WO2020147206A1 - 一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2020147206A1
WO2020147206A1 PCT/CN2019/081421 CN2019081421W WO2020147206A1 WO 2020147206 A1 WO2020147206 A1 WO 2020147206A1 CN 2019081421 W CN2019081421 W CN 2019081421W WO 2020147206 A1 WO2020147206 A1 WO 2020147206A1
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powder
carbon powder
ultrafine
carbon
soft
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French (fr)
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肖鹏
方华婵
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Central South University
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Central South University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/12Metallic powder containing non-metallic particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/16Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C47/00Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C47/02Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C47/00Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C47/14Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by powder metallurgy, i.e. by processing mixtures of metal powder and fibres or filaments
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C49/00Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C49/14Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an ultrafine carbon powder, in particular to an ultrafine carbon powder and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of carbon material preparation.
  • Ultra-fine carbon powder (including graphite powder, carbon fiber powder, etc.) with a particle size of less than 10 [xm has the characteristics of low melting point, high chemical activity, strong magnetism, good heat conduction, and abnormal absorption of electromagnetic waves. It is mainly used for conductive materials (electric Brushes, carbon rods, etc.), wear-resistant lubricating materials (dry powder graphite lubricant, piston cups, etc.).
  • conductive materials electric Brushes, carbon rods, etc.
  • wear-resistant lubricating materials dry powder graphite lubricant, piston cups, etc.
  • carbon fiber powder which is a powdery carbon material obtained by secondary processing of high-strength and high-modulus carbon fiber filaments with a carbon content of more than 85%. It retains many of the carbon fibers.
  • thermosetting resin such as epoxy resin, cyanate ester resin, dima resin, etc.
  • curing agent etc.
  • Carbon fiber powder is also widely used in metal-based carbon fiber composite materials and ceramic-based carbon fiber composite materials.
  • the two major problems facing the preparation and use of ultrafine powder are the crushing and dispersion of the powder.
  • the main pulverization processes for carbon powder include mechanical pulverization processes such as jet mills, vibration mills, and stirring mills, while the dispersion mostly uses dispersing agents for ultrasonic dispersion, mechanical dispersion, and chemical dispersion.
  • the ultrafine pulverization technology has a long process flow, a complex process cycle, and a large investment in equipment, and it will greatly damage the integrity of the crystal structure of graphite or carbon fiber, and reduce the lubrication, thermal conductivity and other properties.
  • the ultrafine powder tends to agglomerate during use. For example, when the graphite/copper composite is prepared by adding copper powder in the form of powder, the ultrafine graphite powder spontaneously aggregates during the mixing process, resulting in uneven distribution.
  • Chinese patent CN 105088421B discloses a method for preparing carbon fiber powder, which mainly solves the problems of high energy consumption and low production efficiency in the prior art.
  • the method for preparing carbon fiber powder used in the invention includes the following steps: ( 1) The continuous carbon fiber and the thermoplastic resin in the molten state are sheared, ground, and mixed to obtain a mixture of carbon fiber powder and the thermoplastic resin; (2) Use the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin The good solvent of the resin dissolves the thermoplastic resin in the above mixture; (3) The technical solution for obtaining the carbon fiber powder by solid-liquid separation, which satisfactorily solves the technical problem and can be used in the industrial production of carbon fiber powder
  • Chinese patent CN 104098081B discloses a process for preparing carbon fiber powder with a small aspect ratio, which includes the following steps: A, binding; B, bonding; C, slicing or grinding; D, dissolving; E, separating; F. Purification.
  • the invention provides a process for preparing carbon fiber powder with a small aspect ratio, and creates a brand-new production process. Yu B can produce carbon fiber powder with a smaller aspect ratio and fineness, thereby greatly improving the use effect of carbon fiber powder. , Promote the development of industries and enterprises.
  • Chinese patent CN 104088132B discloses a carbon fiber powder surface modification method, the steps of which are to perform air burning pretreatment on the carbon fiber powder, and then immerse the pretreated carbon fiber powder into oxidation Surface modification of the liquid, and finally the modified carbon fiber powder is cleaned to obtain surface modified carbon fiber powder.
  • the modified carbon fiber powder obtained by the method of the invention has good solvent wettability and dispersion stability. The interface binding ability is better.
  • Japanese patent JPH10273882A discloses a method for preparing carbon fiber powder using polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber, that is, firstly, the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is slowly passed through an oven heated to 600 ⁇ 700°C (the passing time is based on the surface density of the carbon fiber It takes 0.5 minutes to 8 minutes) to remove the sizing agent on the carbon fiber (otherwise the carbon fiber is easy to bond when it is pulverized), and then cut short, pulverize, and (multiple) grinding to obtain carbon fiber powder.
  • the length of the carbon fiber powder is average It is 3 ⁇ 30 (Vm), but the carbon fiber powder obtained in this patent has a wide particle size distribution, large particle size, and poor hardness, so it is not suitable for use as a reinforcing material.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide an ultrafine carbon powder and its preparation method and application.
  • the present invention is an ultra-fine carbon powder
  • the ultra-fine carbon powder is a soft ultra-fine carbon powder obtained by mechanically crushing degummed carbon fibers with the aid of metal powder, hard ultra-fine carbon powder, embedded in metal Ultrafine carbon powder inside the powder; the metal powder is not cemented carbide powder.
  • An ultrafine carbon powder of the present invention wherein the cross section of the hard ultrafine carbon powder is polygonal; the number of sides of the polygon is greater than or equal to 4, and the particle size of the hard ultrafine carbon powder is 1 to 3 pm .
  • there is no difference in particle size between soft ultrafine carbon powder and hard ultrafine carbon powder but there is a certain difference in hardness and graphitization degree.
  • the graphitization degree is higher, the hardness is lower, and the nature is softer. This is because the degummed carbon fiber has a skin-core structure.
  • the skin layer of the carbon fiber has a higher degree of graphitization than the core, the hardness is softer, but the characteristics of graphite are more obvious, such as lubricity; the hardness of the core is harder, but the graphite The characteristics are weak. Therefore, the corresponding soft ultra-fine carbon powder is formed by crushing the carbon fiber skin layer, which is slightly softer and has a higher degree of graphitization. Most of the hard ultra-fine carbon powder is formed by crushing the carbon fiber core, which is hard in nature and has a slightly lower degree of graphitization.
  • the ultra-fine carbon powder provided by the present invention is obtained by mechanically crushing degummed carbon fibers, and metal powder is added during the crushing, which effectively controls the particle size distribution of the ultra-fine carbon powder, so that the obtained ultra-fine carbon powder ,
  • the particle size is uniform, the particle size distribution is narrow, and the dispersion performance is good; at the same time, both the soft ultrafine carbon powder and the hard ultrafine carbon powder retain the microscopic crystal structure of carbon fiber, so it has the strength of carbon fiber, high conductivity, and oxidation resistance And other excellent characteristics.
  • An ultrafine carbon powder of the present invention is a soft metal powder, and the soft metal is selected from at least one of silver, aluminum, copper, titanium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and chromiumkind.
  • the soft metal is selected from at least one of copper, iron, and nickel.
  • a preparation method of ultrafine carbon powder of the present invention comprising the following steps,
  • the speed of the ball mill is 220 ⁇ 350r/min; the time of the ball mill is> 6h;
  • the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the soft metal powder and the mass of the ball milling ball is 1:5 ⁇ 8;
  • the volume ratio of the soft metal powder to the degummed short carbon fiber is 2-19: 1-3.
  • the technical scheme of the present invention uses soft metal as the soft ball milling medium to ball mill the degummed short carbon fiber, and the ball milling speed and the ball-to-battery ratio of the present invention can be used to achieve ultrafine carbon fiber and obtain particle size Uniform, narrowly distributed soft ultra-fine toner and hard ultra-fine toner that retain the carbon fiber microstructure.
  • the ratio of the sum of the mass of the degummed short fiber and the soft metal powder to the mass of the ball milling ball is
  • the diameter of the degummed short carbon fiber is 6 to 8 pm and the length is 1 to 4 mm.
  • the diameter of the degummed short carbon fiber is 6 ⁇ 7 [ xm, and the length is 2 ⁇ 3mm.
  • the particle size of the soft metal is 30-25 (Vm.
  • the particle size of the soft metal is 100-15 (Vm.
  • the rotation speed of the ball mill is 250 ⁇ 300r/min; and the time of the ball mill is 6 ⁇ 14h.
  • the ball grinding ball is selected from at least one of stainless steel balls, cemented carbide balls and tungsten alloy balls
  • the diameter of the ball milling ball is 3 mm to 10 mm.
  • the diameter of the ball milling ball is 3mm-9mm.
  • the ball milling ball is added in the following proportion according to the diameter of the ball milling ball, calculated by mass ratio:
  • 3mm:4mm:5mm:6mm:7mm:8mm:9mm 3 ⁇ 5:7 ⁇ 9: 10 ⁇ 12: 18 ⁇ 22: 10 ⁇ 14:7 ⁇ 9:5 ⁇ 7:l ⁇ 2.
  • the separation process includes the following steps:
  • step 2 The sieve A obtained in step 1 is added to alcohol to obtain a mixed liquid, ultrasonically treated for 10 min to 30 min, the mixed liquid is vacuum dried to obtain a dry powder M, and the dry powder M is passed through 400 to 600 mesh Sieve to obtain an oversieve C and an undersieve D, where the undersieve D is a secondary soft ultrafine carbon powder; the particle size of the secondary soft ultrafine carbon powder is l ⁇ 3 [ xm;
  • step 3 The oversize material C obtained in step 2 is heat-treated at 150 ⁇ 300°C for 30min ⁇ 60min under vacuum conditions, and then placed in liquid nitrogen for heat preservation treatment for 5 ⁇ 10min, and the processed oversize material C is added Obtain the slurry in alcohol, ultrasonically treat it for 10min-30min, dry the slurry in vacuum to obtain dry powder N, pass the dry powder N through a 400-600 mesh sieve to obtain oversieve E and undersieve F.
  • Substance F is hard ultra-fine carbon powder
  • oversieve E is ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder
  • the particle size of the ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder is 1 to 3 [xm.
  • the 400-600 mesh screening in step 1), step 2), and step 3) is selected from the ultrasonic stainless steel vibrating screen, the ultra-fine powder separation ultrasonic rotary vibrating screen, and the ordinary vibrating screen Any kind
  • the vacuum drying temperature in step 2) and step 3) is 60-80°C.
  • the carbon fiber is a microcrystalline graphite material obtained by stacking organic fibers such as flake graphite microcrystals along the fiber axial direction, and is obtained by carbonization and graphitization treatments, and therefore has the characteristics of being flexible outside and rigid inside.
  • the degummed carbon fiber is first clamped between the soft metal powder and then broken.
  • the soft carbon layer on the surface of the carbon fiber is preferentially broken, and part of it enters the ball milling tank, and the remaining part is still left in the soft metal In the powder, it participates in further crushing and inlaying, while the internal hard carbon layer is always embedded in the soft metal powder and is continuously broken. Therefore, a part of the soft ultrafine carbon powder is finally obtained in the ball milling tank, and the other part is bonded to the surface of the soft metal powder, while the hard ultrafine carbon powder is only embedded on the surface of the soft metal powder and embedded in the metal powder.
  • both soft and hard ultrafine carbon powder maintain a structure similar to carbon fiber.
  • the soft ultrafine carbon powder remaining in the ball mill can be obtained by direct screening, and the result is the first-grade soft ultrafine carbon powder of the present invention.
  • the soft ultra-fine carbon powder adhered to the surface of the soft metal can be obtained by ultrasonic vibration combined with ultrasonic sieving.
  • the resultant is the secondary soft ultra-fine carbon powder of the present invention, which is embedded on the surface of the soft metal.
  • the hard ultra-fine carbon powder needs to use the huge thermal expansion coefficient difference between graphite and metal powder, after thermal expansion and contraction treatment, combined with ultrasonic vibration and ultrasonic sieving.
  • the preparation method of the degummed short carbon fiber is: the short carbon fiber bundle is kept in a vacuum or a protective atmosphere at 650-800°C for 20-90 minutes to obtain the degummed short carbon fiber.
  • the short carbon fiber bundles are kept at 700-800°C for 30-60 minutes under vacuum or nitrogen atmosphere to obtain degummed short carbon fibers.
  • the length of the degummed short carbon fiber is consistent with the diameter and length of the carbon fiber monofilament in the short carbon fiber bundle.
  • the degumming temperature has a certain effect on the properties of the final material, and that the degumming temperature is too high or too low to obtain the ultrafine carbon powder with myopic carbon fiber structure.
  • An ultrafine carbon powder of the present invention is annealed soft ultrafine carbon powder to obtain ultrafine graphite powder.
  • the soft ultrafine carbon powder is a carbon powder that is not completely graphitized, and the high temperature annealing treatment can further increase the graphitization degree of the soft ultrafine carbon powder and reduce the hardness of the powder.
  • the annealing temperature is 650-1000° C.
  • the annealing time is 5-30 min.
  • the annealing atmosphere is a vacuum or a protective atmosphere.
  • the present invention is an application of ultrafine carbon powder, wherein the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder is used to prepare carbon particle reinforced metal matrix composite materials.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder designed and prepared by the present invention has a particle size of only 1 to 3 pm, and has a narrow particle size distribution, high purity, complete structure and similar to carbon fiber, so it retains the high thermal conductivity of carbon fiber , Excellent properties such as wear resistance and oxidation resistance.
  • Raw material selection Short carbon fiber is used as the raw material. Since there are a large number of active functional groups on the surface of the carbon fiber, the long carbon fiber is directly crushed. The fibers are easy to agglomerate and cannot be broken. Therefore, short carbon fiber is selected to avoid this problem. .
  • Short carbon fibers are not subjected to degumming treatment, or the temperature of the degumming treatment is too high, or the high-energy ball milling speed is too fast or too slow, or the choice of hard metal powder or inappropriate ball-to-battery ratio can not achieve similar carbon fiber Preparation of structured ultra-fine toner.
  • the present invention adopts soft metal assisted ball milling.
  • the carbon fiber is a microcrystalline graphite material obtained by piling up organic fibers such as flake graphite microcrystals along the fiber axial direction through carbonization and graphitization. It has the characteristics of soft outside and rigid inside.
  • the degummed carbon fiber is first clamped between the soft metal powder and then broken.
  • the soft carbon layer on the surface of the carbon fiber is preferentially broken, and part of it enters the ball milling tank, and the remaining part is still left in the soft metal In the powder, it participates in further crushing and inlaying, while the internal hard carbon layer is always embedded in the soft metal powder and is continuously broken. Therefore, in the end, part of the soft ultrafine carbon powder is left in the ball milling tank, and the other part is embedded on the surface of the soft metal powder, while the hard ultrafine carbon powder is only embedded On the surface of the soft metal powder and embedded in the powder.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder prepared by the present invention maintains a structure similar to carbon fiber, whether it is soft or hard.
  • the soft ultrafine carbon powder of the residual ball mill can be obtained by direct screening (the particle size of the soft metal powder is much larger than the ultrafine carbon powder), and the soft ultrafine carbon powder adhered to the surface of the soft metal can be obtained by ultrasonic Vibration combined with ultrasonic sieving can be obtained, while the hard ultra-fine carbon powder embedded on the surface of soft metal needs to be processed by thermal expansion and contraction of the metal powder, combined with ultrasonic vibration and ultrasonic sieving.
  • the addition of soft metal powder is used in the ball milling process.
  • it can effectively control the particle size of the obtained soft ultrafine carbon powder and hard ultrafine carbon powder.
  • Ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder can be obtained.
  • soft and hard ultra-fine carbon powder has almost all the excellent characteristics of carbon fiber, such as high hardness, high conductivity, and high temperature resistance. Therefore, the prepared material It has good lubricating performance, electrical conductivity, high temperature resistance, etc., and can be used in industrial production fields including lubrication, electrical conductivity, metallurgy, refractory materials, such as graphite brushes, pure graphite pantographs, conductive coatings, battery anode materials, etc.
  • soft graphite powder obtained by annealing soft carbon powder can be used.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder obtained by the present invention because the outside is metal powder, and the inside is carbon powder, it is applied to the metal powder as a whole.
  • the present invention uses short carbon fiber as a raw material, combined with soft metal powder, adopts degumming treatment combined with suitable high-energy ball milling raw materials and processes and subsequent separation processes, not only to obtain ultrafine carbon with a complete structure and similar to carbon fiber Powder, soft ultra-fine carbon powder, hard ultra-fine carbon powder and ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the metal powder are also separated, so that the three types of powders can give full play to their advantages.
  • Fine The carbon powder is graphitized to obtain soft ultra-fine graphite powder with high graphitization degree, which is widely used.
  • the present invention tried for the first time, using short carbon fibers prepared by a degumming treatment process, through high-energy ball milling with appropriate ball milling parameters and adding a soft metal particle size distribution control agent to prepare ultrafine carbon powder.
  • the present invention has a preparation process It is simple (only degumming and ball milling), low cost, and all kinds of superfine carbon powders obtained have excellent and uniform performance, and have a good market prospect.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart of the preparation of ultrafine carbon powder provided by the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is the SEM morphology of powder obtained by directly passing commercially available short carbon fibers through high-energy ball milling in Comparative Example 1;
  • Figure 3 is the SEM morphology of powder obtained by high-energy ball milling of short carbon fibers degummed at 1000°C in Comparative Example 2;
  • Figure 4 shows that the short carbon fiber degummed at 700°C in Comparative Example 3 is passed too high (600 r/min).
  • Figure 5 shows the SEM morphology of the powder prepared by the short carbon fiber degummed at 700°C in the 250r/min high-energy ball milling method combined with the annealing treatment at 800°C in Example 1;
  • FIG. 6 is the short carbon fiber 250r/min high-energy ball milling method of 700°C degumming treatment in Example 1 combined with 800°C annealing treatment to prepare the powder Raman spectrum; in the figure, from top to bottom, sequentially Superfine carbon powder, carbon fiber, degummed carbon fiber;
  • FIG. 7 is a powder particle size distribution curve prepared by 250r/min high-energy ball milling method of short carbon fiber degummed at 700°C and annealing treatment at 800°C in Example 1.
  • This embodiment 1 takes commercially available short carbon fibers as an object, and the commercially available short carbon fibers have a diameter of 7 pm and a length of 2 mm. Under vacuum conditions, the temperature is kept at 700°C for 60 min, and then the degumming process is performed; then it is added to the ball milling equipment together with the electrolytic copper powder for high-energy ball milling.
  • the particle size of the electrolytic copper powder added is 10 (Vm; the electrolytic copper powder and the degumming short
  • the volume ratio of carbon fiber is 4: 1, the ball milling speed is 250 r/min, the ball milling time is 6 h, the ball milling ball is stainless steel, the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm
  • the mass ratio of 8mm and 9mm is 4:8: 11:20:12:8:6: 1), the mass ratio of the sum of the mass of the degummed short fiber and the electrolytic copper powder to the mass of the ball milling ball is 1:6.
  • Step 1 Put the mixed powder on the ultra-fine powder separation ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve for sieving treatment.
  • the minimum mesh size of the sieve is 400 meshes.
  • the under-sieve is the first-grade soft ultra-fine carbon powder.
  • Step 2. Mix the sieve, the copper powder with superfine carbon powder embedded on the surface, and alcohol, and apply ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes to maintain the solution temperature at room temperature, and then vacuum dry the ultrasonic solution at 60°C to obtain a soft Ultra-fine carbon powder and copper powder with hard and ultra-fine carbon powder remaining on the surface are further sieved by ultra-fine powder separation ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve.
  • the minimum mesh size of the screen is 400 meshes, and the under-sieve is the second-level soft ultra-fine. Toner.
  • Step 3 Put the copper powder on the sieve, that is, the copper powder with the hard ultra-fine carbon powder remaining on the surface, at 150°C for 30 minutes in a vacuum, and then directly place it in liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes, then mix it with alcohol, and perform ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes. After the ultrasonic solution was vacuum dried at 60°C, hard ultrafine carbon powder and ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the electrolytic copper powder were obtained. The ultrafine powder was further separated by an ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve for screening treatment. The minimum mesh of the net is 400 meshes, the under-sieve is hard ultra-fine carbon powder, and the over-sieve is ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the electrolytic copper powder.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder (a mixture of primary and secondary soft ultrafine carbon powder and hard ultrafine carbon powder) obtained in Example 1 has a morphology as shown in Figure 5, which shows that the degumming treatment is combined With soft metal powder and a suitable high-energy ball milling process, the original short carbon fiber bundles are broken into granules with a particle size of about 1 ⁇ 3pm.
  • Example 1 The particle size distribution curve of the ultrafine carbon powder obtained in Example 1 is shown in FIG. 7, the particle size is 1 to 3 pm, and the particle size distribution is narrow and symmetric.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the inside of the electrolytic copper powder obtained in Example 1 is applied to the preparation of ultrafine carbon particle reinforced copper Matrix composite material, in which the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the electrolytic copper powder is used as a whole with the electrolytic copper powder during application, the electrolytic copper powder finally forms the copper matrix, and the ultrafine carbon powder forms the reinforcement.
  • the mass of the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the electrolytic copper powder refers to the total mass of the ultrafine carbon powder and the electrolytic copper powder.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the inside of the electrolytic copper powder obtained in Example 1 the particle size of the external electrolytic copper powder is 120 -, and in mass percentage: 99.0% of the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the inside of the electrolytic copper powder, 1% of silicon carbide powder is prepared and mixed in a V-type mixer to obtain a mixed powder.
  • the prepared silicon carbide has a particle size of 10 (Vm.
  • the obtained mixed powder is cold pressed at room temperature, the pressing pressure is 450 MPa, and the pressure holding time is 20 s.
  • the prepared copper-based composite material compact is exposed to hydrogen Pressure sintering under the protection of atmosphere, sintering at 950 °C for 2 h, the heating rate and cooling rate of the furnace are both 12 °C/min, the pressure is 0.85MPa, and the ultrafine carbon particle reinforced copper matrix composite material is obtained.
  • Copper matrix composite material The density is 98.3%, and the bending strength is 827MPa.
  • This embodiment 2 takes commercially available short carbon fibers as an object, and the commercially available short carbon fibers have a diameter of 6 pm and a length of 2 mm. Under the protection of nitrogen, the temperature is kept at 800°C for 30 min, and the degumming process is carried out; then it is added with the reduced iron powder to the ball mill for high-energy ball milling.
  • the particle size of the added reduced iron powder is 15 (Vm; reduced iron powder and degumming
  • the volume ratio of short carbon fiber is 2:3, the ball milling speed is 300r/min, the ball milling time is 6 h, the ball milling balls are stainless steel balls and cemented carbide balls, and the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, The mass ratio of 6 mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm is 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1), the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the reduced iron powder to the ball milling ball is 1:7 .
  • Step 1 Place the mixed powder on the ultra-fine powder separation ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve for screening treatment.
  • the minimum mesh of the sieve is 500 meshes, and the under-sieve is the first-grade soft ultra-fine carbon powder.
  • Step 3 Put the iron powder on the sieve, that is, the iron powder with the hard ultra-fine carbon powder remaining on the surface, under vacuum at 150°C for 30 minutes, and then directly place it in liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes, then mix it with alcohol, and ultrasonically treat it for 20 minutes.
  • the structure of the ultrafine carbon powder (collectively referred to as primary and secondary soft ultrafine carbon powder and hard ultrafine carbon powder) obtained in Example 2 is similar to that of carbon fiber, with a particle size of 1 to 3 pm.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the iron powder obtained in Example 2 is used to prepare the ultrafine carbon particle reinforced iron-based composite material, wherein the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the iron powder is integrated with the iron powder during application The iron powder finally forms the copper matrix, while the ultrafine carbon powder forms the reinforcement.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the iron powder obtained in Example 2 has a particle size of 18 ⁇ m.
  • the iron powder is cold pressed at room temperature, and the pressing pressure is 550 MPa, and the holding time is 20 s.
  • the prepared ferroalloy compacts are pressure sintered under vacuum protection, sintered at 750 °C for 2 h, and then heated to 1100 °C for 2 h.
  • the heating rate and cooling rate of the furnace are both 10-15 °C/min.
  • the pressure is 0.45MPa to obtain ultra-fine iron carbide particles reinforced ferroalloy.
  • the density of ferroalloy is 98.5% and the tensile strength is 750MPa.
  • This embodiment 3 takes commercially available short carbon fibers as an object, and the commercially available short carbon fibers have a diameter of 6 ⁇ m and a length of 1 mm. Under vacuum conditions, the temperature is kept at 700°C for 30 minutes, and the degumming process is carried out; then it is added to the ball milling equipment together with the electrolytic nickel powder for high-energy ball milling.
  • the particle size of the electrolytic nickel powder added is 10 (Vm; electrolytic nickel powder and degummed short carbon fiber
  • the volume ratio of the ball mill is 19:1, the ball milling speed is 250r/min, the ball milling time is 14 h, the ball milling balls are stainless steel balls and cemented carbide balls, and the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm
  • the mass ratio of 7mm, 8mm and 9mm is 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1), the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the electrolytic nickel powder to the ball milling ball is 1:7.
  • Step 1 Place the mixed powder on the ultra-fine powder separation ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve for screening treatment.
  • the minimum mesh of the sieve is 500 meshes, and the under-sieve is the first-grade soft ultra-fine carbon powder.
  • Step 3 Put the on-screen material, that is, the nickel powder with the hard ultrafine carbon powder remaining on the surface under vacuum at 150°C for 30 minutes, directly put it in liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes, mix it with alcohol, and sonicate it for 20 minutes.
  • the ultrasonic solution is vacuum-dried at 60°C, hard ultrafine carbon powder and nickel powder with residual hard ultrafine carbon powder are obtained, and the ultrafine powder is further separated by an ultrasonic rotary vibrating sieve for screening treatment.
  • the minimum mesh is 500 meshes, the under-sieve is hard ultra-fine carbon powder, and the over-sieve is the ultra-fine carbon powder embedded in the nickel powder.
  • the structure of the ultrafine carbon powder (collectively referred to as primary and secondary soft ultrafine carbon powder and hard ultrafine carbon powder) obtained in the third embodiment is similar to that of carbon fiber, with a particle size of 1 to 3 pm.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the nickel powder obtained in Example 3 is applied to the preparation of ultrafine carbon particle reinforced nickel-based composite materials, wherein the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the nickel powder is integrated with the nickel powder during application
  • the nickel powder eventually forms a nickel matrix, while the ultrafine carbon powder forms a reinforcement.
  • the mass of ultrafine carbon powder embedded in nickel powder refers to the total mass of ultrafine carbon powder and nickel powder.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the nickel powder obtained in Example 3, wherein the particle size of the nickel powder is 180 pm, and in mass percentage: 96.0% of the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the nickel powder and 4% of alumina Prepare the powder and mix in the V-type mixer to obtain the mixed powder.
  • the particle size of the prepared alumina is 12 (Vm.
  • the obtained mixed powder is cold pressed at room temperature, the pressing pressure is 450 MPa, and the holding time is 20 s.
  • the prepared nickel-based composite material compact is in hydrogen Pressure sintering under the protection of atmosphere, sintering at 1000 °C for 2 h, the heating rate and cooling rate of the furnace are both 10 ⁇ 15°C/min, the pressure is 0.5MPa, and the ultrafine carbon particle reinforced nickel-based composite material is obtained.
  • Nickel-based composite The density of the material is 98.2%, and the tensile strength is 1450MPa.
  • Example 2 The other conditions of this Comparative Example 2 are the same as those of Example 1, except that the degumming temperature is 1000°C.
  • the degumming temperature is 1000°C.
  • the speed is 250r/min
  • the milling time is 6 h
  • the ball milled is stainless steel ball
  • the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm according to certain Proportioning to join (ball
  • the mass ratio of the grinding ball diameters of 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm is 4:8: 11:20: 12: 8:6: 1)
  • the sum of the mass of the degummed short fiber and the soft metal powder The mass ratio of ball milling balls is 1:6.
  • the short carbon fiber is not obviously broken, and the morphology of the fiber after treatment is shown in Figure 3.
  • Example 4 The other conditions of this Comparative Example 4 are the same as those of Example 1, except that no electrolytic copper powder is added during the ball milling process, and only commercially available short carbon fibers are used as the object. Under vacuum conditions, the temperature is maintained at 700°C for 60 min. Degumming treatment; After that, it is added to the ball milling equipment for high-energy ball milling, the speed is 250r/min, the ball milling time is 6 h, the ball milling ball is a stainless steel ball, the quality of the degummed short fiber and soft metal powder is the sum of the ball milling ball quality The ratio is 1:6. The carbon fibers are agglomerated into lumps, not broken.
  • Example 2 The other conditions are the same as in Example 1, except that the commercially available short carbon fiber has a diameter of 7 pm and a length of 10 mm. Under vacuum conditions, heat preservation at 700°C for 60 min, and degumming; then add electrolytic copper powder to ball milling equipment for high-energy ball milling, the particle size of the added electrolytic copper powder is 150 pm; electrolytic copper powder and degummed short carbon fiber
  • the volume ratio of the ball mill is 2:3, the ball milling speed is 250r/min, the ball milling time is 6 h, the ball milling ball is a stainless steel ball, and the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm
  • the mass ratio is 4:8:11:20:12:8:6:1), the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the electrolytic copper powder to the ball milling ball is 1:6. Because the short carbon fiber is too long, after 6 hours of ball milling, the
  • Example 2 Other conditions are the same as in Example 1, except that the commercially available short carbon fiber has a diameter of 7 pm and a length of 1 mm. Under vacuum conditions, heat preservation at 700°C for 60 min, and degumming; then add electrolytic copper powder to ball milling equipment for high-energy ball milling, the particle size of the added electrolytic copper powder is 150 pm; electrolytic copper powder and degummed short carbon fiber
  • the volume ratio of the ball mill is 25:1, the ball milling speed is 250r/min, the ball milling time is 6 hours, the ball milling ball is a stainless steel ball, and the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9m
  • the mass ratio of m is 4:8:11:20:12:8:6:1), the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the electrolytic copper powder to the mass of the ball milling ball is 1:6.
  • the ultrafine carbon powder obtained after the broken is extremely limited. After the ball milling, the powder in the ball milling tank is collected, and the ball milling balls are picked out and separated. The separation procedure is the same as in Example 1. After separation, it was found that the amount of soft metal added in this example was too large, and the final amount of first-level soft ultrafine carbon powder, second-level soft ultrafine carbon powder, and hard ultrafine carbon powder was significantly less than in the example. In the mass obtained, most of the carbon powder is embedded in the soft metal.
  • the particle size of the silicon carbide prepared therein is 20 (Vm.
  • the obtained mixed powder is cold pressed at room temperature, and the pressing pressure is 450 MPa, the pressure holding time is 20 s, the prepared copper-based composite compacts are pressure sintered under the protection of hydrogen atmosphere, and sintered at 950 °C for 2 h.
  • the heating rate and cooling rate of the furnace are both 12 °C/min. 0.35 MPa to obtain a copper-based composite material.
  • the density of the copper-based composite material is 98% and the bending strength is 480MPa.
  • Example 2 Other conditions are the same as in Example 1, except that the commercially available short carbon fiber has a diameter of 7 pm and a length of 1 mm. Under vacuum conditions, heat preservation at 700°C for 60 min, and degumming; then add electrolytic copper powder to ball milling equipment for high-energy ball milling, the particle size of the added electrolytic copper powder is 150 pm; electrolytic copper powder and degummed short carbon fiber
  • the volume ratio of the ball mill is 1:1, the ball milling speed is 250r/min, the ball milling time is 6 hours, the ball milling ball is a stainless steel ball, and the ball diameter is 3mm ⁇ 10mm (ball milling ball diameter 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm
  • the mass ratio is 4:8:11:20:12:8:6:1), the mass ratio of the sum of the degummed short fiber and the electrolytic copper powder to the ball milling ball is 1:6.
  • the ball milling After the ball milling, after collecting the powder in the ball mill
  • the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the inside of the electrolytic copper powder obtained in Comparative Example 7 the particle size of the copper powder is 180—, and 99.0% of the ultrafine carbon powder embedded in the inside of the electrolytic copper powder by mass percentage, silicon carbide 1 %
  • silicon carbide 1 % Prepare powder and mix in a V-type mixer to obtain mixed powder.
  • the particle size of the prepared silicon carbide is 20 (Hon.)
  • the obtained mixed powder is cold pressed at room temperature, the pressing pressure is 450 MPa, and the holding time is 20 s.
  • the prepared copper-based composite material compact is exposed to hydrogen Pressure sintering under the protection of atmosphere, sintering at 950 °C for 2 h, the heating rate and cooling rate of the furnace are both 12 °C/min, and the pressure is 0.65 MPa to obtain a copper-based composite material.
  • the density of the copper-based composite material is 95% , The bending strength is 450MPa.

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Abstract

一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应用,超细碳粉在金属粉末辅助下由脱胶碳纤维经机械力破碎获得的软质超细碳粉、硬质超细碳粉、镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉;所述金属粉末非硬质合金粉末。该超细碳粉保留了碳纤维在微观上的晶体结构,因此具有碳纤维的强度、高导电性、抗氧化性等优异的特性。该制备方法解决了碳超细粉碎技术工艺流程长、对石墨或纤维晶体结构的完整性破坏明显的技术问题,镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉应用于制备碳颗粒增强金属基复合材料。

Description

一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种超细碳粉, 具体涉及一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应用, 属于 碳材料制备领域。
背景技术
[0002] 超细碳粉 (包括石墨粉、 碳纤维粉等) 粒度小于 10[xm 具有熔点低、 化学活 性高、 磁性强、 热传导好、 对电磁波的异常吸收等特性, 主要用于导电材料 ( 电刷、 碳棒等) 、 耐磨润滑材料 (干粉石墨润滑剂、 活塞杯等) 。 其中, 最引 人瞩目的就属碳纤维粉, 它是一种含碳量在 85%以上的高强高模量的碳纤维长 丝经二次加工得到的粉状碳素材料, 它保留了碳纤维的众多优异性能, 并且形 状细小, 比表面积大, 易于与基体树脂进行复合, 如与热塑性树脂混合可制备 碳纤维增强热塑性树脂注塑料, 与热固性树脂 (如环氧树脂、 氰酸酯树脂、 双 马树脂等) 、 固化剂等混合可制备热固性模压料、 浇铸料, 在金属基碳纤维复 合材料、 陶瓷基碳纤维复合材料中也广泛使用碳纤维粉末。
技术问题
[0003] 超细粉的制备和使用面临的两大难题即粉体的破碎和分散。 目前, 碳粉主要的 粉碎工艺包括气流磨、 振动磨、 搅拌磨等机械粉碎工艺, 而分散多采用加分散 剂进行超声分散、 机械分散、 化学分散等。 但超细粉碎技术工艺流程长、 工艺 周期复杂、 设备投入大, 而且会大量破坏石墨或碳纤维的晶体结构的完整性, 降低了润滑、 导热导电等性能。 此外, 超细粉末在使用过程中的易团聚, 如以 粉料形式加入铜粉中制备石墨 /铜复合材料中时, 在混料过程中超细石墨粉自发 聚集, 导致分布不均匀。
[0004] 中国专利 CN 105088421B公开了一种碳纤维粉末的制备方法, 主要解决现有技 术中存在的能量消耗高生产效率低的问题, 该发明所采用的碳纤维粉末的制备 方法, 包括以下步骤: (1) 将连续碳纤维与熔融状态下的热塑性树脂经剪切、 研磨、 混合得到含碳纤维粉末和所述热塑性树脂的混合物; (2) 用上述热塑性 树脂的良溶剂溶解上述混合物中的热塑性树脂; (3) 固液分离得到所述碳纤维 粉末的技术方案, 较好地解决了该技术问题, 可用于碳纤维粉末的工业生产中
[0005] 中国专利 CN 104098081B公开了一种小长径比碳纤维粉的制备工艺, 包括以下 步骤: A、 扎束; B、 粘合; C、 切片或磨粉; D、 溶解; E、 分离; F、 净化。 该 发明提供一种小长径比碳纤维粉的制备工艺, 创造了一种全新的生产工艺, 育 B 够生产出长径比与细度更小的碳纤维粉, 进而能够大大提高碳纤维粉的使用效 果, 促进行业与企业的发展。
[0006] 为解决碳纤维粉的团聚问题, 中国专利 CN 104088132B公开了一种碳纤维粉表 面改性方法, 其步骤是先对碳纤维粉进行空气灼烧预处理, 再将预处理后的碳 纤维粉浸入氧化液进行表面改性, 最后对改性后的碳纤维粉进行清洗处理得到 表面改性的碳纤维粉,该发明方法得到了改性碳纤维粉具有良好的溶剂浸润性和 分散稳定性, 与基体复合时的界面结合能力较好。
[0007] 日本专利 JPH10273882A揭示了一种采用聚丙烯腈基碳纤维制备碳纤维粉末的 方法, 即先使聚丙烯腈基碳纤维缓慢通过加热到 600〜 700°C的烘箱 (通过时间根 据碳纤维的面密度大小为 0.5分钟至 8分钟) 以除去碳纤维上的上浆剂 (否则碳纤 维在粉粹时易粘接) , 然后经切短、 粉粹、 (多次) 研磨得到碳纤维粉末, 这 种碳纤维粉末的长度一般为 3〜 30(Vm, 但是该专利所得碳纤维粉末的粒径分布 宽, 粒径大, 硬度差, 不适合用于作为增强材料。
问题的解决方案
技术解决方案
[0008] 针对现有技术的不足, 本发明的目的在于提供一种超细碳粉及其制备方法和应 用。
[0009] 本发明一种超细碳粉, 所述超细碳粉为在金属粉末辅助下由脱胶碳纤维经机械 力破碎获得的软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉、 镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉 ; 所述金属粉末非硬质合金粉末。
[0010] 本发明一种超细碳粉, 所述硬质超细碳粉的截面成多边形; 所述多边形的边数 大于等于 4, 所述硬质超细碳粉的粒径为 l~3pm。 [0011] 在本发明中, 软质超细碳粉与硬质超细碳粉在粒径上没有差别, 但是在硬度与 石墨化度上具有一定的区别, 其中软质超细碳粉相对于硬质超细碳粉来说石墨 化度更高, 硬度更低一些, 性质偏软。 这是由于脱胶碳纤维具有皮芯结构, 由 于碳纤维的皮层比芯部石墨化度更高且明显, 故硬度偏软, 但石墨的特性更明 显, 如润滑性; 芯部的硬度偏硬, 但石墨的特性较弱。 因此对应的软质超细碳 粉为碳纤维皮层破碎而成, 性质略软, 石墨化度更高, 硬质超细碳粉大多为碳 纤维芯部破碎而成, 性质硬, 石墨化度略低。
[0012] 本发明所提供的超细碳粉采用脱胶碳纤维经机械力破碎而得, 在破碎时加入了 金属粉末辅助, 有效的控制了超细碳粉的粒径分布, 使所得超细碳粉, 粒度均 匀, 粒度分布窄, 分散性能好; 同时软质超细碳粉与硬质超细碳粉均保留了碳 纤维在微观上的晶体结构, 因此具有碳纤维的强度、 高导电性、 抗氧化性等优 异的特性。
[0013] 本发明一种超细碳粉, 所述金属粉末为软性金属粉末, 所述软性金属选自银、 铝、 铜、 钛、 铁、 锰、 钴、 镍、 铬中的至少一种。
[0014] 作为优选, 所述软性金属选自铜、 铁、 镍中的至少一种。
[0015] 本发明一种超细碳粉的制备方法; 包括下述步骤,
[0016] 将脱胶短碳纤维、 软性金属粉末进行球磨获得混合粉、 混合粉分离即得软质超 细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉、 镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉;
[0017] 所述球磨的转速为 220~350r/min; 球磨的时间>6h;
[0018] 所述脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为 1:5~8 ;
[0019] 所述软性金属粉末与脱胶短碳纤维的体积比为 2~19: 1~3。
[0020] 本发明的技术方案, 以软性金属作为软性球磨介质对脱胶短碳纤维进行球磨, 配合本发明的球磨转速和球料比, 可以很好的实现碳纤维的超细化, 获得粒径 均匀, 分布窄且保留了碳纤维微观结构的软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉。
[0021] 优选的方案, 所述脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为
1 :6〜 7。
[0022] 发明人发现, 如果是采用未脱胶的短碳纤维, 未加入软性金属或者说球磨的转 速过高过低, 都无法获得所需粒径情况、 所需结构的软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细 碳粉。
[0023] 优选的方案, 所述脱胶短碳纤维的直径为 6~8pm、 长度为 l~4mm。
[0024] 进一步的优选, 所述脱胶短碳纤维的直径为 6~7 [xm、 长度为 2~3mm。
[0025] 发明人发现, 脱胶短碳纤维的长度对最终所得超细碳粉的结构也具有一定的影 响, 纤维过长, 球磨时容易缠绕团聚, 过短, 短纤维会聚集在一起, 为分离增 大了难度。
[0026] 优选的方案, 所述软性金属的粒径为 30~25(Vm。
[0027] 进一步的优选, 所述软性金属的粒径为 100~15(Vm。
[0028] 优选的方案, 所述球磨的转速为 250~300r/min; 所述球磨的时间为 6~14h。
[0029] 优选的方案, 所述球磨球选自不锈钢球、 硬质合金球和钨合金球中的至少一种
[0030] 优选的方案, 所述球磨球的直径为 3mm~ 10mm。
[0031] 进一步的优选, 所述球磨球的直径为 3mm~9mm。
[0032] 更进一步的优选, 所述球磨球根据球磨球直径按如下配比加入, 按质量比计:
3mm:4mm:5mm:6mm:7mm:8mm:9mm=3〜5:7〜9: 10〜12: 18〜22: 10〜14:7〜9:5〜7:l〜2。
[0033] 优选的方案, 所述分离的过程包括如下步骤:
[0034] 1) 将混合粉过 400~600目筛, 获得筛上物 A及筛下物 B, 所得筛下物 B为一级软 质超细碳粉; 所述一级软质超细碳粉的粒径为
Figure imgf000006_0001
[0035] 2) 将步骤 1所得筛上物 A加入酒精中获得混合液, 超声处理 10 min ~30 min, 将 混合液真空干燥, 获得干燥粉体 M, 将干燥粉体 M过 400~600目筛, 获得筛上物 C及筛下物 D, 所述筛下物 D为二级软质超细碳粉; 所述二级软质超细碳粉的粒 径为 l~3[xm;
[0036] 3) 将步骤 2所得筛上物 C在真空条件下于 150~300°C热处理 30min~60min后, 再 置于液氮中保温处理 5~10min, 将处理后的筛上物 C加入酒精中获得浆液, 超声 处理 10min~30min, 将浆液真空干燥后, 获得干燥粉体 N, 将干燥粉体 N过 400~6 00目筛, 获得筛上物 E及筛下物 F, 所得筛下物 F为硬质超细碳粉, 筛上物 E为镶 嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉, 所述镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉的粒径为 1 〜 3[xm。 [0037] 作为进一步的优选, 所述步骤 1) 中、 步骤 2) 中、 步骤 3) 中的 400〜 600目筛选 自超声波不锈钢振动筛、 超细粉分离超声波旋振筛、 普通振动筛中的任意一种
[0038] 作为进一步的优选, 所述步骤 2) 中、 步骤 3) 中真空干燥的温度为 60~80°C。
[0039] 碳纤维是由片状石墨微晶等有机纤维沿纤维轴向方向堆砌而成, 经碳化及石墨 化处理而得到的微晶石墨材料, 因此具有外柔内刚的特性。 球磨过程中, 脱胶 碳纤维先夹持在软性金属粉之间, 再破碎, 破碎的过程中, 碳纤维表层的软质 碳层优先破碎, 部分进入到球磨罐内, 剩余部分仍残留在软性金属粉中, 参与 进一步破碎和镶嵌, 而内部硬质碳层则一直镶嵌于软性金属粉间, 不断破碎。 因此, 最终得到软质超细碳粉一部分残留在球磨罐内, 另一部分粘结在软性金 属粉末表面, 而硬质超细碳粉则仅镶嵌在软性金属粉末表面和嵌入金属粉末内 部。
[0040] 在本发明中无论是软质还是硬质超细碳粉均保持了类似碳纤维的结构。 其中, 由于软性金属粉末的粒径远大于超细碳粉, 残留球磨罐的软质超细碳粉可直接 筛分获得, 所得即为本发明所述的一级软质超细碳粉, 而粘结在软性金属表面 的软质超细碳粉通过超声振动结合超声筛分即可获得, 所得即为本发明所述的 二级软质超细碳粉, 而镶嵌在软性金属表面的硬质超细碳粉则需要利用石墨与 金属粉末之间巨大的热膨胀系数差别, 通过热胀冷缩处理后, 再结合超声振动 、 超声筛分获得。
[0041] 优选的方案, 所述脱胶短碳纤维的制备方法为: 将短碳纤维束在真空或保护气 氛下, 于 650~800°C保温 20~90min即获得脱胶短碳纤维。
[0042] 作为进一步的优选, 将短碳纤维束在真空或氮气气氛下, 于 700~800°C保温 30~ 60min即获得脱胶短碳纤维。
[0043] 在本发明的技术方案中, 脱胶短碳纤维的长度与短碳纤维束中碳纤维单丝的直 径和长度保持一致。
[0044] 发明人发现, 脱胶的温度对最终材料的性能具有一定的影响, 脱胶的温度过高 过低都无法获得近视碳纤维结构的超细碳粉。
[0045] 本发明一种超细碳粉, 将软质超细碳粉退火处理, 获得超细石墨粉。 [0046] 软质超细碳粉为未完全石墨化的碳粉, 而通过高温退火处理, 可以进一步提高 软质超细碳粉的石墨化度, 降低粉末的硬度。
[0047] 优选的方案, 所述退火的温度为 650~1000°C, 退火的时间为 5~30 min。
[0048] 优选的方案, 所述退火气氛为真空或保护气氛。
[0049] 本发明一种超细碳粉的应用, 将所述镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉应用于制 备碳颗粒增强金属基复合材料。
[0050] 本发明所设计和制备的超细碳粉, 其粒度仅为 l~3 pm, 且粒度分布窄, 纯净度 高, 结构完整且近似于碳纤维, 因此其保留了碳纤维的高导热导电性、 耐磨性 和抗氧化等优异特性。
[0051] 原理和优势:
[0052] ( 1) 原料选择上: 采用短碳纤维作为原料, 由于碳纤维表面存在大量的活性 官能团, 因此直接以长碳纤维进行破碎, 纤维间易团聚, 无法破碎, 因此选择 短碳纤维, 可避免此问题。
[0053] (2) 短碳纤维的处理方法: 脱胶-球磨。 首先采用脱胶工艺, 这是由于市售的 碳纤维表面包覆固化胶体层, 必须通过脱胶处理, 以去除碳纤维表面上浆剂, 使得后续 (磨碎) 处理可以解除上浆剂的“束缚 /限制”, 并利用脱胶工艺去除了 碳纤维表面的杂质和活性官能团, 否则破碎率很低。 其次选用球磨工艺, 球磨 转速和研磨球及配比的优化, 可以很好的实现碳纤维的超细化。
[0054] 短碳纤维不经过脱胶处理, 或是脱胶处理温度过高, 或是高能球磨转速过快或 过慢, 或是选择硬性金属粉, 或是不合适的球料比, 都无法实现近似碳纤维结 构的超细碳粉的制备。
[0055] (3) 本发明采用软性金属辅助球磨, 碳纤维是由片状石墨微晶等有机纤维沿 纤维轴向方向堆砌而成, 经碳化及石墨化处理而得到的微晶石墨材料, 因此具 有外柔内刚的特性。 球磨过程中, 脱胶碳纤维先夹持在软性金属粉之间, 再破 碎, 破碎的过程中, 碳纤维表层的软质碳层优先破碎, 部分进入到球磨罐内, 剩余部分仍残留在软性金属粉中, 参与进一步破碎和镶嵌, 而内部硬质碳层则 一直镶嵌于软性金属粉间, 不断破碎。 因此, 最终得到软质超细碳粉一部分残 留在球磨罐内, 另一部分镶嵌在软性金属粉末表面, 而硬质超细碳粉则仅镶嵌 在软性金属粉末表面和嵌入粉末内部。
[0056] 本发明制备的超细碳粉, 无论是软质还是硬质的均保持了类似碳纤维的结构。
其中, 残留球磨罐的软质超细碳粉可直接筛分 (软性金属粉末的粒径远大于超 细碳粉) 获得, 而粘结在软性金属表面的软质超细碳粉通过超声振动结合超声 筛分即可获得, 而镶嵌在软性金属表面的硬质超细碳粉则需要经过金属粉末热 胀冷缩处理后, 再结合超声振动、 超声筛分才能获得。
[0057] 在本发明中, 在球磨过程中采用加入软性金属粉末辅助, 一方面可以有效的控 制所得软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉的粒径分部, 另一方面还可以获得镶嵌于 金属粉末粉体内部的超细碳粉, 其中, 软质和硬质超细碳粉具有碳纤维的几乎 所有的优异特性, 高硬度、 高导电、 耐高温等特性, 因此制备的材料具有良好 的润滑性能、 导电性能、 耐高温性能等, 可应用在包括润滑、 导电、 冶金、 耐 火材料等工业生产领域, 如石墨电刷、 纯石墨受电弓、 导电涂料、 电池负极材 料等, 其性能远优于现有的以微细石墨粉为原料的复合材料制品。 且制备工艺 较现有的微细石墨粉更为简单, 且成本更为低廉。 另外软质超细碳粉、 和硬质 超细碳粉可根据使用要求应用于不同的领域直接使用, 如以碳滑板用石墨为例 , 为了提高材料的硬度和抗冲击性能, 可选择硬质超细碳粉, 其使用效果要远 优于目前现有技术中的超细石墨粉 ,5见有的石墨粉虽然石墨度高, 导电和润滑性 好, 但硬度较低, 不耐磨损。 而如果是对导电和润滑性能要求高的导电涂料或 石墨电刷, 则可以采用经软质碳粉退火处理所得的软质石墨粉。 而本发明所得 的镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉, 由于外部为金属粉末, 内部为碳粉, 应用 于与金属粉体作为整体,
[0058] 直接用于制备碳颗粒嵌入的金属复合材料, 通过压制-烧结工艺获得坦颗粒均 匀分布、 且性能均匀的复合材料, 解决了混料过程中碳纤维或碳粉易团聚, 在 金属基体中分布严重不均匀等问题。
[0059] 综上所述, 本发明以短碳纤维为原料, 结合软性金属粉, 采用脱胶处理结合合 适的高能球磨原料及工艺和后续的分离工艺, 不仅获得结构完整且近似碳纤维 的超细碳粉, 还分离获得了软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉和镶嵌于金属粉末粉 体内部的超细碳粉, 从而使三类粉末充分发挥其优势, 另外还可以将软质超细 碳粉进行石墨化处理获得高石墨化度的软质超细石墨粉, 获得更广的应用。 此 夕卜, 通过控制碳纤维的含量, 还可获得大量内部嵌入硬质超细碳粉 (体积分数 大于 90%) 的该类软性金属, 再通过后续的有氧高温退火, 将内部碳氧化, 从而 可获得多孔金属粉体。
[0060] 本发明首次尝试了, 采用脱胶处理工艺制备的短碳纤维, 通过适当球磨参数的 高能球磨配合所加入的软性金属粒径分布控制剂, 制备出超细碳粉, 本发明具 有制备工艺简单 (仅脱胶、 球磨即可) 、 成本低廉、 所得各类超细碳粉均性能 优良且均匀, 具有良好的市场前景。
对附图的简要说明
附图说明
[0061] 附图 1为本发明提供的超细碳粉的制备流程图;
[0062] 附图 2为对比例 1中直接将市售短碳纤维通过高能球磨得到的粉末 SEM形貌;
[0063] 附图 3为对比例 2中将 1000°C脱胶处理的短碳纤维通过高能球磨得到的粉末 SEM 形貌;
[0064] 附图 4为对比例 3中将 700°C脱胶处理的短碳纤维通过过高 (600r/min) 。
[0065] 附图 5为实施例 1中经 700°C脱胶处理的短碳纤维于 250r/min高能球磨法, 结合 80 0°C退火处理制备的粉末 SEM形貌;
[0066] 附图 6为实施例 1中经 700°C脱胶处理的短碳纤维 250r/min高能球磨法, 结合 800 °C退火处理制备的粉末拉曼图谱; 图中, 从上至下, 依次为超细碳粉, 碳纤维、 脱胶碳纤维;
[0067] 附图 7为实施例 1中经 700°C脱胶处理的短碳纤维 250r/min高能球磨法, 结合 800 °C退火处理制备的粉末粒度分布曲线。
发明实施例
本发明的实施方式
[0068] 下面结合本发明的附图, 对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、 完整地描述, 显然, 所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明所记载技术方案中的一部分实施例, 而不是全部 的实施例。 基于本发明的实施例, 本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动 前提下所获得的所有其他实施例, 都属于本发明的保护范围。 [0069] 实施例 1
[0070] 本实施例 1以市售碳短纤维为对象, 该市售短碳纤维的直径为 7pm、 长度 2mm 。 在真空条件下, 700°C保温 60 min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与电解铜粉一起加入 至球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 所加入电解铜粉的粒径为 10(Vm; 电解铜粉与脱胶 短碳纤维的体积比为 4: 1, 球磨转速为 250 r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨球为不 绣钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8m m、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20:12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与电解铜粉的质量之和与 球磨球的质量比为 1:6。
[0071] 球磨完后, 将球磨罐中的粉末收集后, 挑出球磨球, 进行分离。 步骤 1, 将混 合粉置于超细粉分离超声波旋振筛上进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 400目, 保留 筛下物即一级软质超细碳粉。 步骤 2, 将筛上物即表面嵌入超细碳粉的铜粉与酒 精混合, 外加超声处理 20 min, 维持溶液温度为室温, 再将超声后的溶液在 60°C 真空干燥后, 得到软质超细碳粉和表面残留硬质超细碳粉的铜粉, 进一步通过 超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分, 筛网最小目数 400目, 保留筛下物即二级软 质超细碳粉。 步骤 3 , 将筛上物即表面残留硬质超细碳粉的铜粉经 150°C真空保温 30min后, 直接置于液氮中保温 lOmin, 再与酒精混合, 夕卜加超声处理 20 min, 再 将超声后的溶液在 60°C真空干燥后, 得到硬质超细碳粉和镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的 超细碳粉, 进一步通过超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 4 00目, 筛下物为硬质超细碳粉, 筛上物为镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉。
[0072] 本实施例 1所得超细碳粉 (一级、 二级软质超细碳粉和硬质超细碳粉的混合物 ) 其形貌如图 5所示, 从图中可知脱胶处理结合软性金属粉末, 以及合适的高能 球磨工艺, 原始短碳纤维束被打断呈颗粒状, 粒径约为 l~3pm。
[0073] 本实施例 1所得超细碳粉的拉曼图谱如图 6所示, 拉曼光谱分析显示, 图 5所示 的颗粒结构与碳纤维结构近似, 结构缺陷略微增加。
[0074] 本实施例 1所得超细碳粉的粒度分布曲线如图 7所示, 颗粒粒径为 l~3pm, 且粒 度分布窄、 对称。
[0075] 应用实施例 1
[0076] 将实施例 1所得镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉应用于制备超细碳颗粒增强铜 基复合材料, 其中镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉在应用时与电解铜粉作为整 体, 电解铜粉最终形成铜基体, 而超细碳粉形成增强体。 以下质量比中, 镶嵌 于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉的质量是指超细碳粉与电解铜粉的总质量。
[0077] 将实施例 1所得的镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉, 外部电解铜粉的粒径为 120 ―, 按质量百分比: 镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉 99.0%, 碳化硅 1%配取粉 末, 在 V型混料机混合, 得到混合粉料。 其中所配取的碳化硅的粒径为 10(Vm。 将所得混合粉料在室温下进行冷压, 压制压力为 450 MPa, 保压时间为 20 s, 制 备的铜基复合材料压坯在氢气气氛保护下加压烧结, 在 950 °C烧结 2 h, 炉子的升 温速率与降温速率均为 12 °C/min, 压力 0.85MPa, 得到超细碳颗粒增强铜基复合 材料。 铜基复合材料的致密度为 98.3%, 抗弯强度为 827MPa。
[0078] 实施例 2
[0079] 本实施例 2以市售碳短纤维为对象, 该市售短碳纤维的直径为 6pm、 长度 2mm 。 在氮气保护条件下, 800°C保温 30 min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与还原铁粉一起 加入至球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 所加入还原铁粉的粒径为 15(Vm; 还原铁粉与 脱胶短碳纤维的体积比为 2: 3, 球磨转速为 300r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨球为 不锈钢球和硬质合金球, 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6 mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与还原铁 粉的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为 1:7。
[0080] 球磨完后, 将球磨罐中的粉末收集后, 挑出球磨球, 进行分离。 步骤 1, 将混 合粉置于超细粉分离超声波旋振筛上进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 500目, 保留 筛下物即一级软质超细碳粉。 步骤 2, 将筛上物即表面嵌入超细碳粉的铁粉与酒 精混合, 外加超声处理 20 min, 维持溶液温度为室温, 再将超声后的溶液在 60°C 真空干燥后, 得到软质超细碳粉和表面残留硬质超细碳粉的铁粉, 进一步通过 超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分, 筛网最小目数 500目, 保留筛下物即二级软 质超细碳粉。 步骤 3 , 将筛上物即表面残留硬质超细碳粉的铁粉经 150°C真空保温 30min后, 直接置于液氮中保温 lOmin, 再与酒精混合, 夕卜加超声处理 20 min, 再 将超声后的溶液在 60°C真空干燥后, 得到硬质超细碳粉和内部残留硬质超细碳粉 的铁粉, 进一步通过超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 500 目, 筛下物为硬质超细碳粉, 筛上物为镶嵌于铁粉内部的超细碳粉。
[0081] 本实施例 2所得超细碳粉 (一级、 二级软质超细碳粉和硬质超细碳粉的统称) 的结构与碳纤维类似, 粒径为 l~3pm。
[0082] 应用实施例 2
[0083] 将实施例 2所得镶嵌于铁粉内部的超细碳粉应用于制备超细碳颗粒增强铁基复 合材料, 其中镶嵌于铁粉内部的超细碳粉在应用时与铁粉作为整体, 铁粉最终 形成铜基体, 而超细碳粉形成增强体。
[0084] 将实施例 2所得镶嵌于铁粉内部的超细碳粉, 其铁粉的粒径为 18(Vm, 将其在 室温下进行冷压, 压制压力为 550 MPa, 保压时间为 20 s, 制备的铁合金压坯在 真空保护下加压烧结, 在 750 °C烧结 2 h, 再升温至 1100°C烧结 2 h, 炉子的升温 速率与降温速率均为 10~15 °C/min, 压力 0.45MPa, 得到超细碳化铁颗粒增强铁 合金。 铁合金的致密度为 98.5%, 抗拉强度为 750MPa。
[0085] 实施例 3
[0086] 本实施例 3以市售碳短纤维为对象, 该市售短碳纤维的直径为 6 pm、 长度 1mm 。 在真空条件下, 700°C保温 30min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与电解镍粉一起加入 至球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 所加入电解镍粉的粒径为 10(Vm; 电解镍粉与脱胶 短碳纤维的体积比为 19: 1, 球磨转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 14 h, 球磨球为不 锈钢球和硬质合金球, 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6m m、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与电解镍粉 的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为 1:7。
[0087] 球磨完后, 将球磨罐中的粉末收集后, 挑出球磨球, 进行分离。 步骤 1, 将混 合粉置于超细粉分离超声波旋振筛上进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 500目, 保留 筛下物即一级软质超细碳粉。 步骤 2, 将筛上物即表面嵌入超细碳粉的镍粉与酒 精混合, 外加超声处理 20 min, 维持溶液温度为室温, 再将超声后的溶液在 60°C 真空干燥后, 得到软质超细碳粉和表面残留硬质超细碳粉的镍粉, 进一步通过 超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分, 筛网最小目数 500目, 保留筛下物即二级软 质超细碳粉。 步骤 3 , 将筛上物即表面残留硬质超细碳粉的镍粉经 150°C真空保温 30min后, 直接置于液氮中保温 lOmin, 再与酒精混合, 夕卜加超声处理 20 min, 再 将超声后的溶液在 60°C真空干燥后, 得到硬质超细碳粉和内部残留硬质超细碳粉 的镍粉, 进一步通过超细粉分离超声波旋振筛进行筛分处理, 筛网最小目数 500 目, 筛下物为硬质超细碳粉, 筛上物为镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细碳粉。
[0088] 本实施例 3所得超细碳粉 (一级、 二级软质超细碳粉和硬质超细碳粉的统称) 的结构与碳纤维类似, 粒径为 l~3pm。
[0089] 应用实施例 3
[0090] 将实施例 3所得镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细碳粉应用于制备超细碳颗粒增强镍基复 合材料, 其中镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细碳粉在应用时与镍粉作为整体, 镍粉最终 形成镍基体, 而超细碳粉形成增强体。 以下质量比中, 镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细 碳粉的质量是指超细碳粉与镍粉的总质量。
[0091] 将实施例 3所得的镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细碳粉, 其中镍粉的粒径为 180pm, 按 质量百分比: 镶嵌于镍粉内部的超细碳粉 96.0%, 氧化铝 4%, 配取粉末, 在 V型 混料机混合, 得到混合粉。 其中所配取的氧化铝的粒径为 12(Vm。 将所得混合粉 料在室温下进行冷压, 压制压力为 450 MPa, 保压时间为 20 s, 制备的镍基复合 材料压坯在氢气气氛保护下加压烧结, 在 1000 °C烧结 2 h, 炉子的升温速率与降 温速率均为 10~15°C/min, 压力 0.5MPa, 得到超细碳颗粒增强镍基复合材料。 镍 基复合材料的致密度为 98.2%, 抗拉强度为 1450MPa。
[0092] 对比例 1
[0093] 本对比例 1其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅是直接以市售短碳纤维为对象, 不经过 任何预处理, 加入到球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h , 球磨的球为不锈钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm按一定配比加入 (球磨球直径 3mm 、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶 短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比比为 1 :6。 短碳纤维并未破 碎, 粘在球磨罐壁处, 处理后纤维的形貌见图 2所示。
[0094] 对比例 2
[0095] 本对比例 2其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅是脱胶温度为 1000°C。 以市售短碳纤维 为对象, 1000°C脱胶处理, 加入到球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨的球为不锈钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm按一定配比加入 (球 磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12: 8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比比为 1:6。 短 碳纤维并未明显破碎, 处理后纤维的形貌见图 3所示。
[0096] 对比例 3
[0097] 本对比例 3其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅是球磨转速为 600r/min。 以市售短碳纤 维为对象, 700°C脱胶处理, 加入到球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 转速为 600r/min , 球磨时间为 6h, 球磨的球为不锈钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm按一定配比加入 ( 球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为 1:6。 短 碳纤维并未明显破碎, 大多数沉积球磨罐顶部盖子处, 处理后纤维的形貌见图 4 所示。
[0098] 对比例 4
[0099] 本对比例 4其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅是在球磨过程中不加入电解铜粉, 仅单 独以市售短碳纤维为对象, 在真空条件下, 700°C保温 60 min, 进行脱胶处理; 之后将其加入到球磨设备中进行高能球磨, 转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球 磨球为不锈钢球, 脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比比 为 1:6。 碳纤维团聚成坨, 未破碎。
[0100] 从上述对比例及形貌图 2-4可知; 短碳纤维不经过特殊碳化处理, 或是碳化处 理温度过高, 球磨过程中不加入软性金属或是高能球磨转速过快或过慢, 或是 不经过后续退火处理, 都无法实现近似碳纤维结构的超细碳粉。
[0101] 对比例 5
[0102] 其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅市售短碳纤维的直径为 7pm、 长度 10mm。 在真空 条件下, 700°C保温 60 min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与电解铜粉一起加入至球磨设 备中进行高能球磨, 所加入电解铜粉的粒径为 150 pm; 电解铜粉与脱胶短碳纤 维的体积比为 2: 3, 球磨转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨球为不锈钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm 的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6:1) , 脱胶短纤维与电解铜粉的质量之和与球磨球的 质量比为 1:6。 由于短碳纤维过长, 导致 6h球磨后, 碳纤维过长, 团聚成球, 未 破碎。
[0103] 对比例 6
[0104] 其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅市售短碳纤维的直径为 7pm、 长度 1 mm。 在真空 条件下, 700°C保温 60 min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与电解铜粉一起加入至球磨设 备中进行高能球磨, 所加入电解铜粉的粒径为 150 pm; 电解铜粉与脱胶短碳纤 维的体积比为 25: 1, 球磨转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨球为不锈钢球 , 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9m m的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6: 1) , 脱胶短纤维与电解铜粉的质量之和与球磨球 的质量比为 1:6。 由于电解铜粉的加入量过高, 虽然纤维发生破碎, 但破碎后分 离得到的超细碳粉极其有限。 球磨完后, 将球磨罐中的粉末收集后, 挑出球磨 球, 进行分离。 分离步骤与实施例 1相同。 分离后, 发现本实施例由于软性金属 加入量过大, 最终所得一级软质超细碳粉、 二级软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉 的量明显少于实施例中所得的质量, 其中大部份的碳粉均嵌入软性金属中。
[0105] 将对比例 6所得的镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉, 铜粉的粒径为 18(Vm, 按 质量百分比镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉 99.0%, 碳化硅 1%配取粉末, 在 V型 混料机混合, 得到混合粉料。 其中所配取的碳化硅的粒径为 20(Vm。 将所得混合 粉料在室温下进行冷压, 压制压力为 450 MPa, 保压时间为 20 s, 制备的铜基复 合材料压坯在氢气气氛保护下加压烧结, 在 950 °C烧结 2 h, 炉子的升温速率与降 温速率均为 12 °C/min, 压力 0.35 MPa, 得到铜基复合材料。 铜基复合材料的致密 度为 98%, 抗弯强度为 480MPa。
[0106] 对比例 7
[0107] 其他条件与实施例 1相同, 仅市售短碳纤维的直径为 7pm、 长度 1 mm。 在真空 条件下, 700°C保温 60 min, 进行脱胶处理; 然后与电解铜粉一起加入至球磨设 备中进行高能球磨, 所加入电解铜粉的粒径为 150 pm; 电解铜粉与脱胶短碳纤 维的体积比为 1 : 1, 球磨转速为 250r/min, 球磨时间为 6 h, 球磨球为不锈钢球, 球径为 3mm~10mm (球磨球直径 3mm、 4mm、 5mm、 6mm、 7mm、 8mm、 9mm 的质量比为 4:8: 11:20: 12:8:6:1) , 脱胶短纤维与电解铜粉的质量之和与球磨球的 质量比为 1:6。 [0108] 球磨完后, 将球磨罐中的粉末收集后, 挑出球磨球, 进行分离。 分离步骤与实 施例 1相同。
[0109] 由于本对比例 7所加入的软性金属加入量过少, 导致最终所得的一级软质超细 碳粉、 二级软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉的粒径分布宽化, 且还有部分纤维未 被破碎完全。
[0110] 将对比例 7所得的镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉, 铜粉的粒径为 180—, 按 质量百分比镶嵌于电解铜粉内部的超细碳粉 99.0%, 碳化硅 1%配取粉末, 在 V型 混料机混合, 得到混合粉。 其中所配取的碳化硅的粒径为 20(Hon。 将所得混合 粉料在室温下进行冷压, 压制压力为 450 MPa, 保压时间为 20 s, 制备的铜基复 合材料压坯在氢气气氛保护下加压烧结, 在 950 °C烧结 2 h, 炉子的升温速率与降 温速率均为 12 °C/min, 压力 0.65 MPa, 得到铜基复合材料。 铜基复合材料的致密 度为 95%, 抗弯强度为 450MPa。

Claims

权利要求书
[权利要求 1] 一种超细碳粉, 其特征在于: 所述超细碳粉为在金属粉末辅助下由脱 胶碳纤维经机械力破碎获得的软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉、 镶嵌于 金属粉末内部的超细碳粉; 所述金属粉末非硬质合金粉末。
[权利要求 2] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种超细碳粉, 其特征在于: 所述硬质超细碳 粉的截面成多边形; 所述多边形的边数大于等于 4, 所述硬质超细碳 粉的粒径为 l~3pm。
[权利要求 3] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种超细碳粉, 其特征在于: 所述金属粉末为 软性金属粉末, 所述软性金属选自银、 铝、 铜、 钛、 铁、 锰、 钴、 镍 、 铬中的至少一种。
[权利要求 4] 制备如权利要求 1~3任一项所述的一种超细碳粉的方法, 其特征在于 , 包括下述步骤:
将脱胶短碳纤维、 软性金属粉末进行球磨获得混合粉、 混合粉分离即 得软质超细碳粉、 硬质超细碳粉、 镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉; 所述球磨的转速为 220~350r/min ; 球磨的时间>6h ;
所述脱胶短纤维与软性金属粉末的质量之和与球磨球的质量比为 1:5~ 8;
所述软性金属粉末与脱胶短碳纤维的体积比为 2~19: 1~3。
[权利要求 5] 根据权利要求 4所述的一种超细碳粉的制备方法, 其特征在于,
所述脱胶短碳纤维的直径为 6~8 [xm、 长度 l~4mm;
所述软性金属的粒径为 30~25(Vm。
[权利要求 6] 根据权利要求 4所述的一种超细碳粉的制备方法, 其特征在于,
所述球磨的转速为 250~300r/min; 所述球磨的时间为 6~14h;
所述球磨球选自不锈钢球、 硬质合金球和钨合金球中的至少一种; 所述球磨球的直径为 3mm~ 10mm。
[权利要求 7] 根据权利要求 4所述的一种超细碳粉的制备方法, 其特征在于,
所述分离的过程包括如下步骤:
1) 将混合粉过 400~600目筛, 获得筛上物 A及筛下物 B, 所得筛下物 B为一级软质超细碳粉; 所述一级软质超细碳粉的粒径为
Figure imgf000019_0001
2) 将步骤 1所得筛上物 A加入酒精中获得混合液, 超声处理 10 min
~30
min, 将混合液真空干燥, 获得干燥粉体 M, 将干燥粉体 M过 400~600 目筛, 获得筛上物 C及筛下物 D, 所述筛下物 D为二级软质超细碳粉 ; 所述二级软质超细碳粉的粒径为
Figure imgf000019_0002
3) 将步骤 2所得筛上物 C在真空条件下于 150~300°C热处理 30~60min 后, 再置于液氮中保温处理 5~10min, 将处理后的筛上物 C加入酒精 中获得浆液, 超声处理 10~30min, 将浆液真空干燥后, 获得干燥粉 体 N, 将干燥粉体 N过 400~600目筛, 获得筛上物 E及筛下物 F, 所得 筛下物 F为硬质超细碳粉, 筛上物 E为镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳 粉, 所述镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉的粒径为 l~3pm。
[权利要求 8] 根据权利要求 4所述的一种超细碳粉的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述 脱胶短碳纤维的制备方法为: 将短碳纤维束在真空或保护气氛下, 于 650~800°C保温 20~90min即获得脱胶短碳纤维。
[权利要求 9] 根据权利要求 4~8任一项所述的一种超细碳粉的制备方法, 其特征在 于, 将软质超细碳粉退火处理, 获得超细石墨粉; 所述退火的温度为 650~1000°C, 退火的时间为 5~30 min。
[权利要求 10] 根据权利要求 1~3任意一项所述超细碳粉的应用, 其特征在于: 将所 述镶嵌于金属粉末内部的超细碳粉应用于制备碳颗粒增强金属基复合 材料。
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