WO2020078733A1 - Process and system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material - Google Patents

Process and system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020078733A1
WO2020078733A1 PCT/EP2019/076853 EP2019076853W WO2020078733A1 WO 2020078733 A1 WO2020078733 A1 WO 2020078733A1 EP 2019076853 W EP2019076853 W EP 2019076853W WO 2020078733 A1 WO2020078733 A1 WO 2020078733A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
exchange resin
organic acids
rinsing
ion
containers
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2019/076853
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Barbara BRICOLI
Paolo ABELLI
Original Assignee
Gea Procomac S.P.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gea Procomac S.P.A. filed Critical Gea Procomac S.P.A.
Publication of WO2020078733A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020078733A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/18—Liquid substances or solutions comprising solids or dissolved gases
    • A61L2/186—Peroxide solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/34—Manganese
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/13—Biocide decomposition means, e.g. catalysts, sorbents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/23—Containers, e.g. vials, bottles, syringes, mail
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
    • B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
    • B65B55/04—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging
    • B65B55/10—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging by liquids or gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
    • C02F2001/425—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange using cation exchangers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process and a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material.
  • the attention is focused on chemical sterilization, in which the external and internal surfaces of the containers are treated with hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid or peracetic acid.
  • the containers are rinsed with sterile water.
  • the main disadvantage of chemical sterilization is connected with the disposal of chemical residues and the consumption of water for the rinsing step.
  • the rinsing water is purified by an active carbon filter and partially recycled in the process.
  • the technical task underpinning the present invention is to propose a process and a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material having a lower environmental impact with respect to the chemical sterilization processes known to date.
  • the step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by treating the sterile rinsing water with UV radiations.
  • the step of removing said organic acids from the sterile rinsing water is carried out by letting the rinsing water pass through an ion- exchange resin.
  • the step of decomposing said peroxides is carried out before the step of removing said organic acids.
  • a sterilization system for sterilizing containers made of a thermoplastic material comprising:
  • a chemical treatment unit configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
  • a rinsing unit configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water, the rinsing unit being located downstream the chemical treatment unit;
  • an ion-exchange resin configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.
  • the catalyst is formed by granules of pyrolusite having a granulometry comprised between 0.35 mm and 0.85 mm and a Mn content comprised between about 70% and 90% over the total weight.
  • the ion exchange resin is preferably a weak base cation resin.
  • the ion exchange resin comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene. According to another embodiment, the ion exchange resin comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene and divinyl benzene.
  • the ion exchange resin can be in the gel or macroporous state.
  • the ion exchange resin is placed downstream the catalyst.
  • the sterilization system comprises at least one filter placed downstream the ion exchange resin. The filter is configured to retain the manganese.
  • FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of the system.
  • Number 1 indicates a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, comprising:
  • a chemical treatment unit 2 configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
  • a rinsing unit 3 placed downstream the chemical treatment unit 2, which is configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water;
  • a catalyst 4 configured to decompose the peroxides contained in the rinsing water; an ion-exchange resin 5 configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.
  • the ion exchange resin 5 is placed downstream the catalyst 4.
  • the catalyst 4 is based on Mn02.
  • the catalyst 4 is formed by granules of pyrolusite having granulometry comprised between 0.35 mm and 0.85 mm and a Mn content comprised between about 70% and 90% over the total weight.
  • PAA which started from an initial concentration of 532 ppm, already after 10 minutes it had fallen to 38 ppm reaching 19 ppm after 22 hours.
  • the pH of the initial solution was equal to 5, it increased by one point after the first sampling (at 10 minutes) and remained stable at the value of 6 for the entire duration of the test (total 22 hours).
  • the pyrolusite maintained its activity almost unaltered even after 22 hours of use.
  • an ion exchange resin is an organic macromolecule formed by a crosslinked polymer matrix (in general granules of a few millimetres in diameter) in which active functional groups are trapped, available for ion exchange.
  • Resins can be distinguished into cationic and anionic, each of which can be strong or weak. Strong resins operate throughout the entire pH range, whereas weak ones are able to carry out ion exchange only in a narrow range.
  • Resins are generally produced in spherical form, with diameters and uniformity that depend on the type of application. Resins can be either in the gel or macroporous state.
  • the ion exchange resin 5 used in the sterilization system 1 is preferably a weak base cation resin.
  • the values relate to a ratio between resin and solution of 2 g / 25 ml.
  • the introduction of the filter 6 contrasts such phenomenon.
  • the process for sterilizing a container made of thermoplastic material comprises the steps of:
  • the step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by means of metallic catalysis, using the catalyst 4 based on Mn02 described above.
  • the step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by treating the sterile rinsing water with UV radiations.
  • the step of removing the organic acids from the rinsing water is performed with an ion exchange resin 5, preferably selected from those characterized above.
  • Such step is carried out after the step of decomposing the peroxides.
  • the sterile rinsing water that is passed into the catalyst 4 and into the ion exchange resin 5 is brought to the rinsing unit 3, therefore it is used to rinse the container.
  • the crossing time of the ion exchange resin 5 is longer than that of the passage in the catalyst 4. Therefore, the resin dictates the flow rate of the entire process.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)

Abstract

A sterilization system (1) system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, comprising: − a chemical treatment unit (2) configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids; − a rinsing unit (3) configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water, the rinsing unit (3) being located downstream the chemical treatment unit (2); − a catalyst (4) configured to decompose the peroxides contained in the rinsing water; − an ion-exchange resin (5) configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.

Description

DESCRIPTION
PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR STERILIZING CONTAINERS MADE OF
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL
Technical field
The present invention relates to a process and a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material.
Background art
In an aseptic bottling line there is the need to sterilize the containers formed before they are filled.
In this context, the attention is focused on chemical sterilization, in which the external and internal surfaces of the containers are treated with hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid or peracetic acid.
After the chemical treatment, the containers are rinsed with sterile water. The main disadvantage of chemical sterilization is connected with the disposal of chemical residues and the consumption of water for the rinsing step.
In accordance with a known solution, the rinsing water is purified by an active carbon filter and partially recycled in the process.
Disclosure of the invention
In this context, the technical task underpinning the present invention is to propose a process and a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material having a lower environmental impact with respect to the chemical sterilization processes known to date.
The defined technical task and the specified objects thereof are substantially achieved by process for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material comprising the following steps:
- chemically treating the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- rinsing the containers using sterile rinsing water;
- decomposing the peroxides contained in the rinsing water;
- removing the organic acids from the rinsing water by means of a catalyst based on Mn02;
- using the rinsing water that has undergone the decomposition of the peroxides and the removal of the organic acids for rinsing the containers.
According to another embodiment, the step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by treating the sterile rinsing water with UV radiations.
Preferably, the step of removing said organic acids from the sterile rinsing water is carried out by letting the rinsing water pass through an ion- exchange resin.
Preferably, the step of decomposing said peroxides is carried out before the step of removing said organic acids.
The defined technical task and the specified aims are substantially achieved by a sterilization system for sterilizing containers made of a thermoplastic material, comprising:
- a chemical treatment unit configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- a rinsing unit configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water, the rinsing unit being located downstream the chemical treatment unit;
- a catalyst based on Mn02 configured to decompose the peroxides contained in the rinsing water;
- an ion-exchange resin configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.
According to one embodiment, the catalyst is formed by granules of pyrolusite having a granulometry comprised between 0.35 mm and 0.85 mm and a Mn content comprised between about 70% and 90% over the total weight.
The ion exchange resin is preferably a weak base cation resin.
According to one embodiment, the ion exchange resin comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene. According to another embodiment, the ion exchange resin comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene and divinyl benzene.
The ion exchange resin can be in the gel or macroporous state.
Preferably, the ion exchange resin is placed downstream the catalyst. According to one embodiment, the sterilization system comprises at least one filter placed downstream the ion exchange resin. The filter is configured to retain the manganese.
Brief description of drawings
Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following indicative, and hence non limiting, description of a process and a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, as illustrated in figure 1 , which represents a schematic view of the system.
Detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention
Number 1 indicates a system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, comprising:
- a chemical treatment unit 2 configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- a rinsing unit 3, placed downstream the chemical treatment unit 2, which is configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water;
- a catalyst 4 configured to decompose the peroxides contained in the rinsing water;an ion-exchange resin 5 configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.
Preferably, the ion exchange resin 5 is placed downstream the catalyst 4. The catalyst 4 is based on Mn02.
Below are the results of batch tests related to the use of such a catalyst (based on Mn02). In particular, the following tables show the initial concentration of PAA (initials that identify peracetic acid) and of H2O2 and the final concentration, i.e. after the passage in the catalyst based on Mn02, at different collection times.
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000006_0001
Below are the results of the flow tests related to the use of a catalyst based on Mn02.
Figure imgf000006_0003
Figure imgf000006_0002
The results shown that the catalyst based on Mn02 is effective both for the decomposition of peroxides (in particular H2O2) and for the reduction of PAA.
In the embodiment described herein, the catalyst 4 is formed by granules of pyrolusite having granulometry comprised between 0.35 mm and 0.85 mm and a Mn content comprised between about 70% and 90% over the total weight.
The choice of pyrolusite with the characteristics highlighted above has been shown to be effective both in the degradation of H2O2 and of PAA in aqueous solution. Already after 10 minutes it was noted that the concentration of H2O2, initially 986 ppm, had fallen by almost 90% reaching 5 ppm after 30 minutes and remaining constant for 22 hours.
With regard to PAA, which started from an initial concentration of 532 ppm, already after 10 minutes it had fallen to 38 ppm reaching 19 ppm after 22 hours.
The pH of the initial solution was equal to 5, it increased by one point after the first sampling (at 10 minutes) and remained stable at the value of 6 for the entire duration of the test (total 22 hours).
The pyrolusite maintained its activity almost unaltered even after 22 hours of use.
As is known, an ion exchange resin is an organic macromolecule formed by a crosslinked polymer matrix (in general granules of a few millimetres in diameter) in which active functional groups are trapped, available for ion exchange.
Resins can be distinguished into cationic and anionic, each of which can be strong or weak. Strong resins operate throughout the entire pH range, whereas weak ones are able to carry out ion exchange only in a narrow range.
Resins are generally produced in spherical form, with diameters and uniformity that depend on the type of application. Resins can be either in the gel or macroporous state. The ion exchange resin 5 used in the sterilization system 1 is preferably a weak base cation resin.
The table below shows the characteristics of the commercial resins selected for the tests.
Figure imgf000008_0001
Below are the results of batch tests related to the use of some ion exchange resins. Starting from an aqueous solution with an initial acetic acid concentration of 6600 ppm, the concentrations were measured after contact with the resin for different time intervals.
Figure imgf000009_0001
Figure imgf000010_0001
The values relate to a ratio between resin and solution of 2 g / 25 ml.
As can be noted, all the resins provide good results in terms of reduction of the acetic acid concentration.
The tests reported above, obtained in batches, are also confirmed by flow column tests.
In the embodiment described and illustrated herein, downstream the ion exchange resin 5 there is at least one filter 6 configured to retain any manganese released into the water.
In the tests carried out in the absence of the filter it was observed that the aqueous solution takes on a yellowish colour due to the “leaching” phenomenon i.e. the partial dissolution of the manganese due to the pH of the solution.
The introduction of the filter 6 contrasts such phenomenon.
The process for sterilizing a container made of thermoplastic material, according to the invention, comprises the steps of:
- chemically treating the container by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- rinsing the container using sterile rinsing water;
- decomposing the peroxides contained in the rinsing water;
- removing the organic acids from the rinsing water.
The step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by means of metallic catalysis, using the catalyst 4 based on Mn02 described above.
According to one variant, the step of decomposing the peroxides is carried out by treating the sterile rinsing water with UV radiations.
The step of removing the organic acids from the rinsing water (in technical jargon it is said that the organic acids are“sequestrated”) is performed with an ion exchange resin 5, preferably selected from those characterized above.
Such step is carried out after the step of decomposing the peroxides.
Advantageously, the sterile rinsing water that is passed into the catalyst 4 and into the ion exchange resin 5 is brought to the rinsing unit 3, therefore it is used to rinse the container.
It is to be noted that the crossing time of the ion exchange resin 5 is longer than that of the passage in the catalyst 4. Therefore, the resin dictates the flow rate of the entire process.

Claims

1. Process for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, comprising the following steps:
- performing a chemical treatment of the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- rinsing the containers using sterile rinsing water;
- decomposing the peroxides contained in the rinsing water by means of a catalyst (4) based on Mn02;
- removing the organic acids from the rinsing water;
- using the rinsing water that has undergone the decomposition of the peroxides and the removal of the organic acids for rinsing the containers.
2. Process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the step of removing said organic acids from the sterile rinsing water is carried out by letting the rising water pass through an ion-exchange resin (5).
3. Process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the step of decomposing said peroxides is carried out before the step of removing said organic acids.
4. Sterilization system (1 ) for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material, comprising:
- a chemical treatment unit (2) configured to treat the containers by means of a chemical compound based on one or more species of peroxides and organic acids;
- a rinsing unit (3) configured to rinse the containers using sterile rinsing water, said rinsing unit (3) being located downstream said chemical treatment unit (2);
- a catalyst (4) based on Mn02 configured to decompose the peroxides contained in the rising water;
- an ion-exchange resin (5) configured to remove the organic acids from the rinsing water.
5. Sterilization system (1 ) according to claim 4, wherein said ion-exchange resin (5) is located downstream said catalyst (4).
6. Sterilization system (1 ) according to claim 4 or 5, further comprising a filter (6) located downstream said ion-exchange resin (5), said filter (6) being configured to the hold manganese.
7. Sterilization system (1 ) according to claim 4, wherein said catalyst (4) is made by granules of pyrolusite.
8. Sterilization system (1 ) according to claim 7, wherein said pyrolusite has a granulometry comprised between 0.35 mm and 0.85 mm and a percentage of Mn comprised between 70% and 90% over the whole weight.
9. Sterilization system (1 ) according to any of the claims 4 to 8, wherein said ion-exchange resin (5) is a weak base cation resin.
10. Sterilization system (1 ) according to any of the claims 4 to 8, wherein said ion-exchange resin (5) comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene.
11. Sterilization system (1 ) according to any of the claims 4 to 8, wherein said ion-exchange resin (5) comprises a copolymeric matrix based on styrene and divinyl benzene.
12. Sterilization system (1 ) according to any of the claims 4 to 11 , wherein said ion-exchange resin (5) is in gel or macroporous.
PCT/EP2019/076853 2018-10-18 2019-10-03 Process and system for sterilizing containers made of thermoplastic material WO2020078733A1 (en)

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IT102018000009590A IT201800009590A1 (en) 2018-10-18 2018-10-18 PROCEDURE AND STERILIZATION SYSTEM FOR CONTAINERS IN THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL
IT102018000009590 2018-10-18

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4754657B1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2011-08-24 日本錬水株式会社 Rincer waste water treatment device and sterilization method of Rincer waste water treatment device
JP5000856B2 (en) * 2005-04-12 2012-08-15 日本錬水株式会社 Rincer drainage recovery device and Rincer drainage recovery system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5000856B2 (en) * 2005-04-12 2012-08-15 日本錬水株式会社 Rincer drainage recovery device and Rincer drainage recovery system
JP4754657B1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2011-08-24 日本錬水株式会社 Rincer waste water treatment device and sterilization method of Rincer waste water treatment device

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PAULINA PEDZIWIATR ET AL: "Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide - kinetics and review of chosen catalysts", ACTA INNOVATIONS, no. 26, 30 December 2017 (2017-12-30), pages 45 - 52, XP055643060, DOI: 10.32933/ActaInnovations.26.5 *

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