WO2020194653A1 - Acier destiné à être soumis à une trempe par induction - Google Patents

Acier destiné à être soumis à une trempe par induction Download PDF

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WO2020194653A1
WO2020194653A1 PCT/JP2019/013563 JP2019013563W WO2020194653A1 WO 2020194653 A1 WO2020194653 A1 WO 2020194653A1 JP 2019013563 W JP2019013563 W JP 2019013563W WO 2020194653 A1 WO2020194653 A1 WO 2020194653A1
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steel
content
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pearlite
induction hardening
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PCT/JP2019/013563
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Japanese (ja)
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江頭　誠
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日本製鉄株式会社
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur

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  • the present invention relates to steel, and more particularly to steel (induction hardening steel) in which induction hardening is carried out in a manufacturing process for manufacturing parts using steel.
  • Machine structural parts used for crankshafts of automobiles and construction vehicles may be surface-hardened in order to improve fatigue strength, wear resistance, etc., for example.
  • induction hardening can cure only the required parts. Further, since induction hardening heats at a high temperature and then cools, a deeper cured layer depth and higher fatigue strength can be obtained as compared with other surface hardening treatments such as soft nitriding treatment. Therefore, induction hardening is often applied to mechanical structural parts. For example, in order to improve the fatigue strength of a crankshaft, which is one of the mechanical structural parts, a technique of induction hardening of the R portion 1 of the fillet shown in FIG. 1 has been put into practical use.
  • the heating temperature may be increased by increasing the output of induction power and the heating time.
  • the heating temperature tends to be excessively high at the edge portion of the mechanical structural component (for example, the portion indicated by reference numeral 2 in the case of the crankshaft of FIG. 1).
  • the heating rate during induction hardening is high, the heating temperature tends to be excessively high. For example, if the heating temperature exceeds the melting point of the steel material for mechanical structural parts due to the heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C.
  • melt cracks in the present specification. Melt cracking is a peculiar phenomenon that occurs in induction hardening. Steel materials with melt cracks are not suitable for practical use. Therefore, suppression of melt cracking is required in induction hardening steel.
  • Induction hardening steel used for machine structural parts is also required to have excellent machinability as well as the above-mentioned fatigue strength. Therefore, S is contained in the induction hardening steel in order to improve the machinability. However, when the S content is high, the above-mentioned melt cracking is likely to occur. Therefore, induction hardening steel is required to have high fatigue strength and machinability, and to suppress the occurrence of melt cracks.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-33101
  • Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-27259
  • Patent Document 3 International Publication No. 2017/188284
  • the non-microalloyed steel for high frequency hardened crank shaft disclosed in Patent Document 1 has C: 0.40 to 0.52%, Si: 0.10 to 0.40%, Mn: 1.00 to Mn on a mass basis. 1.50%, S: 0.010 to 0.070%, Cr: 0.40 to 0.70%, Pb: 0.02 to 0.35%, Ca: 0.0005 to 0.0100%, O : 0.0040% or less, Al: 0.025% or less, N: 0.005 to 0.015%, and the balance is substantially composed of Fe.
  • the free-cutting steel for machine structure disclosed in Patent Document 2 has C: 0.35 to 0.65%, Si: 0.03 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.30 to 2.50 in mass%. %, S: 0.015 to 0.35%, Al: 0.060% or less, Ca: 0.0005 to 0.01%, and Ni: 0.1 to 3.5%, Cr: 0. It contains one or more elements selected from 1 to 2.0% and Mo: 0.05 to 1.00%, and consists of the balance Fe and unavoidable impurities.
  • the size of sulfide in steel is 30 ⁇ m or less in major axis. This free-cutting steel for machine structure is used by induction hardening a part of parts after cutting or forging.
  • the non-healed steel for high frequency quenching disclosed in Patent Document 3 has a mass% of C: 0.35 to 0.44%, Si: 0.01 to less than 0.30%, Mn: 0.80 to 1. .50%, P: 0.030% or less, S: more than 0.010 to 0.095%, Cr: more than 0.10 to 0.30%, V: 0.050 to 0.200%, N: 0 .0040 to 0.0200%, O: 0.0024% or less, Cu: 0.05% or less, Ni: 0.05% or less, Al: 0 to 0.040%, Ti: 0 to 0.020%, It contains Nb: 0 to 0.020%, Pb: 0 to 0.30%, Ca: 0 to 0.0100% and Mo: 0 to 0.20%, and is defined by the following formula (1).
  • fn2 defined by the following formula (2) is 0.70 to 1.00
  • fn3 defined by the following formula (3) is 1.30 or more
  • the balance is from Fe and impurities.
  • fn1 80C 2 + 55C + 13Si + 4.8Mn + 30P + 30S + 1.5Cr
  • fn2 C + (Si / 10) + (Mn / 5)-(5S / 7) + (5Cr / 22) + 1.65V
  • fn3 -2C-Si + 2.33Mn + 0.26Cr + V-1.5Cu-1.5Ni (3)
  • Patent Document 1 describes as follows.
  • the non-tempered steel disclosed in this document does not require quenching and tempering. Therefore, the difference in hardness is unlikely to increase due to the difference in cooling rate based on the difference in dimensions. Further, this non-tempered steel is excellent in workability. However, Patent Document 1 does not study the suppression of melt cracking that may occur during induction hardening.
  • Patent Document 2 describes as follows.
  • the free-cutting steel for machine structure disclosed in this document reduces quench cracking that occurs during induction hardening.
  • suppression of melt cracking has not been studied.
  • Patent Document 3 describes as follows. In the non-hardened steel for induction hardening disclosed in this document, reduction of melt cracking has been studied. However, the non-hardened steel for induction hardening in this document has a high internal hardness because it has a high fatigue strength. Therefore, although it is possible to suppress melt cracking, there is a limit to machinability.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a steel having high machinability and capable of suppressing the occurrence of melt cracking even when the heating temperature in induction hardening exceeds 1300 ° C.
  • the steel according to this disclosure is The chemical composition is mass%, C: 0.25 to 0.50%, Si: 0.01 to less than 0.30%, Mn: 0.60 to 2.00%, P: 0.030% or less, S: Over 0.010 to 0.095%, Cr: 0.05 to 1.00%, N: 0.0040-0.0200%, O: 0.0024% or less, Cu: 0.05% or less, Ni: 0.05% or less, V: 0 to less than 0.050%, Al: 0 to 0.040%, Nb: 0 to 0.020%, Pb: 0 to 0.30%, Ca: 0-0.0100%, Mo: 0 to 0.20%, B: 0 to 0.0030%, Ti: 0 to 0.020% and The rest consists of Fe and impurities, FN1 defined by the formula (1) is 55.0 or less, and FN2 defined by the formula (2) is less than 0.45 to 0.70.
  • FN3 defined by the formula (3) is 1.00 or more, and
  • the ratio of the number of Mn oxides containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen and 10.0% by mass or more of Mn to the number of oxides containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen in steel is 10.0% or less,
  • the area ratio of ferrite is 10% or more, the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less, and the rest is pearlite.
  • the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • FN1 80C 2 + 55C + 13Si + 4.8Mn + 30P + 30S + 1.5Cr
  • FN2 C + (Si / 10) + (Mn / 5)-(5S / 7) + (5Cr / 22) + 1.65V
  • FN3 -2C-Si + 2.33Mn + 0.26Cr + V-1.5Cu-1.5Ni (3)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formulas (1) to (3).
  • the steel of the present disclosure has high machinability and can suppress the occurrence of melt cracking even when the heating temperature in induction hardening exceeds 1300 ° C.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view showing a part of a crankshaft which is a mechanical structural part.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an example of a photographic image generated in the microstructure observation of the steel of the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a state in which a plurality of line segments are arranged in the photographic image shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing crystal grains overlapping the line segment R5 in FIG.
  • FIG. 5 is a microstructure photographic image of a steel test piece, which is a comparative example, heated to 1380 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 ° C./sec, held for 10 seconds, and then water-cooled.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view showing a part of a crankshaft which is a mechanical structural part.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an example of a photographic image generated in the microstructure observation of the steel of the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a state in which a plurality of line
  • FIG. 6 is a microstructure photograph of a non-microalloyed steel test piece according to an example of the present invention, which is heated to 1380 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 ° C./sec, held for 10 seconds, and then water-cooled. It is an image.
  • the present inventor investigated in detail the parts where induction cracking occurred in induction-hardened machine structural parts. As a result, decarburization did not occur at the site where the melt crack occurred. On the other hand, the decarburized part was not melted and cracked.
  • the present inventor considered as follows.
  • the C content affects melt cracking due to induction hardening. Therefore, if the C content is lowered, the occurrence of melt cracking during induction hardening is suppressed. Therefore, the present inventor further conducted a detailed study on the effects of various elemental contents on the occurrence of melt cracks and the effects on mechanical properties, particularly fatigue strength. As a result, the present inventor has obtained the following new findings.
  • C, Si, Mn and Cr enhance hardenability and enhance fatigue strength.
  • C, Si, Mn and Cr and P and S lower the melting point of the steel. If the melting point of steel is lowered, melt cracking is likely to occur during induction hardening heating. Therefore, although C, Si, Mn and Cr are contained as essential elements in order to increase the fatigue strength, it is better to regulate the total contents of C, Si, Mn, P, S and Cr in consideration of melt cracking. preferable.
  • the present inventor further examined the relationship between the total content of C, Si, Mn, P, S and Cr and melt cracking.
  • FN1 defined by the formula (1) is 55.0 or less, the decrease in the melting point of the steel is suppressed, and on the premise that FN2 and FN3 described later satisfy the requirements, melt cracking occurs during induction hardening. It was found that the occurrence of can be suppressed.
  • FN1 80C 2 + 55C + 13Si + 4.8Mn + 30P + 30S + 1.5Cr (1)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formula (1).
  • the present inventor further investigated the mechanism of melt cracking during induction hardening at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C. As a result, the present inventor has obtained the following new findings.
  • melt cracks occur from grain boundaries. More specifically, C (carbon) is concentrated in the vicinity of the austenite ( ⁇ ) grain boundary by heating, so that melt cracking occurs. Therefore, if the concentration of C at the ⁇ grain boundary is suppressed during heating by induction hardening, the occurrence of melt cracking can be suppressed.
  • the present inventor is not a method of reducing the C content to suppress the increase in C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary, but another method capable of suppressing the increase in C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary. The method was sought and examined.
  • the present inventor has found a method of fixing C with an alloy element to reduce solid solution C as a method of suppressing an increase in C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary. This point will be described below.
  • Si, Cu, and Ni have a weak affinity with C.
  • the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C in induction hardening
  • the grain boundaries are more stable for C than in the ⁇ grains in which Si, Cu and Ni are solid-solved. Become. Therefore, C tends to be concentrated near the grain boundaries. Therefore, if the content of these elements is reduced, an increase in C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary can be suppressed during heating by induction hardening. Therefore, even when the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening, the occurrence of melt cracking can be suppressed.
  • Si, Cu and Ni are also referred to as "grain boundary C concentration increasing elements”.
  • Mn, Cr and V have high affinity with C. Therefore, when the content of these elements is high, the inside of the ⁇ grain in which Mn, Cr and V are solid-solved becomes a more stable place for C than the grain boundary. Therefore, C is likely to be present in the ⁇ grains, and even if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening, C is unlikely to be concentrated at the ⁇ grain boundaries. Therefore, by increasing the content of these elements, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of melt cracking even if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening.
  • Mn, Cr and V are referred to as "grain boundary C concentration reducing elements".
  • the present inventor further details the relationship between the content of the element that increases the grain boundary C concentration, the content of the element that decreases the grain boundary C concentration, and the melt cracking at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C. I examined it.
  • the present inventor assumes that FN1 and FN2 described later satisfy the requirements, and if FN3 defined in the formula (3) is 1.00 or more, the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening.
  • FN3 -2C-Si + 2.33Mn + 0.26Cr + V-1.5Cu-1.5Ni (3)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formula (3).
  • Mn greatly contributes to FN3.
  • the grain boundary C concentration lowering element cannot be combined with C unless it is a solid solution element. Therefore, it is preferable that the amount of Mn solid solution is large.
  • Mn also functions as a deoxidizing element together with Si. If Mn oxide increases as Mn deoxidizes steel, the amount of solid solution Mn that contributes to FN3 decreases. In this case, even if FN3 is 1.00 or more, melt cracking may occur due to a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C.
  • the present inventor further investigated the relationship between the amount of Mn oxide in steel and melt cracking.
  • FN1 is 55.0 or less
  • FN3 is 1.00 or more
  • Mn oxide satisfies the following requirements, so that the occurrence of melt cracking can be suppressed even at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C. I found.
  • inclusions containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen are defined as “oxides”. Further, among the above oxides, inclusions containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen and 10.0% by mass or more of Mn are defined as “Mn oxide”.
  • the present inventor examined the total content of elements that affect the hardness of steel.
  • C, Si, Mn, Cr and V increase the internal hardness of the steel material after hot forging.
  • S lowers the internal hardness. Therefore, it was considered that the fatigue strength and machinability after hot forging could be achieved at the same time by setting the total content of these elements in an appropriate range, and further studies were conducted.
  • the present inventor presents the steel material after hot forging on the premise that FN1 and FN2 satisfy the above requirements if FN2 defined by the formula (2) is less than 0.45 to 0.70. It was found that the Vickers hardness was in an appropriate range, and as a result, both fatigue strength and machinability could be achieved.
  • the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more in the microstructure and bainite. And the total area ratio of martensite must be 5% or less, and the rest must be pearlite.
  • Ferrite is a soft phase. Therefore, when the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more, the Vickers hardness of the steel in which each element of the chemical composition is within the above range and FN1 to FN3 are within the above range is lowered to improve the machinability. Increase.
  • bainite and martensite are harder phases than ferrite. Therefore, in the microstructure of non-tamed steel in which each element of the chemical composition is within the above range and FN1 to FN3 are within the above range, bainite and martensite are formed even if the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more. If the total area ratio of the site exceeds 5%, the Vickers hardness cannot be sufficiently reduced. Therefore, in the microstructure of the steel of the present embodiment, the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite) is set to 5% or less.
  • V content is 0.050% or more as in the steel disclosed in Patent Document 3, even if the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more, the Vickers hardness of the steel can be sufficiently lowered. Can not.
  • each element of the chemical composition is within the above range, FN1 to FN3 are within the above range, and the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more in the microstructure. Therefore, even if the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase is 5% or less and the balance is pearlite, the Vickers hardness may still be too high. Therefore, as a result of further studies by the present inventor, the following findings were obtained.
  • one or more pearlite blocks satisfying the following (A) or (B) are defined as a "pearlite region".
  • Each element of the chemical composition is within the above range, FN1 to FN3 are within the above range, the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more in the microstructure, and the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase is 5. % Or less, and even if the balance is pearlite, if the width of the pearlite region based on the above definition exceeds 200 ⁇ m, the Vickers hardness becomes high and the machinability decreases. When the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less, the Vickers hardness can be suppressed, the content of each element in the chemical composition is within the range of the present embodiment, and FN1 to FN3 are within the range of the present embodiment.
  • the ferrite area ratio in the microstructure is 10% or more, the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase is 5% or less, and the balance is pearlite, the machinability of the non-treated steel is remarkable. Increases to. Therefore, the width of the pearlite region is set to 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the steel according to the present embodiment completed based on the above knowledge has the following constitution.
  • the steel of [1] is The chemical composition is mass%, C: 0.25 to 0.50%, Si: 0.01 to less than 0.30%, Mn: 0.60 to 2.00%, P: 0.030% or less, S: Over 0.010 to 0.095%, Cr: 0.05 to 1.00%, N: 0.0040-0.0200%, O: 0.0024% or less, Cu: 0.05% or less, Ni: 0.05% or less, V: 0 to less than 0.050%, Al: 0 to 0.040%, Nb: 0 to 0.020%, Pb: 0 to 0.30%, Ca: 0-0.0100%, Mo: 0 to 0.20%, B: 0 to 0.0030%, Ti: 0 to 0.020% and The rest consists of Fe and impurities, FN1 defined by the formula (1) is 55.0 or less, and FN2 defined by the formula (2) is less than 0.45 to 0.70.
  • FN3 defined by the formula (3) is 1.00 or more, and
  • the ratio of the number of Mn oxides containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen and 10.0% by mass or more of Mn to the number of oxides containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen in steel is 10.0% or less,
  • the area ratio of ferrite is 10% or more, the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less, and the rest is pearlite.
  • the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • FN1 80C 2 + 55C + 13Si + 4.8Mn + 30P + 30S + 1.5Cr
  • FN2 C + (Si / 10) + (Mn / 5)-(5S / 7) + (5Cr / 22) + 1.65V
  • FN3 -2C-Si + 2.33Mn + 0.26Cr + V-1.5Cu-1.5Ni (3)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formulas (1) to (3).
  • steel is a piece of steel or steel bar, and the shape of the steel is a bar shape having a circular cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • the steel of the present embodiment when induction hardening is carried out in the manufacturing process of manufacturing mechanical structural parts using the steel of the present embodiment, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of melt cracking during the heating of induction hardening. In this case, the product yield is improved. Further, the steel of the present embodiment can have the Vickers hardness of the steel material in an appropriate range even after hot forging in the process of manufacturing the mechanical structural parts such as the crankshaft, and as a result, high fatigue strength. And high machinability can be achieved at the same time.
  • the steel of [2] is the steel according to [1].
  • the chemical composition is V: 0.010 to less than 0.050%, Al: 0.005 to 0.040%, Nb: 0.005 to 0.020%, Pb: 0.10 to 0.30%, Ca: 0.0010-0.0100%, Mo: 0.05 to 0.20%, B: 0.0005 to 0.0030% and Ti: 0.005 to 0.020%, It contains one element or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of.
  • Carbon (C) increases the hardness of the induction hardened steel portion and the internal hardness of the steel. If the C content is less than 0.25%, this effect cannot be sufficiently obtained even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, if the C content exceeds 0.50%, melt cracking occurs during heating by induction hardening even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the C content is 0.25 to 0.50%.
  • the lower limit of the C content is preferably 0.26%, more preferably 0.27%, still more preferably 0.28%, still more preferably 0.30%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the C content is 0.49%, more preferably 0.48%, still more preferably 0.47%.
  • Si 0.01 to less than 0.30% Silicon (Si) deoxidizes steel. Si further strengthens ferrite to increase the internal hardness of the steel. If the Si content is less than 0.01%, this effect cannot be sufficiently obtained even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, Si is a grain boundary C concentration increasing element. Therefore, if the Si content is 0.30% or more, even if the other element content is within the range of this embodiment, if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening, melt cracking may occur. Facilitate. Therefore, the Si content is less than 0.01-0.30%.
  • the lower limit of the Si content is preferably 0.02%, more preferably 0.03%, still more preferably 0.04%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Si content is 0.29%, more preferably 0.28%, still more preferably 0.25%, still more preferably 0.22%, still more preferably 0.20. %.
  • Mn 0.60 to 2.00%
  • Manganese (Mn) is an element that lowers the concentration of grain boundaries C, and binds to C to fix C. Therefore, Mn can suppress melt cracking even if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening. Mn further deoxidizes the steel. Mn further enhances quenching of steel and increases internal hardness. If the Mn content is less than 0.60%, these effects cannot be obtained even if the other element content is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, if the Mn content exceeds 2.00%, the internal hardness becomes too high and the machinability deteriorates even if the other element content is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Mn content is 0.60 to 2.00%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the Mn content is 0.65%, more preferably 0.70%, still more preferably 0.80%, still more preferably 0.85%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Mn content is 1.80%, more preferably 1.60%, still more preferably 1.50%, still more preferably 1.45%, still more preferably 1.40%. %.
  • Phosphorus (P) is an impurity that is inevitably contained. That is, the P content is more than 0%. If the P content exceeds 0.030%, the hot forging property is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Further, melt cracking is likely to occur during induction hardening heating. Therefore, the P content is 0.030% or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the P content is 0.025%, more preferably 0.020%, still more preferably 0.018%. It is preferable that the P content is as low as possible. However, since the dephosphorization treatment takes time and cost, the preferable lower limit of the P content is 0.003% in consideration of industrial productivity.
  • S Sulfur
  • S produces sulfide-based inclusions and enhances the machinability of steel. If the S content is 0.010% or less, this effect cannot be obtained even if the other element content is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, if the S content exceeds 0.095%, melt cracking is likely to occur during heating by induction hardening even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the S content is more than 0.010 to 0.095%. If the Si, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, and V contents are not properly controlled and the S content exceeds 0.035%, melt cracking is likely to occur.
  • the grain boundary C concentration increasing elements Si, Cu, Ni
  • the grain boundary C concentration decreasing elements Mn, Cr, V
  • the lower limit of the S content is preferably 0.015%, more preferably 0.018%, still more preferably 0.020%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the S content is 0.070%, more preferably 0.066%, still more preferably 0.060%.
  • Chromium (Cr) is an element that lowers the concentration of grain boundary C, and binds to C to fix C. Therefore, Cr suppresses the occurrence of melt cracking even if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening. Cr further enhances the hardenability and internal hardness of steel. If the Cr content is less than 0.05%, these effects cannot be sufficiently obtained even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, if the Cr content exceeds 1.00%, the internal hardness becomes too high and the machinability of the steel deteriorates even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Cr content is 0.05 to 1.00%.
  • the lower limit of the Cr content is preferably 0.06%, more preferably 0.07%, still more preferably 0.08%, still more preferably 0.10%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Cr content is 0.95%, more preferably 0.90%, still more preferably 0.80%, still more preferably 0.70%, still more preferably 0.66. %, More preferably 0.50%, still more preferably 0.40%.
  • N 0.0040-0.0200% Nitrogen (N) forms nitrides and carbonitrides in the cooling process after hot forging the non-tempered steel of the present embodiment to refine the structure and strengthen the steel. If the N content is less than 0.0040%, these effects cannot be sufficiently obtained even if the other element content is within the range of the present embodiment. On the other hand, if the N content exceeds 0.0200%, the hot forging property is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the N content is 0.0040 to 0.0200%. The preferred lower limit of the N content is 0.0045%, more preferably 0.0050%, still more preferably 0.0053%. The preferred upper limit of the N content is 0.0150%, more preferably 0.0120%, even more preferably 0.0100%, even more preferably 0.0090%, still more preferably 0.0080. %.
  • Oxygen (O) is an impurity that is inevitably contained. That is, the O content is more than 0%. O forms an oxide in steel, and in particular, combines with Mn, which is an element for lowering the concentration of grain boundaries C, to form an Mn oxide. In this case, the solid solution Mn that contributes to the decrease in the C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary decreases. When the O content exceeds 0.0024%, the solid solution Mn is excessively reduced and the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening even if the other element content is within the range of the present embodiment. In that case, melt cracking occurs.
  • the O content exceeds 0.0024%, the fatigue strength is further reduced by the coarse oxide even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the O content is 0.0024% or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the O content is 0.0022%, more preferably 0.0020%, still more preferably 0.0018%, still more preferably 0.0017%.
  • the O content is preferably as low as possible. However, since the deoxidizing treatment takes time and cost, the preferable lower limit of the O content is 0.0003% in consideration of industrial productivity.
  • Cu 0.05% or less Copper (Cu) is an impurity that is inevitably contained. That is, the Cu content is more than 0%. Cu is an element that increases the concentration of grain boundaries C, and promotes the occurrence of melt cracking during induction hardening. If the Cu content exceeds 0.05%, melt cracking is promoted even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Cu content is 0.05% or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Cu content is 0.04%, more preferably 0.03%, still more preferably 0.02%.
  • the Cu content is preferably as low as possible. However, in consideration of industrial productivity, the preferable lower limit of the Cu content is 0.01%.
  • Nickel (Ni) is an impurity that is inevitably contained. That is, the Ni content is more than 0%. Ni is a grain boundary C concentration increasing element and promotes the occurrence of melt cracking during induction hardening. If the Ni content exceeds 0.05%, melt cracking is promoted even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Ni content is 0.05% or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Ni content is 0.04%, more preferably 0.03%, still more preferably 0.02%.
  • the Ni content is preferably as low as possible. However, in consideration of industrial productivity, the preferable lower limit of the Ni content is 0.01%.
  • the rest of the chemical composition of steel according to this embodiment consists of Fe and impurities.
  • the impurity means an impurity mixed in from ore, scrap, or a manufacturing environment as a raw material when the steel is industrially manufactured.
  • the chemical composition of the steel of the present embodiment is one or more selected from the group consisting of V, Al, Nb, Pb, Ca, Mo, B, and Ti instead of a part of Fe. It may be contained.
  • V Vanadium (V) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the V content may be 0%. When contained, V precipitates in ferrite as V carbonitrides during the cooling process after hot forging of steel. The V-carbonitride increases the hardness of the ferrite, and as a result, the internal hardness increases. Further, V binds to C to fix C, thereby lowering the C concentration at the grain boundary. However, when the V content is 0.050% or more, the hardness of ferrite becomes high and the machinability decreases even if the content of other elements is within the range of this embodiment. Therefore, the V content is 0 to less than 0.050%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the V content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the V content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.010%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the V content is 0.045%, more preferably 0.040%, still more preferably 0.035%. In the present specification, when the V content is 0.003% or less, V is interpreted as an impurity (not an active addition).
  • Al 0 to 0.040%
  • Aluminum (Al) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Al content may be 0%. When contained, Al deoxidizes the steel. If the Al content is contained even in a small amount, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the Al content exceeds 0.040%, coarse oxides are generated and the fatigue strength is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Al content is 0 to 0.040%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the Al content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the Al content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.005%.
  • the preferable upper limit of the Al content is 0.030%.
  • the Al content means the total Al content.
  • Niobium (Nb) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Nb content may be 0%. When contained, Nb forms carbonitrides in the cooling process after hot forging of steel to suppress coarsening of austenite grains. Therefore, the toughness of the steel material after hot forging is increased. However, if the Nb content exceeds 0.020%, the above effect is saturated even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. In addition, the manufacturing cost is high. Therefore, the Nb content is 0 to 0.020%. The preferable lower limit of the Nb content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the Nb content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.005%, more preferably 0.008%. The preferred upper limit of the Nb content is 0.015%.
  • Pb 0 to 0.30%
  • Lead (Pb) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Pb content may be 0%. When contained, Pb enhances the machinability of steel. If even a small amount of Pb is contained, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the Pb content exceeds 0.30%, the hot forging property of the steel is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Pb content is 0 to 0.30%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the Pb content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the Pb content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.10%, more preferably 0.15%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Pb content is 0.27%.
  • Ca 0 to 0.0100%
  • Calcium (Ca) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Ca content may be 0%. When contained, Ca enhances machinability. If even a small amount of Ca is contained, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the Ca content exceeds 0.0100%, coarse oxides are formed and the fatigue strength of the steel is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Ca content is 0 to 0.0100%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the Ca content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the Ca content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.0010%, more preferably 0.0015%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Ca content is 0.0085%.
  • Mo 0 to 0.20%
  • Molybdenum (Mo) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Mo content may be 0%. When contained, Mo increases the fatigue strength of steel. If even a small amount of Mo is contained, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the Mo content exceeds 0.20%, the hot forging property is lowered even if the content of other elements is within the range of the present embodiment. Therefore, the Mo content is 0 to 0.20%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the Mo content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the Mo content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.05%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Mo content is 0.17%.
  • B 0 to 0.0030%
  • Boron (B) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the B content may be 0%. When contained, B dissolves in the steel to enhance the hardenability of the steel. As a result, the surface fatigue strength of the steel material after induction hardening is increased. If B is contained even in a small amount, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the B content is too high, the above effect will be saturated. Therefore, the B content is 0 to 0.0030%.
  • the preferable lower limit of the B content is more than 0%, and the preferable lower limit of the B content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.0005%, more preferably 0.0007%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the B content is 0.0028%, more preferably 0.0026%.
  • Titanium (Ti) is an optional element and may not be contained. That is, the Ti content may be 0%. When contained, Ti forms nitrides or carbides and suppresses coarsening of crystal grains during induction hardening. As a result, the surface fatigue strength of the steel material after induction hardening is increased. Ti further suppresses B from binding to N by binding to N, and secures the amount of solid solution B. If even a small amount of Ti is contained, the above effect can be obtained to some extent. However, if the Ti content exceeds 0.020%, coarse Ti nitrides and Ti carbides are generated, and the cold workability of the steel is lowered. Therefore, the Ti content is 0 to 0.020%.
  • the lower limit of the Ti content is more than 0%, and the lower limit of the Ti content for more effectively obtaining the above effect is 0.005%, more preferably 0.010%.
  • the preferred upper limit of the Ti content is 0.018%, more preferably 0.016%. As described above, when B is contained, it is preferable that Ti is also contained.
  • FN1 defined by the formula (1) is 55.0 or less.
  • FN1 80C 2 + 55C + 13Si + 4.8Mn + 30P + 30S + 1.5Cr (1)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formula (1).
  • FN1 is an index of melt cracking due to the melting point of steel.
  • C, Si, Mn, P, S and Cr all lower the melting point of steel. If the melting point of steel is lowered, melt cracking is likely to occur during the heating of induction hardening when induction hardening is performed in the manufacturing process of manufacturing mechanical structural parts using the steel.
  • FN1 is 55.0 or less, the decrease in the melting point of the steel is suppressed and the occurrence of melt cracks is suppressed.
  • the preferred upper limit of FN1 is 54.4, more preferably 52.7, still more preferably 52.0, still more preferably 50.0, still more preferably 45.0.
  • FN1 enhance the hardenability of steel. Therefore, the preferable lower limit of FN1 for improving the hardenability of steel is 20.0.
  • FN2 defined by the formula (2) is less than 0.45 to 0.70.
  • FN2 C + (Si / 10) + (Mn / 5)-(5S / 7) + (5Cr / 22) + 1.65V (2)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formula (2).
  • FN2 is an index of the internal hardness of steel.
  • C, Si, Mn, Cr and V increase the internal hardness of the steel material after hot forging.
  • S lowers the internal hardness. If FN2 is less than 0.45, the internal hardness of the steel material is too low and the fatigue strength is lowered. On the other hand, if FN2 is 0.70 or more, the internal hardness is too high and the machinability is lowered. Therefore, FN2 is less than 0.45 to 0.70.
  • the preferred lower limit of FN2 is 0.46, more preferably 0.54, and even more preferably 0.57.
  • the preferred upper limit of FN2 is 0.69, more preferably 0.68, and even more preferably 0.67.
  • FN3 defined by the formula (3) is 1.00 or more.
  • FN3 -2C-Si + 2.33Mn + 0.26Cr + V-1.5Cu-1.5Ni (3)
  • the content (mass%) of the corresponding element is substituted for each element symbol in the formula (3).
  • FN3 is an index of C concentration at the austenite ( ⁇ ) grain boundary at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C. during induction hardening.
  • Si, Cu, and Ni are elements that increase the C concentration of grain boundaries, and promote C concentration to the ⁇ grain boundaries at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C.
  • Mn, Cr, and V are elements for lowering the C concentration at the grain boundary, and suppress C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C.
  • FN3 is 1.00 or more, C concentration at the ⁇ grain boundary is suppressed. Therefore, even if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening, the occurrence of melt cracking is suppressed.
  • the preferred lower limit of FN3 is 1.01, more preferably 1.02, even more preferably 1.04, even more preferably 1.08, even more preferably 1.15, even more preferably. It is 1.20, more preferably 1.30, and even more preferably 1.40.
  • the preferred upper limit of FN3 is 4.50, more preferably 3.00, and even more preferably 2.76.
  • the Mn that contributes to FN3 is not Mn as a precipitate or an inclusion, but a solid solution Mn. Therefore, even if FN3 is 1.00 or more, if the amount of Mn oxide produced is large, the content of solid solution Mn that fixes C as a grain boundary C concentration lowering element is low. In this case, if the heating temperature exceeds 1300 ° C. in induction hardening, melt cracking may occur.
  • the proportion of Mn oxide in the oxide in the steel is reduced to some extent.
  • inclusions containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen are defined as “oxides”.
  • inclusions containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen and 10.0% by mass or more of Mn are defined as "Mn oxide”.
  • FN3 is 1.00 or more
  • the ratio of the number of Mn oxides to the number of the oxides is 10.0% or less.
  • the occurrence of melt cracking can be suppressed even at a heating temperature exceeding 1300 ° C.
  • the Mn oxide number ratio NR is measured by the following method.
  • the observation surface of the collected sample is mirror-polished.
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
  • the inside of the mirror-polished observation surface is observed with a secondary electron image, and the parts with different contrasts in the observation field are used as inclusions.
  • the components of the certified inclusions are determined by EDX point analysis.
  • the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more
  • the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less
  • the balance is pearlite in the microstructure.
  • Ferrite area ratio 10% or more Ferrite is a soft phase. Therefore, ferrite lowers the hardness of steel and enhances machinability. If the ferrite area ratio is less than 10%, the hardness of the steel increases excessively and the machinability decreases. Therefore, in the microstructure of the steel of the present embodiment, the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more.
  • the lower limit of the ferrite area ratio is preferably 15%, more preferably 20%, still more preferably 25%, still more preferably 30%.
  • the upper limit of the ferrite area ratio is not particularly limited, but in the case of the chemical composition of the present embodiment, the upper limit of the ferrite area ratio is, for example, 70%.
  • Total area ratio of bainite and martensite 5% or less
  • bainite and martensite are referred to as "low temperature transformation phase".
  • the low temperature transformation phase is harder than ferrite. Therefore, if the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase is high, the hardness of the steel becomes excessively high and the machinability is lowered.
  • the total area ratio of bainite and martensite that is, the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase
  • exceeds 5% the steel even if the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more. The hardness of the material becomes excessively high, and the machinability decreases.
  • the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 4%, more preferably 3%, still more preferably 2%, and most preferably 0%. That is, the steel microstructure of this embodiment preferably does not contain bainite and martensite.
  • Pearlite The rest of the microstructure of the steel of this embodiment is pearlite. That is, in the microstructure of the steel of the present embodiment, the ferrite area ratio is 10% or more, the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less, and the balance is pearlite. In addition, inclusions and precipitates are excluded from the "microstructure" referred to here.
  • the pearlite area ratio is not particularly limited, but in the case of the steel of the present embodiment having the above-mentioned chemical composition, the lower limit of the pearlite area ratio is, for example, 30%, preferably 35%, and further preferably 40%. It is more preferably 45%, even more preferably 48%, still more preferably 50%.
  • the upper limit of the pearlite area ratio is, for example, 90%, more preferably 85%, still more preferably 80%, still more preferably 75%.
  • the area ratio of each phase can be determined by the following method. Samples are taken around the R / 2 position of the steel.
  • the R / 2 position means the central position of the distance (that is, radius R) between the center and the surface in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (axial direction) of the steel.
  • the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (axial direction) of the steel is used as the observation plane.
  • the observation surface of the sample is etched with 3% alcohol nitrate (Nital corrosive liquid). The etched observation surface is observed with a 100x optical microscope to generate a photographic image of an arbitrary five fields of view. The size of each field of view is 800 ⁇ m ⁇ 600 ⁇ m.
  • ferrite, pearlite, and low temperature transformation phases are identified based on contrast.
  • ferrite is observed white and uniformly, pearlite is observed with a layered structure, and grain boundaries between ferrite and pearlite are observed as black lines due to grain boundary corrosion.
  • the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite) has a fine intragranular structure and is observed to be black. In this embodiment, it is not necessary to strictly distinguish between bainite and martensite, and both can be recognized as "low temperature transformation phase”.
  • the white and uniformly observed area surrounded by the black line is judged as "ferrite".
  • the region observed in layers is judged as "pearlite”. Further, in each field of view, the region where the intragranular structure is observed to be fine and black is judged to be the "low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite)".
  • the total area of ferrite in five fields ( ⁇ m 2 ) and the total area of low temperature transformation phases (bainite and martensite) ( ⁇ m 2 ) are determined. Then, the ratio of the total area of ferrite to the total area of the five visual fields is defined as the ferrite area ratio (%). Further, the ratio of the total area of the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite) to the total area of the five visual fields is defined as the total area ratio (%) of bainite and martensite. The ratio of the total area of pearlite in five visual fields to the total area of five visual fields is defined as the pearlite area ratio (%).
  • one or more pearlite blocks satisfying the following (A) or (B) are defined as "pearlite region”.
  • the pearlite region can also be defined as follows.
  • A One pearlite block arranged between adjacent ferrite grains on the line segment
  • B Multiple pearlite blocks arranged continuously between adjacent ferrite grains on the line segment.
  • the pearlite block means a region in which the crystal orientation of ferrite in pearlite is the same.
  • the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the content of each element in the chemical composition is within the range of the present embodiment, FN1 to FN3 are within the range of the present embodiment, the ferrite area ratio in the microstructure is 10% or more, and the low temperature transformation phase. If the width of the pearlite region exceeds 200 ⁇ m, the Vickers hardness increases and the machinability of the steel decreases, even if the area ratio of the steel is 5% or less and the balance is pearlite.
  • the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less, the Vickers hardness can be suppressed, the content of each element in the chemical composition is within the range of the present embodiment, and FN1 to FN3 are within the range of the present embodiment.
  • the ferrite area ratio in the microstructure is 10% or more, the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase is 5% or less, and the balance is pearlite, the machinability of the steel is remarkably enhanced. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the preferred upper limit of the width of the pearlite region is 150 ⁇ m, more preferably 130 ⁇ m, still more preferably 110 ⁇ m, still more preferably 85 ⁇ m, still more preferably 80 ⁇ m.
  • the width of the pearlite region can be obtained by the line segment method. Specifically, it can be measured by the following method.
  • a five-field photographic image generated by the method for determining the area ratio of each phase (ferrite, low temperature transformation phase, pearlite) described above is used.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a photographic image.
  • the white region 100 in the figure is ferrite, and the region where the lamella is formed is a pearlite block.
  • the pearlite blocks 102, 103, and 104 are independent pearlite blocks without being in contact with other pearlite blocks. These pearlite blocks are pearlite regions corresponding to the above (A).
  • the pearlite block 101A and the pearlite block 101B are in contact with each other adjacent to each other.
  • the pearlite blocks 101A and 101B are pearlite regions 101 corresponding to the above (B).
  • the pearlite blocks 105A and 105B constitute the pearlite region 105
  • the pearlite blocks 106A and 106B constitute the pearlite region 106
  • the pearlite blocks 107A and 107B constitute the pearlite region 107.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing crystal grains overlapping the line segment R5 in FIG. With reference to FIG. 4, the line segment R5 overlaps the two pearlite regions 108 and 109.
  • the overlapping length of the line segment R5 and the pearlite region 108 is D1, and the overlapping length of the line segment R5 and the pearlite region 109 is D2.
  • the width of the pearlite region is obtained based on the above equation.
  • the width of the pearlite region at each line segment is obtained in all the photographic images of the five fields of view.
  • the average width of the pearlite region in each line segment is defined as the width ( ⁇ m) of the pearlite region of the steel.
  • the shape of the steel of this embodiment is not particularly limited.
  • the steel has a shape having a longitudinal direction and has a circular cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, for example, a piece of steel or steel bar.
  • each element in the chemical composition is within the range of the present embodiment, the FN1 defined by the formula (1) is 55.0 or less, and the formula (2) is used.
  • the ratio of the number of Mn oxides containing 20.0% by mass or more of oxygen and 10.0% by mass or more of Mn to the number of Mn oxides is 10.0% or less, and the area ratio of ferrite in the microstructure is It is 10% or more, the total area ratio of bainite and martensite is 5% or less, the balance is pearlite, and it is arranged between adjacent ferrite grains on the line segment by the above-mentioned linear method.
  • the width of the pearlite region is 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the steel of the present embodiment has high machinability even after hot forging, and can suppress the occurrence of melt cracking even when the heating temperature in induction hardening exceeds 1300 ° C.
  • the steel material was held at 1100 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then the Vickers hardness according to JISZ2244 (2009) for the cooled steel material was 240 or less, and the steel material was heated to 1380 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 ° C./sec. After holding at 1380 ° C. for 10 seconds, the occurrence of melt cracks can be suppressed in the water-cooled steel material.
  • the Vickers hardness after the heat treatment simulating the hot forging of the steel of the present embodiment can be obtained by the following method. Heat treatment is performed on the steel to simulate hot forging. Specifically, the steel is heated to 1100 ° C. and held for 30 minutes. The steel is then allowed to cool in the atmosphere. Measure the Vickers hardness at 3 points in accordance with JISZ2244 (2009) at the R / 2 part (10 mm x 10 mm) centered on the R / 2 position of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the heat-treated steel. To do. At this time, the test force is set to 9.8 N. The average value of the obtained three Vickers hardness points is defined as the Vickers hardness of the steel.
  • the method for evaluating melt cracking of steel in the present embodiment can be carried out by the following method.
  • a test piece with a width of 10 mm, a thickness of 3 mm, and a length of 10 mm is connected to the R / 2 position of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the steel (connecting the central axis of the steel bar and the outer surface in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the steel bar).
  • the 1/2 width and 1/2 thickness of the test piece center of the width and thickness of the test piece) are located at the R / 2 position of the cross section, and the length direction of the test piece coincides with the longitudinal direction of the steel bar.
  • a mock test of induction hardening is performed on the test piece. Specifically, the test piece is heated to 1380 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 ° C./sec, the test piece is held at 1380 ° C. for 10 seconds, and after holding, the test piece is water-cooled.
  • the cross section (observation surface) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the test piece after water cooling is mechanically polished and corroded with Piclar reagent.
  • the corroded observation surface is observed with a 400x optical microscope, and the presence or absence of melt cracks is visually confirmed.
  • the observation surface is 250 ⁇ m ⁇ 400 ⁇ m. If no melt cracking is confirmed on the observation surface, it is judged that the melt cracking is suppressed.
  • An example of the steel manufacturing method of the present embodiment is as follows.
  • the method for producing steel in this embodiment is not limited to this.
  • the manufacturing method described below is a good example of the steel manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
  • the steel manufacturing method of the present embodiment includes a refining step, a casting step, and a hot working step.
  • molten steel having the above-mentioned chemical composition is produced. Specifically, oxygen is blown onto the hot metal using a converter to refine it, and molten steel to which Si and Mn are not added is produced (primary refining). The molten steel after the primary refining is subjected to the secondary refining to deoxidize the molten steel. At this time, in the secondary refining, Si is added to the molten steel before the Mn source to deoxidize the molten steel. Then, after adding Si, the Mn source is added to the molten steel. Mn sources are Fe-Mn alloys and / or pure metallic manganese. The Mn content in the Mn source is 60 to 100% at%, and the oxygen (O) content in the Mn source is 1.0 at% or less.
  • the Mn oxide number ratio NR exceeds 10.0%.
  • the Mn oxide number ratio NR can be reduced to 10.0% or less by adding the above-mentioned Mn source to the molten steel after adding Si. Even if the Mn source is added to the molten steel after the addition of Si, if the oxygen (O) content in the Mn source exceeds 1.0 at%, Mn oxide is excessively generated. Therefore, the Mn oxide number ratio NR exceeds 10.0%.
  • Si and Mn sources are added to the molten steel so that the chemical composition of the molten steel after the addition of Si and Mn is within the range of the chemical composition of the steel of the present embodiment.
  • Si and Al are added to the molten steel before the Mn source to deoxidize the molten steel. After adding Si and Al, the Mn source is added to the molten steel. The order of addition of Si and Al does not matter.
  • molten steel is used to produce slabs (slabs or blooms) or ingots (ingots) by well-known casting methods.
  • the casting method is, for example, a continuous casting method or an ingot forming method.
  • the slab or steel ingot produced in the casting step is hot-worked to produce the steel of the present embodiment.
  • the steel of this embodiment is, for example, steel bar as described above.
  • the hot working process includes a rough rolling process and a finish rolling process.
  • the material (slab or ingot) is first heated using a heating furnace.
  • the heated material is hot-processed to produce billets.
  • a block matrix rolling mill is used for the rough rolling process.
  • a billet is manufactured by performing block rolling on the material with a block rolling machine.
  • hot rolling is further performed on the billet after the block rolling using the continuous rolling mill to manufacture a billet having a smaller size. You may.
  • horizontal stands having a pair of horizontal rolls and vertical stands having a pair of vertical rolls are alternately arranged in a row.
  • the billet is first heated using a heating furnace.
  • the billets after heating are hot-rolled using a continuous rolling mill to produce steel bars.
  • horizontal stands having a pair of horizontal rolls and vertical stands having a pair of vertical rolls are alternately arranged in a row.
  • the heating temperature before the finish rolling process in the hot rolling process is 900 to less than 1200 ° C.
  • the heating temperature in the finish rolling step is 1200 ° C. or higher, the austenite grains in the steel become coarse. In this case, the ferrite formation sites are reduced. As a result, the ferrite area ratio in the steel decreases to less than 10%. As the austenite grains become coarser, the pearlite block becomes coarser. In this case, the width of the pearlite region exceeds 200 ⁇ m.
  • the heating temperature in the finish rolling process is less than 900 to 1200 ° C.
  • the temperature of the material or billet measured by the temperature gauge arranged at the extraction port of the heating furnace is defined as the heating temperature (° C.).
  • the heating temperature in the rough rolling step is 1000 to 1300 ° C.
  • the cooling rate after the completion of rolling is 5.0 ° C./sec or less. If the cooling rate exceeds 5 ° C./sec, the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite) is excessively generated, and the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase in the microstructure exceeds 5%. Therefore, the cooling rate after the completion of rolling is 5.0 ° C./sec or less.
  • the lower limit of the cooling rate is 0.5 ° C./sec.
  • the preferred upper limit of the cooling rate is 4.5 ° C./sec, more preferably 4.0 ° C./sec, still more preferably 3.5 ° C./sec, still more preferably 3.0 ° C./sec. ..
  • the cooling rate is measured by the following method.
  • a plurality of temperature gauges arranged toward the downstream are arranged in the transport path arranged on the outlet side of the stand (horizontal stand or vertical stand) on which the final rolling is performed.
  • the temperature of the steel material is measured by a temperature gauge while the steel material is transported on the transport path from the outlet side of the stand where the final reduction is performed. Based on the temperature measurement result, the time until the steel material temperature reaches 200 ° C. is obtained from the steel material temperature on the outlet side of the stand where the final reduction was performed.
  • the cooling rate (° C./sec) is calculated based on the steel material temperature on the outlet side of the stand where the final reduction was performed and the time until the steel material temperature reaches 200 ° C.
  • the cooling rate shall be the value obtained by rounding off the second decimal place.
  • steel is manufactured by hot rolling.
  • steel may be produced by hot forging.
  • the heating temperature is 900 to less than 1200 ° C.
  • the cooling rate is 5.0 ° C./sec or less.
  • the cooling rate in hot forging is determined by the following method. Measure the steel temperature immediately after the hot forging is completed. Further, the measurement of the steel material temperature is continued, and the time until the steel material temperature reaches 200 ° C. is measured. The cooling rate (° C./sec) is determined based on the steel material temperature immediately after the completion of hot forging and the time until the steel material temperature reaches 200 ° C.
  • the steel of this embodiment is steel. Therefore, quenching and tempering can be omitted in the steel manufacturing process.
  • the method for manufacturing mechanical structural parts includes a hot forging process, a cutting process, and an induction hardening process.
  • the hot forging step the above-mentioned steel is hot forged to produce a coarse-shaped intermediate product of a mechanical structural part (for example, a crankshaft). Allow the manufactured intermediate to cool in the atmosphere.
  • the heating temperature in the hot forging step is 900 to less than 1200 ° C., and the cooling rate is 5.0 ° C./sec or less.
  • the cutting process the intermediate product after the hot forging process is machined into a predetermined shape.
  • the induction hardening process well-known induction hardening is performed on the intermediate product after the cutting process.
  • the heating temperature is adjusted according to the desired cured layer depth.
  • the depth of the hardened layer is increased, the heating temperature becomes high and may exceed 1300 ° C.
  • the mechanical structural parts typified by a crankshaft using the steel of the present embodiment, even if induction hardening is performed at a high temperature exceeding 1300 ° C., the occurrence of melt cracks is suppressed. Further, in the mechanical structural parts, the hardness can be adjusted, and excellent fatigue strength and machinability can be obtained.
  • a slab (bloom) having a cross section of 300 mm ⁇ 400 mm was manufactured by a continuous casting method.
  • a rough rolling step was carried out on the slab to produce a billet having a cross section of 180 mm ⁇ 180 mm.
  • the heating temperature of the slab in the rough rolling step was 1150 ° C. in all test numbers.
  • Finish rolling was performed on the billets after the rough rolling process to produce steel bars (steel for induction hardening) with a diameter of 80 mm.
  • the heating temperatures in the finish rolling process are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Specifically, in test numbers 1 to 57 and 60, the heating temperature in the finish rolling step was 1150 ° C. In test number 58, the heating temperature in the finish rolling step was 1250 ° C. In test number 59, the heating temperature in the finish rolling step was 1270 ° C.
  • the steel material after finish rolling of each test number was cooled at the cooling rate (° C./sec) shown in Tables 3 and 4. Specifically, in test numbers 1 to 59, the cooling rate was 1.0 ° C./sec. In test number 60, the cooling rate was 6.0 ° C./sec. Induction hardening steel (steel bar) was manufactured by the above manufacturing process.
  • test cycle test device manufactured by Fuji Radio Industrial Co., Ltd. (trade name "heat cycle test device”). Specifically, the test piece was heated to 1380 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 ° C./sec using a high-frequency coil. Then, the test piece was held at 1380 ° C. for 10 seconds. Then, the test piece was water-cooled.
  • the cross section (observation surface) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the test piece after water cooling was mechanically polished.
  • the observation surface after mechanical polishing was corroded with Piclar reagent.
  • the corroded observation surface was observed with a 400x optical microscope, and the presence or absence of melt cracks was visually confirmed.
  • the observation surface was 250 ⁇ m ⁇ 400 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 5 is an example of a microstructure photographic image in which melt cracks have occurred
  • FIG. 6 is an example of a microstructure photographic image in which melt cracks have not occurred.
  • melt cracking has occurred (Tables 1 and Table). In the "melt crack” column in 2, it is indicated by “X”). On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6, when a corroded region was not observed at the grain boundary, it was determined that no melt cracking occurred (indicated by "A” in the "melt cracking” column in Tables 1 and 2). As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, it was possible to confirm the presence or absence of melt cracking.
  • Hv hardness which is the internal hardness
  • Hv hardness 150 or more
  • Hv hardness exceeds 240
  • Hv machinability is low.
  • the obtained Vickers hardness (Hv) is shown in the “Hv” column of Tables 3 and 4.
  • Mn oxide number ratio NR measurement test The Mn oxide number ratio NR of the steel of each test number was measured by the following method. A 10 mm x 15 mm rectangle centered on the R / 2 position of the steel bar of each test number (the central position of the straight line (radius R) connecting the central axis of the steel bar and the outer surface in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the steel bar). A sample including the observation surface of the shape was taken. The observation surface of the collected sample was mirror-polished. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) is used to observe the mirror-polished observation surface with a secondary electron image, and based on the contrast, the parts with different colors in the observation field are observed. Certified as an inclusion.
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
  • the components of each of the certified inclusions were point-analyzed at the center point of the inclusions with a beam diameter of 10 ⁇ m.
  • the oxide in the observation plane and the Mn oxide were identified. Specifically, among the inclusions in the observation surface, those containing 20.0% or more in mass% of oxygen were identified as "oxides". Further, among the oxides, those containing 10.0% or more of Mn in mass% were specified as "Mn oxides".
  • the obtained Mn oxide number ratio NR is shown in the “NR” column in Tables 3 and 4.
  • the ferrite area ratio, the low temperature transformation phase area ratio (total area ratio of bainite and martensite), and the pearlite area ratio in the microstructure of the steel of each test number were determined by the following methods. Samples were taken centering on the R / 2 position of the steel of each test number. Of the collected samples, the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (axial direction) of the steel was used as the observation plane. After polishing the observation surface, the observation surface of the sample was etched with a nital corrosive solution. The etched observation surface was observed with a 100x optical microscope to generate a photographic image of an arbitrary five fields of view. The size of each field of view was 800 ⁇ m ⁇ 600 ⁇ m.
  • ferrite, pearlite, and low temperature transformation phases (martensite and bainite) were identified based on contrast.
  • the white and uniformly observed area surrounded by the black line was judged to be "ferrite”.
  • the region observed in layers was judged to be “pearlite”.
  • the region where the intragranular structure was observed to be fine and black was determined to be the "low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite)".
  • the total area of ferrite in the five fields of view ( ⁇ m 2 ) and the total area of low temperature transformation phases (bainite and martensite) ( ⁇ m 2 ) were determined. Then, the ratio of the total area of ferrite to the total area of the five visual fields was defined as the ferrite area ratio (%). Further, the ratio of the area of the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite) to the total area of the five fields of view was defined as the area ratio (%) of the low temperature transformation phase (bainite and martensite). The ratio of the total area of pearlite in 5 visual fields to the total area of 5 visual fields was defined as the pearlite area ratio (%).
  • the width of the pearlite region was determined based on the above formula.
  • the width of the pearlite region at each line segment was determined in all the photographic images of the five fields of view. Then, the average width of the pearlite region in each line segment was defined as the width ( ⁇ m) of the pearlite region in the steel of the test number.
  • the width ( ⁇ m) of the pearlite region is shown in the “PS ( ⁇ m)” column of Tables 3 and 4.
  • Test results The test results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
  • the chemical composition was appropriate, and FN1 to FN3 were also appropriate.
  • the Mn oxide number ratio NR was 10.0% or less. Therefore, no melt cracking was observed.
  • the area ratio of ferrite was 10% or more, the total area ratio of bainite and martensite was 5% or less, the balance was pearlite, and the width of the pearlite region was 200 ⁇ m or less. Therefore, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv was in the range of 150 to 240, and sufficient fatigue strength and machinability could be obtained.
  • test number 40 the Mn content was too high. Therefore, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv would exceed 240 and sufficient machinability could not be obtained.
  • test number 47 the Cu content was too high. Therefore, in the melt crack evaluation test, the occurrence of melt crack was confirmed.
  • test number 48 the Ni content was too high. Therefore, in the melt crack evaluation test, the occurrence of melt crack was confirmed.
  • test number 49 the V content was too high. Therefore, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv would exceed 240 and sufficient machinability could not be obtained.
  • test number 51 FN2 exceeded the upper limit of equation (2). Therefore, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv would exceed 240 and sufficient machinability could not be obtained.
  • test number 52 FN2 was less than the lower limit of equation (2). Therefore, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv was less than 150 and sufficient fatigue strength could not be obtained.
  • test number 60 the cooling rate in the finish rolling process during hot working was too fast. Therefore, the area ratio of the low temperature transformation phase was too high in the microstructure. As a result, it was expected that the Vickers hardness Hv exceeded 240 and sufficient machinability could not be obtained.
  • the steel of this embodiment is widely applicable to mechanical structural parts manufactured by induction hardening.
  • the steel of the present embodiment is suitable for induction hardening after hot forging in a manufacturing process for manufacturing mechanical structural parts using steel.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un acier qui a une composition chimique qui comprend, en termes de % en masse, 0,25 à 0,50 % de C, 0,01 % à moins de 0,30 % de Si, 0,60 à 2,00 % de Mn, 0,030 % ou moins de P, plus de 0,010 % et jusqu'à 0,095 % de S, 0,05 à 1,00 % de Cr, 0,0040 à 0,0200 % de N, 0,0024 % ou moins de O, 0,05 % ou moins de Cu et 0,05 % ou moins de Ni, le reste comprenant du Fe et des impuretés. La valeur de FN1, qui est définie par la formule (1) dans la description, est inférieure ou égale à 55,0. La valeur de FN2, qui est définie par la formule (2), est de 0,45 à moins de 0,70. La valeur de FN3, qui est définie par la formule (3), est supérieure ou égale à 1,00. La proportion en nombre d'oxydes de Mn dans l'acier est inférieure ou égale à 10,0 %. Dans une microstructure, la proportion surfacique de ferrite est supérieure ou égale à 10 % et la proportion surfacique totale de bainite et de martensite est inférieure ou égale à 5 %, le reste étant de la perlite, et la largeur d'une zone de perlite est inférieure ou égale à 200 µm.
PCT/JP2019/013563 2019-03-28 2019-03-28 Acier destiné à être soumis à une trempe par induction WO2020194653A1 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

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CN113151743A (zh) * 2021-04-20 2021-07-23 中天钢铁集团有限公司 一种低马氏体含量免调质冷镦钢盘条的制造方法及其应用

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JP2006291237A (ja) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-26 Kobe Steel Ltd 冷間鍛造性と切削性に優れた機械構造用鋼
JP2009270160A (ja) * 2008-05-08 2009-11-19 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 軟窒化用鋼材の製造方法
JP2010013729A (ja) * 2008-06-06 2010-01-21 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 軟窒化用鋼、軟窒化用鋼材およびクランクシャフト
JP2010202913A (ja) * 2009-03-02 2010-09-16 Nippon Steel Corp 高強度鋼線用線材、高強度鋼線及びこれらの製造方法
WO2017188284A1 (fr) * 2016-04-26 2017-11-02 新日鐵住金株式会社 Acier non trempé pour durcissement par induction
WO2018016502A1 (fr) * 2016-07-19 2018-01-25 新日鐵住金株式会社 Acier pour trempe par induction

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006291237A (ja) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-26 Kobe Steel Ltd 冷間鍛造性と切削性に優れた機械構造用鋼
JP2009270160A (ja) * 2008-05-08 2009-11-19 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 軟窒化用鋼材の製造方法
JP2010013729A (ja) * 2008-06-06 2010-01-21 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 軟窒化用鋼、軟窒化用鋼材およびクランクシャフト
JP2010202913A (ja) * 2009-03-02 2010-09-16 Nippon Steel Corp 高強度鋼線用線材、高強度鋼線及びこれらの製造方法
WO2017188284A1 (fr) * 2016-04-26 2017-11-02 新日鐵住金株式会社 Acier non trempé pour durcissement par induction
WO2018016502A1 (fr) * 2016-07-19 2018-01-25 新日鐵住金株式会社 Acier pour trempe par induction

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113151743A (zh) * 2021-04-20 2021-07-23 中天钢铁集团有限公司 一种低马氏体含量免调质冷镦钢盘条的制造方法及其应用

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