WO2020077700A1 - Connecteur de fibre optique extérieure - Google Patents

Connecteur de fibre optique extérieure Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020077700A1
WO2020077700A1 PCT/CN2018/113983 CN2018113983W WO2020077700A1 WO 2020077700 A1 WO2020077700 A1 WO 2020077700A1 CN 2018113983 W CN2018113983 W CN 2018113983W WO 2020077700 A1 WO2020077700 A1 WO 2020077700A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ring
sleeve
tail
optical fiber
frame sleeve
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2018/113983
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李尧乐
Original Assignee
深圳市飞博康光通讯技术有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 深圳市飞博康光通讯技术有限公司 filed Critical 深圳市飞博康光通讯技术有限公司
Priority to US16/835,197 priority Critical patent/US11092752B2/en
Publication of WO2020077700A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020077700A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/381—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs of the ferrule type, e.g. fibre ends embedded in ferrules, connecting a pair of fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/3833—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture
    • G02B6/3847—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture with means preventing fibre end damage, e.g. recessed fibre surfaces
    • G02B6/3849—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture with means preventing fibre end damage, e.g. recessed fibre surfaces using mechanical protective elements, e.g. caps, hoods, sealing membranes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/3869—Mounting ferrules to connector body, i.e. plugs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/3887—Anchoring optical cables to connector housings, e.g. strain relief features

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber communication, in particular to an outdoor optical fiber connector.
  • Outdoor optical fiber connector is a detachable (movable) device between optical fiber and optical fiber. It precisely butts the two end faces of the optical fiber, so that the optical energy output by the transmitting fiber can be coupled to the receiving fiber to the maximum. .
  • the core wire is easy to rotate along the axis circumference, the axial positioning effect of the optical fiber connection is poor, the quality of the optical fiber core butt is poor, and the reliability is low.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to avoid the shortcomings in the prior art and provide an outdoor optical fiber connector with high quality of optical fiber butt joints, easy displacement of optical fibers after docking, and high reliability.
  • An outdoor optical fiber connector for connecting an external optical cable, comprising: a front frame sleeve with a first mounting hole, a white inner core, a ferrule assembly with a first convex ring on the outside, a spring, a small white tube, and a first inside A stop ring, a crimp ring, a fixing device for fixing the optical cable, a rear frame sleeve, and a tail sleeve; the small white tube is inserted into the rear end of the ferrule assembly, and the spring is sleeved on the small white Outside the tube, the front end of the spring bears against the first convex ring of the ferrule assembly, the stop ring is buckled and connected with the white inner core, the ferrule assembly, the spring and the small white
  • the tube is installed in the first cavity formed by the snap ring and the white inner core buckling, the rear end of the spring bears against the first stop ring; the outside of the snap ring has a second protrusion
  • the fixing device is a fixed cylinder sleeved on the tail of the crimp ring, and the tail sleeve is a tail sleeve with a circular inner hole.
  • an aluminum ring is provided on the outer side of the tail of the crimp ring.
  • the above-mentioned fixing device includes two oppositely arranged fixing splints, and a third clamping slot and a first positioning column are provided inside the clamping plate, wherein the first positioning column of one of the clamping plates snaps into the other of the clamping plates
  • a first semicircular slot is provided on the inner side of the splint, two sides of the first semicircular slot are respectively provided with a second semicircular slot having a smaller radius than the first semicircular slot, and the two splints
  • two of the first semicircular grooves form a first round hole
  • two sets of the second semicircular grooves form two second round holes
  • the tail sleeve is a flat tail sleeve with an inner hole.
  • a first dispensing groove is provided in the second semicircular groove
  • a first dispensing hole is provided in the first dispensing groove
  • a second dispensing hole is provided in the first semicircular groove.
  • the above-mentioned fixing device has a first outer peripheral surface that gradually decreases toward the tail circumferential direction
  • the rear frame sleeve has a through hole that gradually decreases toward the tail circumferential direction
  • the reduction length of the through hole of the same length is smaller than that of the first A large reduction in the outer peripheral surface
  • the tail portion of the rear frame sleeve is provided with a heat shrinkable tube with glue to fix the external cable.
  • the outdoor optical fiber connector is further provided with a first waterproof ring and a second waterproof ring, and an inner side of the second external thread of the front frame sleeve is provided with a first waterproof groove, and the first waterproof ring sleeve In the first waterproof groove, the first waterproof ring is pressed into the second internal thread of the rear frame sleeve; the front end of the rear frame sleeve and the front frame sleeve form a second waterproof groove, The second waterproof trap is enclosed in the second waterproof groove.
  • the front frame sleeve is provided with a dust cap at the front sleeve
  • the rear frame sleeve outer sleeve is provided with a locking frame
  • the tail part of the dust cap is provided with a third internal thread
  • the front part of the locking frame is provided
  • the tail portion of the stop ring has a first external thread
  • the crimp ring has a first internal thread that cooperates with the first external thread, and the first external thread is screwed into the first internal thread
  • the tail portion of the front frame sleeve has a second external thread
  • the rear frame sleeve has a second internal thread cooperating with the second external thread, the second external thread is screwed into the second internal thread
  • the outdoor optical fiber connector is also provided with a connecting handle having a fixing ring at both ends, one of the fixing rings is sleeved outside the dust cap, and the other fixing ring is sleeved outside the tail sleeve.
  • the present invention has the following advantages: the small white tube of the outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention is inserted into the rear end of the ferrule assembly, the spring is sheathed outside the small white tube, and the front end of the spring bears the first of the ferrule assembly
  • the first retaining ring in the ring and the ferrule assembly have a certain mobility in the first cavity, and the internal structure of the outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention is more firm and reliable by the elastic force of the spring.
  • the stop ring and the crimp ring can be connected by a thread, and the front frame sleeve and the rear frame sleeve are connected by a thread.
  • the threaded connection is easy to operate, and the dustproof and waterproof effect is good.
  • the size of the first bump and the second bump in the first mounting hole of the front frame sleeve are different, the size of the first clamping slot matches the size of the first bump, the size of the second clamping slot and the second bump
  • the size of the first and second bumps are caught in the first slot, and the second bump is stuck in the second slot, so when the stop ring is fixed to the front frame sleeve, only when the first bump is stuck in the first Only one card slot and the second bump can be installed in the second card slot to ensure successful installation, which ensures the correct installation of the stop ring and does not rotate after the stop ring is installed. It has a good circumferential positioning effect and can prevent The internal core wire is twisted, the quality of optical fiber butt joint is high, the optical fiber is not easy to shift after docking, and the reliability is high.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a first embodiment of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an exploded schematic view of the first embodiment of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a second embodiment of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded schematic structural view of a second embodiment of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a front frame sleeve of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a front frame sleeve of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a stop ring of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a stop ring of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view of two splints of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention after assembly
  • FIG. 10 is an exploded schematic view of two splints of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic structural view of a splint of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional structure of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention after assembly of two splints;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a rear frame sleeve of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic structural view of a crimp ring of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a circular tail sleeve of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • 16 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a flat tail sleeve of an outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention.
  • An outdoor optical fiber connector for connecting an external optical cable 10, comprising: a front frame sleeve 20 having a first mounting hole 21, a white inner core 30, and a first convex ring 32 on the outer side Ferrule assembly 31, spring 33, small white tube 34, stop ring 40 with first stop ring 41 inside, crimp ring 45, fixing device 50 for fixing the outer sheath of optical cable 10, rear frame sleeve 60, tail sleeve 70; small The white tube 34 is inserted into the rear end of the ferrule assembly 31, and the spring 33 is sleeved outside the small white tube 34.
  • the front end of the spring 33 bears against the first convex ring 32 of the ferrule assembly 31, and the stop ring 40 is engaged with the white inner core 30 Connected, the ferrule assembly 31, the spring 33 and the small white tube 34 are inserted into the first cavity formed by the snap ring 40 and the white inner core 30, and the rear end of the spring 33 bears against the first stop ring 41;
  • a second convex ring 43 is provided on the outer side of the ring 40, and a first convex point 23 and a second convex point 24 of different sizes are provided in the first mounting hole 21 of the front frame sleeve 20.
  • the first locking groove 431 of the convex point 23 cooperates with the second convex ring 43 is provided with a second locking groove 432 which cooperates with the second convex point 24, the stop ring 40 is locked into the first mounting hole 21, the first convex point 23 stuck in the first slot In 431, the second bump 24 is caught in the second slot 432, the crimp ring 45 is fixed to the tail of the stop ring 40, and the fixing device 50 is arranged behind the crimp ring 45; the tail and rear of the front frame cover 20
  • the frame sleeve 60 is screwed; the white inner core 30, the ferrule assembly 31, the spring 33, the small white tube 34, the stop ring 40, the crimp ring 45 and the fixing device 50 are formed on the front frame sleeve 20 and the rear frame sleeve 60
  • the tail sleeve 70 is sleeved on the tail portion of the rear frame sleeve 60.
  • the small white tube 34 of the outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention is inserted into the rear end of the ferrule assembly 31, the spring 33 is sleeved outside the small white tube 34, the front end of the spring 33 bears against the first convex ring 32 of the ferrule assembly 31, and stops
  • the ring 40 is buckled and connected with the white inner core 30, the ferrule assembly 31, the spring 33 and the small white tube 34 are inserted into the first cavity formed by the snap ring 40 and the white inner core 30, and the rear end of the spring 33 is
  • the first stop ring 41 in the stop ring 40, the first protruding ring 32 and the first stop ring 41 play a limiting role on both ends of the spring 33, and the ferrule assembly 31 has a certain mobility in the first cavity
  • the internal structure of the outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention is more firm and reliable.
  • the stop ring 40 and the crimp ring 45 can be connected by a thread, and the front frame sleeve 20 and the rear frame sleeve 60 are connected by a thread.
  • the threaded connection is easy to operate and has a good dustproof and waterproof effect.
  • the size of the first bump 23 and the second bump 24 in the first mounting hole 21 of the front frame cover 20 are different.
  • the size of the first clamping slot 431 matches the size of the first bump 23, and the second clamping slot 432
  • the size of the second bump 24 matches the size of the second bump 24, the first bump 23 is caught in the first slot 431, the second bump 24 is caught in the second slot 432, so the stop ring 40 is fixed in front
  • the moving ring 40 does not rotate after installation, has a good circumferential positioning effect, can prevent the internal core wire from twisting, and at the same time increases the torsion resistance of the stop ring 40 in the front frame sleeve 20, the optical fiber butt quality is high, butt joint The rear fiber is not easy to shift and has high reliability.
  • the fixing device 50 can be set according to the type of the external optical cable 10, and can be used to fix the round optical cable when the structure is matched with the mating round optical cable; when the structure is matched with the mating flat optical cable, it can be used to fix the flat optical cable.
  • the fixing device 50 is a fixed cylinder 51 sleeved on the tail of the crimp ring 45, and the tail sleeve 70 is a tail sleeve with a circular inner hole 70.
  • the outdoor optical fiber connector of the present invention can be used to connect the round outdoor optical cable 10.
  • an aluminum ring 47 is provided outside the tail of the crimp ring 45.
  • the fixed cylinder 51 tightly presses the Kevlar wire inside the circular optical cable 10 to the aluminum ring 47 at the rear end of the crimp ring 45 as the main tensile structure of the entire connector and the circular optical cable 10.
  • the rear end presses the outer skin of the circular optical cable 10 to fix the circular optical cable 10.
  • the fixed cylinder 51 crimps the Kevlar wire inside the optical cable 10 to the aluminum ring 47. Because the aluminum ring 47 is made of aluminum, it will not break after the crimping deformation, and the crimping is firm and reliable.
  • the fixing device 50 includes two oppositely arranged fixed clamping plates 52, and a third clamping slot 53 and a first positioning post 54 are provided inside the clamping plate 52, wherein The first positioning post 54 of one clamping plate 52 snaps into the third clamping groove 53 of the other clamping plate 52.
  • a first semi-circular groove 55 is provided inside the clamping plate 52, and two sides of the first semi-circular groove 55 are respectively provided with a radius greater than the first semi-circular groove 55 small second semicircular groove 56, two first semicircular grooves 55 when the two clamping plates 52 are fixed form a first circular hole 57, two sets of second semicircular grooves 56 form two second circular holes 58, the tail sleeve 70 is an inner hole Flat tail cover 70.
  • the fixing device 50 is composed of the same two clamping plates 52. When the two clamping plates 52 are closed, the first positioning post 54 of one clamping plate 52 snaps into the third clamping groove 53 of the other clamping plate 52.
  • the structure can be used to connect the flat optical cable 10, the first positioning post 54 and the third clamping slot 53 cooperate, the structure is simple, and the two clamping plates 52 can be conveniently fixed; when connecting the flat optical cable 10, the two second round holes 58 are respectively Clamping the two reinforcing members of the flat optical cable 10, the first round hole 57 can clamp the reinforcing member of the center of the flat optical cable 10 and the kraft cable, the structure of the fixing device 50 matches the structure of the flat optical cable 10, and then the The flat optical cable 10 is fixed.
  • the first semi-circular groove 56 is provided with a first dispensing groove 59
  • the first dispensing groove 59 is provided with a first dispensing hole 591
  • the first semi-circular groove 55 is provided with a first Two dispensing holes 592.
  • glue can be added from the first dispensing hole 591 to the first dispensing groove 59 to strengthen the fixing of the optical cable 10 reinforcing member by the two clamping plates 52.
  • the first semi-circular groove 55 also has a second dispensing hole 592, which can be dispensed through the second dispensing hole 592 to further strengthen the fixing of the reinforcing member of the optical cable 10, so that the optical cable 10 is not easy to fall off after fixing, and the optical cable 10 is fixed Can resist a certain amount of pulling force.
  • the fixing device 50 has a first outer circumferential surface 593 tapering toward the tail circumferential direction
  • the rear frame sleeve 60 has a through hole 63 tapering toward the tail circumferential direction.
  • the through hole 63 of the same length is reduced by a greater extent than the first outer peripheral surface 593 is reduced. Therefore, when the optical cable 10 is pulled backward, the inner side wall of the rear frame cover 60 will press against the outer side wall of the clamping plate 52, so that the tighter the clamp is, the more reliable the structure is.
  • the rear portion of the rear frame cover 60 is provided with a heat-shrinkable sleeve 64 with glue to fix the external cable.
  • the rear portion of the rear frame sleeve 60 is heat-shrinked on the optical cable 10 and the rear frame sleeve 60 by a heat-shrinkable tube 64 with glue.
  • water or dust and other impurities are prevented from infiltrating through the hole at the rear end of the rear frame cover 60, so that the outdoor fiber optic connector of the present invention has better dustproof and waterproof effects.
  • the tail sleeve 70 is set at the rear end of the rear frame sleeve 60, and the outer diameter of the heat shrinkable sleeve 64 with heat shrinkage on the rear frame sleeve 60 is larger than the inner hole of the tail sleeve 70, so that the tail sleeve 70 can be fixed, It can also prevent the penetration of water or dust and other impurities.
  • the outdoor optical fiber connector is further provided with a first waterproof ring 80 and a second waterproof ring 81, and the inner side of the second external thread 22 of the front frame sleeve 20 is provided with a first In the waterproof groove 25, the first waterproof ring 80 is sleeved in the first waterproof groove 25, and the first waterproof ring 80 is pressed in the second internal thread 61 of the rear frame sleeve 60; the front end of the rear frame sleeve 60 and the front frame sleeve 20 form a first The second waterproof groove 26 and the second waterproof ring 81 are sleeved in the second waterproof groove 26.
  • the first waterproof ring 80 is tightened in the first waterproof groove 25 of the front frame sleeve 20, and the rear frame sleeve 60 is locked on the second external thread 22 at the rear end of the front frame sleeve 20 through the threaded hole at the front end thereof.
  • the 80 is pressed into the second internal thread 61 of the rear frame sleeve 60, thereby preventing other impurities such as water or dust from seeping through the gap where it is connected.
  • the second waterproof ring 81 is tightened in the second waterproof groove 26 formed after the front frame cover 20 and the rear frame cover 60 are tightened, which can prevent water or dust and other impurities from infiltrating from above.
  • the front frame cover 20 is provided with a dust cap 90 at the front
  • the rear frame cover 60 is provided with a locking frame 92
  • the tail of the dust cap 90 is provided with a third internal thread (Not shown in the figure)
  • the front part of the locking frame 92 is provided with a third external thread 93 corresponding to the third internal thread (not shown in the figure)
  • the third external thread 93 is screwed into the third internal thread (not shown in the figure) (Marked)
  • the inner wall of the dust cap 90 is pressed against the second waterproof ring 81.
  • the second waterproof ring 81 is tightened in the second waterproof groove 26 formed after the front frame cover 20 and the rear frame cover 60 are tightened.
  • the locking frame 92 locks the dust cap 90
  • the inner wall of the dust cap 90 is tight Pressing tightly on the second waterproof ring 81 can prevent other impurities such as water or dust from seeping from above.
  • the tail portion of the stop ring 40 has a first external thread 42
  • the crimp ring 45 has a first internal thread 46 that cooperates with the first external thread 42
  • the first external thread 42 Screwed into the first internal thread 46
  • the fixing device 50 is arranged behind the crimp ring 45
  • the rear portion of the front frame sleeve 20 has a second external thread 22
  • the rear frame sleeve 60 has a second internal thread that cooperates with the second external thread 22 Thread 61, the second external thread 22 is screwed into the second internal thread 61
  • the outdoor optical fiber connector is also provided with a connecting handle 94 with a fixing ring 95 at both ends, one of the fixing ring 95 is sleeved outside the dust cap 90, the other The fixing ring 95 is sleeved outside the tail sleeve 70.
  • the stop ring 40 and the crimp ring 45 can be connected by a thread, and the front frame sleeve 20 and the rear frame sleeve 60 are connected by a thread.
  • the threaded connection is easy to operate and has a good dustproof and waterproof effect.
  • the fixing rings 95 at both ends of the connecting handle 94 are respectively sleeved on the dust cap 90 and the tail sleeve 70, and the dust cap 90 and the tail sleeve 70 are connected together.
  • the locking frame 92 is sleeved outside the rear frame sleeve 60, and the fixing ring 95 of the lower connecting handle 94 is sleeved on the tail sleeve 70 to prevent the locking frame 92 from falling down, making the structure more reliable.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

Connecteur de fibre optique extérieure pour connecter un câble optique externe comprenant : un manchon de cadre avant, un noyau intérieur blanc, un ensemble ferrule, un ressort, un petit tube blanc, une bague de retenue, une bague de sertissage, un dispositif de fixation pour fixer une fibre optique, un manchon de cadre arrière et un manchon arrière. Une seconde saillie annulaire est disposée au niveau d'un côté extérieur de la bague de retenue. Une première saillie et une seconde saillie ayant des tailles différentes sont disposées dans un premier trou d'installation du manchon de cadre avant. Un premier évidement de prise en prise avec la première saillie est disposé sur la seconde saillie annulaire. Un second évidement de prise en prise avec la seconde saillie est disposé sur la seconde saillie annulaire. La bague de retenue est en prise dans le premier trou d'installation. La première saillie est en prise dans le premier évidement de mise en prise, et la seconde saillie est en prise dans le second évidement de mise en prise. Lorsque la bague de retenue est fixée au manchon de cadre avant, l'installation ne peut être obtenue que lorsque la première saillie est en prise dans le premier évidement de mise en prise et la seconde saillie est en prise dans le second évidement de mise en prise. La fibre optique extérieure de la présente invention procure un meilleur effet de positionnement dans une direction circonférentielle, ce qui permet d'empêcher une torsion du noyau intérieur, d'offrir une meilleure qualité d'épissage pour des fibres optiques, d'éviter un déplacement de fibre après épissage, et d'atteindre une fiabilité élevée.
PCT/CN2018/113983 2018-10-18 2018-11-05 Connecteur de fibre optique extérieure WO2020077700A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/835,197 US11092752B2 (en) 2018-10-18 2020-03-30 Outdoor optical fiber connection assembly

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201811216847.8A CN109270639B (zh) 2018-10-18 2018-10-18 一种室外光纤连接器
CN201811216847.8 2018-10-18

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/835,197 Continuation-In-Part US11092752B2 (en) 2018-10-18 2020-03-30 Outdoor optical fiber connection assembly

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WO2020077700A1 true WO2020077700A1 (fr) 2020-04-23

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WO (1) WO2020077700A1 (fr)

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