, in particular with a camera, which is designed to detect the pattern in the far field.
- the surface topography recognition system can comprise an analysis device which is designed to determine a distortion of the pattern in relation to a predefined reference pattern.
- the analysis device can be designed to determine a shape and / or a structure of an object illuminated by the pattern as a function of the determined distortion.
- the invention also relates to a scanner for scanning an object, the scanner having at least one lighting device according to the invention, which can preferably be used for zeilenwei sen detection of the object.
- a lighting unit can also be regarded as an object to develop a lighting unit in such a way that a polarization and / or a change in the intensity of the radiation emitted by at least one emitter, in particular of visible light, is made possible with relatively simple means. It can be essential here that a corresponding lighting unit should be designed to be as space-saving and energy-efficient as possible, with the need to use additional optical elements in particular to be reduced.
- Preferred configurations of a lighting device therefore also relate to a lighting unit at least one emitter unit that emits radiation via a light exit surface, and with a polarization element that connects at least in sections to the light exit surface and changes a polarization and / or an intensity of the radiation emitted by the emitter unit when the radiation passes through the polarization element.
- the lighting unit is characterized in that the polarization element has a three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the formulation that the polarization element changes polarization also includes the generation of polarized radiation from non-polarized radiation.
- the polarization element can also only bring about a change in the intensity of the radiation, possibly a wavelength-dependent change, without generating or changing a polarization.
- the term “polarization element” is therefore not to be interpreted narrowly, in the sense that a change or generation of a polarization must be provided in all embodiments.
- a lighting unit in which the radiation generated by the emitter, for example an LED, reaches the polarization element directly, so that a particularly compact unit for providing needs-based polarized radiation is realized, which in turn is advantageous Way with at least one further lighting unit and / or one polarization element, preferably with at least one polarization element, which has complementary properties, can be combined.
- the main advantage of using a three-dimensional photonic structure, in particular a photonic crystal, for a lighting unit for polarizing electromagnetic radiation, preferably with visible light being polarized, is that the arrangement the photonic structure in the area of the light exit surface of the emitter a particularly compact, space-saving solution is provided.
- the specially designed polarization element adjacent to the light exit surface it is possible to specifically polarize electromagnetic radiation and still minimize the losses of radiation whose polarization does not correspond to the polarization direction of the polarization element.
- the photonic structure is arranged on the light exit surface, or that a photonic structure is formed in a suitable manner in a semiconductor layer on which the light exit surface is located or to which the light exit surface adjoins in the beam direction .
- the three-dimensional structures used as polarization elements are particularly effective in changing the radiation characteristics of a lighting unit with regard to their polarization properties, and thus a discrimination of different wavelengths can be achieved through different polarization properties or radiation directions.
- the emitter unit has at least one LED.
- the LED preferably emits white, red, green or blue light which is radiated into the polarization element and the polarization element polarizes the radiation in one direction of oscillation.
- the emitter unit in particular an LED
- the polarization element are formed from different layers which are arranged one above the other in a layer stack. It is again essential that the radiation generated in at least one layer of the emitter also penetrates layered polarization element arrives before the radiation is emitted from the layer stack into the environment.
- the three-dimensional structure used as the polarization element is located on or in the same semiconductor chip as the emitter unit.
- the photonic structure is applied to the LED chip or is at least part of the LED chip.
- a particularly space-saving and energy-efficient lighting unit is made available with which polarized radiation is already generated directly at the chip level without the need for additional optical elements to be arranged in the downstream beam path.
- a technical solution of this kind thus represents a cost-effective, space-saving and energy-efficient technical solution for providing polarized radiation.
- the polarization element has spiral and / or rod-shaped structural elements.
- the three-dimensional photonic structure is designed in such a way that light emitted by the emitter unit, in particular an LED, only exits the photonic structure with a specific polarization.
- a corresponding three-dimensional photonic structure with spiral and / or rod-shaped structural elements in the area of the light exit surface is only penetrated by radiation with a special polarization direction.
- the design and dimensions of the structure are preferably matched to the radiation emitted in each case by the emitter unit, in particular an LED. With a spiral structure, a circular polarization is achieved, while a rod-shaped structure causes a linear polarization of the radiation passing through the structure.
- the lighting unit has an LED as the emitter unit and that the radiation emitted by the LED strikes a converter element with converter material as excitation radiation, which causes converted radiation to be sent.
- a three-dimensional photonic structure is arranged in the beam path between the LED and the converter element and / or behind the converter element, by means of which the excitation radiation and / or the converted radiation is polarized in a suitable manner.
- the combination of converter element and three-dimensional photonic structure in the same layer can also be realized. This enables directly polarized, converted light to be generated.
- converter material can be filled into the three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the converter material can be doped with Ce 3+ (Ce for Cer), Eu 2+ (Eu for Europium), Mn 4+ (Mn for Manganese) or neodymium ions.
- Ce 3+ Ce for Cer
- Eu 2+ Eu for Europium
- Mn 4+ Mn for Manganese
- YAG or LuAG can be used as host material.
- YAG stands for yttrium aluminum garnet.
- LuAG stands for lutetium aluminum garnet.
- Quantum dots can also be filled into the three-dimensional photonic structure as converter material.
- Quantum dots can be very small, for example in the range of 10 nm. They are therefore particularly suitable for filling the three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the structure is made by etching out material from the layer in which the structure is to be formed.
- the recesses formed in this way can then be filled with converter material that contains, for example, quantum dots.
- the quantum dots can, for example, be introduced into a liquid material with which the recesses are filled.
- the liquid material can be at least partially evaporated, so that the quantum dots in the Recesses remain. Some of the liquid material can solidify.
- the quantum dots can therefore be embedded in a matrix.
- the polarization element has at least one three-dimensional photonic crystal. It is also conceivable that the polarization element has at least two two-dimensional photonic crystals which are arranged one behind the other along a beam path of the radiation penetrating the polarization element.
- a three-dimensional photonic crystal or at least two two-dimensional photonic crystals arranged one behind the other in the beam path is preferably used so that the structure that the radiation hits is transparent to radiation with a certain wavelength or several special wavelengths and / or only in a certain direction lets through.
- the desired polarization of the radiation incident on the polarization element can also be set.
- the property of the three-dimensional photonic structure is preferably designed such that the transmission conditions are different for different wavelengths. In this way it is possible that, for example, converted radiation can pass through the polarization element unhindered while the excitation radiation is deflected.
- the polarization element has at least two different degrees of transmittance as a function of a wavelength of the radiation which passes through the polarization element.
- the emitter unit has an LED and a converter element with a converter material that emits converted radiation when excited by the excitation radiation emitted by the LED, and that excitation radiation striking the polarization element when passing through the polarization element in comparison The converted radiation to be passed through is polarized differently and / or absorbed to different degrees.
- the properties of the three-dimensional photonic structure are thus designed in such a way that the transmission conditions are different for different wavelengths.
- converted light can pass through the three-dimensional photonic structure unhindered while the excitation radiation is deflected. It is also conceivable that converted radiation emerges from the three-dimensional photonic structure only with a certain polarization.
- one of the two radiations which have different wavelengths, is discriminated by the different properties of the polarization element with regard to the polarization and direction of propagation. It is therefore preferably provided that in the case of a combination of an LED and a converter element that realizes full conversion, part of the excitation radiation is filtered out except for a comparatively small portion of radiation with a special wavelength, which results in a thinner layer of the Converter material can be used.
- the advantages of the invention can be used in a particularly advantageous manner, provided that an emitter unit with an LED is provided and the three-dimensional structure of the polarization element is applied directly to the LED chip, preferably to the semiconductor layer of the LED, via which the generated radiation to the light exit surface is applied.
- the three-dimensional photonic structure is located directly on or in the LED chip.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a lighting unit with at least one emitter unit that emits radiation via a light exit surface, and with a polarization element that connects at least in sections to the light exit surface and a polarization and / or an intensity of radiation emanating from the emitter unit changes when the radiation passes through the polarization element.
- the method is further developed in that a chip with an LED is provided as the emitter unit, on whose light exit surface a three-dimensional photonic structure as a polarization element, for example by means of two-photon lithography or glancing-angle deposition , applied and / or the photonic structure is introduced into a semiconductor layer of the LED adjoining the light exit surface.
- a chip with an LED is provided as the emitter unit, on whose light exit surface a three-dimensional photonic structure as a polarization element, for example by means of two-photon lithography or glancing-angle deposition , applied and / or the photonic structure is introduced into a semiconductor layer of the LED adjoining the light exit surface.
- the three-dimensional structure is dimensioned as a function of the wavelength of the radiation emitted by the LED.
- a lighting unit which is designed according to at least one of the exemplary embodiments based on the invention, can advantageously be used in a device for generating three-dimensional images, in particular for presentation on a display, a monitor or a screen.
- a lighting unit designed according to the invention can also be used for the computer-aided generation of three-dimensional images.
- the advantage here is that the lighting unit according to the invention with a three-dimensional photonic structure as the polarization element changes the radiation characteristics of LEDs in relation to the polarization properties and thus a discrimination of different wavelengths based on different, wavelength-specific polarization properties or radiation directions can be achieved.
- polarized radiation in particular polarized light
- the selectivity can be improved in the case of full conversion. Due to the emission of specifically polarized radiation, the resolution of three-dimensional representations can be improved and, at the same time, the components or lighting units required for image generation can be reduced. This can be achieved in an advantageous manner in that the light from several components with complementary properties is mapped onto a display or a screen using common optics.
- Combination of complementary polarization elements are particularly preferred to generate three-dimensional images.
- a converter element for an optoelectronic component and a radiation source with such a converter element in such a way that a particularly space-saving arrangement of the individual elements and thus a particularly small design of a radiation source, consisting of an emitter for emitting excitation radiation and a converter element. It can be of great importance here that the radiation emitted by the radiation source is specifically radiated into a specific spatial area, while the radiation into other areas is prevented reliably and in a comparatively simple manner. Furthermore, a technical solution may be desirable which is characterized by high energy efficiency and thus by a comparatively good light yield compared to known technical solutions.
- a radiation source consisting of an emitter for generating excitation radiation and a converter element for generating converted radiation, can be produced simply and inexpensively in terms of manufacturing technology and, in particular, using known manufacturing methods. In this respect, it can be desirable to specify a method for producing a radiation source.
- the invention also relates to a converter element for an optoelectronic component which has at least one layer with a converter material which, when excited by an incident excitation radiation, emits a converted radiation into an emission area.
- the converter element is characterized in that the layer has, at least in regions, a structure on which the converter material is arranged at least in sections, and in such a way it is designed that the radiation is emitted as a directed beam of rays into the emission area.
- An essential feature of the invention is therefore the provision of a layer which is structured in a suitable manner, a converter material which, when excited by excitation or pump radiation, emits converted radiation, is applied in or on the structure.
- an element By connecting the components of converter material on the one hand and structured layer for targeted radiation guidance and / or shaping on the other, an element is created in a particularly space-saving manner that enables targeted emission of radiation into the radiation area of the radiation source limited to a desired spatial area.
- the converted radiation emitted by the converter element and the excitation radiation are directed in a suitable manner, so that radiation is only emitted in a certain direction, while such radiation is emitted in other directions and / or areas is excluded.
- the structure which is also referred to herein as a photonic structure, is coated at least in areas with a suitable converter material and / or at least individual areas, for example depressions in the structure, are filled with the suitable converter material.
- the structure is designed in such a way that the emitted converted radiation is emitted as a beam in a desired direction of the emission area.
- the layer due to a suitable structuring of the layer, it is possible to provide a converter element through that the emission profile of an optoelectronic component for which the converter element is used can be changed in such a way that the emission no longer occurs in accordance with Lambert's law, but a beam or a bundle of beams that is specifically directed in one direction is generated.
- the converter material can be doped with Ce3 + (Ce for Cer), Eu2 + (Eu for Europium), Mn4 + (Mn for Manganese) or neodymium ions.
- YAG or LuAG for example, can be used as host material.
- YAG stands for yttrium-aluminum-garnet.
- LuAG stands for lutetium aluminum garnet.
- Quantum dots can also be used as converter material. These are very small, for example in the range of 10 nm. They are therefore particularly suitable for filling up the above-mentioned depressions in the photonic structure.
- the photonic structure is produced by etching out depressions from the layer in which the photonic structure is to be formed.
- the depressions can then be filled with converter material that contains, for example, quantum dots.
- the quantum dots can, for example, be introduced into a liquid material with which the depressions are filled.
- the liquid material can be at least partially evaporated, so that the quantum dots remain in the depressions. Some of the liquid material can solidify.
- the quantum dots can therefore be embedded in a matrix.
- the photonic structure does not normally change the spectral properties of a quantum dot.
- a quantum dot has a narrow-band emission spectrum.
- the photonic structure can be adapted to this narrow-band emission spectrum, whereby the directional selectivity brought about by the photonic structure can be improved. Means With a photonic structure, the radiation characteristics of quantum dots as converters can thus be influenced very efficiently.
- the structure has quasi-periodically or deterministically aperiodically arranged structure elements.
- Such a regular structure offers the advantage that the optical properties of the converter element can be adjusted in a particularly reliable, safe and reproducible manner with a corresponding structured layer.
- the structure is advantageously designed in such a way that radiation of a specific wavelength or a specific wavelength range can penetrate the layer in a specifically predetermined direction, while this radiation cannot penetrate the layer in other directions.
- the structured layer can be designed in such a way that it is transparent or non-permeable to radiation of a specific wavelength at least over a large area.
- the layer has at least one photonic crystal.
- a suitable photonic crystal By using a suitable photonic crystal, the propagation of radiation of selected wavelengths or wavelength ranges, at least its propagation in a certain direction, can be blocked and a beam or bundle of beams of the converted radiation can be directed into the space or radiation area provided for this purpose .
- Deterministic aperiodic structures and quasiperiodic structures can have the same functionality as photonic crystals. However, there can be slightly different properties in the far field. If photonic crystals are mentioned here, this should also apply accordingly to deterministic aperiodic structures and / or quasi-periodic structures.
- a photonic crystal is understood to be periodic structures that generate a band structure for photons through a periodic variation of the optical refractive index.
- This band structure can have a band gap in a certain frequency range.
- this property can also be generated with non-periodic but nonetheless ordered structures.
- Such structures are, in particular, quasi-periodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures. These can be spiral arrangements, for example.
- the structure has at least one depression in which the converter material is located.
- the structure has a plurality of elevations and depressions, the depressions being at least partially filled with the suitable converter material.
- a converter element can be implemented in a comparatively simple manner, in which the structure provided according to the invention is combined with the converter material in such a way that the converted radiation is only emitted into a deliberately limited emission area and thus in a particularly targeted manner.
- the converter element is designed in such a way that the excitation radiation is directed through the structure in a targeted manner onto areas of the converter material provided for this purpose and / or that the converted radiation strikes the structure and thus as a targeted beam of rays is emitted in the desired radiation area.
- the layer with the structure is advantageously designed in such a way that the layer has at least one optical band gap.
- the band gap is the area of the layer that has a solid material that lies between the valence band and the conduction band. Because of the band gap, the solid body used for the layer and thus the converter element that is provided with the layer are transparent to radiation in a certain frequency range. By specifically setting the band gap and / or selecting a solid material, the optical properties of the converter element can be specifically set. In particular, it is possible to design the layer in such a way that only part of the incident radiation is passed through the layer and is emitted into the emission area. It is of great advantage if the structure of the layer has an average thickness of at least 500 nm.
- a photonic structure in particular a photonic crystal, a quasi-periodic structure or a deterministic aperiodic structure, is advantageously selected, which has a layer thickness of at least 500 nm, so that an optical band gap is thereby generated.
- the layer with the structure is designed in such a way that the directed bundle of rays is emitted perpendicular to a plane in which the layer is arranged.
- the radiation emitted into the emission region is arranged perpendicular to the layer plane. In contrast, radiation components that are radiated into other spatial areas are reliably suppressed.
- an optical filter element is arranged at least on one side of the layer.
- a filter element is preferably designed as a filter layer which is applied flat to the structured layer with the converter material.
- the filter element in particular the filter layer, is thus preferably designed in such a way that only that portion of radiation can pass through the filter element or the filter layer that is required as excitation radiation or that is to be emitted specifically into the emission area.
- the invention relates to a radiation source with an LED which radiates excitation radiation into a converter element which is designed according to at least one of the above-described exemplary embodiments of a converter element designed according to the invention.
- the converter element has at least one layer with a converter material which, when excited by the excitation radiation emitted by the LED, is excited to emit converted radiation into an emission area.
- an LED is combined with a converter element in such a way that all of the excitation radiation emitted by the LED is converted into converted radiation, or that only part of the excitation radiation emitted by the LED is converted into converted radiation.
- the radiation source thus generates a directed beam or a directed beam which is emitted in a specifically selected direction or in a specifically selected radiation area.
- the structured layer with the converter material is part of a semiconductor substrate of the LED.
- the structure is advantageous here formed in a semiconductor substrate of the LED.
- the structure is produced by targeted etching of the LED semiconductor substrate and the structure is then at least partially coated with converter material and / or the converter material is filled into recesses in the structure that have been etched out.
- the structure with the converter material is designed in such a way that the converted radiation is transmitted into the emission region perpendicular to a plane in which the semiconductor substrate is arranged.
- the structure is designed in such a way that, due to a band gap effect, converted radiation is only emitted into the emission area perpendicular to the surface of the LED chip. Due to this technical solution, a high directionality of the converted radiation emitted by the converter element is achieved.
- the structure, in particular the photonic structure, for example in the form of a photonic crystal is only arranged in the top layer of the semiconductor material of the LED or also at least partially in the active zone. It is again advantageous if the structure has a layer thickness of at least 500 nm in order to reliably generate an optical band gap.
- At least one filter layer is provided, which is arranged on at least one side of the structured layer.
- the excitation radiation generated by the LED is suppressed in certain wavelength ranges with the aid of a filter layer.
- especially etendue-limited systems, which are based on a full conversion of the excitation radiation, can pass through the directed Radiation generation in the structured layer of the converter element can be made significantly more efficient compared to known technical solutions.
- the radiation source is designed such that it emits visible white light or visible converted light with the colors characteristic of the RGB color space, namely red, green and blue.
- the radiation source has an LED or a plurality of LEDs. These can be arranged next to one another in an array-like manner and can be individually controlled.
- the radiation source can be a pixelated array in which, for example, individual pixels of a larger component can be switched on and off individually.
- a photonic structure as described herein ben, in combination with very small LEDs, such as the LEDs mentioned above, or with pixelated arrays is advantageous, since classic optics such as lenses can only be used to a very limited extent with small dimensions.
- the contrast between neighboring pixels can be improved by means of a photonic structure due to the directionality provided thereby.
- the radiation source can also be designed as a chip-size package.
- This is particularly a component without a proper housing.
- the type of optical elements described here is particularly advantageous for such components, since classic lenses cannot be easily mounted on the very compact components or they can significantly enlarge the component.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a radiation source which has at least one of the special properties described above.
- the process is characterized in that the structure is formed by at least one etching step in a semiconductor substrate of the LED. It is advantageous here if the structure, in particular specifically selected recesses in the structure, are at least partially filled with the converter material.
- decoupling in particular light decoupling
- a method for producing a device in particular an electronic compo element, in particular an opto-electronic component, in particular a light-emitting diode, is proposed, wherein for generating a, in particular optical, coupling-out structure in a surface area of a semiconductor body providing the device ,
- Planarization means in particular the formation of a flatness, which can also be referred to as planarity.
- a device in particular an electronic component, in particular an opto-electronic component, in particular a light-emitting diode, is proposed, whereby a coupling-out structure is obtained in a surface area of a semiconductor body providing the device by structuring the surface area and planarizing the structured surface area a planarized surface of the surface area was generated.
- a coupling-out structure With a proposed coupling-out structure, light can be emitted from a surface in a direction perpendicular to it.
- the surface area of the semiconductor body which can also be referred to as a raw chip, can be structured by generating a random topology on the surface area.
- the random topology can be generated by means of direct roughening of the surface of the surface region of the semiconductor body having a first material.
- the random topology can be generated by applying a transparent second material, in particular Nb2Ü5, having a large refractive index, in particular greater than 2, to the surface area and roughening the second material.
- This second material can be applied as a layer to the surface area.
- the surface area of the semiconductor body can be structured by generating an ordered topology on the surface area.
- the ordered topology can be generated by applying a transparent second material, in particular Nb2Ü5, with a high refractive index, in particular greater than 2, and structuring periodic photonic crystals or non-periodic photonic structures into this material , in particular quasi-periodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures, into the second material are executed.
- the second material can be applied as a layer.
- a photonic crystal is understood to be periodic structures that generate a band structure for photons through a periodic variation of the optical refractive index.
- This band structure can have a band gap in a certain frequency range.
- this property can also be generated with non-periodic but nonetheless ordered structures.
- Such structures are, in particular, quasi-periodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures. These can be spiral arrangements, for example.
- the surface area of the semiconductor body can be planarized by applying transparent third material with a low refractive index, in particular less than 1.5, in particular SiO2, to the surface area.
- the third material can be applied as a layer.
- SiO2 can be attached as a transparent third material with a low refractive index by means of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate).
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- the third material with a low refractive index can be thinned until the surface is flat and / or smooth with the highest elevations in the first material of the semiconductor body or in the second material with a high refractive index.
- thinning can be carried out by means of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- the device can be transferred by means of stamp technology.
- the planarized surface can be flat and / or smooth and have a roughness in the range of less than 20 nanometers, in particular less than 1 nanometer, as the mean roughness value.
- the coupling-out structure can have a transparent third material with a low refractive index, in particular SiO 2, on a roughened first material of the semiconductor of the component.
- the coupling-out structure can have a transparent third material with a low refractive index, in particular Si0 2 , on a roughened transparent second material with a high refractive index, in particular Nb 2 0 5 , the second material on a first material of the semiconductor of the Component can be attached.
- the coupling-out structure can have a transparent third material with a low refractive index, in particular Si0 2 , on a transparent second material with a high refractive index, the second material being attached to a first material of the semiconductor of the component and periodic photonic crystals or non-periodic photonic structures, in particular quasiperiodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures.
- the invention also relates to an optoelectronic device which comprises an arrangement with a plurality of light sources for generating light that emerges from a light exit surface of the optoelectronic device, and also comprises at least one photonic structure between the light exit surface and the plurality of light sources is arranged.
- the at least one photonic structure which can in particular be a photonic crystal or pillar structures, which are also referred to herein as pillar structures, beam shaping of the emitted light can be effected before the light passes through the device through the light exit surface leaves.
- the photonic structure can in particular be designed for beam shaping of the light generated by the light sources.
- the photonic structure can in particular be designed in such a way that the light emerges at least substantially perpendicularly from the light exit surface. The directionality of the emitted light can thus be improved.
- Photonic crystals are known per se. These are, in particular, periodic structures of the optical refractive index that occur or are created in transparent solids.
- so-called two-dimensional photonic crystals are relevant here, which have a periodic variation in the optical refractive index in two spatial directions perpendicular to one another, in particular in two spatial directions running parallel to the light exit surface and perpendicular to one another.
- the arrangement is an array which has a plurality of pixels as light sources, which are arranged in a layer, and a photonic crystal is arranged or formed in the layer.
- the photonic crystal can thus be arranged directly in the layer in which the pixels of the array are arranged.
- the photonic crystal can be arranged in the layer above the light sources, so that the photonic crystal is nevertheless located between the light sources and the light exit surface.
- the layer can have a semiconductor material, and the photonic crystal can be structured in the semiconductor material.
- GaN or AlInGaP material systems come into question as semiconductor material.
- GaN stands for gallium nitride
- AlInGaP stands for aluminum-indium-gallium-phosphide.
- Examples of other possible material systems are A1N (for aluminum nitride) and InGaAs (for indium gallium arsenide).
- the photonic crystal can be realized by forming a periodic variation of the optical refractive index in the semiconductor material, a material with a high refractive index, such as Nb 2Ü5 (niobium (V) oxide), being used and appropriately introduced into the semiconductor material can be.
- the photonic crystal is preferably designed as a two-dimensional photonic crystal which has a periodic variation of the optical refractive index in two mutually perpendicular spatial directions in a plane running parallel to the light exit direction.
- the arrangement is an array which has a plurality of pixels as light sources, which are arranged in a first layer, and a photonic crystal is net angeord in a further, second layer, the second layer between the first Layer and the light exit surface lies.
- the photonic crystal can thus be arranged or accommodated in the additional second layer above the layer with the plurality of pixels.
- the photonic crystal can in turn be designed as a two-dimensional photonic crystal, for example.
- the photonic crystal can be realized by means of holes or recesses, which are introduced into a material with a high refractive index, for example M0 2 O 5 .
- the photonic crystal can thus be formed or be formed by forming the corresponding structuring in the material with a high refractive index.
- the photonic structures can be filled with a material with a low refractive index, for example silicon dioxide.
- the arrangement can have a plurality of LEDs as light sources, the LEDs being arranged in a first layer, and a photonic crystal being arranged or formed in a further, second layer, the second layer between the first layer and the light exit surface lies.
- a photonic crystal can be provided in an additional, second layer above the first layer having the LEDs.
- the water is preferably designed as a two-dimensional photonic crystal and implemented in the form of a periodic variation of the optical refractive index in two spatial directions parallel to the light exit surface and perpendicular to one another.
- the photonic crystal can be structured by means of holes or recesses in the material with the high refractive index.
- the photonic structures can be filled with a material with a lower refractive index, for example silicon dioxide.
- horizontal LEDs are the electrical ones Connections on the back of the LED facing away from the light emission surface.
- a vertical LED has an electrical connection on the front and an electrical connection on the back of the LED. The front side is facing the light exit surface.
- the entire array surface can be structured, e.g. in the form of a photonic crystal, in particular without leaving out mesa trenches or contact surfaces.
- a similar arrangement results for arrangements of horizontal light-emitting diodes under a Trä gersubstrat.
- both poles in an array or an arrangement of horizontal light-emitting diodes for electrical contacting of the light sources, both poles can be electrically connected by means of a contacting layer that reflects the light generated, the contacting layer being seen from an overhead light exit surface under the photonic structure and the Light sources.
- the contacting layer can have at least two electrically separated areas in order to avoid a short circuit between the poles.
- a particularly positive first pole facing away from the light exit surface can be electrically connected to a contacting layer that reflects the light produced, the contacting layer being connected to an overhead
- the light exit surface is seen from under the photonic structure and the light sources.
- the respective other, in particular negative, second pole, which faces the light exit surface can be electrically connected by means of a layer of an electrically conductive and optically transparent material, in particular ITO.
- a filler material can be arranged between the layer and the reflective contact-making layer.
- each of the light sources can have a recombination zone and the photonic crystal can be so close to the recombination zones that the photonic crystal changes an optical density of states present in the region of the recombination zones, in particular such that a band gap for at least one optical mode is generated with a direction of propagation parallel and / or at a small angle to the light exit surface.
- the photonic crystal is very close to the recombination zone.
- the height of the photonic crystal viewed in a direction perpendicular to the light exit surface, is large, in particular equal to or above 300 nm.
- a directionality for the emitted light can already be achieved in the range of Light generation he aims, because the emission of light with a direction of propagation parallel and / or at a small angle to the light exit surface can be suppressed. The generation of light can then take place exclusively in a limited emission cone perpendicular to the light exit surface.
- the opening angle of the emission cone is dependent on the photonic crystal and can be a small value, for example a maximum of 20 °, a maximum of 15 °, a maximum of 10 ° or a maximum of 5 °.
- the photonic crystal can be arranged in relation to a plane running parallel to the light exit surface independently of the positioning of the light points.
- the photonic crystal can be produced by means of a lithography technique known per se.
- Possible technologies known per se are, for example, nanoimprint lithography or immersion EUV steppers, where EUV stands for extreme ultraviolet radiation.
- the photonic structure can comprise a multiplicity of pillar structures which extend at least partially between the light exit surface and the multiplicity of light sources, one pillar in each case being assigned to a light source and aligned with it in a direction perpendicular to the light exit surface.
- the pillars can also be called pillars.
- the pilars or pillars have a longitudinal axis which preferably extends perpendicular to the light exit surface. In the case of a cursing alignment of a pill and an associated light source, this means in particular that the elongated longitudinal axis of the pill intersects the center of the light source.
- the pillars can have a circular, square or polygonal cross section.
- the pillars preferably have an aspect ratio of height to diameter of at least 3: 1. The height is measured in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the pillars.
- the pillars are in particular made of a material with a high refractive index, such as KPq2q5. Due to the higher refractive index compared to the surrounding material, the light emission can be in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis the pillars compared to other spatial directions who increased.
- the pillars act as waveguides. Light is coupled out along the longitudinal axis of the pillars more efficiently than along other directions of propagation. The directionality in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the light can thus be improved. Since the longitudinal axis of the light preferably runs perpendicular to the light exit surface, an improved light decoupling perpendicular to the light exit surface can also be achieved.
- the arrangement can be an array which has a plurality of pixels as light sources, which are arranged in a first layer, and the pillars can be arranged in a further, second layer, the second layer being between the first layer and the light exit surface .
- the pillars can thus be net angeord on the surface of the pixelated array.
- the pillar or column structures can be made free-standing from a material with a high refractive index.
- the space between the pillars can be filled with a filler material, e.g. Silicon dioxide, be filled with a low refractive index.
- the arrangement can have a plurality of LEDs as light sources, which are arranged in a first layer, and the pillars can be arranged or formed in a further, second layer, the second layer being between the first layer and the light exit surface.
- the arrangement can be an array which has a multiplicity of pixels as light sources which are arranged in a first layer, and the pillars can also be arranged in the first layer.
- the pillars can be arranged in the first layer in such a way that at least one respective part of a pill is closer to the light exit surface than the light source assigned to the pill.
- the pillar can thus act as an optical waveguide between the light source and the Acting light exit surface.
- the pillars can be formed from a semiconductor material of the array provided in the first layer, the semiconductor material having a high refractive index.
- semiconductor material in the first layer can be removed by etching in such a way that the pillars remain. The free spaces between the pillars can in turn have decayed with a breaking-down material.
- the arrangement can be an array that has a plurality of pixels, in particular in the form of LEDs, as light sources, the pixels being formed in the pillars.
- An array can thus be created in such a way that the individual pixels have the shape of pillars.
- Each pillar is preferably an LED and functions as a single pixel.
- the length of the pill can correspond to half a wavelength of the emitted light, and the recombination zone of the LED formed by a pillar is preferably in the center of the pill.
- the recombination zone is therefore in a local maximum of the photonic density of states.
- the light emission parallel to the longitudinal direction of the pillars can thereby be increased significantly. Due to the waveguide effect, the light with the direction of propagation parallel to the longitudinal axis is additionally coupled out more effectively than light in other directions of propagation.
- the aspect ratio of height to diameter of a pill is preferably 3: 1.
- the pillars have a height of approx. 100 nm and a diameter of 30 nm. Upscaled, larger heights or diameters, which are easier to manufacture, are also possible.
- the space between the pillars having the light sources can be covered with material, for example silicon dioxide, which has a lower refractive index than the semiconductor material for the pillars.
- a p-contact can be established on the underside of the pill facing away from the light exit surface. For example, an n-contact can be made halfway up the pillars on top of the pillars.
- the n-contact can be produced via a transparent conductive material, in particular as an intermediate layer in the filler material or as the top layer over the pillars.
- a transparent conductive material in particular as an intermediate layer in the filler material or as the top layer over the pillars.
- One possible material for an n-contact layer is, for example, ITO (indium tin oxide).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a reverse arrangement of n and p contacts is also possible.
- one, in particular positive, first pole can be electrically connected to a reflective contacting layer, which can be formed on and / or along first longitudinal ends of the light-emitting diodes.
- the respective other, in particular negative, second pole can be electrically connected to a further layer made of an electrically conductive and optically transparent material, in particular ITO.
- This layer can be arranged as an intermediate layer in the middle of the pillars or pillars or on and / or along second longitudinal ends of the pillars, the two longitudinal ends being opposite the first longitudinal ends.
- an optoelectronic device for generating an emission of light directed perpendicularly to an emitting surface from a, in particular planar, pixel-having array or from an arrangement of light-emitting diodes, with optically effective structures, in particular nanostructures such as a photonic Crystals or a pillar structure, are structured along the entire emitting surface for the perpendicularly directed emission of light.
- a method for producing an optoelectronic device for generating an emission of light directed perpendicularly to an emitting surface from a, in particular planar, pixelated array or from an arrangement of light-emitting diodes is proposed, with optical structures along the entire emitting surface Surface can be structured to the perpendicular emission of light.
- a planar array is called a plane array.
- a surface of an array or field is also preferably smooth.
- a pixelated array is in particular a monolithic, pixelated array.
- All the materials mentioned, in particular the materials in a photonic crystal, a pillar, or the filling materials preferably have a low absorption coefficient.
- the absorption coefficient is in particular a measure of the reduction in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation when passing through a given material.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first variant of a lighting unit according to the invention.
- Fig. 2 shows a sectional view of a second variant of a lighting unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an arrangement of a plurality of lighting units from FIG. 2.
- Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a fourth variant of a lighting unit according to the invention.
- Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a surface topography detection system with a lighting unit from FIG. 4th
- Fig. 6 shows a lighting unit with an emitter unit that has a light exit surface on which a polarization element with a three-dimensional photonic structure is applied.
- Fig. 7 shows a representation of a three-dimensional photonic structure with a plurality of spiral-shaped structural elements.
- Fig. 9 shows a lighting unit with an emitter unit and a three-dimensional photonic structure into which converter material is filled.
- FIG. 10 shows a plan view and sectional view of a radiation source with an LED and a converter element which is formed by a structured layer filled with converter material, which is only located in the top layer of the LED semiconductor material.
- FIG. 11 shows a cross section through a radiation source which is structured via an LED, a converter element, which is structured by a Layer which is only located in the top layer of the LED semiconductor material is formed, as well as a filter layer applied to the top layer of the LED semiconductor material.
- FIG. 12 shows a plan view and sectional view of a radiation source with an LED and a converter element, which is formed by a structured layer filled with converter material, which extends into the active zone of the LED semiconductor material.
- Fig. 13 shows a cross section through a radiation source which is formed via an LED, a converter element which is formed by a structured layer filled with converter material that extends into the active zone of the LED semiconductor material, and via a top layer of the LED - Has a filter layer applied to the semiconductor material.
- Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of a proposed device before.
- 15 shows a further embodiment of a proposed device.
- 16 shows a further embodiment of a proposed device.
- Fig. 18b the first proposed device in a cross section.
- 19a shows a second proposed device in one
- FIG. 19b the second proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 20a a third proposed device in one
- FIG. 20b the third proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 21a a fourth proposed device in one
- Fig. 21b the fourth proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 22a a fifth proposed device in one
- Fig. 22b the fifth proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 23a a sixth proposed device in one
- Fig. 23b the sixth proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 24b the seventh proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 25a shows an eighth proposed device in a plan view.
- Fig. 25b the eighth proposed device in a cross section.
- Fig. 26a shows a ninth proposed device in one
- FIG. 26b the ninth proposed device in a cross section.
- FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of a further variant of a device according to the invention.
- the lighting unit 11 shown in Fig. 1 comprises at least one optoelectronic emitter unit 13, which is designed to emit electromagnetic radiation 19, such as visible or infrared light of one wavelength, via a light exit surface 15.
- a photonic structure 17 is provided for beam shaping of the electromagnetic radiation before it emerges via the light exit surface 15.
- the photonic structure 17 shapes the electromagnetic radiation 19 such that the electromagnetic radiation 19 in the far field 21 has a defined characteristic 23.
- the photonic structure 17 of the lighting unit 11 of FIG. 1 is a one-dimensional photonic crystal 25.
- this extends to the light exit surface 15.
- the end face of the photonic crystal 25 thus forms the light exit surface 15
- the one-dimensional photonic crystal 25 has a periodic variation of the optical refractive index along a first direction RI.
- the crystal 25 or the periodic variation are set in such a way that they beam-shape the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a light source (not shown) of the emitter unit.
- a light source not shown
- the emitted radiation 19 in the far field 21 has only a slight extent along the first direction RI.
- Characteristic of the electromagnetic radiation 19 in the far field 21 is with that it forms a narrow strip 27. The electromagnetic radiation 19 is therefore collimated with respect to the first direction 19.
- the light source is in particular an LED. This is typically a Lambertian radiator.
- a directed, collimated electromagnetic radiation 19 can be generated.
- the emitted electromagnetic radiation 19 leaves the emitter unit 13 in the form of a light cone which fades out essentially along a second direction R2.
- the central axis of the light cone extends along a main emission direction H, which runs perpendicular to the light exit surface 15.
- a collimating, optional optics arranged downstream of the light exit surface 15, viewed in the main emission direction H.
- the electromagnetic radiation 19 can be collimated in the second spatial direction R2, which runs orthogonally to the first spatial direction RI.
- the electromagnetic radiation 19 can thus be collimated in the far field 21 with respect to the two directions RI, R2.
- a luminous point is created.
- a lighting device 11 according to FIG. 1 is particularly suitable for use in an optical scanner. Because of the strip-like light image in the far field 21, the lighting device 11 can be used in particular for line scan applications.
- a one-dimensional photonic crystal 25 is formed on the upper side of the emitter unit 13.
- the end face of the crystal 25 forms the light exit surface 15 for electromagnetic Radiation which is generated by an optoelectronic light source (not shown), for example an LED, and which is emitted through the photonic crystal 25 via the light exit surface 25.
- the main emission direction H of the electromagnetic radiation 19 in the lighting unit of FIG. 2 runs at an angle oc to the normal N of the light exit surface 15.
- the angle oc is not equal to zero degrees.
- the angle oc can, for example, be in the range between 30 and 60 degrees.
- the materials 31, 33 have a paral lelogram-like cross-section and abutting boundary surfaces of the materials 31, 33 are not orthogonal, son countries inclined to the light exit surface 15, as shown in Fig. 2 is cally shown.
- Such a structure can be formed, for example, in that trenches 29 running parallel to one another are etched at an angle to the light exit surface 15 in the substrate 31 facing the light exit surface 15.
- the trenches 29 can be filled with a material 33 which has a different optical refractive index than the etched away substrate material 33.
- the angle ⁇ can depend on the incline of the trenches 29 to the light exit surface 15.
- the width of the trenches 29 and the width of a respective one between two trenches 29 remain; the substrate material 31 has an influence on the wavelengths on which the photonic crystal 25 can affect.
- the width of the trenches 29 and the width of the substrate material 33 lying between two trenches and thus also the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure 25 are adapted to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation, which is provided by the light source or a converter material arranged between the light source and the photonic crystal.
- the lighting unit 11 of FIG. 2 By means of the one-dimensional photonic crystal 25, the lighting unit 11 of FIG. 2 in turn generate a light strip 27 in the far field 21, as was described with reference to FIG. 1.
- the main radiation direction H in the variant of FIG. 2 is tilted by the angle oc with respect to the normal N.
- the strip 27 can be brought into a point or circular structure in the far field 21 by means of a downstream collimation optics.
- the variant shown in FIG. 3 comprises a line-like or array-like arrangement of several lighting units 11 from FIG. 2.
- the light beams 19 emitted by the individual lighting units 11 have the same main emission direction H.
- the light rays 19 can also be collimated by an additional collimating optic 35, in particular a lens, in a second direction which, in the illustration in FIG. 2, runs perpendicular to the image plane. This results in a point or circular image of the emitted radiation 19 in the far field behind the optics 35.
- the use of a photonic crystal in a lighting device 11 according to FIGS. 2 and 3 results in an effectively higher resolution for a line-like or array-like arrangement of the lighting devices 11 according to FIG. 3.
- smaller beam cross-sections can be realized, in particular in Far field downstream of the optics 35.
- the photonic crystals 25 integrated in the lighting devices 11 already cause collimation in the first direction RI (see FIG. 2), the optics 35 and possibly other subsequent optics can be made more compact will.
- the lighting unit 11 comprises a photonic structure 17, which is a two-dimensional photonic crystal 37, the end face of which forms the light exit surface 15.
- At least one optoelectronic light source is arranged behind the photonic crystal 37.
- the photonic crystal 37 is designed to shape the electromagnetic radiation 19 emitted via the light exit surface in such a way that it generates a defined, discrete pattern 39 in the far field 21.
- the pattern 39 consists of several distributed light points 41, other patterns also being possible.
- the lighting unit 11 of FIG. 4 is suitable, for example, for use in a surface topography recognition system 43, which is shown by way of example in the block diagram of FIG. 5.
- the system 43 comprises a detection unit 45 with a camera 47, which is designed to capture the pattern 39 when it illuminates an object (not shown).
- an analysis device 49 is provided which is designed to determine a distortion of the pattern 39 in relation to a predetermined reference pattern.
- the reference pattern can for example be determined from the detection of the pattern 39 when it is projected onto a flat surface.
- the analysis device 49 is also designed to determine a shape and / or a structure of the object illuminated by the pattern 39 in the far field 39 as a function of the determined distortion of the pattern 39.
- face recognition can thus be implemented.
- downstream optics for generating patterns can be saved, since the pattern 39 can already be generated by means of the photonic crystal 37.
- the lighting device 11 according to FIG. 4 and the associated system 43 according to FIG. 5 can therefore be implemented in a particularly compact form.
- Fig. 6 shows a lighting unit 1 with an emitter unit 2 which has a light exit surface 3 on which a polarization element 4 is applied in the form of a polarization layer with a three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the emitter unit 2 is an LED 5 which emits light in the visible or possibly also in the ultraviolet wavelength range.
- the light emitted by the LED 5 is passed into the three-dimensional photonic structure and polarized here in a specific direction of oscillation depending on the design and dimensioning of the structure.
- a circular or a linear polarization can take place. It is essential that only light with a certain polarization is emitted from the lighting unit 1.
- the structural elements of the three-dimensional photonic structure are rod-shaped, in particular embodied as so-called nanorods, this brings about a linear polarization of the radiation guided through the three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the lighting unit 1 shown in FIG. 6 is produced using the two-photon lithography method, des Glancing-Angle-Deposition process, laser interference lithography or holographic structuring.
- the spiral structure elements 6 shown in FIG. 7 have been produced with the aid of the glancing angle deposition method.
- a lighting unit 1, as shown in FIG. 6, can advantageously be combined with other lighting units which have complementary properties.
- lighting units 1 are combined for image generation that have different polarization and / or transmission properties.
- the radiation that is generated with the aid of several lighting units, each with complementary properties and polarized in different directions of oscillation, is preferably mapped onto a display or a screen using common optics.
- Such devices can advantageously be used in applications to generate three dimensional images.
- the three-dimensional photonic structure arranged on the surface or the light exit surface 3 of an LED chip according to FIG. 6, which forms a polarization element 4, it is possible to generate light with fundamentally different properties, in particular with a defined polarization, than is possible with the currently known LEDs.
- the great advantage here is that, due to the provision of a three-dimensional photonic structure on the chip surface, no additional optical components, such as a classic polarization filter, are required.
- the lighting unit can therefore be made comparatively small. Due to the structuring directly on the semiconductor chip of the LED 5, such a lighting unit 1 is also ener- More energy efficient than the known lighting units, in which the polarization is subsequently selected.
- Each of the photons that, due to their properties, do not pass through the three-dimensional photonic structure remains in the LED chip and can be re-emitted through a reabsorption process.
- Fig. 8 shows a lighting unit 1 with an emitter unit 2, which has a light exit surface 3 on which a polarization element 4 with a three-dimensional photonic structure which has wavelength-selective properties is applied.
- the photonic structure is designed as a three-dimensional photonic crystal in this case.
- several two-dimensional photonic crystals can be arranged in layers one above the other.
- the three-dimensional photonic structure is designed in such a way that it has a wavelength-specific degree of transmission and polarization properties. This means that the degree of transmission and the polarization properties of the three-dimensional photonic structure vary as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation.
- the lighting unit 1 shown in FIG. 8 has an emitter unit, which in turn has an LED 5.
- a converter element 7 with a layer of converter material is also provided.
- the converter material emits, due to an excitation by the excitation radiation 8 emitted by the LED 5, a converted radiation 9 which has a wavelength that is different from the wavelength of the excitation radiation 8. If both non-converted excitation radiation 8 and also converted radiation 9 strike the three-dimensional photonic structure, these radiations are influenced in different ways depending on their wavelength with regard to transmission and polarization. As can be seen from Fig. 8, the converted radiation 9 is coupled out perpendicular to the surface of the LED chip, while the excitation radiation 8 is deflected laterally.
- Such lighting units can be used in a preferred manner in components in which radiations with different wavelengths are generated, with different functions being able to be implemented in a combination of LEDs and converter elements.
- the wavelength of the excitation radiation 8 emitted by an LED it is possible to achieve complete suppression of the excitation radiation 8, while the converted radiation 9 shines through the three-dimensional photonic structure.
- the excitation radiation 8 is deflected while the converted radiation 9, as shown in FIG. 8, is coupled out perpendicular to the chip surface.
- the mechanism can also be reversed.
- the variant of a lighting unit shown in FIG. 9 comprises an emitter unit, here again in the form of an LED 15, as well as a three-dimensional photonic structure 11, for example spiral-shaped,.
- Converter material 13 is filled into structure 11.
- Fig. 10 shows, in a plan view and a sectional view, a radiation source 6 with an LED and with a layer 2 which is arranged in a semiconductor substrate 8 of the LED 7 and has a structure 4 with a suitable converter material.
- the structured layer 2 with the converter material forms a converter element 1, the converter material emitting converted radiation into an emission region 3 of the radiation source 6 when excited by the excitation radiation emitted by the LED 7.
- the structure 4 provided in the layer 2 with the converter material is designed in such a way that the converted radiation is emitted exclusively as a directed bundle of rays in a certain emission area 3.
- the converted radiation is emitted perpendicular to a plane in which the LED chip with its semiconductor substrates is located.
- the structured layer 2 shown in FIG. 10 is a two-dimensional photonic crystal which has been etched into the LED semiconductor substrate.
- the individual, here rod-shaped recesses of the structure 4 have been filled with the converter material.
- the layer thickness of the structure 4 is at least 500 nm, so that a band gap is produced in the crystalline solid material, which band gap brings about a directionality of the converted radiation emitted by the converter element 1.
- Such a photonic structure can significantly increase the directionality and thus also the efficiency, in particular also of etendue-limited systems. Due to the provision of a layer 2 with a corresponding structure 4 and suitable converter material directly on the surface the LED 7 can dispense with the otherwise additionally provided optical elements and thus a comparatively small radiation source can be realized by utilizing the invention.
- an energetically particularly efficient radiation source is made available, since on the one hand no light is emitted in an unnecessary direction that is not arranged perpendicular to the LED chip surface, and on the other hand all the converted light can be used. Furthermore, modes of the excitation radiation emitted by the LED 7, which are guided in the active zone 9 and have a low extraction efficiency from the LED 7, can also be efficiently converted.
- Fig. 11 shows the sectional view of a radiation source 6, which, as has been explained in connection with Fig. 10, is executed, but additionally via a filter element 5 applied to the top layer of the radiation source 6 in the form of a filter layer 5, which is opaque to radiation in the selected wavelength range.
- the filter layer 5 here preferably has the function of a color filter.
- Such a technical design is particularly suitable for radiation sources 6 in which an LED 7 and a converter element 1 are combined in such a way that the light emitted by the LED 7 is fully converted.
- a suitably designed filter layer 5 the radiation emitted into the emission region 3 can be adapted to radiation with a desired wavelength can be limited.
- Such a filter layer 5 can also ensure that excitation radiation emitted by the LED 7, which is not converted into converted radiation by the converter element 1, is prevented from exiting into the emission area 3 with the aid of the filter layer 5, if necessary.
- FIG. 12 again shows a radiation source 6 which has an LED 7 and a converter element 1 mounted on a semiconductor substrate 8 of the LED 7.
- the converter element 1 has a layer 2 with converter material and a structure 4 which is placed on a semiconductor substrate 8 of the LED 7.
- the structured layer 2 is preferably a photonic crystal, a quasi-periodic or deterministically aperiodic photonic structure.
- the structure 4 of the layer 2 is filled with a suitable converter material.
- the structured layer 2 is not only arranged in a semiconductor substrate in the upper region of the radiation source 6, but extends into the active zone 9 of the LED 7.
- a structured layer 2 is again included a layer thickness that is greater than 500 nm is provided and thus creates an optical band gap. In this case too, modes of the excitation radiation emitted by the LED 7, which are guided in the active zone 9 and have a low extraction efficiency from the LED, can be converted efficiently.
- Fig. 13 shows an embodiment of a radiation source 6, which, as shown in Fig. 12, is executed and additionally via a filter element 5 applied to the top layer of the radiation source 6, which is in the form of a filter layer serving as a color filter , has.
- a filter element 5 applied to the top layer of the radiation source 6, which is in the form of a filter layer serving as a color filter , has.
- Such color filters offer the possibility of a full conversion of the excitation radiation emitted by the LED 7 to limit the emission of the converted radiation into the emission area or, in the case of an incomplete conversion, to selectively suppress the emission of non-converted excitation radiation.
- FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of a proposed device.
- a semiconductor body having a first material 1 is shown, which can also be referred to as a raw chip and which is formed here as a light-emitting diode.
- a coupling-out structure A is formed.
- a planarized surface 7 is formed on an upper surface area 9 of the semiconductor body providing the device.
- the surface area 9 is structured and then planarized.
- the semiconductor body can be produced epitaxially in such a way that the surface region 9 was produced facing away from a carrier (not shown).
- all surface areas of a semiconductor body providing the device can be structured in order to form, in particular optical, coupling-out structures A, and then planarized.
- Other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can also be coupled out with coordinated structuring and planarization.
- the 14 shows a structuring of the surface region 9 of the semiconductor body, a random topology being generated on the upper surface region 9.
- the random topology is formed here by means of direct roughening of the first material 1 of the semiconductor body on the surface area 9.
- Topology here is a spatial structure in particular.
- the surface area 9 of the semiconductor body is then planarized by applying a transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index, in particular small 1.5. This is followed by a thinning of the attached transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index until the upper surface 7 of the structured surface area 9 is flat and / or smooth with the highest elevations in the first material 1 of the semiconductor body.
- the third material 5 can be applied as a layer.
- Thinning can be done by means of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- Possible structures embossed in a surface area 9 can be random topologies, such as, for example, roughened surfaces. Random topologies such as roughened surfaces are already used with larger LEDs.
- a coupling-out of light is improved by a coupling-out structure A with a planarized surface 7.
- first the first material 1 of the LED semiconductor or LED raw chip, for example, is structured directly.
- the transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index used for planarization can be Si0 2 , and this can in particular be attached by means of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate).
- the refractive index also the refractive index or optical density, formerly also called the refractive index, is an optical material property. It is the ratio of the wavelength of the light in a vacuum to the wavelength in the material, and thus also the phase velocity of the light in a vacuum to that in the material.
- the index of refraction is dimensionless, and it is generally from the frequency of the light depends on what is called dispersion. Light is refracted and reflected at the interface between two media with different refractive indices. The medium with the larger refractive index is called the optically denser one.
- Small refractive indices can in particular be less than 1.5.
- Other materials that can be used with a low refractive index are, for example, crown glass with a refractive index of, for example, 1.46, PMMA with a refractive index of, for example, 1.49 and quartz glass with a refractive index of, for example, 1.46. These refractive indices result at the wavelength 589 nm of the sodium D-line.
- a refractive index of silicon dioxide is, for example, 1.458. Other materials can also be used.
- Fig. 15 shows a second embodiment of a proposed device.
- a transparent second material 3 with a large refractive index can be applied to the light-emitting diode and structured in a suitable manner to improve the coupling-out of light.
- a suitable second material 3 with a high refractive index is, for example, Nb205- This alternative is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16.
- a large refractive index can in particular be greater than 2.
- Further usable materials with a high refractive index are, for example, zinc sulfide with a refractive index of for example 2.37, diamond with a refractive index of for example 2.42, titanium dioxide with a refractive index of for example 2.52, silicon carbide with a refractive index of for example 2, 65 and titanium dioxide with a refractive index for example 3.10. These refractive indices result in particular at the wavelength 589 nm of the sodium D line.
- a refractive index of niobium (V) oxide is, for example, 2.3. Other materials can also be used.
- a coupling-out structure A is formed in a surface region 9 of a semiconductor body providing the device.
- the surface area 9 is also structured here.
- the structuring of the surface area 9 takes place as shown in FIG. 14 is also the case, by means of generating a random topology on the surface region 9. While according to FIG. 14 the random topology is generated by means of direct roughening of the surface 7 of the surface region 9 of the semiconductor body having a first material 1, according to FIG. 15 the random topology is formed by, in particular in layers, attaching a transparent second material 3 having a large refractive index, in particular greater than 2, to the surface region 9 and roughening the second material 3.
- a transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index in particular less than 1.5
- the third material 5 can be applied as a layer. Thereafter, the attached transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index is thinned until the surface 7 of the structured surface area 9 is flat and / or smooth with the highest elevations in the second material 3 with a high refractive index.
- the transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index can be Si0 2 , and this is attached in particular by means of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate). Thinning can be carried out by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
- FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of a proposed device.
- ordered topologies can also be generated on the surface area 9.
- the orderly topology is created here by, in particular in layers, attaching a transparent second material 3, which has a large refractive index, in particular greater than 2, to the surface area 9 and structuring periodic photonic crystals or non-periodic photonic structures, in particular quasiperiodes shear or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures, executed in the second material 3.
- periodic photonic crystals or non-periodic photonic structures in particular quasiperiodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures, can in principle be structured directly into the first material 1 of the semiconductor body without a second material 3.
- a device with a coupling-out structure A can be formed, with a transparent third material 5 with a low refractive index, in particular SiÜ2, being attached to a first material 1 of a semiconductor of a component and in the first material 1 periodic photonic crystals or non- periodic photonic structures, in particular quasi-periodic or deterministic aperiodic photonic structures, can be incorporated.
- Photonic crystals consist of structured semiconductors, glasses or polymers and are usually produced using processes known from microelectronics.
- photonic crystals can be seen as the optical analogue of electronic semiconductors, that is to say as "optical semiconductors”.
- a transparent third material 5 with a small refractive index, in particular in layers, is attached to the structured surface area 9 for planarization.
- Si0 2 which is deposited with the help of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate), is suitable for this.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- a process suitable for thinning is chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), in order to remove layers with thicknesses in the micrometer and nanometer range evenly.
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- the surface produced in this way is flat and / or smooth.
- a roughness is in particular in the range of a few nanometers than the mean roughness value (rms).
- the generated planarized surface 7 can be used with the conventionally used stamp technology for transferring the light emitting diodes.
- 17 shows an exemplary embodiment of a proposed method.
- a surface region 9 of a semiconductor body providing the device is structured in order to form a decoupling structure A.
- the structured surface area 9 is planarized in order to obtain a planarized surface 7 of the surface area 9.
- the planarization comprises two substeps.
- a transparent third material 5 with a small refractive index, in particular less than 1.5, is attached to the structured surface area 9, in particular in layers.
- a second sub-step S2.2 is used to thin the attached transparent third material 5 with a small amount Refractive index until the surface 7 of the structured Oberflä chen Scheme 9 ends flat and / or smooth with the highest elevations in the first material 1 of the semiconductor body or in the second material 3 with a high refractive index.
- the device can be transferred by means of stamp technology, the semiconductor body being lifted off the planarized surface 7.
- GaN, AlInGaP, AlN or InGaAs material systems can be used as semiconductor materials.
- the device comprises an array 11 having pixels, with optically acting nanostructures in the form of a photonic crystal K over the entire emitting surface of the light exit surface 21.
- the array 11 also comprises an array-like arrangement of light sources, each of which has a recombination zone 2, which lie in a recombination plane 1.
- the recombination zones 2 are formed in a first layer of optically active semiconductor material 3 of the array 11.
- the photonic crystal or the photonic crystal structures K are struc tured, in the form of a two-dimensional photonic crystal.
- the photonic crystal K lies between the recombination zones 2 and the light exit surface 21.
- the photonic crystal structures K can be arranged independently of the positioning of individual pixels, with one pixel corresponding to a light source with a recombination zone 2 in the example shown.
- the optically active photonic crystal structures K are free-standing in air or, as shown, filled with an in particular electrically insulating and optically transparent first filler material 7, in particular Si0 2 , with a refractive index that is smaller than the refractive index of the semiconductor material 3
- the filling material 7 preferably also has a small absorption coefficient.
- both electrical poles of a respective light source are electrically connected by means of an optically reflective contacting layer 5 for electrical contacting of the light sources.
- the contacting layer 5 is located on a side of the optically active semiconductor material 3 facing away from the optically active photonic crystal structures K and is arranged below as shown in FIG. Such contacting enables very highly localized recombination zones 2.
- the contacting layer 5 can have at least two electrically separated areas in order to be able to connect the poles electrically separated from one another.
- the photonic crystal K can be structured over the entire emitting surface 21 in such a way that at least approximately only light with a direction of propagation perpendicular to the surface 21 can leave the component. If the photonic crystal K is close to the recombination plane 1 and the layer thickness of the photonic crystal K is large compared to the distance from the recombination zone 2, the optical density of states is also changed in the area of light generation.
- light can be generated exclusively in a limited emission cone that is predetermined by the photonic crystal K.
- directionality is already ensured at the level of light generation, which effectively increases the efficiency compared to an angle-selective optical element, since such an element only influences the coupling-out of light.
- the alignment of the photonic crystal K is independent of the positioning of the individual pixels, in particular such that an alignment of the pixel structure to the photonic structure K is not necessary and an entire wafer surface can be processed.
- the device is homogeneous in its optical properties over the entire surface of the array 11 or varies only slightly so as not to disturb the optical environment of the photonic crystal K.
- Fig. 19a and 19b show a second proposed optoelectronic device in a plan view and in cross section, respectively.
- the photonic crystal K is arranged in a second layer made of a material 9, in particular Nb2Ü5, above a first layer made of the optically active semiconductor material 3.
- the material 9 has a large optical refractive index, and it is arranged on the flat and / or smooth surface of the semiconductor material 3.
- the material 9 preferably also has a low absorption.
- the photonic crystal K can in turn be designed as a free-standing two-dimensional photonic crystal made of the aforementioned material 9, with air then being in the free space. As shown, the free space can again be used with a material 7 with a smaller refractive index.
- One possible filler material is Si0 2 , for example.
- the contacting is similar to that according to FIGS. 18a and 18b and enables very strongly localized recombination zones 2.
- the device shown comprises as light sources an arrangement of vertical light-emitting diodes 13 and a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure K arranged in an overlying layer, which extends under the entire emitting surface 21 and is formed from a material 9 with a high refractive index.
- the free spaces of the structure K are in turn filled with filler material 7 with a lower optical refractive index.
- the vertical light-emitting diodes 13 have an upper and a lower electrical contact along a vertically oriented longitudinal axis that runs perpendicular to the light exit surface 21.
- the light-emitting diodes thus have an electrical contact on the front side and an electrical contact on their rear side.
- the rear side of the LEDs 13 facing away from the light exit surface 21 is referred to here, while the front side faces the light exit surface 21.
- the device comprises an electrically conductive and the light it generated contacting layer 5 for making electrical contact with the contacts on the back of the LEDs 13.
- a third layer is provided for making electrical contact with the contacts on the front side of the LEDs 13 an electrically conductive and optically transparent material 17, for example ITO.
- An electrical connection to the corresponding pole of a power source can be established via a bonding wire 19.
- a further, in particular electrically insulating, filler material 15 can be arranged between the third layer and the optically reflective contacting layer 5.
- Fig. 21a and 21b show a fourth proposed optoelectronic device in a plan view and in cross section.
- the device comprises an arrangement of horizontal light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 13 with respective recombination zones 2 and an optically effective two-dimensional photonic crystal structure K under the entire emitting surface 21.
- the photonic crystal structure K lies in a layer made of a material 9 with a high refractive index, for example Nb205 - Free spaces are in turn filled with filler material 7, for example silicon dioxide, with a lower optical refractive index.
- both electrical contacts are on the rear side of the light-emitting diodes 13. Both poles of the LEDs 13 are electrically connected by means of areas of the optically reflective contacting layer 5 that are electrically separated from one another.
- an, in particular electrically insulating, filler material 15 is arranged between the material layer 9 and the contacting layer 5.
- the efficiency with regard to the generation of light can be relatively high in the configurations according to FIGS. 18a to 21b, since in these exemplary embodiments the directionality or directionality of the light generation already occurs
- Light can be achieved, especially if by means of the band structure of the photonic crystal K, a higher photonic density of states in the region of the recombination zones 2 for the emission of light in the direction perpendicular to the light outlet surface can be achieved.
- Another advantage can be that the photonic crystal K can be structured homogeneously over an entire wafer. A specific positioning or orientation of the photonic crystal to the individual pixels or light-emitting diodes is not necessary. This can significantly reduce the manufacturing complexity, especially compared to alternative approaches in which structures are placed individually over each pixel.
- Fig. 22a and 22b show a fifth proposed optoelectronic device in a plan view and in cross section.
- the device comprises a pixelated array 11 and optically acting pillar structures P, in particular with pillars or columns, which are structured over the entire emitting surface 21.
- the array 11 is preferably smooth and flat.
- the pixelated array 11 comprises pixels, each with a light source which comprises a respective recombination zone 2.
- the recombination zones 2 of the pixels are located in a recombination national level 1 and they are arranged in a first layer with optically active semiconductor material 3.
- the pillar structures P are formed over this first layer.
- a pillar P is assigned to a light source, so that each pillar P is arranged directly above the recombination zone 2 of the assigned light source.
- a longitudinal axis L of a respective pill P runs in particular through the center M of the recombination zone 2 of the assigned light source 2.
- the pillars P consist of a material 9 with a high refractive index, for example Nb 2 0s.
- a filler material 7 with a lower refractive index, such as silicon dioxide, can be arranged in the spaces between the pillars P.
- the pillars P can be arranged above the layer with the light sources, in particular by additionally applying the pillars P above the array 11.
- the pillars can be etched into the semiconductor material 3.
- the semiconductor material layer must be designed correspondingly high. Since the semiconductor material normally has a high refractive index, material can be etched away in such a way that the pil lars 9 remain. The areas freed by the etching can be filled with material with a low refractive index.
- the pillars P act like waveguides which guide light upward in the direction of the longitudinal axis L, so that the pillars P can bring about an improved emission of light in a direction perpendicular to the light exit surface 21.
- both electrical poles of a light source are electrically connected by means of a reflective contacting layer 5 for electrical contacting of the light sources with the recombination zones 2.
- the contacting layer 5 is formed on a side of the semiconductor material 3 facing away from the optically acting pillar structures P.
- the contacting layer 5 can have two separate areas in order to be able to electrically contact the two poles separately from one another. Such a type of contact enables very strongly localized recombination zones 2.
- the device comprises an arrangement of vertical light-emitting diodes 13, which are also referred to as LEDs.
- Optically acting pillar structures P in particular with pillars or columns, are arranged above the arrangement with light-emitting diodes 13.
- the longitudinal axis L of the pillars P runs at least essentially through the center points of the recombination zones 2 of the LEDs 13.
- the pillar structures P can be arranged free-standing in air or filled with an, in particular electrically insulating and optically transparent, first filling material 7 over the light-emitting diodes.
- the filling material 7 can have a smaller refractive index than the refractive index of the material 9 of the pillars P and / or of the semiconductor material 3 of the LEDs 3.
- the LEDs are vertical light-emitting diodes 13. These have an, in particular positive, electrical pole on their rear side facing the reflective contacting layer 5 and a further electrical pole on the front side facing the pillars P.
- the pole on the front side of the light sources is electrically connected to a corresponding power supply (not shown) by means of a layer of an electrically conductive and optically transparent material 17, in particular ITO, and by means of a contact wire 19.
- the layer with the material 17 is arranged between the light sources and the pillars 17, as shown.
- a second filler material 15 can be arranged in free spaces in the layer of the LEDs 13 and thus between the layer with the material 17 and the contacting layer 5.
- the dimensioning of the pillar structures P can correspond to the dimensioning of the light-emitting diodes 13 or the pixels of an array 11.
- Fig. 24a and 24b show a seventh proposed optoelectronic device in a plan view and in cross section.
- the device according to FIGS. 24a and 24b comprises an arrangement of horizontal light-emitting diodes 13, the electrical poles of which are on the rear side of the light-emitting diodes 13.
- both electrical poles of a light source can therefore be electrically connected via two electrically separated areas of the reflective contacting layer 5.
- the intermediate layer with the material 17 as in the variant with vertical light-emitting diodes described above is therefore not required.
- the variants with the Pillars P can be manufactured in a more simple manner using standard technologies, since the structure sizes with diameters of up to 1 ⁇ m or more are significantly larger. As a result, the process requirements are lower and high-resolution lithography can be sufficient to manufacture the pillars.
- Pillar structures in particular pillars or columns, made of the optically active semiconductor material 3 or a material 9 with the highest possible refractive index can be precisely fitted via individual pixels of the array 11 or via vertical light-emitting diodes 13 (FIGS. 23a and 23b) or via horizontal light-emitting diodes 13 ( 24a and 24b) are structured.
- the individual pixels or light emitting diodes 13 can be smaller than 1 ⁇ m in diameter, and the pillars can have an aspect ratio height: diameter of at least 3: 1.
- the pillars are preferably etched directly into the semiconductor material 3, as possible in FIGS. 22a and b and in FIGS. 24a and b, since no third layer 17 is formed in accordance with FIG.
- a possible material with a high refractive index is, for example, Nb 2 0s.
- the pillar structures can be macst starting or with a material 7 with a small refractive index ver falls.
- a possible filler material with a low refractive index is Si0 2 , for example. Due to the larger refractive index of the pillars compared to the surrounding material, the emission is increased parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pillars compared to other spatial directions. Through a waveguide effect, light is coupled out more efficiently along the longitudinal axis of the pillars than light with other directions of propagation. The directionality or directionality of the emitted light can thereby be improved.
- the device comprises an arrangement of light-emitting diodes 13, each of which is designed as a pillar P and thus in the form of a column.
- the length of the pillars P can correspond to half a wavelength of the emitted light in the semiconductor material 3 and the recombination zone 2 can preferably lie in the center M of each pillars and thus in a local maximum of the photonic density of states.
- the aspect ratio height: diameter of the pillars P can be at least 3: 1.
- the pillars P can be approximately 100 nm high and have a diameter of only approximately 30 nm. This requires a very finely resolved structuring technique and can be implemented with great effort using current manufacturing technologies at wafer level.
- the dimensions can be scaled up to simplify manufacture, while keeping the directionality of the emitted light decreases with increasing size of the pillars structure.
- the length of the pillars P is preferably a multiple of half the wavelength of the emitted light in the semiconductor material, and the respective recombination zone 2 can lie in a maximum of the photonic density of states.
- the emission parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pillars P is effectively amplified by the greater photonic density of states.
- light with a direction of propagation along the longitudinal axis of the pillars P is additionally coupled out more efficiently than light with other directions of propagation.
- the intermediate space between the pillars P is covered with a material 7, which preferably has a very small absorption coefficient and a smaller refractive index than the semiconductor material 3.
- a possible filler material with a low refractive index is, for example, SiO 2 .
- one, especially positive, first pole is electrically connected by means of a reflective contacting layer 5 to contact recombination zones 2 arranged in a recombination plane 1.
- the contacting layer 5 is formed on the lower, first longitudinal ends of the light-emitting diodes 13.
- the respective other, in particular negative, second pole is electrically connected to a third layer of a conductive transparent material 17, in particular ITO, and is connected to the corresponding pole of a power supply by means of a bonding wire 19, for example.
- the third layer is formed in and along the recombination plane 1 in the longitudinal centers of the light-emitting diodes 13, which are shaped as pillars P or columns.
- Fig. 26a and 26b show a ninth proposed optoelectronic device in a plan view and in cross section.
- the device according to FIGS. 26a and 26b has vertical LEDs which are designed as Pillars P.
- the electrical contact lying below, in particular the p-contact, is produced via the underside of the pillars P and in particular by making contact with the contacting layer 5.
- the electrical contact on top is on the top of the pillars P.
- the contact is made via an upper layer with optically transparent and electrically conductive material 17.
- the upper layer extends over the pillars P and the first filling material 7 with which the free spaces between the pillars P are filled.
- a possible material 17 for the upper layer is, for example, ITO (indium tin oxide).
- a connection to a power supply can be established via the bonding wire 19.
- the electrical contacting of the light-emitting diodes in the pillars P enables very strongly localized recombination zones 2, where the upper contact, in particular an n-contact, can be formed at the level of the recombination zones 2 or on the top of the pillars P.
- Each pillar P creates an individual pixel.
- FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of a further optoelectronic device in which a two-dimensional photonic crystal K is arranged over a layer with an array-like arrangement of light sources with recombination zones 2.
- the photonic crystal K is arranged so close to the recombination zones 2 that the photonic crystal K changes an optical density of states present in the area of the recombination zones 2, in particular in such a way that a band gap for at least one optical mode with a direction of propagation parallel and / or is generated at a small angle to the light exit surface 21 and / or the density of states for at least one optical mode with a direction of propagation perpendicular to the light exit surface 21 is increased.
- the height H of the photonic crystal K is at least 300 to 500 nm, preferably up to 1 pm.
- the height H of the photonic crystal may depend on the material with a high refractive index of the photonic crystal.
- a distance A between the center M of the recombination zones 2 and the underside of the photonic crystal K is preferably at most 1 pm and preferably a few nm.
- a photonic crystal K it is preferably a two-dimensional photonic crystal which has a periodic variation of the optical refractive index in two mutually perpendicular spatial directions that run parallel to the light exit surface. Furthermore, it is preferably Pillar structures which have an array-like arrangement of pillars P or columns, the longitudinal axis L of the pillars P running perpendicular to the light exit surface 21. Possible fields of application of the devices described here are, for example, in the automotive sector, all types of lighting, entertainment electronics, and video walls.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR1020217040916A KR20220009426A (ko) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-05-14 | 조명 유닛, 조명 유닛을 제조하기 위한 방법, 광전자 부품을 위한 변환체 요소, led 및 변환체 요소를 갖는 복사선 소스, 커플링-아웃 구조, 및 광전자 장치 |
US17/595,307 US20220197041A1 (en) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-05-14 | Illumination unit, method for producing an illumination unit, converter element for an optoelectronic component, radiation source inlcuding an led and a converter element, outcoupling structure, and optoelectronic device |
CN202080051235.7A CN114127966A (zh) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-05-14 | 照明单元、制造照明单元的方法、用于光电组件的转换元件、具有发光二极管和转换元件的辐射源、耦合输出结构和光电设备 |
DE112020002379.6T DE112020002379A5 (de) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-05-14 | Beleuchtungseinheit, verfahren zur herstellung einer beleuchtungseinheit, konverterelement für einoptoelektronisches bauelement, strahlungsquelle mit einer led und einem konverterelement, auskoppelstruktur, und optoelektronische vorrichtung |
JP2021568190A JP2022532642A (ja) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-05-14 | 照明ユニット、照明ユニットの製造方法、光電子構造素子用の変換素子、ledと変換素子とを備えた放射源、光取り出し構造体、および光電子デバイス |
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DE102019112639 | 2019-05-14 | ||
DE102019112616.9 | 2019-05-14 | ||
DE102019112639.8 | 2019-05-14 | ||
DE102019112616 | 2019-05-14 | ||
DE102019115991.1 | 2019-06-12 | ||
DE102019115991 | 2019-06-12 | ||
DE102019116313.7 | 2019-06-14 | ||
DE102019116313 | 2019-06-14 | ||
DE102019118251.4 | 2019-07-05 | ||
DE102019118251 | 2019-07-05 | ||
PCT/EP2020/052191 WO2020157149A1 (de) | 2019-01-29 | 2020-01-29 | µ-LED, µ-LED ANORDNUNG, DISPLAY UND VERFAHREN ZU SELBEN |
EPPCT/EP2020/052191 | 2020-01-29 |
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US (1) | US20220197041A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2022532642A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20220009426A (de) |
CN (1) | CN114127966A (de) |
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US7829905B2 (en) * | 2006-09-07 | 2010-11-09 | Hong Kong Applied Science And Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor light emitting device |
US7808005B1 (en) * | 2007-04-26 | 2010-10-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Light-emitting device with photonic grating configured for extracting light from light-emitting structure |
JP2010171376A (ja) * | 2008-12-26 | 2010-08-05 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | Iii族窒化物系化合物半導体発光素子 |
GB0902569D0 (en) * | 2009-02-16 | 2009-04-01 | Univ Southampton | An optical device |
CN102341740B (zh) * | 2009-06-22 | 2015-09-16 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | 发光单元阵列、其制造方法和投影设备 |
KR101020998B1 (ko) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-03-09 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 발광소자 및 그 제조방법 |
DE102009057780A1 (de) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Optoelektronisches Halbleiterbauteil und photonischer Kristall |
EP2477240A1 (de) * | 2011-01-18 | 2012-07-18 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Beleuchtungsvorrichtung |
KR20130022595A (ko) * | 2011-08-25 | 2013-03-07 | 서울옵토디바이스주식회사 | 고전류 구동용 발광 소자 |
KR20130052944A (ko) * | 2011-11-14 | 2013-05-23 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 발광 소자 및 발광 소자 패키지 |
JP2013197309A (ja) * | 2012-03-19 | 2013-09-30 | Toshiba Corp | 発光装置 |
KR20150107900A (ko) * | 2012-04-13 | 2015-09-23 | 아사히 가세이 이-매터리얼즈 가부시키가이샤 | 반도체 발광 소자용 광추출체 및 발광 소자 |
CN103474531B (zh) * | 2012-06-07 | 2016-04-13 | 清华大学 | 发光二极管 |
WO2014167758A1 (ja) * | 2013-04-12 | 2014-10-16 | パナソニック株式会社 | 発光装置 |
EP3010048B1 (de) * | 2013-06-10 | 2017-08-09 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Lichtemittierendes halbleiterbauelement |
US9647182B2 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2017-05-09 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Enhanced emission from plasmonic coupled emitters for solid state lighting |
CN108291983B (zh) * | 2015-09-23 | 2020-10-23 | 奥斯兰姆奥普托半导体有限责任公司 | 准直超透镜和融合准直超透镜的技术 |
EP3226042B1 (de) * | 2016-03-30 | 2022-05-04 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Strukturierter lichtgenerator und objekterkennungsvorrichtung damit |
US10996451B2 (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2021-05-04 | Lumileds Llc | Nanostructured meta-materials and meta-surfaces to collimate light emissions from LEDs |
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CN114127966A (zh) | 2022-03-01 |
WO2020229576A3 (de) | 2021-01-07 |
KR20220009426A (ko) | 2022-01-24 |
DE112020002379A5 (de) | 2022-01-27 |
JP2022532642A (ja) | 2022-07-15 |
US20220197041A1 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
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