WO2020165956A1 - 膜蒸留用分離膜及び膜蒸留モジュール - Google Patents
膜蒸留用分離膜及び膜蒸留モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separation membrane for membrane distillation, and a membrane distillation module including the separation membrane.
- a membrane distillation method using a porous membrane permeable to water vapor has been known as a method for separating pollutants and water (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the membrane distillation method water is separated from sewage containing pollutants due to the difference in water vapor pressure caused by the temperature difference on both sides of the porous membrane.
- the porous membrane for membrane distillation the water pressure resistance that can withstand the water pressure of the sewage supplied to one side of the membrane, and a sufficient permeation flux that can efficiently permeate water vapor even if the difference in water vapor pressure is small. , Is required.
- a variety of porous membranes for membrane distillation is required from the viewpoints of easy availability, adhesion with other members, and the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide, as a novel membrane separation membrane, a membrane distillation separation membrane having sufficient water pressure resistance and a permeation flux, and a membrane distillation module equipped with the membrane distillation separation membrane.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a separation membrane for membrane distillation, which has a communication layer, a porous layer having an average pore size of 1 ⁇ m or less and a labyrinth degree of 4 or less.
- the thickness of the porous layer may be 10-100 ⁇ m.
- the thermal conductivity of the porous layer may be 0.01 to 0.20 W/m ⁇ K.
- the 100 cc air permeation time of the porous layer may be 1 to 100 seconds.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to a membrane distillation module including a high temperature side region, a low temperature side region, and a separation membrane that separates the high temperature side region and the low temperature side region.
- the separation membrane includes the separation membrane for membrane distillation described above.
- a membrane distillation separation membrane having sufficient water pressure resistance and permeation flux and a membrane distillation module including the membrane distillation separation membrane are provided.
- the separation membrane for membrane distillation has communicating pores, and has a porous layer having an average pore diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less and a labyrinth degree of 4 or less.
- the separation membrane for membrane distillation may be composed only of the porous layer, or may have a multi-layer structure including the porous layer.
- the separation membrane for membrane distillation according to the present embodiment has the above-mentioned porous layer, a good permeation flux can be obtained while maintaining sufficient water pressure resistance.
- the average pore diameter of the porous layer may be, for example, 1.0 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or less.
- the water pressure resistance tends to be further improved by reducing the average pore size.
- the average pore diameter of the porous layer may be, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more. Increasing the average pore size tends to improve the permeation flux.
- the average pore diameter of the porous layer indicates the value measured by the method described in the examples.
- the labyrinth degree of the porous layer is 4 or less, preferably 3.7 or less, more preferably 3.5 or less, 3.0 or less, or 2.5 or less, 2 It may be less than or equal to 0.0.
- the labyrinth is small, the permeation flux tends to be improved.
- the degree of labyrinth of the porous layer may be, for example, 1.1 or more, preferably 1.3 or more, and more preferably 1.5 or more. If the degree of labyrinth is large, the water pressure resistance tends to be improved.
- the labyrinth degree of the porous layer indicates a value calculated by the following formula (i).
- Labyrinth degree [(2- ⁇ ) 2 / ⁇ ] (i)
- ⁇ represents the porosity of the porous layer.
- D 1 represents the density (g/cm 3 ) of the porous layer
- D 0 represents the true density (g/cm 3 ) of the material forming the porous layer.
- the thickness of the porous layer is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness of the porous layer may be, for example, 500 ⁇ m or less, preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. With such a thickness, it becomes easy to achieve both higher water pressure resistance and higher permeation flux.
- the thermal conductivity of the porous layer is, for example, 0.20 W/m ⁇ K or less, preferably 0.15 W/m ⁇ K or less, and more preferably 0.10 W/m ⁇ K or less.
- the thermal conductivity is low, heat exchange between the high temperature side region and the low temperature side region in the membrane distillation module is suppressed, and the membrane distillation can be performed more efficiently.
- the lower limit of the thermal conductivity of the porous layer is not particularly limited.
- the thermal conductivity of the porous layer may be, for example, 0.01 W/m ⁇ K or more, and may be 0.02 W/m ⁇ K or more.
- the thermal conductivity of the porous layer indicates the value measured by the method described in the examples.
- the 100 cc air permeation time may be, for example, 1 second or longer, preferably 3 seconds or longer, and more preferably 5 seconds or longer. Longer air permeation times tend to result in higher water pressure resistance.
- the 100 cc air permeation time may be, for example, 100 seconds or less, preferably 75 seconds or less, and more preferably 50 seconds or less. Shorter air permeation times tend to result in higher permeation flux.
- the 100 cc air permeation time (Gurley value) in the porous layer indicates a value measured according to JIS P8117.
- the contact angle of the surface of the porous layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 75° or more, more preferably 100° or more.
- the contact angle of the surface of the porous layer may be 150° or less. When the contact angle is in this range, the hydrophobicity of the porous layer is improved and the treatment capacity of contaminated water is further improved.
- the porous layer may be a layer composed of a resin material.
- the type of resin material is not particularly limited, and known resin materials can be used without particular limitation.
- the type of resin material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include nylon 66, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyphenylene oxide, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, polyimide acrylic resin, epoxy. It may be resin, silicone resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin or the like. In addition, a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing two or more of these resin monomers may be used.
- the porous layer may be a layer composed of a resin material containing polyolefin. Since such a porous layer is excellent in both water pressure resistance and permeation flux, and is excellent in economical efficiency and discardability, it can be particularly suitably used as a replaceable separation membrane for distillation.
- polyolefins examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, and combinations thereof. Among these, polyethylene is preferable as the polyolefin from the viewpoint that the above effects are more remarkably exhibited.
- polyethylene high density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a mixture thereof, or the like can be preferably used.
- the porous layer of this embodiment can be produced, for example, by the following method. That is, (I) a step of dissolving a molding raw material containing a polyolefin in a solvent to prepare a solution, (II) a step of extruding the solution from a die under heating and cooling to obtain an unstretched film, (III) It can be manufactured by a step of stretching an unstretched film and a step of obtaining a porous layer by (IV) annealing the stretched film.
- the solvent used in (I) is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include paraffin, liquid paraffin, paraffin oil, mineral oil, castor oil, tetralin, ethylene glycol, glycerin, decalin, toluene, xylene, diethyltriamine, ethyldiamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexane. Etc. can be used suitably.
- the heating temperature of (II) may be, for example, a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of polyolefin, and preferably equal to or higher than the melting point of polyolefin and equal to or lower than the melting point of polyolefin+100° C.
- the stretching method of (III) is not particularly limited, but biaxial stretching is preferable, and either sequential biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and transverse stretching are performed separately, or simultaneous biaxial stretching in which longitudinal stretching and transverse stretching are performed simultaneously.
- the method of can also be used suitably.
- the separation membrane for membrane distillation according to this embodiment may further include a layer other than the porous layer.
- the other layer may be a heat insulating layer, a hydrophobic layer, or the like.
- the contact angle of the surface of the separation membrane for membrane distillation is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 75° or more, more preferably 100° or more.
- the contact angle of the surface of the separation membrane for membrane distillation may be 150° or less. When the contact angle is within this range, the hydrophobicity of the separation membrane for membrane distillation is improved, and the treatment capacity of contaminated water is further improved.
- the membrane distillation module includes a high temperature side region, a low temperature side region, and a separation membrane for membrane distillation that separates the high temperature side region and the low temperature side region.
- this membrane distillation module by supplying sewage containing pollutants to the high temperature side region, water vapor passes from the high temperature side region through the separation membrane for membrane distillation and is supplied to the low temperature side region. By condensing the steam transferred to the low temperature side region, purified water can be obtained. Further, in the high temperature side region, pollutants are concentrated.
- Example 1 A polyethylene film having an average pore diameter of 0.06 ⁇ m, a film thickness of 37.3 ⁇ m and a porosity of 82.9% was prepared as a separation membrane for membrane distillation.
- the thermal conductivity, water pressure resistance and permeation flux of this separation membrane were determined by the following methods.
- the average pore diameter was determined by the following method.
- the labyrinth degree was calculated by the above formula (i).
- the 100 cc air permeation time was determined by the above method. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the separation membrane was processed into 10 mm ⁇ 10 mm to prepare a measurement sample.
- the measurement sample is sandwiched between the upper and lower heaters with a predetermined load, the temperature difference ⁇ T is set to 20° C., and the upper surface temperature and the lower surface temperature of the measurement sample are adjusted while adjusting the one-dimensional heat flow by the guard heater. It was measured. Then, the thermal resistance of the measurement sample was obtained from the following equation.
- R S N[(T U ⁇ T L )/Q] ⁇ R 0
- R S represents the thermal resistance (K/W) of the measurement sample
- T U represents the measurement sample upper surface temperature (K)
- T L represents the measurement sample lower surface temperature (K)
- R 0 represents the upper and lower interfaces. Shows the contact thermal resistance (K/W)
- Q shows the heat flux meter output (W).
- N is a proportional coefficient and is obtained in advance using a calibration sample. From the thermal resistance R S obtained by the above equation, the thermal conductivity of the measurement sample was calculated by the following equation.
- ⁇ d/(R S ⁇ S)
- ⁇ indicates the thermal conductivity (W/m ⁇ K) of the measurement sample
- d indicates the film thickness (m) of the measurement sample
- S indicates the area (m 2 ) of the measurement sample.
- a membrane distillation test cell was prepared in which the high temperature side region and the low temperature side region were fractionated by a separation membrane for membrane distillation.
- the area of the separation membrane in contact with each region was 0.00786 m 2 .
- hot water of 66° C. was circulated using a warm bath
- cold water of 20° C. was circulated using a cooling tank.
- the circulation speed was set so that the flow velocity on the separation membrane surface was 0.2 m/sec.
- the permeation flux was determined by measuring the increase in water circulating in the low temperature region. The case where the permeation flux was 10 kg/m 2 /h or more was evaluated as A, and the case where it was less than 10 kg/m 2 /h was evaluated as B.
- Example 2 A polyethylene film having an average pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m, a film thickness of 20.6 ⁇ m and a porosity of 82.1% was prepared as a separation membrane for membrane distillation. The thermal conductivity, water pressure resistance and permeation flux of this separation membrane were determined. Further, the labyrinth degree was calculated by the above formula (i). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A polyethylene film having an average pore diameter of 0.2 ⁇ m, a film thickness of 35.1 ⁇ m, and a porosity of 81.1% was prepared as a separation membrane for membrane distillation. The thermal conductivity, water pressure resistance and permeation flux of this separation membrane were determined. Further, the labyrinth degree was calculated by the above formula (i). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 A polytetrafluoroethylene film having an average pore diameter of 0.22 ⁇ m, a film thickness of 60.5 ⁇ m, and a porosity of 58.8% was prepared as a separation membrane for membrane distillation. The thermal conductivity, water pressure resistance and permeation flux of this separation membrane were determined. Further, the labyrinth degree was calculated by the above formula (i). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Table 1 shows the results of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4. Regarding the water pressure resistance and the permeation flux, the actual measurement values are also shown in parentheses together with the evaluation results for some of the examples and comparative examples.
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Abstract
Description
迷宮度=[(2-ε)2/ε] …(i)
式(i)中、εは多孔質層の空隙率を示す。
ε=[1-(D1/D0)] …(ii)
式(ii)中、D1は多孔質層の密度(g/cm3)を示し、D0は多孔質層を構成する材質の真密度(g/cm3)を示す。
平均孔径0.06μm、膜厚37.3μm、空隙率82.9%のポリエチレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を以下の方法で求めた。また、平均孔径は下記の方法で求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。また、100cc空気透過時間(ガーレ値)を上記方法により求めた。結果を表1に示す。
装置:Capillary Flow Porometer Porolux 1000 (IB-FT GmbH, Germany)
試料:直径25mmの円形にカットして、試料を得た。
測定方法:全ての空孔にporfil を充填するため、1分間porfil中に浸漬した。サンプルをチャンバーに入れ、測定を開始し、15nm~300μmの測定範囲中の空孔分布中で示されるピーク値を、平均孔径とした。
分離膜を10mm×10mmに加工して測定サンプルを作製した。次いで、測定サンプルを所定の荷重にて上部及び下部ヒーター間に挟み、温度差ΔTを20℃とし、ガードヒーターによって一次元の熱流になるように調整しながら、測定サンプルの上面温度及び下面温度を測定した。次いで、測定サンプルの熱抵抗を次式より求めた。
RS=N[(TU-TL)/Q]-R0
式中、RSは測定サンプルの熱抵抗(K/W)を示し、TUは測定サンプル上面温度(K)を示し、TLは測定サンプル下面温度(K)を示し、R0は上下界面の接触熱抵抗(K/W)を示し、Qは熱流束計出力(W)を示す。なお、Nは比例係数であり、較正試料を用いて予め求めておく。
上記式で得られた熱抵抗RSより、測定サンプルの熱伝導率を下記式より算出した。
λ=d/(RS×S)
式中、λは測定サンプルの熱伝導率(W/m・K)を示し、dは測定サンプルの膜厚(m)を示し、Sは測定サンプルの面積(m2)を示す。
試験セル(アドバンテック東洋株式会社製、撹拌型ウルトラホルダ、UHP76K)にφ76mmに加工した分離膜をセットし、分離膜上に純水を100mL投入した。試験セルを密閉し、試験セルを空気で加圧(昇圧条件:100kPa/分)した。分離膜を純水が透過したときの圧力を観測し、当該圧力を耐水圧とした。耐水圧が200kPa以上であった場合をA、200kPa未満であった場合をBとして評価した。
高温側領域と低温側領域とを膜蒸留用分離膜で画分した膜蒸留試験セルを準備した。各領域に接する分離膜の面積は、0.00786m2とした。高温側領域には、温浴槽を用いて66℃の温水を循環させ、低温側領域には、冷却槽を用いて20℃の冷水を循環させた。循環速度は、分離膜面での流速が0.2m/秒となる速度とした。低温側領域を循環する水の増加量を測定し、透過流束を求めた。透過流束が10kg/m2/h以上であった場合をA、10kg/m2/h未満であった場合をBとして評価した。
平均孔径0.1μm、膜厚20.6μm、空隙率82.1%のポリエチレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径0.2μm、膜厚35.1μm、空隙率81.1%のポリエチレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径0.22μm、膜厚60.5μm、空隙率58.8%のポリテトラフルオロエチレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径0.02μm、膜厚10.9μm、空隙率49.2%のポリエチレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径0.3μm、膜厚42.3μm、空隙率35.0%のポリプロピレンフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率、耐水圧及び透過流束を求めた。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径2μm、膜厚213μm、空隙率60.5%のポリエステルフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率及び耐水圧を求めた。なお、透過流束は、加圧前に透水したため測定することができなかった。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
平均孔径50μm、膜厚192μm、空隙率80.4%のポリエステルフィルムを、膜蒸留用分離膜として準備した。この分離膜について、熱伝導率及び耐水圧を求めた。なお、透過流束は、加圧前に透水したため測定することができなかった。また、迷宮度を上記式(i)により算出した。結果を表1に示す。
Claims (5)
- 連通孔を有し、平均孔径が1μm以下、迷宮度が4以下の多孔質層を有する、膜蒸留用分離膜。
- 前記多孔質層の厚さが10~100μmである、請求項1に記載の膜蒸留用分離膜。
- 前記多孔質層の熱伝導率が、0.01~0.20W/m・Kである、請求項1又は2に記載の膜蒸留用分離膜。
- 前記多孔質層の100cc空気透過時間が、1~100秒である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の膜蒸留用分離膜。
- 高温側領域と、低温側領域と、前記高温側領域及び前記低温側領域を画分する分離膜と、を備え、
前記分離膜が、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の膜蒸留用分離膜を含む、膜蒸留モジュール。
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| JP2020571950A JPWO2020165956A1 (ja) | 2019-02-12 | 2019-02-12 | 膜蒸留用分離膜及び膜蒸留モジュール |
| CN201980091777.4A CN113412148A (zh) | 2019-02-12 | 2019-02-12 | 膜蒸馏用分离膜及膜蒸馏模块 |
| PCT/JP2019/004902 WO2020165956A1 (ja) | 2019-02-12 | 2019-02-12 | 膜蒸留用分離膜及び膜蒸留モジュール |
| TW109104097A TW202039063A (zh) | 2019-02-12 | 2020-02-10 | 膜蒸餾用分離膜及膜蒸餾模組 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015008868A1 (ja) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | 旭化成せんい株式会社 | 微細セルロース繊維シート |
| JP2015100777A (ja) * | 2013-11-27 | 2015-06-04 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 膜蒸留モジュールおよび排水処理装置 |
| JP2016155129A (ja) * | 2016-04-04 | 2016-09-01 | 日本ゴア株式会社 | 複合膜 |
| JP2018083189A (ja) * | 2016-05-24 | 2018-05-31 | 旭化成株式会社 | 膜蒸留装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| TW202039063A (zh) | 2020-11-01 |
| JPWO2020165956A1 (ja) | 2021-12-09 |
| CN113412148A (zh) | 2021-09-17 |
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