WO2020201315A1 - Enzymatic method for preparation of gdp-fucose - Google Patents

Enzymatic method for preparation of gdp-fucose Download PDF

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WO2020201315A1
WO2020201315A1 PCT/EP2020/059182 EP2020059182W WO2020201315A1 WO 2020201315 A1 WO2020201315 A1 WO 2020201315A1 EP 2020059182 W EP2020059182 W EP 2020059182W WO 2020201315 A1 WO2020201315 A1 WO 2020201315A1
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guanosine
fucose
mannose
gdp
polyphosphate
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French (fr)
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Reza MAHOUR
Thomas F. T. REXER
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Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Priority to CN202080026075.0A priority Critical patent/CN113748212B/zh
Priority to ES20714232T priority patent/ES2949962T3/es
Priority to EP20714232.4A priority patent/EP3784792B9/en
Priority to CA3133590A priority patent/CA3133590C/en
Priority to JP2021558743A priority patent/JP7299339B2/ja
Priority to US17/593,929 priority patent/US11795486B2/en
Publication of WO2020201315A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020201315A1/en
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Priority to US18/469,401 priority patent/US20240124911A1/en
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    • C12Y402/01—Hydro-lyases (4.2.1)
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    • C12Y504/00—Intramolecular transferases (5.4)
    • C12Y504/02—Phosphotransferases (phosphomutases) (5.4.2)
    • C12Y504/02008—Phosphomannomutase (5.4.2.8)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing GDP- fucose from low-cost substrates guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose in a single reaction mixture.
  • Said process can be operated semi-continuously, even continuously or in a fed batch mode. Further, said process can be adapted to produce fucosylated molecules and biomolecules including glycans, such as human milk oligosaccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins or glycopeptides.
  • GDP-fucose or GDP-Fuc Guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose
  • GDP-Fuc is a key substrate for a large number of biotechnological applications and food technology. It is the substrate for the core fucosylation of anti-inflammatory antibodies which are used to treat autoimmune diseases.
  • GDP-fucose is needed for the production of carbohydrate vaccines and in the growing field of personalized medicine, i.e. preparation of glyconanomaterials for drug delivery.
  • infant food human milk
  • fucosylated oligosaccharides comprise the majority of sugars and, thus, there is a high demand to include fucosylated sugars in synthetically produced dairy products for infants.
  • Bioprocess engineering strategies to synthesize GDP-fucose can be classified into in vivo and in vitro processes: Microorganisms are metabolically engineered in order to produce GDP-fucose, either intracellularly or extracellularly, as part of their metabolism. Flowever, low yields, high levels of unwanted by-products, the required time for cell line design and the complicated scale up are drawbacks. Taking into account regulatory aspects, specifically for infant food, application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can severely delay the approval process.
  • GMOs genetically modified organisms
  • GDP-fucose can also be produced in vitro by using biocatalytic (enzymatic) processes (see APMIS 2006, 114, 539-548).
  • biocatalytic (enzymatic) processes see APMIS 2006, 114, 539-548.
  • enzymatic synthesis of GDP-fucose from L-fucose and guanosine triphosphate using bifunctional enzyme L-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP) is reported by Zhao et al. (Nat Protoc. 2010 5(4): 636-646). Wittmann et al. ( J . Org. Chem.
  • GTFs Glycosyltransferases
  • nucleotide sugars particularly nucleotide diphospho sugars derived from uridine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate or cytosine diphosphate and so on.
  • nucleotide sugars are UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-GIcNAc, UDP-GalNac, UDP-xylose, UDP-glucuronic acid, GDP-mannose and GDP-fucose.
  • NTP nucleoside triphosphate
  • glycosyl monophosphate wherein the glycosyl monophosphate contains a phosphate group at the anomeric carbon.
  • NDP nucleoside diphosphate
  • the used monosaccharide needs to be converted into a glycosyl monophosphate derivative.
  • said reaction can be accomplished by applying specific enzymes like phosphotransferases and additionally phosphomutases, if required, to obtain the desired monosaccharide-1 -phosphate.
  • Phosphotransferases are enzymes classified under EC number 2.7 that catalyze phosphorylation reactions. Phosphotransferases are further classified according to their acceptor molecule. For example, phosphotransferases under EC 2.7.1 are phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor.
  • Phosphomutases are isomerases, i.e.
  • Phosphomutases are required in case the phosphorylation of the substrate via phosphotransferase results in a mono- saccharide-e-phosphate, like in case of D-mannose or D-glucose for example mannose-6-phosphat or glucose-6-phosphat respectively.
  • the respective phospho- mutase then catalyzes the internal transfer of the phosphate group which results in the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate into mannose-1 -phosphate or glucose-e- phosphate into glucose-1 -phosphate, respectively.
  • Kinases are enzymes which form a part of the family of the phosphotransferases. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from high- energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the substrate gains a phosphate group and the high- energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule donates a phosphate group. This transesterification produces a phosphorylated substrate and ADP.
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • suitable kinases like a fucokinase or N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase may be applied to obtain fucose-1 -phosphate from L-fucose or mannose-1 -phosphate from D-mannose respectively.
  • nucleotidyltransferases With the use of nucleotidyltransferases a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and a monosaccharide-1 -phosphate can be converted to the respective nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)-monosaccharide.
  • NTP nucleoside triphosphate
  • NDP nucleoside diphosphate
  • Nucleotidyltransferases are transferase enzymes of phosphorus-containing groups and are classified under EC number 2.7.7.
  • nucleotide-specific nucleotidyltransferases are known in the art, e.g.
  • nucleotidyltransferases transfer uridylyl- groups, adenyltransferases transfer adenylyl-groups, guanylyltransferases transfer guanylyl-groups, cytidylyltransferases transfer cytidylyl-groups and thymidilyl- transferases transfer thymidilyl-groups.
  • nucleotidyltransferases are suitable to catalyze the reaction of monosaccharide-1 -phosphates with nucleoside triphosphates, e.g.
  • fucose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate to obtain GDP-fucose or mannose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to obtain GDP-mannose.
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • a guanylyltransferase is suitable for catalyzing the reaction with guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
  • GDP Guanosine diphosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • Fuc-1 -P fucose-1 -phosphate
  • specific guanylyltransferases which catalyze the reaction to obtain the desired GDP-mannose or GDP-fucose respectively.
  • nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)-monosaccharides Flowever one disadvantage of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction scheme to obtain nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)-monosaccharides is based on the fact that the starting materials, in particular the respective nucleoside triphosphates are very expensive and thus the synthesis pathway results in a cost-intensive synthesis of NDP-monosaccharides and in particular of GDP-fucose or GDP-mannose.
  • GDP-fucose and GDP-mannose relate to naturally occurring activated GDP-sugars in mammals. Therefore guanosine has been identified as suitable nucleotide and L-fucose and D-mannose have been identified as suitable monosaccharides for the preparation of GDP-fucose. It should be clear that with regard to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction at least suitable enzymes must be provided. Therefore the inventors have identified guanosine and readily available monosaccharides, such as L-fucose or D-mannose as suitable starting materials for the production of GDP-fucose in an enzymatic one-pot cascade reaction.
  • Figure 1 which consists of (a) the formation of fucose-1 -phosphate (Fuc-1-P) from L-fucose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP; catalytic amount), (b) the formation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from guanosine and polyphosphate, and (c) the reaction of fucose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to GDP-fucose.
  • Fuc-1-P fucose-1 -phosphate
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • GDP-fucose may be produced from L-fucose and guanosine in the presence of a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/ L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase in a suitable buffer ( Figure 2).
  • guanosine and D-mannose were identified as suitable starting materials for the production of GDP-fucose in an enzymatic cascade reaction as depicted in Figure 3 which consist of (a) the formation of mannose-1 -phosphat (Man-1 -P) from D-mannose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), (b) the formation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from guanosine and polyphosphate, and (c) the reaction of mannose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to GDP-mannose and (d) the conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-fucose.
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • GDP-fucose may be produced from D-mannose and guanosine in the presence of a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either a glucokinase, a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose synthase or a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase in a suitable buffer.
  • guanosine in a co-solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, a nearly complete conversion of guanosine and D-mannose to GDP-fucose was achieved. Also, the co solvent did not affect the activity of the enzymes used in the preparation of GDP- fucose from guanosine and D-mannose.
  • a co-solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the method of the present invention is beneficial over the above described methods known in the art for the enzymatic synthesis of GDP-fucose from L- fucose and guanosine triphosphate, since the expensive guanosine triphosphate starting material can be avoided and replaced with simpler nucleoside guanosine, which results in a cost-effective and efficient method for the preparation of GDP- fucose, as described herein.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D- mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D- mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising either (a) a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps: A) providing a solution comprising
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose according to the invention comprises
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • steps (a) and (b) may be carried out simultaneously or successively. Also, their order may be reverted to (b) (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose according to the invention comprises
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • step (a) may be carried out before, simultaneously to or after step (b1 ) or (b2).
  • step order may also be reverted to (b1 ) (b2) (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose according to the invention comprises
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • step (a) am be carried out before, simultaneously to or after steps (b>1 ), (b2') and (b2").
  • steps (b>1 ), (b2') and (b2") may also be reverted to (b1 ) (b2') (b2") (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-a-D-mannose from guanosine and D-mannose according to the invention comprises
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose according to the invention comprises
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • steps (a) and (b) may be carried out simultaneously or successively. Also, their order may be reverted to (b) (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose according to the invention comprises
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • step (e) forming GDP-fucose from GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose and NADPH being catalyzed by GDP-L-fucose synthase.
  • step (a) may be carried out before, simultaneously to or after step (b1 ) or (b2).
  • step order may also be reverted to (b1 ) (b2) (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the production step B) of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprises (a) forming mannose-1 -phosphate (Man-1 -P) from D-mannose and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • step (a) am be carried out before, simultaneously to or after steps (b1 ), (b2') and (b2").
  • step order may also be reverted to (b1 ) (b2') (b2") (a) (c).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5 - diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the method can be performed in a continuous manner, thereby potentially allowing providing GDP-fucose on a ton scale per year,
  • the co solvent is an organic solvent selected from the group comprising: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetonitrile, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the co-solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide.
  • the co-solvent does not inhibit enzyme activity. More preferably, the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • polyphosphate refers to any salts containing several P-O-P bonds generated by corner sharing of six or more phosphate (PO 4 ) tetrahedral, leading to the formation of long chains.
  • PO 4 phosphate
  • PolyP n is synonymously used, wherein n represents average chain length of the number of phosphate residues, e.g. PolyP 2 5 refers to a polyphosphate having about 25 phosphate residues and PolyPu refers to a polyphosphate having about 14 phosphate residues.
  • guanosine kinase or “inosine kinase” refers to a polypeptide having guanosine kinase activity, i.e. a guanosine kinase catalyzes the reaction of guanosine to guanosine 5'-monophosphate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate.
  • the guanosine kinase belongs to the EC class 2.7.1.73.
  • polyphosphate kinase refers to a polypeptide having polyphosphate kinase activity, i.e. a polyphosphate kinase catalyzes the following reactions:
  • N being a nucleotide such as guanosine, adenosine, uridine etc. and NMP being nucleoside monophosphate, NDP being nucleoside diphosphate and NTP being nucleoside triphosphate.
  • the polyphosphate kinase belongs to the EC class 2.7.4.1.
  • Representatives of the polyphosphate kinase enzyme used in the inventive methods described herein include but are not limited to polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1 ), polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2), 2-domain polyphosphate kinase 2 (2D-PPK2) 1 -domain polyphosphate kinase 2 (1 D-PPK2), polyphosphate kinase 3 (PPK3) and guanylate kinase (EC class 2.7.4.8).
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase refers to a bifunctional polypeptide having L-fucokinase activity and L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the L-fucokinase/ L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase belongs to EC classes 2.7.1.52 and 2.7.7.30.
  • pyrophosphatase refers to a polypeptide having pyrophosphatase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reaction:
  • PPi refers to pyrophosphate and Pi to phosphate.
  • the pyrophosphatase belongs to EC class 3.6.1.1.
  • glucokinase refers to a polypeptide having kinase activity, i.e. a kinase that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the glucokinase belongs to the EC class 2.7.1.1.
  • phosphomannomutase refers to a polypeptide having phosphomannomutase activity, i.e. a phosphomannomutase that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the phosphomannomutase belongs to the EC class 5.4.2.8.
  • N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase refers to polypeptide having kinase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase belongs to the EC class 2.7.1.162.
  • the term“mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase” refers to a polypeptide having a D-mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase belongs to the EC class 2.7.7.13.
  • GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase refers to a polypeptide having GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase belongs to the EC class 4.2.1.47.
  • GDP-L-fucose synthase refers to a polypeptide having GDP-L-fucose synthase activity, i.e. a polypeptide that catalyzes the following reactions:
  • the GDP-L-fucose synthase belongs to the EC class 1.1.1.271 and has the following synonyms and abbreviations GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3,5-epimerase-4- reductase (WCAG), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose epimerase-reductase, GDP-4- keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose epimerase/reductase, GDPFuc synthase, GER, GFS, GMER, guanosine diphosphofucose synthetase.
  • WCAG GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3,5-epimerase-4- reductase
  • GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose epimerase-reductase GDP-4- keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose epimerase/reductase
  • GDPFuc synthase GER
  • GFS GFS
  • GMER guanos
  • co-solvent refers to an organic compound or a mixture of organic compounds, particularly an organic solvent or a mixture of different solvents, that increases or enhances the solubility of guanosine in water.
  • a suitable co-solvent is a solvent in which guanosine has a high solubility, including methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetonitrile, acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the co-solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide. Particularly preferred the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • saccharide refers to but not restricted to monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, pentasaccharide, hexasaccharide, heptasaccharide, octasaccharide... , oligosaccharide, glycan and polysaccharide.
  • the saccharide comprises preferably monosaccharide units selected from: D-Arabinose, D-l_yxose, D-Ribose, D-Xylose, L-Arabinose, L-Lyxose, L-Ribose, L-Xylose, D-Ribulose, D-Xylulose, L-Ribulose, L-Xylulose, D-Deoxyribose, L-Deoxyribose, D-Erythrose, D-Threose, L-glycero-D-manno-Heptose, D-glycero-D- manno-Heptose, D-Allose, D-Altrose, D-Glucose, D-Mannose, D-Gulose, D-ldose, D-Galactose, D-Talose, D-psicose, D-fructose, D-sorbose, D-
  • the saccharides are further optionally modified to carry amide, carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, thiocarboxy, ester, thioester, ether, epoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkylenyl, phenylene, alkenyl, imino, imide, isourea, thiocarbamate, thiourea and/or urea moieties.
  • glycopeptide refers to a peptide that contains carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.
  • the carbohydrate moieties form side chains and are either O-glycosidic connected to the hydroxy group of a serine or threonine residue or N-glycosidic connected to the amido nitrogen of an asparagine residue.
  • glycoprotein refers to a polypeptide that contains carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the polypeptide.
  • the carbohydrate moieties form side chains and are either O-glycosidic connected to the hydroxy group of a serine or threonine residue or N-glycosidic connected to the amido nitrogen of an asparagine residue.
  • protein refers to a polypeptide that contains or lacks of carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the polypeptide including aglycosylated proteins and glycosylated proteins.
  • peptide refers to a peptide that contains or lacks of carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide, including aglycosylated peptides and glycosylated peptides.
  • GDP-L-fucose synthase consumes the cofactor NADPH in the formation of GDP-fucose from GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-a-D-mannose.
  • GDP-fucose is produced from guanosine and D-mannose in the presence of the cofactor NADPH.
  • the enzymes that can be used for regeneration of NADPH are:
  • Glucose dehydrogenase EC number 1 .1 .1 .47 or 1 .1.1 .1 18:
  • Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) EC number 1 .1 .1 .49:
  • Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) EC number 1 .4.1 .4:
  • the set of enzymes further includes one of the above listed enzymes that can be used for NADPH regeneration, i.e. a phosphite dehydrogenase, a glycerol dehydrogenase, a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-e- phosphate dehydrogenase or a glutamate dehydrogenase. More preferably, the set of enzymes further includes an enzyme selected from a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a glutamate dehydrogenase.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase; and any of a phosphite de
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L- fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase; and an enzyme selected from a phosphite dehydrogenase, a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a glutamate dehydrogenase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomanno- mutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 - kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • solid support refers to an insoluble, functionalized, material to which enzymes or other reagents may be attached or immobilized, directly or via a linker bearing an anchoring group, allowing enzymes to be readily separated (by washing, filtration, centrifugation, etc.) from excess reagents, soluble reaction products, by-products, or solvents.
  • a solid support can be composed of organic polymers such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyfluoro- ethylene, polyethyleneoxy, and polyacrylamide, as well as co-polymers and grafts thereof.
  • a solid support can also be inorganic, such as glass, silica, controlled pore glass (CPG), reverse phase silica or metal, such as gold or platinum.
  • CPG controlled pore glass
  • a solid support can also consist of magnetic particles.
  • the configuration of a solid support can be in the form of beads, monoliths, spheres, particles, a particle bed, a fiber mat, granules, a gel, a membrane, a hollow-fiber membrane, a mixed-matrix membrane or a surface.
  • Surfaces can be planar, substantially planar, or non-planar.
  • Solid supports can be porous or non-porous, and can have swelling or non-swelling characteristics.
  • a solid support can be configured in the form of a well, depression, or other container, vessel, feature, or location.
  • guanosine by solubilizing guanosine in a co-solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, a nearly complete conversion of guanosine to GDP- fucose was achieved after already three hours (Example 2). Also, the co-solvent did not affect the activity of the enzymes used in the preparation of GDP-fucose.
  • a co-solvent any compound is suitable that increases or enhances the solubility of guanosine in water or buffer.
  • the co-solvent is an organic solvent selected from the group comprising: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetonitrile, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the co-solvent is a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide. More preferably, the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is selected from the group comprising methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert- butanol, acetonitrile, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the co-solvent is an organic solvent selected from the group comprising: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetonitrile, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide. More preferably, the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is selected from the group comprising: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, tert- butanol, acetonitrile, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the amount of co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is kept as a low as possible to enable the solubilization of guanosine.
  • the amount of co-solvent is sufficient to solubilize guanosine completely in the solution provided in step A) of the inventive methods described herein.
  • the amount of co solvent is sufficient to solubilize at least half of the amount of guanosine in the solution provided in step A) of the inventive methods described herein.
  • the amount of co-solvent is between 0.01 vol% to 30 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A). More preferably, the amount of co-solvent is between 0.05 vol% to 25 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the amount of co-solvent is between 0.1 vol% to 15 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A). More preferably, the amount of co-solvent is between 0.1 vol% to 10 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A). Most preferably, the amount of co-solvent is between 1 vol% to 5 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • step A wherein the amount of co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is between 1 vol% to 5 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • step A wherein the amount of co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine is between 1 vol% to 5 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide and the amount of co-solvent is between 1 vol% to 5 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide and the amount of co-solvent is between 1 vol% to 5 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose in the solution provided in step A) is preferably in the range of 0.01 mM to 100,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose is preferably in the range of 0.05 mM to 50,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose is preferably in the range of 0.1 mM to 10,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose is preferably in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • concentration of guanosine and L-fucose in the solution provided in step A) is in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • the concentration of guanosine and D-mannose in the solution provided in step A) is preferably in the range of 0.01 mM to 100,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and D-mannose is preferably in the range of 0.05 mM to 50,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and D-mannose is preferably in the range of 0.1 mM to 10,000 mM. More preferably, the concentration of guanosine and D-mannose is preferably in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase;
  • concentration of guanosine and D-mannose in the solution provided in step A) is in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • the concentration of the enzymes in the set of enzymes is between 0.0001 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • pyrophosphate As a side product in the reaction of fucose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate to GDP-fucose as well as in the in the reaction of mannose-1 -phosphate with guanosine triphosphate to GDP-mannose, pyrophosphate (PPi) is formed. Although pyrophosphate is unstable in aqueous solution, it only slowly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate (Pi). A high concentration of pyrophosphate may also lower the activity of the L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase and mannose- 1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase enzyme involved in the GDP-fucose formation.
  • the enzyme pyrophosphatase is able to catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to phosphate, thereby effectively rendering the GDP-fucose / GDP-mannose formation irreversible.
  • the set of enzymes further comprises a pyrophosphatase.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose- 1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho- b-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the inventive method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5 - diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase and a pyrophosphatase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase and a pyrophosphatase;
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • the inventive method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose- 1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the inventive method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, and a pyrophosphatase; B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent,
  • the pyrophosphatase used in the inventive methods described herein is an inorganic pyrophosphatase.
  • the pyrophosphatase is an inorganic pyrophosphatase from Pasteurella multocida (PmPpA).
  • Polyphosphate is able to form stable, water-soluble complexes with metal ions (e.g. Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe2 +/3+ ) which were initially dissolved in aqueous media. This effect is called sequestration and prevents the bound metal ions from participating in reactions, particularly enzymatic reactions. Therefore, the sequestered metal ions, particularly Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ , cannot act as co-factor for the enzymes involved in the inventive methods described herein.
  • metal ions e.g. Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe2 +/3+
  • Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ cannot act as co-factor for the enzymes involved in the inventive methods described herein.
  • long-chain polyphosphates are preferred in the present invention. More preferred are polyphosphates having at least 14 phosphate residues. Most preferred are polyphosphates having at least 25 phosphate residues.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues and the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, and optionally a pyrophosphatase;
  • polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues and the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the enzymes are present in a single reaction mixture with the other substrates.
  • the mixture may be homogenous (solution) or heterogeneous.
  • the enzymes may be immobilized on a solid support or not.
  • the guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose is produced in a single reaction mixture according to a further aspect of the inventive method.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose comprises the following steps:
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase, and either (a) a glucokinase, a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, and optionally a pyrophosphatase;
  • the synthesis of GDP-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose requires NADPH.
  • the cascade is particularly economical if expensive NADPH is recycled in the cascade. Additionally, the reaction equilibrium can be driven towards GDP-fucose by continuous recycling of NADPH from NADP+.
  • Any of the following enzymes can be applied for recycling of NADPH from NADP+ : a phosphite dehydrogenase, a glycerol dehydrogenase, a glucose dehydrogenase (GlcDH), a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and a glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH).
  • a phosphite dehydrogenase a glycerol dehydrogenase
  • GlcDH glucose dehydrogenase
  • G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase
  • the set of enzymes further includes any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a glutamate dehydrogenase.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase and an enzyme selected from a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent, preferably the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-e- phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, a pyrophosphatase and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, a pyrophosphatase and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 - phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • GDP may be in situ produced from GMP by a guanylate kinase (GMK).
  • GMK guanylate kinase
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 - phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-e- phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-e- phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase;
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 - phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, a pyrophosphatase, and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a guanylate kinase (GMK) and either
  • glucokinase a phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase, a pyrophosphatase, and any of a glucose dehydrogenase, a glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase; or
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 - phosphat
  • guanosine monophosphate (b1 ) forming guanosine monophosphate (GMP) from guanosine and adenosine triphosphate being catalyzed by a guanosine kinase;
  • GDP guanosine diphosphate
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • the molar ratio of NADPH to D-mannose is between 0.01 and 0.5, more preferably between 0.02 and 0.5, more preferably between 0.03 and 0.4, more preferably between 0.03 and 0.3 and most preferably, between 0.05 and 0.2.
  • the molar ratio of NADPH to D-mannose is 0.05.
  • the molar ratio of NADPH to D-mannose is 0.1.
  • the molar ratio of NADPH to D-mannose is 0.2.
  • the molar ratio of NADPH to D-mannose is 0.5.
  • the inventive method for producing GDP-fucose can also be carried out with a set of immobilized enzymes.
  • the enzymes are then immobilized on a solid support such that they retain their activity, substrate specificity, stereoselectivity and/or other properties.
  • Suitable solid supports are for instance beads, monoliths, spheres, particles, a particle bed, a fiber mat, granules, a gel, a membrane, a hollow-fiber membrane, a mixed-matrix membrane, a surface or other solid phase material.
  • each enzyme i.e.
  • each enzyme i.e.
  • each enzyme i.e.
  • only some of the enzymes of the set of enzymes are immobilized on a solid support.
  • At least one enzyme selected from the set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase and optionally a pyrophosphatase is immobilized on a solid support.
  • the polyphosphate kinase is immobilized on a solid support.
  • the guanosine kinase is immobilized on a solid support.
  • the L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase is immobilized on a solid support.
  • the pyrophosphatase is immobilized on a solid support.
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a pyrophosphatase and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D- mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the enzymes used in the inventive methods described herein are co immobilized on a solid support. Immobilization of sequentially acting enzymes within a confined space increases catalytic efficiency of conversion due to dramatic reduction in the diffusion time of the substrate. In addition, the in-situ formation of substrates generates high local concentrations that lead to kinetic enhancements and can equate to substantial cost savings. Co-immobilization is usually achieved by mixing the enzymes prior immobilization on a solid support.
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a glucokinase, phosphomanno- mutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D- mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase and a glucokinase, phosphomanno- mutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or a N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • the solid support has the form of beads, monoliths, spheres, particles, a particle bed, a fiber mat, granules, a gel, a membrane, a hollow-fiber membrane, a mixed-matrix membrane or a surface.
  • the immobilized enzymes can facilitate the production of guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose, and after the reaction is complete the immobilized enzymes are easily retained (e.g., by retaining beads on which the enzymes are immobilized) and then reused or recycled in subsequent runs.
  • Such immobilized biocatalytic processes allow for further efficiency and cost reduction.
  • the inventive method can be conducted in a continuous manner by passing the feed solution of step A) through a reactor containing the set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L- fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase, wherein the solid support comprising the set of
  • step B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent or from guanosine and D-mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent by continuously passing the feed solution from step A) through the chemical reactor loaded with the solid support comprising the set of immobilized enzymes.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase, wherein the solid support comprising the solid support comprising the solid support comprising the solid support
  • step B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent or from guanosine and D-mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent by continuously passing the feed solution from step A) through the chemical reactor loaded with the solid support comprising the set of co-immobilized enzymes, wherein the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and a co-solvent for solubilizing guanosine and providing a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, wherein the solid support comprising the set of co-immobilized enzymes is located in a chemical reactor,
  • step B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent by continuously passing the feed solution from step A) through the chemical reactor loaded with the solid support comprising the set of co immobilized enzymes,
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase, wherein the solid support comprising the set of co-immobilized enzymes is located in a chemical reactor,
  • step B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and D-mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent by continuously passing the feed solution from step A) through the chemical reactor loaded with the solid support comprising the set of co immobilized enzymes,
  • enzyme immobilization methods of enzyme immobilization are well-known in the art.
  • the enzymes can be bound non-covalently or covalently, such as adsorption, covalent binding, ionic binding, metal binding, crosslinking or crystallization.
  • Various methods for conjugation and immobilization of enzymes to solid supports are well known in the art and described in e.g.,: Yi et al. , Process Biochemistry 2007, 42, 895; Martin et al. , Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007, 76, 843; Koszelewski et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 2010, 63, 39; Truppo et al., Org.
  • the enzymes used in the inventive methods described herein can be prepared by recombinant methods from bacteria, such as E. coli.
  • the enzyme-containing solutions obtained from cell lysis which are usually centrifuged and filtered to remove cell debris, can be directly used for immobilizing the enzymes on a solid support.
  • no further purification step or isolation step is required and the crude cell lysate can be used for immobilizing the enzymes on a solid support such that they retain their activity, substrate specificity, stereoselectivity and/or other properties.
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L- fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L- fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'- diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose- 1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP- L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fuco
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose- 1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP- L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucos
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L- fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • Solid supports useful for immobilizing the enzymes used in the method of the present invention include but are not limited to beads or resins comprising polymethacrylate with epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with amino epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with ethylenediamine functional groups, polyacrylic acid with epoxy functional groups, polyacrylic acid with anionic/amino C6 spacer functional groups, polyacrylic acid with anionic/tertiary amine functional groups, polystyrene with anionic/quaternary amine functional groups, polystyrene with cationic/sulphonic functional groups, polyacrylic acid with carboxylic ester functional groups, polystyrene with phenyl functional groups, polymethacrylate with octadecyl functional groups, polystyrene with styrene/methyl functional groups, magnetic silica particles with Ni-NTA functional group, or magnetic nanoparticles with a core of magnet
  • Exemplary solid supports useful for immobilizing the enzymes used in the inventive method include, but are not limited to, sepabeads (Resindion): EC-EP, EP403/M, EC-HFA, EC-EA/M and EC-HA; immobeads (ChiralVision) IB-COV1 , IB-COV2, IB-COV3, IB-ANI1 , IB-ANI2, IB-ANI3, IB-ANI4, IB- CAT1 , IB-ADS1 , IB-ADS2, IB-ADS3 and IB-ADS4; Eupergit (Rohm GmbH & Co.
  • the solid support is composed of a resin or beads selected from: sepabeads (Resindion): EC-EP, EP403/M, EC-EA/M and EC-HA; immobeads (ChiralVision) IB-COV1 , IB-COV2, IB-COV3, IB-ANI1 , IB-CAT1 , IB-ADS1 , IB-ADS2, IB-ADS3 and IB-ADS4; Eupergit (Rohm GmbH & Co. KG) and magnetic particles (micromod GmbH): Nano-mag, Sicastar-6 and Sicastar-1.5.
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L- fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the solid support is composed of a resin or beads selected from: sepabeads: EC-EP, EP403/M, EC-EA/M and EC-HA; immobeads: IB-COV1 , IB-COV2, IB-COV3, IB-ANI1 , IB-CAT1 , IB-ADS1 , IB-ADS2, IB-ADS3 and IB-ADS4; Eupergit and magnetic particles: Nano-mag, Sicastar-6 and Sicastar-1.5.
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L- fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the solid support is composed of a resin or beads selected from: sepabeads: EC-EP, EP403/M, EC-EA/M and EC-HA; immobeads: IB-COV1 , IB- COV2, IB-COV3, IB-ANI1 , IB-CAT1 , IB-ADS1 , IB-ADS2, IB-ADS3 and IB-ADS4; Eupergit and magnetic particles: Nano-mag, Sicastar-6 and Sicastar-1.5; and wherein the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • sepabeads EC-EP, EP403/M, EC-EA/M and EC-HA
  • immobeads IB-COV1 , IB- COV2, IB-COV3, IB-ANI1 , IB-CAT1 , IB-ADS1 , IB-ADS2, IB-ADS3 and IB-ADS
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps: A) providing a solution comprising
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L- fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the solid support is composed of beads or resins comprising polymethacrylate with epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with amino epoxide functional groups, polymethacrylate with ethylenediamine functional groups, polyacrylic acid with epoxy functional groups, polyacrylic acid with anionic/amino C6 spacer functional groups, polyacrylic acid with anionic/tertiary amine functional groups, polystyrene with anionic/quaternary amine functional groups, polystyrene with cationic/sulphonic functional groups, polyacrylic acid with carboxylic ester functional groups, polystyrene with phenyl functional groups, polymethacrylate with octadecyl functional groups, polystyrene with styrene/methyl functional groups, magnetic silica particles with Ni-NTA functional group, or magnetic nanoparticles with a core of magnetite and a dextran shell with Ni-NTA functional group.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose comprises the additional step C):
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose comprises the additional step C):
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprising the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the present invention is further directed to a method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprising the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase
  • L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps: A) providing a solution comprising
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase; and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase; and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L- fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomanno- mutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 - kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase; and optionally a pyrophosphat
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes immobilized on a solid support comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase; and optionally a pyrophosphatase; B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and fucose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent; and
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or from guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes co-immobilized comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, optionally a pyrophosphatase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose- synthase;
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose comprises the following steps: A) providing a solution comprising
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase; and a pyrophosphatase;
  • the amount of co-solvent is from 0.01 vol% to 30 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide and the amount of dimethyl sulfoxide is from 0.01 vol% to 30 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues.
  • the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-mannose in the solution provided in step A) is in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • the method for producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and L-fucose comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase; and optionally a pyrophosphatase;
  • the amount of co-solvent is from 0.01 vol% to 30 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the co-solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide and the amount of dimethyl sulfoxide is from 0.01 vol% to 30 vol% based on total volume of the solution provided in step A).
  • the polyphosphate is a long-chain polyphosphate having at least 25 phosphate residues.
  • the concentration of guanosine and L-fucose in the solution provided in step A) is in the range of 0.2 mM to 5,000 mM.
  • Fucosylated saccharides fucosylated glycopeptides, fucosylated glycoproteins, fucosylated proteins, fucosylated peptides and fucosylated small molecules, such as stevia.
  • inventive methods described herein are useful for producing fucosylated saccharides, fucosylated glycopeptides, fucosylated glycoproteins, fucosylated proteins, fucosylated peptides or fucosylated small molecules, e.g. stevia.
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomanno- mutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 - kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6- dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a fucosyltransferase and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase;
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase; B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent; and
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and in case of L-fucose a L-fucokinase / L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase or in case of D-mannose either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP- mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase;
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a fucosyltransferase and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase;
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase; B) producing guanosine 5'-diphospho-p-L-fucose from guanosine and mannose in the presence of the set of enzymes, polyphosphate, adenosine triphosphate and the co-solvent;
  • the fucosyltransferase catalyzes the reaction of GDP-fucose with an available hydroxyl group of a saccharide, glycopeptide, glycoprotein, protein, peptide or small molecule, thereby forming a fucosylated saccharide, fucosylated glycopeptide, fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) as side product.
  • GDP being an intermediate product formed in step B), specifically in step (b2') can then be reused or recycled.
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • guanosine kinase a polyphosphate kinase, a fucosyltransferase and a L-fucokinase/L-fucose-1 -phosphate guanylyl- transferase;
  • the method for producing a fucosylated saccharide, a fucosylated glycopeptide, a fucosylated glycoprotein, a fucosylated protein, a fucosylated peptide or a fucosylated small molecule comprises the following steps:
  • a set of enzymes comprising a guanosine kinase, a polyphosphate kinase, and either (a) a glucokinase, phosphomannomutase, a mannose-1 - phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose-4, 6-dehydratase and a GDP-L- fucose-synthase and a pyrophosphatase or (b) an N-acetylhexosamine-1 -kinase, a mannose-1 -phosphate guanylyltransferase, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and a GDP-L-fucose-synthase,
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 -phosphate
  • Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
  • Man-1 -P mannose-1 - phosphat

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