WO2020053313A1 - Gène modifiant la résistance vis-à-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes nécrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv) - Google Patents

Gène modifiant la résistance vis-à-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes nécrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv) Download PDF

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WO2020053313A1
WO2020053313A1 PCT/EP2019/074285 EP2019074285W WO2020053313A1 WO 2020053313 A1 WO2020053313 A1 WO 2020053313A1 EP 2019074285 W EP2019074285 W EP 2019074285W WO 2020053313 A1 WO2020053313 A1 WO 2020053313A1
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nucleic acid
plant
acid molecule
seq
gene
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PCT/EP2019/074285
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English (en)
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Ann-Katrin Münnekhoff
Britta Schulz
Daniel Fabian STIRNWEIS
Ottó Törjék
Dietrich Borchardt
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KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA
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Priority to US17/274,692 priority Critical patent/US20210340557A1/en
Priority to JP2021513442A priority patent/JP2022500039A/ja
Priority to EA202192906A priority patent/EA202192906A1/ru
Priority to CA3112387A priority patent/CA3112387A1/fr
Priority to EP19765281.1A priority patent/EP3849999A1/fr
Priority to CN201980073995.5A priority patent/CN112996804A/zh
Publication of WO2020053313A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020053313A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
    • C12N15/8283—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for virus resistance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
    • C12Q1/6895—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for plants, fungi or algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/13—Plant traits
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers

Definitions

  • BNYVV Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
  • the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide, which is involved in Rz2 resistance gene mediated resistance against Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed as well as to a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a non-functional allele of the polypeptide, which interferes with said resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • the present invention further relates to the corresponding polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention.
  • the invention relates to a plant, plant cell, plant organ, plant tissue, plant part, or a seed or descendant of a plant, which comprises any one of the nucleic acid molecules or portions thereof as an endogenous gene or as a transgene.
  • the present invention also encompasses methods for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance to BNYVV in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene, as well as methods for producing or identifying and possibly selecting a BNYVV-resistant plant.
  • the present invention also encompasses methods for cultivating plants of the species Beta vulgaris counteracting an infestation of the cultivated plants with BNYVV as well as to oligonucleotide probes and primers for specific hybridization with any one of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention.
  • Rhizomania is the most economically important sugar beet disease worldwide, which can cause yield losses of 50% or more.
  • the disease also called “root madness”
  • BNYVV Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
  • Polymyxa betae The disease, also called “root madness”
  • BNYVV infection manifests itself in an increased proliferation of the thin roots and lateral roots and in the formation of a strongly reduced root body with reduced sugar content.
  • Infected plants show a reduced water absorption and are therefore more sensitive to drought stress.
  • the leaf veins become yellow, with necrotic lesions and yellow spots on the leaves. Since curative control of the disease is not possible, as with other viral diseases, damage can only be prevented by cultivating resistant varieties.
  • Three major genes are currently under investigation against rhizomania: Rzl (also known as "Holly"), Rz2 and Rz3.
  • the Rz2 resistance gene which was identified and described in international patent application WO 2014/202044 Al originates from the Beta maritima accession WB42 and is known to provide an elevated resistance to rhizomania in comparison to Rzl when expressed in several varieties of sugar beet. Furthermore, it is known that Rz3 from Beta maritima accession WB41 has been identified, which is most probably the same or a very similar allelic variant of Rz2.
  • the aim is to identify the mechanism behind the observed reduction or loss of resistance and to use it in order to establish sugar beet lines which show a stable resistance to rhizomania based on Rz2 and Rz3, respectively. According to the invention, this aim is achieved via the embodiments characterized in the claims and in the specification.
  • the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide, which is involved in resistance against Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) mediated by the Rz2 resistance gene in a plant as well as to a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a non- functional allele of the polypeptide, which interferes with said resistance against BNYVV in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • BNYVV Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
  • the polypeptide which is encoded by any one of the nucleic acid molecules is thereby produced in the plant.
  • the invention relates to a plant, plant cell, plant organ, plant tissue, plant part, or a seed or descendant of a plant, which endogenously or transgenically comprises any one of the nucleic acid molecules or portions thereof. According to a specific optional embodiment, those plants and their components that have been obtained via an essentially biological process are exempted.
  • Methods for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance to BNYVV in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene, as well as methods for producing or identifying and possibly selecting a BNYVV-resistant plant, are likewise encompassed by the present invention.
  • the present invention also encompasses methods for cultivating plants of the species Beta vulgaris counteracting an infestation of the cultivated plants with BNYVV as well as oligonucleotide probes and primers for specific hybridization with any one of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention.
  • the present invention therefore relates to the embodiments that are listed in the following points [1] through [29] and illustrated in the Examples and Figures.
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide which, via substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids of the amino acid sequence, differs from a polypeptide that is encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to (a) or (b);
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide which has an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 45;
  • nucleotide sequence that comprises the coding DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 44, wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide has a pro line (P) at position 25 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, a pro line (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 and/or a valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, or wherein the nucleic acid of the coding DNA sequence has a cytosine (c) at position 73 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, a cytosine (c) at position 214 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, and/or a guanine (g) at position 556 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • nucleic acid molecule according to [1], wherein the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 8, 12, 16, or 20, or the nucleotide sequence that encodes said polypeptide is SEQ ID No. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 or 19, or the coding DNA sequence is a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No. 7, 11, 15, or 19.
  • nucleic acid molecule which specifically hybridizes to the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] and encodes a non- functional allele of the polypeptide, which interferes with resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 resistance gene in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed, wherein the nucleic acid molecule preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence which is selected from
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 4 or a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to SEQ ID No. 4, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least one amino acid substitution due to one or more mutations in the nucleotide sequence, preferably wherein proline (P) at position 25 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, and/or valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 is substituted with another amino acid; and/or
  • nucleotide sequence that comprises the coding DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 3, that comprises a coding DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 3, or that hybridizes with a complementary sequence of SEQ ID No. 3 under stringent conditions, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises at least one nucleic acid substitution due to at least one mutation leading to an amino acid substitution, preferably wherein one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, at positions 214-216 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44 and/or at positions 556-558 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • nucleic acid molecule according to [3] or [4], characterized in that the nucleic acid molecule comprises a DNA sequence having
  • nucleic acid molecule according to any one of [3] to [5], characterized in that the nucleic acid molecule comprises a coding DNA sequence having in addition
  • a vector or expression cassette which comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to [1 ] or [2] or any one of [3 ] to [6] , preferably wherein the nucleic acid molecule according to [ 1 ] or [2] or any one of [3] to [6] is operably linked to a heterologous regulatory element, preferably wherein the regulatory element is a promoter.
  • a cell which comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] or any one of
  • a plant or a portion thereof comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] endogenously or transgenically or the vector or the expression cassette which comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] as defined in [8] as transgene.
  • seed or a descendant of the plant according to [ 10] or [ 11 ] wherein the seed or the descendant endogenously or transgenically comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2], or the vector or the expression cassette according to [8] [13] Seed according to [12], which has been technically treated, whereby the technical treatment is selected from the group consisting of:
  • (iii) specifically hybridizes to a region in the Beta vulgaris genome that, in Beta vulgaris, cosegregates with the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of [3] to [6] and/or with the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of [3] to [6] together with the Rz2 gene; and/or
  • Beta vulgaris specifically hybridizes to a region in the Beta vulgaris genome that, in Beta vulgaris, cosegregates with the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] and/or with the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] together with the Rz2 gene.
  • a method for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance to BNYVV in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYVV resistance endogenously or transgenically, including the following steps:
  • a method for producing a BNYVV-resistant plant comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] as defined in [10], including the following steps:
  • the site-directed base editor is able to generate at least one single- strand break of the DNA at a predetermined location in the genome of the cell and to convert at least one nucleobase; and (Illb) optionally, cultivation of the cell from (Ilia) under conditions that allow modification of the genome at the predetermined location, selected from a) a replacement of at least one nucleotide;
  • nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the genome of the plant; and (IIIc) regeneration of a plant from the cell modified in (Illb); or
  • the identified and optionally selected plant, the portion thereof or the seed thereof comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2], and the Rz2 gene, based on the detection of (i) and/or (ii) of [19] and detection of (B).
  • markers s3e5985s01 SEQ ID No. 33
  • s3p4348s01 SEQ ID No. 27
  • markers s3e5853s01 SEQ ID No. 26
  • s3e2247xxx SEQ ID No. 40
  • [25] Use of the oligonucleotide or pair of oligonucleotides according to [14] or [15] for identifying and/or selecting a plant of the species Beta vulgaris capable of exhibiting resistance to BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant, or which capability of exhibiting resistance to BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant, is impaired.
  • a method for cultivation of plants of the species Beta vulgaris including
  • nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2] or the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of [3] to [6], the polypeptide according to [7], the vector or expression cassette according to [8], and/or the cell according to [9] for the identification of nucleic acid molecules which are involved in Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV.
  • nucleic acid molecule according to [1] to [6], the plant or a portion thereof according to [11], the oligonucleotide or a pair of oligonucleotides according to [14] or [15], the methods according to any one of [16] to [19] and [22] to [24], and the use according to [25] and [27], wherein the Rz2 gene or the Rz2 resistance gene is a nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 22 or SEQ ID NO. 23,
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide derived by substitution, deletion and/or addition of an amino acid of the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to a) or b), from a polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to a) or b),
  • nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence, which is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to a) or b), or
  • nucleotide sequence which encodes at least the amino acid positions 168-227 of SEQ ID NO. 22 and at least the amino acid positions 591-613 of SEQ ID NO. 22 and at least the amino acid positionsl0l3-l072 of SEQ ID NO. 22 or which encodes at least the amino acid positions 182-241 of SEQ ID NO. 23, at least the amino acid positions 605-627 of SEQ ID NO. 23 and at least the amino acid positions 1027-1086 of SEQ ID NO. 23.
  • step (i) and / or step (ii) is based on PCR, preferably kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) wherein optionally labeled primers are applied.
  • KASP kompetitive allele specific PCR
  • step (i) and / or step (ii) is based on PCR, preferably kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) wherein optionally labeled primers are applied.
  • KASP kompetitive allele specific PCR
  • sucrose concentration is at least 10%, preferably at least 15% more preferably at least 20% and most preferably 10% - 20% wherein the concentration is given as mass concentration [g/dl] .
  • polypeptide according to [7] wherein the polypeptide is an artificial compound which does not occur in nature.
  • the term, “approximately,” means a deviation by +/- 200 base pairs - preferably, by +/- 100 base pairs, and, particularly preferably, by +/- 50 base pairs.
  • A“plant of the genus Beta” belongs to the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Numbering among these plants are plants of the species Beta macrocarpa, Beta vulgaris, Beta lomatogona, Beta macrorhiza, Beta corolliflora, Beta trigyna, and Beta nana.
  • a plant of the species Beta vulgaris is, in particular, a plant of the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris. For example, numbering among these are Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima (sugar beet in a narrower sense), Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. vulgaris (chard), Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. conditiva (beetroot / red beet), Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. crassa/alba (fodder beet).
  • A“functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence means a segment of a nucleotide sequence which has a functionality identical or comparable to that of the complete nucleotide sequence from which the functional fragment originates.
  • the functional fragment may possess a nucleotide sequence which is identical or homologous to the total nucleotide sequence over a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94% 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. This also explicitly encompasses the range of 90 - 100%.
  • a “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence may also mean a segment of a nucleotide sequence which modifies the functionality of the entire nucleotide sequence, e.g., in the course of post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing.
  • the functional fragment of a nucleotide sequence may comprise at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 - preferably, at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 140, and, particularly preferably, at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1,000 - successive nucleotides of the total nucleotide sequence. This also explicitly encompasses the range of 21 to 50 nucleotides.
  • A“functional part” of a protein means a segment of a protein, or a section of the amino acid sequence, that encodes the protein, wherein the segment may exert functionality identical or comparable to that of the entire protein in a plant cell. Over a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94% 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, a functional part of a protein has an amino acid sequence that is identical or, with consideration of conservative and semi conservative amino acid exchanges, similar to the protein from which the functional part originates.
  • heterologous means that the introduced polynucleotide originates from a cell or an organism with a different genetic background, of the same species or a different species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, but is then located in a different genetic environment and thus differs from a corresponding polynucleotide that is possibly naturally present.
  • a heterologous polynucleotide may be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.
  • a“homolog” is a protein of the same phylogenetic origin
  • an“analog” is a protein which exerts the same function, but has a different phylogenetic origin
  • an“ortholog” is a protein from a different species that exerts the same function
  • a “paralog” is a protein that has appeared within a species due to duplication, wherein this copy either retains the same protein function, alters its expression template, but not the function, changes its protein function, or divides up the original gene function between both copies.
  • hybridizing or“hybridization” is a process in which a single- stranded nucleic acid molecule binds to a nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the greatest possible extent, i.e., forms base pairs with this.
  • Standard methods for hybridization are described in, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2001.
  • At least 60% - more preferably, at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85%, and, particularly preferably, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% - of the bases of the nucleic acid molecule form a base pairing with the nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the greatest possible extent.
  • the possibility of such an annealing depends upon the stringency of the hybridization conditions.
  • the term,“stringency,” relates to the hybridization conditions. High stringency is present when a base pairing is made more difficult; low stringency is present if a base pairing is made easier.
  • the stringency of the hybridization conditions depends upon the salt concentration or ionic strength and the temperature. In general, the stringency may be increased by increasing the temperature and/or decreasing the salt content.
  • “stringent hybridization conditions” are those conditions given which a hybridization predominantly occurs only between homologous nucleic acid molecules. The term,“hybridization conditions,” thereby relates not only to the conditions prevailing in the actual addition of the nucleic acids, but also to the conditions prevailing in the following washing steps.
  • stringent hybridization conditions are conditions under which, predominantly, only those nucleic acid molecules hybridize that have at least 70% - preferably, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% - sequence identity.
  • Stringent hybridization conditions are, for example: hybridization in 4 x SSC at 65 °C, and subsequent repeated washing in 0.1 x SSC at 65 °C for approximately 1 hour in total. A hybridization preferably occurs under stringent conditions.
  • “complementary” nucleotide sequence means that the second DNA strand complementary to the first DNA strand has the nucleotides that correspond to the bases of the first strand, in accordance with the base pairing rules.
  • a complementary sequence is, preferably, entirely complementary to the counter sequence, and thus preferably has the same length.
  • an“isolated nucleic acid molecule” is a nucleic acid molecule extracted from its natural or original environment. The term also encompasses a synthetically-produced nucleic acid molecule.
  • an“isolated polypeptide” is a polypeptide extracted from its natural or original environment. The term also encompasses a synthetically- produced polypeptide.
  • A“molecular marker” is a nucleic acid that is polymorphic in a plant population and is used as a reference or orientation point.
  • a marker for the detection of a recombination event should be suitable for monitoring differences or polymorphisms within a plant population. Such a marker is thus able to detect and differentiate between various allelic states (alleles).
  • the term, “molecular marker,” also relates to nucleotide sequences which are complementary or at least largely complementary or homologous to genomic sequences - for example, nucleic acids which are used as probes or primers.
  • markers are, for example, polynucleotide sequence differences, e.g., SSR's ( simple sequence repeats), RFLP’s ⁇ restriction fragment length polymorphisms), FLP’s ⁇ fragment length polymorphisms) or SNP’s ⁇ single nucleotide polymorphisms).
  • the markers may be derived from genomic or expressed nucleic acids, e.g., spliced RNA, cDNA, or EST's, and may also relate to nucleic acids that are used as probes or primer pairs and as such are suitable for amplifying a sequence fragment using PCR-based methods.
  • Markers that describe genetic polymorphisms may be detected using well-established methods from the prior art (An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th edition, Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki, et al., 2000). For example, among these are DNA sequencing, PCR-based, sequence- specific amplification, verification of RFLP’s, verification of polynucleotide polymorphisms by means of allele-specific hybridization (ASH), detection of amplified variable sequences of the plant genome, detection of a 3 SR ⁇ self-sustained sequence replication), detection of SSR's, SNP's, RFLP's, or AFLP's ⁇ amplified fragment length polymorphisms).
  • the methods for detection of EST's ⁇ expressed sequence tags) and SSR markers derived from EST sequences and RAPD ⁇ randomly amplified polymorphic DNA are also known.
  • the term,“marker,” in the description may also mean a specific chromosome position in the genome of a species where a specific marker (SNP, for example) may be found.
  • Markers also include synthetic oligonucleotides that may be connected with one or more detection molecules, wherein the detection molecules may be used for a detection reaction or the generation of a signal within the scope of a verification method.
  • Synthetic oligonucleotides also include labeled primers. Labeled primer include fluorescently labeled primers. Fluorescently labeled primers may be labeled by FAM or HEX.
  • Synthetic oligonucleotides and labeled primers may by used within a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as within a Kompetitive allele specific PCR. Synthetic oligonucleotides and labeled primers are artificial compounds, do not occur in nature, and cannot be isolated from nature. The production of such compounds is explained further below.
  • A“promoter” is a non-translated, regulatory DNA sequence, typically upstream of a coding region, which contains the binding point for the RNA polymerase and initiates the transcription of the DNA.
  • a promoter additionally contains other elements that act as a regulator gene for gene expression (for example, cis-regulatory elements).
  • A“core or minimal promoter” is a promoter that has the basic elements which are needed for transcription initiation (for example, TATA box and/or initiator).
  • A“pathogen” means an organism that, in interactions with a plant, leads to disease symptoms in one or more organs in the plant. For example, animal, fungal, bacterial, or viral organisms or oomycetes number among these pathogens.
  • a“pathogenic infection” is the earliest point in time at which a pathogen interacts with a plant host tissue.
  • “infestation” means the occurrence of contact between pathogen and host.
  • the viral pathogen BNYVV is transmitted by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae. Polymyxa forms spores which can survive in the soil for decades. The virus also survives in these spores. If these permanent spores lead to zoospores, the virus can germinate via these into cells of the plant host tissue and interact with the host (Esser (2000) Kryptogamen 1 : Cyanobakterien Algen Pilze Flevier Praktikum und Lehrbuch. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3rd edition).
  • Plant“organs” means, for example, leaves, shoot, stem, roots, hypocotyl, vegetative buds, meristems, embryos, anthers, ovula, seeds, or fruits.“Plant parts” include, but are not limited to, the shoot or the stalk, leaves, blossoms, inflorescence, roots, fruits, and seeds, as well as the pollen.
  • the term,“plant parts,” also means an association of multiple organs, e.g., a blossom or a seed, or a part of an organ, e.g., a cross-section through the plant shoot.
  • Plant“tissues” are, for example, callus tissue, storage tissue, meristematic tissue, leaf tissue, shoot tissue, root tissue, plant tumor tissue, or reproductive tissue, as well as the cambium, parenchyma, vascular tissue, sclerenchyma, and epidermis.
  • tissue is not limited to this listing.
  • plant“cells” are, for example, isolated cells having a cell wall or aggregates thereof, or protoplasts.
  • the level of the resistance by way of example to BNYVV can be defined qualitatively in plants of the Beta genus by determination of“rating scores” (rating score schemes for plants of the Beta genus are known from the prior art, for example for sugar beet Mechelke (1997).
  • regulatory sequence relates to a nucleotide sequence which influences the specificity and/or the expression strength, e.g., in that the regulatory sequence confers a defined tissue specificity.
  • a regulatory sequence may be located upstream of the transcription initiation point of a minimal promoter, but also downstream thereof, e.g., in a transcribed, but not translated, leader sequence or within an intron.
  • resistance is to be understood broadly and covers the range of the protection from a retardation up to a complete blocking of the development of the disease.
  • An important pathogen is the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV).
  • BNYVV Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
  • a resistant plant cell of the invention or resistant plant of the invention preferably achieves a resistance to BNYVV.
  • a resistance to a pathogen is to be equated to a resistance to the disease which this pathogen causes; for example, a resistance to BNYVV is also a resistance to "root madness" (Rhizomania).
  • the “Rz2” resistance gene which was identified and described in international patent application WO 2014/202044 Al originates from the Beta maritima accession WB42 and is known to provide resistance to rhizomania when expressed in several varieties of sugar beet. Furthermore, it is known that Rz3 from the Beta maritima accession WB41 has been identified, which is most probably the same or a very similar allelic variant of Rz2. Thus, the Rz2 and Rz3 genes and respective proteins are substantially identical and the designation“Rz2” and“Rz3” can be used interchangeably.
  • Remorins are a family of plant-specific proteins containing a variable N-terminal region and conserved C-terminal domain and play a role in various biotic and abiotic stresses, including host-microbe interactions.
  • the present invention distinguishes between a remorin gene, which encodes a functional remorin protein, i.e. a remorin protein which is involved in establishing Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the protein is expressed and a remorin gene which encodes a non- functional remorin protein, i.e. a remorin protein which interferes with Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the protein is expressed.
  • the term“involved in” includes increasing the resistance as well as being essential for establishing the resistance against BNYVV in a plant additionally comprising the Rz2 resistance gene, in particular a high level of resistance against BNYVV.
  • the term“non functional” is used in terms of the inability to confer resistance in combination with the Rz2 gene.
  • the terms“functional form”,“functional (remorin) protein”,“functional (remorin) polypeptide”, “functional (remorin) variant”, “functional (remorin) allele”, “functional (remorin) gene”, and“functional nucleic acid molecule” of the present invention are used interchangeable in the present invention as well as the terms“non-functional form”,“non functional (remorin) protein”, “non-functional (remorin) polypeptide”, “non-functional (remorin) variant”,“non-functional (remorin) allele”,“non-functional (remorin) gene, and “non-functional nucleic acid molecule” of the present invention.
  • Transgenic plant relates to a plant into whose genome is integrated at least one polynucleotide. It may thereby be a heterologous polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide is, preferably, stably integrated, which means that the integrated polynucleotide is stably preserved in the plant, is expressed, and also may be stably passed on to the descendants.
  • the stable introduction of a polynucleotide into the genome of a plant also includes the integration into the genome of a plant of the preceding parental generation, wherein the polynucleotide may be stably passed on further.
  • heterologous means that the introduced polynucleotide originates from a cell or an organism with a different genetic background, of the same species or a different species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, for example, but then is located in a different genetic environment and thus differs from a corresponding polynucleotide that is possibly naturally present.
  • a heterologous polynucleotide may be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.
  • “Raw material for industrial sugar production” means plant material which can be fed into a sugar production facility which is specialized in the extraction of sugar from sugar beets. Such raw material is typically the beet body (taproot) of the harvested sugar beet. To ensure the conformity with the extraction process the beet body needs to have sufficient mass, volume and a conical shape so that the raw material can be mechanically cut into shreds (beet strips). These beet strips maximize the surface area for sugar extraction and should have a low content of Sodium, Potassium and Nitrogen to allow an efficient extraction. After the extraction remaining beet pulp is pressed, dried and used as animal feed.
  • The“sucrose concentration” is expressed as percentage of the fresh weight of the root.
  • “Monogerm” means that a seed grows into exactly one plant whereas a polygerm or multigerm seed (also called“seed ball”) grows into several plants.
  • “Bolting” is the production of a flowering stem (or stems) on a sugar beet in a natural attempt to produce seeds and reproduce. Bolting is triggered in sugar beet due to vernalization, i.e. a chilling stress which might occur e.g. during overwintering. However, commercially grown sugar beets are harvested before bolting as the bolting process and subsequent seed setting reduces the sucrose content in the beet body.
  • Kompetitive allele specific PCR“ or“KASP“ means a homogenous, fluorescence-based genotyping variant of polymerase chain reaction. It is based on allele-specific oligo extension and fluorescence resonance energy transfer for signal generation. This chemical reaction may be used for the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in genomic DNA. Usually, fluorescently labeled primer are used for the PCR. FAM and HEX may be used as fluorescent tags.
  • Fig. 1 Model depicting a possible mode of interaction between the TGB1 protein of
  • BNYVV Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
  • the Rz2 NBS-LRR receptor protein and (A) the functional variant of the remorin protein or (B) the non-functional variant of the remorin protein.
  • the TGB1 protein binds to and modifies the functional remorin protein, which can be detected by the Rz2 NBS- LRR receptor protein of the resistance allele and thus, a resistance reaction is initiated.
  • the Rz2 NBS-LRR receptor protein cannot detect the non-functional remorin protein modified by TGB1 and thus, no resistance reaction is initiated.
  • Fig. 2 Sequence alignment between the coding DNA (cDNA) sequence of the remorin gene encoding a non-functional remorin protein, i.e. a remorin protein which interferes with Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the protein is expressed (haplotype 1, Hapl-ORF), and the cDNA sequences of 4 haplotypes of the remorin gene encoding functional remorin proteins, i.e. remorin proteins which are involved in establishing Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the proteins are expressed (Hap2-ORF, Hap3-ORF, Hap4-ORF and Hap5-ORF). The polymorphisms are highlighted in gray.
  • Fig. 3 Protein sequence alignment between a non- functional remorin protein, i.e. a remorin protein which interferes with Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the protein is expressed (Hap 1 ), and 4 functional remorin proteins, i.e. remorin proteins which are involved in establishing Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant in which the proteins are expressed (Hap2, Hap3, Hap4 and Hap5). The polymorphisms are highlighted in gray.
  • Fig. 4 Schematic overview of a transient assay for comparing the cell death reaction after expression of the TGB1 gene derived from BNYVV in leaf tissue of sugar beet comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 and either additionally comprising the functional allele of remorin (REM (f)) or the non-functional allele of remorin (REM (n-f)). The detailed experiment is explained in Example 2.
  • Fig. 5 Schematic overview of a transient assay for comparing the cell death reaction after expression of the TGB1 gene derived from BNYVV either in combination with the non-functional allele of remorin (REM (n-f)), with the functional allele of remorin (REM (f)), or with an empty vector control in leaf tissue of sugar beet comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 and the functional allele of remorin (REM (f)).
  • REM non-functional allele of remorin
  • REM functional allele of remorin
  • REM empty vector control in leaf tissue of sugar beet comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 and the functional allele of remorin
  • Fig. 6 Schematic overview of a transient assay for comparing the cell death reaction after expression of the TGB1 gene derived from BNYVV and the resistance allele of Rz2 either in combination with the non-functional allele of remorin (REM (n-f)) or with the functional allele of remorin (REM (f)) in leaf tissue of sugar beet which does neither comprise the resistance allele of Rz2 nor the functional allele of remorin (REM (f)).
  • REM (n-f) non-functional allele of remorin
  • REM (f) functional allele of remorin
  • Fig. 7 Schematic view of chromosome 3 of Beta vulgaris indicating the positions of the remorin gene and the Rz2 gene as well as the positions of various markers.
  • Remorin is positioned about 0.75 cM distal to the Rz2 gene on the long arm of chromosome 3.
  • Left marker positions distal to remorin and proximal to Rz2, which define flanking areas that can be used for marker assisted breeding (MAS);
  • MAS marker assisted breeding
  • Fig. 8 Visual illustration of the marker-based analysis of 2730 plants of a dividing population with regard to the presence of different allele combinations of the Rz2 resistance gene and the remorin gene in the recombinants, wherein A indicates the presence of the remorin gene encoding a non-functional remorin protein and B indicates the presence of the remorin gene encoding a functional remorin protein. H designates the genotypes are heterozygous for the non functional remorin allele.
  • Fig. 9 The drawing shows a leaf of Nicotiana benthamiana after infiltration with
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens The white surrounded spots mark the infiltrated areas wherein each area has been infiltrated with a different vector combination.
  • the vector combinations are being explained in detail in the corresponding example.
  • Fig. 10 Measurement of the luciferase activity in transformed leaf discs of sugar beet.
  • allelic variants i.e. the one encoding a functional protein and the other encoding a non- functional protein is of high relevance in the breeding of BNYVV- resistant varieties that are to be equipped with Rz2 resistance.
  • the present invention generally relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV.
  • the term“involved in” includes increasing the resistance as well as being essential for establishing the resistance against BNYVV, in particular a high level of resistance against BNYVV.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention and the encoded polypeptide, respectively modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention increases the resistance to BNYVV or is essential for establishing the resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the corresponding polynucleotide is expressed.
  • this nucleic acid molecule is referred to as“functional form”,“functional variant”,“functional allele”, “functional gene”, or“functional nucleic acid molecule” of the present invention.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV in a plant belonging to the genus Beta, preferably to the species Beta vulgaris, more preferably to the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
  • the present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule which specifically hybridizes to the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention and encodes a non- functional allele of the polypeptide, i.e. a non- functional variant, which interferes with the resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 resistance gene in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • this nucleic acid molecule is referred to as“non-functional form”,“non functional variant”,“non-functional allele”,“non-functional gene”, or“non-functional nucleic acid molecule” of the present invention.
  • the non- functional nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is able to reduce or suppress Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV in a plant in which the corresponding polynucleotide is expressed.
  • a plant in which the corresponding polynucleotide is expressed.
  • said plant belongs to the genus Beta, preferably to the species Beta vulgaris, more preferably to the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
  • the Rz2 resistance gene which was previously identified and described in international patent application WO 2014/202044 Al originates from the Beta maritima accession WB42 and is known to provide resistance to rhizomania when expressed in several varieties of sugar beet.
  • the corresponding nucleic acid sequence is disclosed in WO 2014/202044 Al and incorporated herein by reference.
  • Rz3 from the Beta maritima accession WB41 has been identified, which is probably an allelic version of Rz2.
  • the Rz2 and Rz3 genes are substantially identical and it is prudent to expect, but without to be bound by theory, that the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is also involved in or interferes with Rz3 mediated resistance to BNYVV.
  • the identification and genetic localization of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has been performed as described in detail in Example 1. Initially, the focus was on the identification and localization of the non-functional allele. By genetic mapping it has been shown that the non-functional allele is localized close by the Rz2 locus. However, this area still contained too many genes to name a specific candidate. A particular challenge was the close genetic coupling/linkage of the non-functional allele with the Rz2 resistance gene. If it was located on another chromosome or at a greater distance from the Rz2 gene, the effect would be visible in QTL mapping as a separate effect. When using common breeding processes it was thus not possible to explain why genotypes were susceptible to rhizomania despite the presence of the resistance allele of Rz2.
  • the marker s3e5798s01 (see Table 5) showed the highest evidence for the positioning of the repressor effect. Analysis of the reference sequence for this region showed that the marker s3e5798s01 is located in an annotated gene model (g23238.tl).
  • the gene contains a remorin domain (C-terminal region) and is expressed in the plasmalemma. Remorins, a family of plant-specific proteins containing a variable N-terminal region and conserved C- terminal domain, play a role in various biotic and abiotic stresses, including host-microbe interactions. However, until now, their function is not fully understood.
  • PDs plasmodesmata
  • PDs provide cell-to-cell connections that enable the symplastic transport of molecules from 1 to 60 kD.
  • Viruses can move through PDs to achieve a local spreading infection, and symplastic loading into the phloem to initiate systemic infection.
  • the remorin gene of the present invention has a similar or even the same function in Beta vulgaris as described above, i.e. that it acts as negative regulator of BNYVV movement.
  • the non-functional allele of the remorin gene identified in accordance with the present invention seems to be a non-functional protein.
  • One possible mode of action is presented in Figure 1B, wherein the Rz2 NBS-FRR receptor protein of the resistance allele cannot detect the modification of this allele by the TGB1 protein of BNYVV. Therefore, no resistance reaction is initiated.
  • haplotype 1 The haplotype of the non-functional remorin gene (haplotype 1) can be distinguished from the other four haplotypes, i.e. the functional remorin genes, by three KASP markers ( s3p4348s01 (SEQ ID NO: 27; non functional allele: G), s3p4349s01 (SEQ ID NO: 28; non-functional allele: T), s3p4351s01 (SEQ ID NO: 29; non-functional allele: T); see Table 5.
  • KASP markers s3p4348s01 (SEQ ID NO: 27; non functional allele: G)
  • s3p4349s01 SEQ ID NO: 28; non-functional allele: T
  • s3p4351s01 SEQ ID NO: 29; non-functional allele: T
  • Table 5 The coding sequence, i.e.
  • the open reading frame (ORE) of the non- functional allele set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 has five small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which distinguish the haplotype (Hapl) from the other four haplotypes (Hap2-5; SEQ ID NOs: 7, 11, 15 and 19) ( Figure 2).
  • the coding sequence (CDS) of Hapl has an A instead of a G at position 72, a G instead of a C at position 73, an A instead of a G at position 111, an A instead of a C at position 214, and an A instead of a G at position 556; see Table 1.
  • the protein sequence of the non-functional allele set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 differs clearly in three amino acids from the other four haplotypes (SEQ ID NOs: 8, 12, 16 and 20); see Table 2.
  • the translated non-functional polypeptide encoded by the non- functional remorin gene has Ala instead of Pro at position 25, Thr instead of Pro at position 72 and Ile instead of Val at position 186; see also Table 2.
  • Table 1 Identified SNPs in coding sequences (ORFs) of the non-functional remorin allele
  • the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide has a proline (P) at position 25 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, a proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 or a valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide may have two of the mentioned amino acids at the indicated positions, i.e. a proline (P) at position 25 and a proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No.
  • the coding DNA sequence has a cytosine (c) at position 73 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, a cytosine (c) at position 214 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, or a guanine (g) at position 556 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • the coding DNA sequence may have two of the mentioned amino acids at the indicated positons, i.e. a cytosine (c) at position 73 and a cytosine (c) at position 214 with reference to SEQ ID No.
  • the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, wherein the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 8, 12, 16, or 20, or the nucleotide sequence that encodes said polypeptide is SEQ ID No. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 or 19, or the coding DNA sequence is a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No. 7, 11, 15, or 19.
  • substitutions, deletions, insertions, additions, and/or any other change may be introduced into the nucleotide sequence according to the invention that, alone or in combinations, do in fact change the nucleotide sequence, wherein the modified nucleotide sequence may, however, perform the same function as the initial sequence.
  • the present case deals with the coding of an amino acid sequence which is involved in resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 resistance gene.
  • the invention therefore includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide which represents a derivative of the polypeptide which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to the invention, or which includes the amino acid sequence according to the invention.
  • a derived amino acid sequence which has at least one substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or more amino acids, wherein the functionality of the encoded polypeptide/protein is preserved, represents a derivative of the polypeptide.
  • substitutions, deletions, insertions, additions, and/or any other change may thereby be introduced into the nucleotide sequence using conventional methods that are known in the prior art, e.g., via site-directed mutagenesis, PCR-mediated mutagenesis, transposon mutagenesis, genome editing, etc.
  • substitution of one amino acid by a different amino acid having the same or equivalent or similar chemical/physical properties is referred to as a“conservative substitution” or“semi conservative substitution.”
  • Examples of physical/chemical properties of an amino acid are, for example, hydrophobia or the charge.
  • Which amino acid substitution represents a conservative or semi-conservative substitution is known to the person skilled in the art.
  • general expertise allows the person skilled in the art to recognize, identify, and detect which amino acid deletions and additions are harmless to the functionality of the resistance protein, and at which positions these are possible.
  • the invention thus includes a functional fragment of the nucleotide sequence according to the invention.
  • fragment thereby includes genes with a nucleotide sequence sufficiently similar to the aforementioned nucleotide sequence.
  • the term,“sufficiently similar,” means that a first nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence has a sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent nucleotides or amino acid groups relative to a second nucleotide sequence or a second amino acid sequence.
  • nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences that have an identity of at least approximately 70%, at least approximately 75%, at least approximately 80%, at least approximately 85%, at least approximately 90%, at least approximately 91%, at least approximately 92%, at least approximately 93%, at least approximately 94%, at least approximately 95%, at least approximately 96%, at least approximately 97%, at least approximately 98%, at least approximately 99%, or at least approximately 100% with the nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence according to the invention are defined here as being sufficiently similar. This also explicitly encompasses the range of 90% to 100%.
  • nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence generally has the same property as the previously-named nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence of the present invention.
  • nucleotide sequences which encode a derivative or for a derived amino acid sequence are generated either directly or indirectly (for example, via amplification or replication steps) from an initial nucleotide sequence which corresponds to the nucleotide sequence according to the invention over the entire length, or at least in part.
  • the present invention includes a nucleotide sequence that is able to hybridize, under stringent conditions, with a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence according to the invention or to the nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence according to the invention.
  • the present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule which specifically hybridizes to the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention and encodes a non- functional allele of the polypeptide, i.e. a non-functional remorin variant, which interferes with resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 resistance gene in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • this nucleic acid molecule is referred to as“non-functional form”, “non-functional variant”,“non-functional allele”, or“non-functional gene”, or“non-functional nucleic acid molecule” of the present invention.
  • the non-functional polypeptide (remorin) allele seems to be dominant over the functional allele of the polypeptide. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the non-functional polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule according to [3] is dominant over the functional allele of the polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule according to [1] or [2]
  • Dominant means that in the heterozygous state of the plant, e.g., the plant comprising a non- functional allele and a functional allele of the polypeptide the non-functional allele inhibits or prevents the development of resistance and as a result the plant is susceptible to BNYVV infection and spread of the virus within the plant, respectively.
  • the non- functional nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is able to reduce or suppress Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV in a plant in which the corresponding polynucleotide is expressed.
  • a plant in which the corresponding polynucleotide is expressed.
  • said plant belongs to the genus Beta, preferably to the species Beta vulgaris, more preferably to the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid encoding sequence of said non-functional allele is characterized by polymorphisms, which differentiates it from the functional allele, i.e. the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • the sequence of the non- functional gene of the present invention and the corresponding polypeptide, respectively is based on the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention as described above but including one or more mutations as already defined above leading to a non-functional variant.
  • mutations leading to the non-functional variant There are of course plenty of possibilities for mutations leading to the non-functional variant and the person skilled in the art of course knows how to introduce single mutations and how to test whether the generated gene and polypeptide, respectively is indeed inactive. Details regarding suitable methods are described elsewhere herein.
  • the non-functional nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 4 or a polypeptide that is of at least approximately 70%, at least approximately 75%, at least approximately 80%, at least approximately 85%, at least approximately 90%, at least approximately 91%, at least approximately 92%, at least approximately 93%, at least approximately 94%, at least approximately 95%, at least approximately 96%, at least approximately 97%, at least approximately 98%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID No.
  • polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least one amino acid substitution due to one or more mutations in the nucleotide sequence, preferably wherein proline (P) at position 25 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, and/or valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 is substituted with another amino acid.
  • the amino acid sequence may have one, two or three amino acid substitutions at the indicated positions.
  • pro line (P) at position 25, pro line (P) at position 72, or valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 is substituted with another amino acid.
  • proline (P) at position 25 and proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 are substituted with another amino acid; or pro line (P) at position 25 and valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 are substituted with another amino acid; or proline (P) at position 72 and valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 are substituted with another amino acid.
  • pro line (P) at position 25, pro line (P) at position 72 and valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45 are substituted with another amino acid.
  • the non-functional remorin polypeptide of the present invention comprises an amino acid sequence having alanine (A) instead of proline (P) at position 25 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, threonine (T) instead of proline (P) at position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45, and/or isoleucine (I) instead of valine (V) at position 186 with reference to SEQ ID No. 45.
  • the amino acid sequence may have one, two or all three amino acid substitutions at the indicated positions as explained above.
  • the non-functional remorin gene of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence that comprises the coding DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 3, that comprises a coding DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No. 3, or that hybridizes with a complementary sequence of SEQ ID No. 3 under stringent conditions, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises at least one nucleic acid substitution due to at least one mutation leading to an amino acid substitution, preferably wherein one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, at positions 214-216 with reference to SEQ ID No.
  • the coding DNA sequence may have substituted nucleotides at one, two or all three positions indicated.
  • one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75, at positions 214-216, or at positions 556-558 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75 and at positions 214-216 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44; or one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75 and at positions 556-558 with reference to SEQ ID No.
  • nucleotides are substituted at positions 214-216 and at positions 556-558 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • one or more nucleotides are substituted at positions 73-75, at positions 214-216, and at positions 556-558 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • the coding DNA sequence has guanine (g) instead of cytosine (c) at position 73 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, adenine (a) instead of cytosine (c) at position 214 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, and/or adenine (a) instead of guanine (g) at position 556 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • the coding DNA sequence may have substituted nucleotides at one, two or all three positions indicated.
  • the coding DNA sequence has in addition adenine (a) instead of guanine (g) at that position 72 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44, and/or adenine (a) instead of guanine (g) at position 111 with reference to SEQ ID No. 44.
  • the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention including the nucleic acid molecule which is involved in conferring a resistance against the pathogen BNYVV and the corresponding non-functional variant interfering with said resistance, may be an isolated nucleic acid molecule. It is preferably DNA, and, particularly preferably, cDNA (coding DNA).
  • the functional remorin protein is involved in conferring a resistance against the pathogen BNYVV which causes the plant disease rhizomania, more preferably it modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the protein is expressed, i.e. which increases said resistance to BNYVV or is essential for establishing said resistance.
  • the non functional remorin protein interferes with said resistance.
  • the polypeptide is involved in conferring a resistance to this pathogen and interferes with said resistance, respectively, in particular in a plant of the genus Beta.
  • the plant is preferably a plant of the species Beta vulgaris - particularly preferably, a plant of the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, among these are, for example, the cultivars sugar beet, beetroot, fodder beet, chard, and Swiss chard.
  • the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide respectively which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, i.e.
  • the function remorin gene and the functional remorin polypeptide/protein as well as the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide, respectively which interferes with the Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, i.e. the non function remorin gene and the non-functional remorin polypeptide/protein, are included.
  • the exact knowledge of the genetic and physical positions of the Rz2 gene and the remorin gene allows for the first time to identify recombinants between the genes and thus to separate the non-functional remorin gene from the Rz2 resistance allele.
  • recombinants showing the functional allele of the crossing partner can be selected.
  • the identification of the functional remorin allele allows the incorporation of this gene into plants, e.g. into high-yield varieties, having the Rz2 resistance gene but being no longer resistant to BNYVV due to the presence of the non-functional variant of remorin.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the present invention in said plants, i.e. the function remorin gene, optionally in combination with removing the non- functional remorin gene, e.g. via inhibiting its expression at all, or via mutating the non-functional remorin gene in order to establish the functional variant, it is now possible to very quickly develop high- yield varieties with a restored resistance to BNYVV.
  • a sugar beet plant for the first time a sugar beet plant, a chard plant, a red beet or beetroot plant, a fodder beet plant having the resistance mediated by the Rz2 gene and the functional remorin gene according to the invention against BNYVV and thus being encompassed by the present invention.
  • the listed plants are all cultivated plants, crops or plants which are suitable for the agricultural cultivation and which have the resistance according to the invention, are part of the invention.
  • crops are part of the invention which comprise a subterrestrial storage organ usable as food, raw material or industrial source of sugar and which comprise the resistance according to the invention are a further aspect of the present invention.
  • the storage organ can be for example the sugar containing beet body of the sugar beet, the consumable beet body of the red beet or the feedable beet body of the fodder beet.
  • the subterrestrial storage organ can sum up to more than 50% and for the sugar beet even to more than 70% of the total mass of the full-grown plant.
  • seeds or seeding material of these plants are part of the invention. The seeds or the seeding material can be technically treated as described further below.
  • the present invention relates to a recombinant and/or heterologous DNA molecule that comprises the sequences of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the nucleic acid molecule involved in Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV and the nucleic acid molecule which interferes with said resistance, respectively.
  • This DNA molecule furthermore, preferably has a regulatory sequence. It may thereby be operatively linked with this regulatory sequence or be under the influence of this regulatory sequence.
  • This regulatory sequence is preferably a promoter sequence and/or other sequences of transcription or translation control elements - for example, c/.v-clcmcnts.
  • the regulatory sequence which controls the expression of a gene that includes the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, is preferably a sequence that is able to confer or modulate the expression, as a result of a pathogenic infection.
  • This promoter is preferably able to control the expression of the DNA sequence specifically in roots of the plant.
  • the regulatory sequence may be heterologous to the expressing sequence. Such an approach has the advantage that the person skilled in the art may better adjust the expression rate of the expressing sequence, the tissue in which the expression occurs, and the point in time at which the expression occurs, in that he selects that regulatory sequence which is best suited to the respective use case.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence preferably includes a nucleotide sequence which encodes a component of the plant pathogen defense (example: resistance genes (R-genes) or genes which encode enzymes involved in signal transfer, such as kinases or phosphatases, and for G-protein, or which encode a pathogenic effector (what are known as avirulence genes (avr))).
  • the heterologous DNA sequence may be one of the DNA sequences according to the invention.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence may also additionally encode further components of the plant pathogen defense.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence may therefore be designed such that a polycistronic mRNA is created after its transcription.
  • the present invention further relates to a polypeptide which can be encoded by the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention and a functionally and/or immunologically active fragment thereof, as well as an antibody that specifically binds to the polypeptide or to its fragment.
  • the polypeptide particularly preferably has an amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20.
  • the recombinant production of proteins, polypeptides, and fragments is familiar to the person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2001, or Wingfield, P.
  • Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to the protein according to the invention may be produced by the person skilled in the art according to known methods (E. Harlow et al., editor, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1988)).
  • the production of monoclonal antibodies, as well as of Lab and L(ab')2 fragments that are also useful in protein detection methods, may be performed via various conventional methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 98-118, New York: Academic Press (1983)).
  • the antibodies may then be used for the screening of expression cDNA libraries in order to identify identical, homologous, or heterologous genes by means of immunological screening (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989, or Ausubel et al., 1994,“Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.” John Wiley & Sons), or may be used for western blot analyses.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies that selectively detect a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention involved in Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV, i.e. the functional remorin allele and essentially do not detect the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with said resistance, i.e. the non-functional remorin allele.
  • they detect less, by a factor of 2 - preferably, a factor of 5, and, more preferably, a factor or 10 or more - of the polypeptide encoded by the correspondingly non- functional remorin allele than the polypeptide encoded by the functional remorin allele.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies that selectively detect a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with the Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV, i.e. the non- functional remorin allele and essentially do not detect the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which is involved in said resistance, i.e. the functional remorin allele.
  • they detect less, by a factor of 2 - preferably, a factor of 5, and, more preferably, a factor or 10 or more - of the polypeptide encoded by the correspondingly functional remorin allele than the polypeptide encoded by the non-functional remorin allele.
  • the antibody according to the invention is characterized in that it is a synthetic polypeptide which does not occur in nature.
  • the antibodies according to the invention may be linked with a fluorescent dye in order to be usable in an immunohistochemical method, for example, and evoke an antibody coloration.
  • the fluorescent dye may be fluorochrome.
  • the antibodies according to the invention may also be present linked with other signaling molecules. Among these are, for example, biotin, radioisotopes, reporter enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, or oligonucleotides.
  • vectors or expression cassettes that include the nucleic acid molecule or the recombinant DNA molecule according to the invention - possibly under control of regulatory elements and, in particular, under control of functional regulatory elements in plants, as well as negative and/or positive selection markers.
  • the vector backbone is thereby heterologous to the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, which means that such a vector does not occur in nature and cannot be isolated from nature.
  • the vector is a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or an expression vector, a transformation vector, shuttle vector or cloning vector; it may be double-stranded or single-stranded, linear or circular; or it may transform a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism either via integration into its genome or extrachromosomally.
  • the nucleic acid molecule or DNA molecule according to the invention in an expression vector or expression cassette is, preferably, operatively linked with one or more regulatory sequences which allow the transcription and, optionally, the expression in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell; (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2001).
  • regulatory sequences are preferably promoters or terminators - in particular, a transcription initiation starting point, a ribosome binding location, an RNA-processing signal, a transcription termination location, and/or a polyadenylation signal.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is here under the control of a suitable promoter and/or a terminator.
  • Suitable promotors may be constitutive promotors (example: 35S promoter from the“Cauliflower mosaic virus” (Odell et al., Nature 313 (1985), 810 - 812); those promoters which are pathogenically inducible are especially suitable (example: PR1 promoter from parsley (Rushton et al., EMBO J. 15 (1996), 5,690-5,700)).
  • Particularly suitable pathogenically-inducible promoters are synthetic or chimeric promoters which do not occur in nature, are composed of multiple elements, and contain a minimal promoter, and have at least one c/.v-rcgulatory element upstream of the minimal promoter, which at least one c/.v-rcgulatory element serves as a binding location for special transcription factors.
  • Chimeric promoters are designed according to the desired requirements and are induced or repressed via different factors. Examples of such promoters are found in WO 00/29592, WO 2007/147395, and WO 2013/091612.
  • a suitable terminator is the nos-terminator (Depicker et al., J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1 (1982), 561-573).
  • Suitable promoters and terminators may also be the native promoter and the native terminator.
  • the vectors or expression cassettes additionally contain for conventional indicator/reporter genes or resistance genes for the detection of the transfer of the desired vector or DNA molecule/nucleic acid molecule, and for selection of the individuals that contain these, since a direct detection via the expression of the gene is for the most part rather difficult.
  • indicator/reporter genes are, for example, the luciferase gene and the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). These, furthermore, also allow tests for the activity and/or regulation of a promoter of the gene.
  • resistance genes - especially, for plant transformations - are the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene, or the gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase.
  • Additional positive selection markers may be enzymes which provide the transformed plant a selection advantage over the non- transformed plant - in particular, a nutrient advantage, e.g., the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase or the xylose isomerase. However, this does not preclude additional indicator/reporter genes or resistance genes known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the vector is a plant vector.
  • the expression cassette may be present as integrated into a plant genome.
  • the present invention relates to cells that include the vectors, recombinant DNA molecules, and/or nucleic acid molecules according to the invention.
  • a cell in the sense of the invention may be a prokaryotic (for example, bacterial) or eukaryotic cell (for example, a plant cell or a yeast cell).
  • the cell is preferably an agrobacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens ox Agrobacterium rhizogenes, an Escherichia coli cell, or a plant cell; the plant cell is particularly preferably a cell of a plant of the genus Beta, the species Beta vulgaris, or the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
  • the cell may also be present as a culture.
  • the invention also consequently covers a cell culture which contains such cells.
  • the cell culture is preferably a pure culture or an isolate that contains no cells of another type.
  • the present invention relates to a plant - preferably, plant of the species Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris or a portion thereof - that contains the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in resistance against BNYVV, i.e. the functional remorin gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention might be either introduced or introgressed into the genome of the plant.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is foreign to the plant, i.e. it is a heterologous nucleic acid molecule.
  • the plant of the present invention may comprise the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention as a transgene or as endogene or may comprise the vector or expression cassette of the present invention which comprises said nucleic acid molecule as transgene.
  • the plant of the present invention may comprise the cells of the present invention harboring the vector and the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, respectively.
  • the plant of the present invention is heterozygous or preferably homozygous for the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.
  • the plant of the present invention further comprises the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYW resistance endogenously or transgenically. Accordingly, in the framework of the present invention there are provided for the first time a sugar beet plant, a chard plant, a red beet or beetroot plant, a fodder beet plant having the resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 gene and the functional remorin gene according to the invention.
  • a portion of the plant of the present invention may thereby be a cell, a tissue, an organ, or a combination of multiple cells, tissues, or organs.
  • a combination of multiple organs is, for example, a blossom or a seed.
  • a plant of the present invention comprising the Rz2 gene and the functional remorin gene according to the invention preferably shows a higher resistance against BNYVV than a corresponding plant that does contain the Rz2 gene but does not contain the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene and/or which does contain the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with the Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance, i.e. the non-functional variant of the remorin (control plants).
  • control plants ideally have the identical genotype as the transgenic plant, and have been cultured under identical conditions, but do not contain the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention involved in Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance and/or do contain the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with the Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance.
  • a plant cell or plant or portion thereof of the present invention that contains the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention - in particular, a plant of the genus Beta - preferably shows a higher resistance to a pathogen - in particular, to BNYVV- than a corresponding plant cell or plant or portion thereof that does not contain the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, or contains the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with the Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance.
  • transgenic plant cell or plant or portion thereof, this comprises the nucleic acid molecule or DNA molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, as a transgene or the vector or the expression cassette of the present invention.
  • a transgenic plant cell or plant or portion thereof is, for example, one that is transformed - preferably, stably - with said nucleic acid molecule, DNA molecule, or with the corresponding vector or the expression cassette.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is operatively linked with one or more regulatory sequences which allow the transcription and, optionally, the expression in the plant cell.
  • the total structure made up of said nucleic acid molecule and the regulatory sequence(s) then represents the transgene.
  • Such regulatory sequences are, for example, a promoter or a terminator. Numerous functional promoters and terminators that are applicable in plants are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the invention also includes a vacuole of the cell according to the invention, and the content substances stored therein.
  • the invention also relates to the cell extract from a cell - preferably, from a plant cell, particularly preferably, from a cell of Beta vulgaris, and, especially preferably, from a cell of one of the following crops: sugar beet, chard, or beetroot. No plant can be regenerated from the cell extract.
  • a plant genome containing the nucleic acid according to the invention i.e. the functional remorin gene. No plant can be regenerated from the plant genome.
  • An additional aspect of the invention is a seed stock comprising seeds that contain the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene.
  • Said nucleic acid molecule may be present transgenically or endogenously.
  • the seed stock and the seeds may be technically treated.
  • the invention thus also comprises technically-treated seed stock and technically-treated seeds.
  • the various embodiments of technically-treated seed stock are explained in detail in the following whereby the term seed stock also includes seeds:
  • Technically-treated seed stock may be present in polished form. The outermost layer of the seed is thereby removed, so that the seed assumes a more rounded form. This is helpful in sowing, where an optimally uniform shape leads to a uniform distribution of the seed stock grains.
  • Technically -treated seed stock furthermore encompasses pelleted seed stock.
  • the seed stock is thereby embedded in a pelleting mass that protects the seed stock contained therein and leads to a larger mass, such that the pelleted seed stock shows a greater resistance capability with regard to wind drift and is thus less susceptible to being blown away by the wind, and, at the same time, a more precise positioning during sowing is enabled.
  • all pelleted seed stock grains of a batch or unit designated for sale have essentially the same shape and the same mass. Deviations of 5% in diameter and mass are possible. However, the deviations preferably do not exceed 1%.
  • the pelleting mass may contain for example a mineral compound such as clay, bentonite, kaolin, humus and/or peat, for example. It is possible to add an adhesive material like polyacrylamide. Additional possible components are cited in US 4,067,141. Moreover, the pelleting mass may contain additional chemical agents that positively influence the cultivation in practice. These may here be substances that are counted among fertilizing agents. These include compounds rich of one or more of the following elements: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (macronutrients).
  • the fertilizing ingredients may contain for example Nitrate nitrogen, Ammonium nitrogen, Magnesium Nitrate, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, Mono Ammonium Phosphate, Mono Potassium Phosphate and Potassium Nitrate.
  • pelleting mass may contain fungicides, insecticides, and/or antifeedants.
  • the fungicides may be thiram and/or hymexazol and/or other fungicides.
  • the insecticide may be a substance from the neonicotinoid group.
  • the substance from the neonicotinoid group is preferably imidacloprid (ATC Code: QP53AX17) and/or clothianidin (CAS number 210880-92-5).
  • the insecticide may also be cyfluthrin (CAS number 68359-37-5), beta-cyfluthrin or tefluthrin. It is worth mentioned that the compound included in the dressing or pelleting mass are taken up by the plant and show systemic effect thereby providing suitable protection of the whole plant. Plants resulting from pelleted seed including one or more pesticides therefore differ from naturally occurring plants and show better performance under biotic stress conditions.
  • the invention also encompasses a mixture of a pelleting mass and a seed according to the invention.
  • the invention also encompasses a method for producing a pelleted seed according to the invention comprising the following steps:
  • a sugar beet plant seed comprising the nucleic acid according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene,
  • step b) embedding the sugar beet plant seed in a pelleting mass, and c) allowing the pelleting mass to dry, wherein the seed may be optionally a primed or pregerminated seed or the seed may be allowed to be primed during step b).
  • the pelleted seed stock is a specific embodiment of dressed seed stock.
  • technically-treated seed stock encompasses also the dressed seed stock.
  • the invention is not limited to pelleted seed stock, but, rather, may be applied with any form of dressed seed stock.
  • the invention thus also relates to dressed seed stock, which includes pelleted seed stock, but is not limited to this. Dry dressing, wet dressing, and suspension dressing are thus also encompassed.
  • the dressing may thereby also contain at least one dye (coloring), such that the dressed seed stock may be quickly differentiated from undressed seed stock, and, furthermore, good visibility in the environment is ensured after sowing.
  • the dressing may also contain those agrochemicals which are described in the context of the pilling mass.
  • the invention includes thus such dressed seed stock whereby the dressing contains at least one anti-feedant such as an insecticide and / or at least one fungicide.
  • the dressing contains at least one anti-feedant such as an insecticide and / or at least one fungicide.
  • so called electonical dressing dressing by application of electric energy
  • electronic dressing is not a dressing in the strict sense of the word.
  • An additional form of technically-treated seed stock is encrusted seed stock. What is known as coating is also spoken of in this context as well as of seed stock treated with a coating. The difference to pelleted seed stock is that the seed grains retain their original shape, wherein this method is especially economical. The method is described in EP 0 334 258 Al, for example.
  • An additional form of technically-treated seed stock is sprouted or primed seed stock. Sprouted seed stock is pretreated via a pre-germination, whereas primed seed stock has been pretreated via a priming (“germination”). Pre-germinated and primed seed stock have the advantage of a shorter emergence time. The point in time of the emergence after sowing is, at the same time, more strongly synchronized.
  • pre-germination the seed stock is germinated until the radicle exits the seed stock shell, and the process is subsequently stopped.
  • the process is stopped before the radicle exits the seed stock shell.
  • seed stock that has been subjected to a priming is insensitive to the stress of a re-drying and, after such a re-drying, has a longer storage life in comparison to pre-germinated seed stock, for which a re-drying is generally not advised.
  • technically pre-treated seed stock also includes primed and re-dried seed stock.
  • the technically-treated seed stock may additionally be furnished with one or more of the herbicide resistances explained above. This allows a further-improved agrotechnical cultivation, since the technically-treated seed stock may be deployed on a field that has previously been treated with weed killer, and that therefore is weed-free.
  • the invention also encompasses a mixture containing the seed stock according to the invention or the seeds according to the invention, and a dressing mass as defined above.
  • the dressing mass is thereby preferably embodied as a pelleting mass, as defined above.
  • Part of the invention is a method for the storage of the seed stock in a bag or container that is via simultaneously water- repellent and breathable.
  • a bag or container may be designed as a carton or packing.
  • Such a carton or packing may optionally possess an inner vapor barrier. If the carton or packing is designed as a duplex carton, its stability increases.
  • a container, bag, carton or packing comprising the seed stock according to the invention, or technically-treated seed stock according to the invention is likewise a part of the invention. It is likewise part of the invention to store seed stock according to the invention or technically-treated seed stock according to the invention in such a bag, container, packing or carton.
  • the plant according to the invention is a hybrid plant or a double haploid plant. Hybrid plants and double haploid plants do not occur in nature and cannot be isolated from nature.
  • the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV is present in heterozygous or more preferably in homozygous form.
  • the invention also encompasses hybrid seeds and double haploid seeds which contain said nucleic acid molecule or the corresponding polypeptide.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention comprises a plant - preferably, of the species Beta vulgaris - that is characterized in that the resistance to BNYVV in this plant is further increased.
  • this may be realized by means of“gene stacking,” i.e. the resistance is increased using this dose effect.
  • the plants according to the invention that contain the BNYVV resistance-conferring Rz2 gene and the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which is involved in the Rz2 mediated resistance are over-transformed with at least the latter one or alternative with both mentioned genes in order to increase the amount of the transcription of the gene(s) in the plant. Further possibilities for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance to BNYW in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene are described below.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention relates to a sugar beet plant or a portion thereof or a pelleted seed of such a plant which is harvestable before bolting because no bolting of the sugar beet plant occurs during the first 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 months after germination and the development of a beet body is finished during this period.
  • the sugar beet plant or a portion thereof or a pelleted seed of such a plant has a genome allowing the development of a beet body having a mass summing up to at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or even 90% of the total mass of the full-grown plant.
  • the sugar beet plant or a portion thereof or a pelleted seed of such a plant has a genome allowing the development of a beet body having a minimum mass of 200g, 25 Og, 300g, 350g, 400g, 45 Og or 500g and a maximum mass of lOOOg, l lOOg, l200g, l300g, l400g, l500g, l600g, l700g, l800g, l900g or even 2000g via photosynthesis.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention is directed to a sugar beet plant or a portion thereof or a pelleted seed of such a plant wherein the genome of the sugar beet plant allows development of a beet body having a sucrose concentration of at least 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or even 20%.
  • the present invention further encompasses a method for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance to BNYVV in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene endogenously or transgenically mediating BNYVV resistance.
  • Possible ways for conferring, restoring or increasing said resistance are listed in the following, however without being limited to those.
  • Conferring, increasing and/or restoring the resistance against BNYVV may take place via integration of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, into the genome of at least one cell of a plant of the species Beta vulgaris, as well as possible regeneration of a plant from the plant cell.
  • the integration may take place both by means of sexual crossing, e.g. , crossing of a plant of the genus Beta comprising the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYVV resistance endogenously or transgenically with a plant comprising the functional remorin gene of the present invention, optionally in combination with the Rz2 resistance gene, and subsequent selection, and by means of homology-directed repair or homologous recombination.
  • site-directed nucleases which may be selected from, but are not limited to, the following: CRISPR nuclease, including Cas9, CasX, CasY, or Cpfl nuclease, TALE nuclease, zinc finger nuclease, meganuclease, Argonaut nuclease, restriction endonuclease, including Fokl or a variant thereof, recombinase, or two, site-specific, nicking endonucleases.
  • Another way for conferring, increasing and/or restoring the resistance against BNYVV may take place via transformation of a plant cell with the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, the corresponding recombinant DNA molecule, or with the vector or the expression cassette of the invention, and regeneration of the transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell.
  • the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention i.e. the functional remorin gene, the corresponding recombinant DNA molecule, or with the vector or the expression cassette of the invention
  • the activity and/or stability of the polypeptide which is encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV, i.e. the functional remorin gene as well as the expression of the corresponding nucleic acid molecule can be increased via modification of the nucleic acid sequence of the functional remorin gene and/or its native promoter.
  • the mutations leading to said modifications can be either performed within the organism itself, or it is possible to modify the corresponding nucleic acids chemically in an isolated state to achieve the desired effects.
  • the advantage of the latter approach is that the compounds can be edited even more precisely.
  • the method for the production of an organism which comprises a mutated version of the nucleic acid molecule according to the above given embodiment [1] or [2] and/or a mutated version of the native promoter includes the following steps:
  • step (III) phenotypic selection of an organism, which as a result of a mutation exhibits an altered resistance or altered resistance level towards BNYVV or genotypic selection of an organism or a cell which comprises a mutation in the nucleic acid molecule and / or the promoter, wherein the mutation has been created via step (II); and, optionally
  • step (IV) regeneration of the organism from the cell obtained via step (III).
  • the organism can be a plant. Preferably the plant is a Beta vulgaris. However, it is also possible to use unicellular organisms as bacteria.
  • the bacterium can be E. coli. If the organism is a plant then the method can be applied in vivo as well as in vitro. If the organism is a plant and the method is applied in vitro, a cell culture of the plant may be established and the increase of the mutation rate or the mutagenization may occur in the cell culture.
  • the increase of the mutation rate encompasses for example the application of mutagenic agents like for example 5- bromouracil or ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) or the application of physical mutagens like ionizing radiation or UV light.
  • EMS ethylmethane sulfonate
  • the mutagenization encompasses also the targeted mutagenesis.
  • the targeted mutagenesis can be achieved by precise methods as gene editing (as explained further below).
  • the regeneration of organism out of cells is explained in various standard references of the cell biology. The regeneration of plants is for example explained in the standard reference offset Plant Plant biotechnology: comprehensive biotechnology, second supplement" (Michael W. Fowler, Graham Warren, Murray Moo-Young - Pergamon Press - 1992).
  • the regeneration of Beta vulgaris out of the cell culture is described in Lindsey & Gallois (1990).
  • the mutated version of the nucleic acid molecule respectively the promoter characterizes themselves preferably due to the expression rate of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene which is increased by the mutation.
  • Such an effect can also rely on the presence of several mutations. For example, it is possible to introduce two, three, four, five or more mutations in the promoter or the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the resistance in comparison to a control plant comprising the unaltered nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene can be increased for example by at least 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or more percent. The increase can be measured as explained further below.
  • the resistance due to the mutation or mutations can be increased by at least one rating score. The determination of rating scores is explained elsewhere herein.
  • the protein modifying the Rz2 mediated resistance can impart - as a result of the mutations - an altered effect and in some circumstances can exhibit effect against such pathogens which have adapted themselves to the initial resistance mechanism.
  • the invention encompasses also such mutated variants of the nucleic acids according to the invention and mutated variants of the protein according to the invention.
  • the invention encompasses such variants which do not occur in nature and cannot be isolated from nature to make sure that the pathogen had no opportunity to adapt itself to such variants.
  • the above described method for the production of an organism which comprises a mutated version of the nucleic acid molecule may furthermore include a further step, in which those organisms or respectively plants are identified, which have a further increased resistance due to the mutation or mutations. If an increase of resistance has taken place may be determined by the herein explained rating scores or the measuring of the resistance level.
  • Production of a chemically modified nucleic acid molecule according to the above given embodiment [1] or [2] and / or a chemically modified promoter comprises the following steps:
  • step (II) above is equal to the term“Genome-Editing”.
  • the chemically modified nucleic acid molecule or the chemically modified promoter can be subsequently introduced into a cell or can be stably integrated. With the help of such a cell, the chemically modified nucleic acid molecule and the modified promoter can be propagated in context of the cell proliferation. They can be subsequently isolated in vast number and expression analyses may be performed. Expression analyses are especially suitable when the chemical modification concerns the promoter. It is possible to harvest the cells and to isolate the chemically modified resistance protein for chemical analyses.
  • the cell which comprises the chemically modified nucleic acid molecule or the modified promoter is a plant cell, a complete plant may be regenerated out of this cell.
  • the approaches described within this passage can be performed subsequently to the above given method for the production of a modified form of the nucleic acid molecule and / or a modified promoter and the obtained variants are also a part of this invention.
  • a plant comprising the chemically modified nucleic acid molecule or the modified promoter are also part of the invention.
  • the invention is also related to a plant obtained by this method.
  • the invention relates also to the chemically modified nucleic acid molecules obtained by this method and to the encoded polypeptides.
  • These compounds may be optimized versions of the original (not modified) compounds, wherein the resulting resistance level - as explained further above - may be increased by at least by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or more percent or may be increased by at least one rating score.
  • the method for the production of a chemically modified nucleic acid molecule is also a method for the optimization of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the method for optimization may furthermore contain an additional step, in which those modified variants of the nucleic acid molecule are identified which lead in comparison to the unamended variants to an increased resistance in a plant.
  • increasing said resistance to BNYVV can be performed via increasing the expression of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which modifies the Rz2 mediated resistance to BNYVV, i.e. the functional remorin gene, in the plant.
  • This may take place via modification of the native promoter, wherein the modification preferably takes place by means of gene editing or site-directed mutagenesis which is mediated via site-directed nucleases, and, optionally, repair models. Examples of such nucleases have already been cited above.
  • the increase in the expression of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may likewise take place via fusion of the nucleic acid molecule with a heterologous promoter, which exhibits a higher activity in comparison to the native promoter - in particular, after BNYVV infection.
  • the fusion may likewise take place via site-directed nuclease and repair models, but also by means of direct insertion after double-strand break.
  • a method for increasing the BNYVV resistance may also be performed via increasing the activity and/or stability of the polypeptide according to the invention, via modification of the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention and may be performed by means of the techniques known to the person skilled in the art. This approach is explained in detail further below.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the present invention i.e. the functional remorin gene
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention i.e. the functional remorin gene
  • a method for conferring, restoring or increasing the resistance against BNYW might be performed via mutagenesis of a plant or plant cells comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention interfering with the BNYW resistance, i.e.
  • non-functional remorin allele and screening and optionally selecting for plants or plant cells in which a functional allele of the polypeptide encoded by the functional remorin allele has been restored and/or the expression of the non-functional polypeptide has been abolished.
  • This can be performed by means of random or directed mutagenesis of the nucleic acid sequence of the non-functional remorin gene. Examples of polymorphisms which differentiate the sensitive allele from the resistant allele are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
  • the non-functional allele may be modified via gene mutation by means of TALE nucleases (TALEN's) or zinc finger nucleases (ZFN's), as well as CRISPR/Cas systems, which - among other things - are described by way of example in WO 2014/144155 Al (Engineering plant genomes using CRISPR/Cas systems) and in Osakabe & Osakabe, Plant Cell Physiol., 56 (2015), 389-400.
  • TALE nucleases TALEN's
  • ZFN's zinc finger nucleases
  • TILLING Targeted Induced Local Lesions in Genomes
  • TILLING Targeted Induced Local Lesions in Genomes
  • it is described, e.g., in the German patent application DE 10 2013 101 617, how point mutations are caused in a sensitive gene, and plants are subsequently selected that exhibit a suitable, i.e., resistance-conferring, mutation, e.g., a barley resistant to yellow mosaic virus; see DE 10 2013 101 617 on pp. 4, 8, and 12, in paragraphs [0014], [0026], and [0038]
  • the TILLING method is also described in detail in the publication by Henikoff et al. (Henikoff et al., Plant Physiol. 135, 2004, 630-636).
  • the enzymes for targeted mutagenesis preferably include a binding/recognition domain and a cleavage domain.
  • Particular enzymes capable of inducing double or single-stranded breaks are nucleases or nickases (DSBI - double strand break inducing- or SSBI - single strand break inducing - enzymes) as well as variants thereof, including such molecules no longer comprising a nuclease or nickase function but rather operating as recognition molecules in combination with another enzyme.
  • nucleases especially tailored endonucleases comprising meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, Argonaute nucleases, derived, for example, from Natronobacterium gregoryi, and CRISPR nucleases, comprising, for example, Cas9, Cpfl , Csml , CasX or CasY nucleases as part of the Clustered Regularly lnterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system.
  • CRISPR Clustered Regularly lnterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the genome engineering component comprises a DSB- or SSB-inducing enzyme or a variant thereof selected from a CRISPR/Cas endonuclease, preferably a CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease a CRISPR/Cpfl endonuclease, or a CRISPR/Csml endonuclease, a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), a homing endonuclease, a meganuclease and a TAL effector nuclease.
  • a CRISPR/Cas endonuclease preferably a CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease a CRISPR/Cpfl endonuclease, or a CRISPR/Csml endonuclease, a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), a homing endonuclease, a meganuclease and
  • Rare-cleaving endonucleases are DSBI/SSBI enzymes that have a recognition site of preferably about 14 to 70 consecutive nucleotides, and therefore have a very low frequency of cleaving, even in larger genomes such as most plant genomes.
  • Homing endonucleases also called meganucleases, constitute a family of such rare-cleaving endonucleases. They may be encoded by introns, independent genes or intervening sequences, and present striking structural and functional properties that distinguish them from the more classical restriction enzymes, usually from bacterial restriction-modification Type II systems.
  • Their recognition sites have a general asymmetry which contrast to the characteristic dyad symmetry of most restriction enzyme recognition sites.
  • chimeric restriction enzymes can be prepared using hybrids between a zinc-finger domain designed to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence and the non-specific DNA-cleavage domain from a natural restriction enzyme, such as Fokl.
  • a natural restriction enzyme such as Fokl.
  • Such methods have been described e.g. in WO 03/080809, WO 94/18313 or WO 95/09233 and in lsalan et al. (2001).
  • a rapid, generally applicable method to engineer zinc fingers illustrated by targeting the HIV-l promoter. Nature biotechnology, 19(7): 656; Liu et al. (1997). Design of polydactyl zinc-finger proteins for unique addressing within complex genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(11): 5525- 5530.
  • TALE nucleases which are based on transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) from the bacterial genus Xanthomonas fused to the catalytic domain of a nuclease (e.g. Fokl or a variant thereof).
  • TALEs transcription activator-like effectors
  • the DNA binding specificity of these TALEs is defined by repeat-variable di-residues (RVDs) of tandem-arranged 34/35-amino acid repeat units, such that one RYD specifically recognizes one nucleotide in the target DNA.
  • RVDs repeat-variable di-residues
  • the repeat units can be assembled to recognize basically any target sequences and fused to a catalytic domain of a nuclease create sequence specific endonucleases (see e.g. Boch et al. (2009). Breaking the code of DNA binding specificity of TAL-type III effectors. Science, 326(5959), 1509-1512; Moscou & Bogdanove (2009). A simple cipher governs DNA recognition by TAL effectors.
  • WO 2012/138927 further describes monomeric (compact) TALENs and TALEs with various catalytic domains and combinations thereof.
  • CRISPR/Cas system A CRISPR system in its natural environment describes a molecular complex comprising at least one small and individual non-coding RNA in combination with a Cas nuclease or another CRISPR nuclease like a Cpfl nuclease or a Csml nuclease (Zetsche et al.,“Cpfl Is a Single RNA-Guides Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System”, Cell, 163, pp. 1-13, October 2015.; US 2017/0233756 Al) which can produce a specific DNA double- stranded break.
  • CRISPR systems are categorized into 2 classes comprising five types of CRISPR systems, the type II system, for instance, using Cas9 as effector and the type V system using Cpfl as effector molecule (Makarova et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 2015).
  • a synthetic non-coding RNA and a CRISPR nuclease and/or optionally a modified CRISPR nuclease, modified to act as nickase or lacking any nuclease function can be used in combination with at least one synthetic or artificial guide RNA or gRNA combining the function of a crRNA and/or a tracrRNA (Makarova et al., 2015, supra).
  • CRISPR-RNA CRISPR-RNA
  • the maturation of this guiding RNA which controls the specific activation of the CRISPR nuclease, varies significantly between the various CRISPR systems which have been characterized so far.
  • the invading DNA also known as a spacer, is integrated between two adjacent repeat regions at the proximal end of the CRISPR locus.
  • Type II CRISPR systems code for a Cas9 nuclease as the key enzyme for the interference step, which system contains both a crRNA and also a trans-activating RNA (tracrRNA) as the guide motif.
  • RNA molecules which are recognized by RNAselll and can be cleaved in order to form mature crRNAs. These then in turn associate with the Cas molecule in order to direct the nuclease specifically to the target nucleic acid region.
  • Recombinant gRNA molecules can comprise both the variable DNA recognition region and also the Cas interaction region and thus can be specifically designed, independently of the specific target nucleic acid and the desired Cas nuclease.
  • PAMs protospacer adjacent motifs
  • the PAM sequence for the Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has been described to be“XGG” or“NAG” (Standard IUPAC nucleotide code) (Jinek et al,“A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity”, Science 2012, 337: 816-821).
  • the PAM sequence for Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus is “ NNGRRT’ or“NNGRR(N)” .
  • CRISPR/Cas9 systems are known.
  • a Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 cleaves at the PAM sequence NNNNGATT.
  • a Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9 cleaves at the PAM sequence NNAGAAW.
  • a further PAM motif NNNNRYAC has been described for a CRISPR system of Campylobacter (WO 2016/021973 Al).
  • Cpfl nucleases it has been described that the Cpfl-crRNA complex, without a tracrRNA, efficiently recognize and cleave target DNA proceeded by a short T-rich PAM in contrast to the commonly G-rich PAMs recognized by Cas9 systems (Zetsche et al., supra).
  • CRISPR polypeptides by using modified CRISPR polypeptides, specific single-stranded breaks can be obtained.
  • the combined use of Cas nickases with various recombinant gRNAs can also induce highly specific DNA double-stranded breaks by means of double DNA nicking.
  • the specificity of the DNA binding and thus the DNA cleavage can be optimized.
  • Further CRISPR effectors like CasX and CasY effectors originally described for bacteria, are meanwhile available and represent further effectors, which can be used for genome engineering purposes (Burstein et al., “New CRISPR-Cas systems from uncultivated microbes”, Nature, 2017, 542, 237-241).
  • the cleavage site of a DSBI/SSBI enzyme relates to the exact location on the DNA or RNA where the break is induced.
  • the cleavage site may or may not be comprised in (overlap with) the recognition site of the DSBI/SSBI enzyme and hence it is said that the cleavage site of a DSBI/SSBI enzyme is located at or near its recognition site.
  • the recognition site of a DSBI/SSBI enzyme also sometimes referred to as binding site, is the nucleotide sequence that is (specifically) recognized by the DSBI/SSBI enzyme and determines its binding specificity.
  • a TALEN or ZNF monomer has a recognition site that is determined by their RVD repeats or ZF repeats respectively, whereas its cleavage site is determined by its nuclease domain (e.g. Fokl) and is usually located outside the recognition site.
  • the cleavage site is located between the two recognition/binding sites of the respective monomers, this intervening DNA or RNA region where cleavage occurs being referred to as the spacer region.
  • a DSBI/SSBI enzyme recognizing a certain recognition site and inducing a D SB or S SB at a cleavage site at or in the vicinity of the preselected/predetermined site or engineer such a DSBI/SSBI enzyme.
  • a DSBI/SSBI enzyme recognition site may be introduced into the target genome using any conventional transformation method or by crossing with an organism having a DSBI/SSBI enzyme recognition site in its genome, and any desired nucleic acid may afterwards be introduced at or in the vicinity of the cleavage site of that DSBI/SSBI enzyme.
  • a“double-stranded DNA break inducing enzyme”,“enzyme inducing a double- stranded break”, or“DSBI enzyme” is an enzyme capable of inducing a double-stranded DNA break at a particular nucleotide sequence, called the“recognition site” or“predetermined site” or“predetermined location”.
  • a“single-stranded DNA or RNA break inducing enzyme”,“enzyme inducing a single-stranded break”, or“SSBI enzyme” is an enzyme capable of inducing a single-stranded DNA or RNA break at a particular nucleotide sequence, called the“recognition site” or“predetermined site” or“predetermined location”.
  • a“repair nucleic acid molecule” or“repair matrix” is a single-stranded or double-stranded DNA molecule or RNA molecule that is used as a template for modification of the genomic DNA or the RNA at the preselected site in the vicinity of or at the cleavage site.
  • repair nucleic acid molecule is copied or integrated at the preselected site by homologous recombination between the flanking region(s) and the corresponding homology region(s) in the target genome flanking the preselected site, optionally in combination with non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) at one of the two end of the repair nucleic acid molecule (e.g. in case there is only one flanking region).
  • NHEJ non-homologous end-joining
  • a modification of the genome means that the genome has changed in at least one nucleotide or by at least one epigenetic editing.
  • a preselected site indicates a particular nucleotide sequence in the genome (e.g. the nuclear genome or the chloroplast genome) at which location it is desired to insert, replace and/or delete one or more nucleotides.
  • the at least one base editor according to the present invention is temporarily or permanently linked to at least one site-specific DSBI/SSBI enzyme complex or at least one modified site-specific DSBI/SSBI enzyme complex, or optionally to a component of said at least one site-specific DSBI/SSBI enzyme complex.
  • the linkage can be covalent and/or non-covalent.
  • Any base editor or site-specific DSBI/SSBI enzyme complex, or a catalytically active fragment thereof, or any component of a base editor complex or of a site- specific DSBI/SSBI enzyme complex as disclosed herein can be introduced into a cell as a nucleic acid fragment, the nucleic acid fragment representing or encoding a DNA, RNA or protein effector, or it can be introduced as DNA, RNA and/or protein, or any combination thereof.
  • the base editor is a protein or a fragment thereof having the capacity to mediate a targeted base modification, i.e., the conversion of a base of interest resulting in a point mutation of interest.
  • the at least one base editor in the context of the present invention is temporarily or permanently fused to at least one DSBI/SSBI enzyme, or optionally to a component of at least one DSBI/SSBI.
  • the fusion can be covalent and/or non-covalent.
  • cytidine deaminases operate on RNA, and the few examples that are known to accept DNA require single-stranded (ss) DNA.
  • ss single-stranded
  • Studies on the dCas9-target DNA complex reveal that at least nine nucleotides (nt) of the displaced DNA strand are unpaired upon formation of the Cas9-guide RNA-DNA‘R-loop’ complex (Jore et al., Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 18, 529-536 (2011)).
  • the first 11 nt of the protospacer on the displaced DNA strand are disordered, suggesting that their movement is not highly restricted.
  • these methods preferably lead to an improvement in the resistance by at least one rating score - particularly preferably, to an improvement in the resistance by at least two, three, or more rating scores.
  • the plants may then be identified that exhibit one or more mutations, as depicted in Tables 1 and 2, in an endogenous nucleic acid molecule.
  • the already mentioned plant according to the invention may be characterized by that the resistance is increased by at least one rating score, preferably by at least two or more rating scores.
  • the resistance of the plants according to the invention may be increased for example by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more percent in comparison to a control plant, which does not comprise the nucleic acid according to the invention and/or which comprises the non-functional variant thereof.
  • the increase can be measured by inoculation of one healthy leaf with an isolate of the pathogen and the determination of the infested surface after 15 days. A reduce of 5% of the infested surface corresponds to an increase of the resistance of 5%. Further parameters for the conduction of the measuring can be derived from the below given embodiment“resistance test”.
  • the method for production of a BNYVV-resistant plant comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene alternatively includes, as described above, the provision of a plant of the genus Beta or a plant cell of the genus Beta comprising the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYW resistance endogenously or transgenically, transformation of said plant cell with the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, or the corresponding vector or expression cassette and regeneration of a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell.
  • the method for production of a BNYW-resistant plant comprises the provision of a plant of the genus Beta or a plant cell of the genus Beta comprising the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYW resistance endogenously or transgenically, the introduction of a site-directed nuclease or nickase and optionally a repair matrix or a site-directed base editor into a cell of the plant, wherein the site-directed nuclease is able to generate at least one single-strand break of the DNA or at least one double-strand break of the DNA in the genome of the cell - preferably in the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention interfering with the BNYW resistance, i.e.
  • the non-functional remorin, or upstream or downstream from said nucleic acid molecule - and the repair matrix comprises the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in BNYW resistance, i.e. the functional remorin gene, or wherein the site- directed base editor is able to generate at least one single-strand break of the DNA at one of the mentioned locations and to convert at least one nucleobase.
  • the nucleobases which are preferably to be converted are listed in Table 1, above.
  • the method furthermore optionally includes the cultivation of the generated cell under conditions that allows modification of the genome at the mentioned location, wherein the modification can be a replacement, a deletion and/or an insertion of at least one nucleotide.
  • the modification might optionally occur by homology-directed repair or homologous recombination, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the genome of the plant.
  • substitution of single nucleotide might also occur with base editors, e.g. CRISPR tools; thus the repair matrix is not necessarily required.
  • the regeneration of a plant from the modified plant cell is encompassed.
  • the method for production of a BNYVV-resistant plant comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene alternatively includes the crossing of a plant of the genus Beta comprising the Rz2 resistance gene mediating BNYW resistance endogenously or transgenically with a plant comprising the functional remorin gene of the present invention, optionally in combination with the Rz2 resistance gene, and identifying and optionally selecting a plant comprising the Rz2 resistance gene and the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene both endogenously or transgenically, wherein the Rz2 resistance gene and/or said nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is present homozygously in the genome of the plant.
  • the present invention likewise relates to a method for the identification, and possibly the provision, of a plant of the species Beta vulgaris, of a portion or a seed thereof comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, and which is capable of exhibiting resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 gene, characterized in that the method includes a step of the detection of the presence and/or of the expression of said nucleic acid molecule or of the encoded polypeptide in the plant or a sample, a portion or a seed thereof. Accordingly, the presence and expression, respectively, of said nucleic acid molecule indicates that the plant is capable of exhibiting Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV.
  • the absence and lack of expression, respectively, of said nucleic acid molecule and/or the presence and/or expression of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention interfering with the resistance against BNYVV, i.e. the non- functional remorin gene indicates that the plant is not capable of or impaired in exhibiting Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV.
  • the method may include the identification and optionally selection of the plant of the species Beta vulgaris, the portion or the seed thereof comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, which is capable of exhibiting resistance against BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the identification and optionally selection of a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention which interferes with the resistance against BNYVV, i.e. the non- functional remorin gene, characterized in that the method includes a step of the detection of the presence and/or of the expression of said nucleic acid molecule or of the encoded polypeptide in the plant or a sample, a portion or a seed thereof
  • nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may be tested by means of standard methods known to the person skilled in the art, e.g., by means of PCR, RT-PCR, or Western Blot.
  • DNA hybridization probes may be derived from the sequence of the remorin gene and be used for the screening of genomic and/or cDNA banks of the desired organism.
  • the probes may be used to amplify identified homologous genes via the known process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to check whether the remorin gene is present endogenously in an organism, or has been successfully introduced heterologously.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the present invention relates to oligonucleotides of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 - preferably, at least 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, particularly preferably, at least 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50, and, especially preferably, at least 100, 200, 300, 500 or 1,000 - nucleotides in length that specifically hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, or that specifically hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which interferes with the resistance against BNYVV, or the nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to both nucleic acid sequences.
  • the invention relates to a pair of nucleic acid molecules - preferably, in the form of oligonucleotides - that is suitable for attachment as a forward and reverse primer to a region that is specific to one of said nucleic acid molecules, and for amplifying these in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the present invention thus also relates to markers as oligonucleotides - in particular, primer oligonucleotides.
  • markers comprise a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides in length that specifically hybridizes with a nucleotide sequence defined as in the preceding.
  • the present invention encompasses a pair of nucleic acid molecules - preferably, in the form of oligonucleotides or a kit containing this pair of oligonucleotides - that is suitable for hybridization as a forward and reverse primer to a region that is specific to the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, and for amplifying this in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or that is suitable as a forward and reverse primer for hybridization to a region in the Beta vulgaris genome that, in Beta vulgaris, exhibits a cosegregation with the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV, i.e.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the oligonucleotide or the pair of oligonucleotides is suitable for hybridization to a region in the Beta vulgaris genome that, in Beta vulgaris, cosegregates with the functional remorin gene together with the Rz2 gene, or with the non- functional remorin gene together with the Rz2 gene.
  • Table 3 Markers flanking remorin and the Rz2 gene as shown in Figure 7.
  • the oligonucleotide or the pair of oligonucleotides of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of those set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 24 to 40.
  • 74 markers have been identified between remorin and Rz2, three of which are exemplified in Figure 7: s3e5782s01 (SEQ ID NO: 30; non-functional allele: T), s3e4913xxx (SEQ ID NO: 31; non-functional allele: T) and s3e5800s01 (SEQ ID NO: 32; non-functional allele: T).
  • Figure 7 also shows marker positions distal to Remorin and proximal to Rz2, which define flanking areas that can be used for marker assisted breeding (MAS) with the aim of introducing a functional remorin.
  • MAS marker assisted breeding
  • Table 4 Markers located between remorin and the Rz2 gene as shown in Figure 7.
  • Table 5 Markers located in the remorin gene as shown in Figure 7.
  • the oligonucleotide according to the invention may be connected to a fluorescent dye in order to generate a fluorescence signal, e.g., under excitation via light of the corresponding wavelength.
  • the fluorescent dye may be fluorochrome.
  • the oligonucleotides according to the invention may be coupled with other compounds that are suitable for generating a signal. Such oligonucleotides do not occur in nature and also cannot be isolated from nature. The following is executed to produce such marked oligonucleotides: DNA may be marked bio-orthogonally. For this, DNA may be marked in vivo or in vitro with nucleoside analogs, which, for example, may subsequently be coupled with a fluorophore per Staudinger reaction.
  • DNA may also be chemically provided with fluorophores. Oligonucleotides may be marked via a phosphoramidite synthesis with fluorophores that, for example, are used in QPCR, DNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization. Furthermore, DNA may be generated enzymatically in the course of a polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent nucleotides, or be marked with a ligase or a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. DNA may also be detected indirectly via a biotinylation and fluorescent avidin. For couplings, fluorescein, fluorescent lanthanides, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, or quantum dots, among other things, are used as fluorophores.
  • FAM fluorescein
  • oligonucleotides and, in particular, primers that possess a FAM marking are encompassed by the invention.
  • FAM is preferably present as 6-FAM, wherein - depending upon the desired wavelength of the emission and excitation - other FAM variants, e.g., 5-FAM, may, however, also be used.
  • additional fluorescence markers are AlexaFluor, ATTO, Dabcyl, HEX, Rox, TET, T exas Red, and Y akima Y ellow.
  • the oligonucleotides may be furnished with modifications of the bases or of the sugar phosphate spine.
  • amino-dT amino-dT
  • azide-dT 2-aminopurine
  • 5-Br-dC 2-aminopurine
  • INO 2'-deoxyinosine
  • 3'- deoxy-A C
  • G 5-Met-dC
  • 5-OH-Met-dCN6-Met-dA amino-dT
  • others amino-dT, azide-dT, 2-aminopurine,5-Br-dC, 2'-deoxyinosine (INO), 3'- deoxy-A, C, G, 5-Met-dC, 5-OH-Met-dCN6-Met-dA, and others.
  • the identification method according to the invention also includes the detection of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, by means of detection of at least one polymorphism between the functional remorin gene and the non functional remorin gene, i.e. between the sequences of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which is involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV and the sequences of the variant of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which interferes with said resistance, using molecular markers that detect one or more polymorphisms. Examples for those polymorphisms are given in Table 1.
  • the presence of at least one marker locus in the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention indicates that the plant is capable of exhibiting Rz2 mediated resistance against BYNVV.
  • the non-functional remorin gene or in a cosegregating region indicates that the plant is not capable of or impaired in exhibiting Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV.
  • the method may include the identification and optionally selection of the plant of the species Beta vulgaris, the portion or the seed thereof comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, which is capable of exhibiting resistance against BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant.
  • a plant comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which interferes with the BNYVV resistance, i.e. the non-functional remorin gene, can be identified.
  • the non-functional remorin variant comprises the nucleic acid and amino acid sequence, respectively as defined above, i.e. having the specific nucleic acid and amino acid substitutions, respectively as shown in Tables 1 and 2 and depicted in Figures 2 and 3.
  • a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention consequently includes the detection of at least one polymorphism that is presented in Figure 2 using molecular markers which detect the polymorphisms - in particular, diagnostic polymorphisms. This detection preferably occurs using at least one molecular marker per polymorphism - in particular, per diagnostic polymorphism.
  • the identification method of the invention includes a step of detecting at least one marker locus in a region cosegregating with the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.
  • the cosegregating region is a genomic interval in Beta vulgaris on chromosome 3 which comprises and is flanked by marker loci detectable by means of (i) the markers s3e5985s01 (SEQ ID No. 33) and s3p4348s01 (SEQ ID No. 27), and/or (ii) the markers s3p4351s01 (SEQ ID No. 29) and s3e2247xxx (SEQ ID No. 40), preferably by means of
  • the method of the present invention used for the identification of a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, and which is capable of exhibiting resistance against BNYVV mediated by the Rz2 gene, if present in the genome of the plant, is characterized by optionally further comprising the detection of the presence and/or expression of the Rz2 gene or the presence of the polypeptide encoded by the Rz2 gene in the plant, the portion thereof or the seed thereof; and/or the detection of at least one marker locus in the Rz2 gene or in one or more regions cosegregating with the Rz2 gene, preferably cosegregating with a chromosomal interval comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, and the Rz2 gene.
  • the identified and optionally selected plant, the portion thereof or the seed thereof comprises said nucleic acid molecule and the Rz2 gene.
  • the at least one marker locus in the nucleotide sequence of the Rz2 gene is detectable by means of the marker s3e5853s01 (SEQ ID No. 26) and wherein the in one or more regions cosegregating with the Rz2 gene are genomic intervals in Beta vulgaris on chromosome 3 which comprise and are flanked by marker loci detectable by means of
  • the in one or more regions cosegregating with the chromosomal interval comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene, and the Rz2 gene are genomic intervals in Beta vulgaris on chromosome 3 which comprise and are flanked by marker loci detectable by means of
  • the oligonucleotides or the pairs of oligonucleotides of the present invention are used for identifying and/or selecting a plant of the species Beta vulgaris capable exhibiting resistance to BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant, or which capability of resistance to BNYVV mediated by Rz2, if present in the genome of the plant, is impaired.
  • the present invention also relates to a marker chip (“DNA chip” or microarray) which contains at least one oligonucleotide according to the invention that is suitable for detection.
  • the marker chip is suitable for application in one or more detection methods according to the invention.
  • the invention likewise includes a method for production of the protein according to the invention.
  • the method includes the provision or cultivation of a cell culture which contains the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional and non-functional remorin gene, respectively, and the subsequent expression of the corresponding protein.
  • the present invention also relates to a BNYVV-resistant plant or a portion thereof which was identified, and, if applicable, selected, via a method as described above.
  • the present invention relates to a population of plants comprising plants that are available according to one of the methods of the invention as described above, and that preferably are resistant to rhizomania, i.e.
  • the population preferably has at least 10 - preferably, at least 50, more preferably, at least 100, particularly preferably, at least 500, and, particularly in agricultural farming, preferably at least 1,000 - plants.
  • the proportion of plants in the population that do not carry said nucleic acid molecule, do carry the nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention which interferes with the BNYVV resistance, i.e. the non-functional remorin, and/or are susceptible to BNYVV is preferably below 25% - preferably, below 20%, more preferably, below 15%, even more preferably, 10%, and, in particular, preferably below 5%, if present at all.
  • Sequence information as well as the identified polymorphisms which allow a differentiation between functional and non functional variants of the disclosed gene, i.e. between the alleles that are involved in Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance and the alleles interfering with said resistance, enable the marker development directly in the gene, as described above, as well as in the upstream and downstream regions, which represents an important improvement for the plant breeder - in particular, with regard to the development of optimized elite lines without“linkage drag.”
  • knowledge about the sequential structure may be used for the identification of additional remorin or remorin-like genes which are homologous or orthologous, for example.
  • the present invention also encompasses a method for the identification of additional nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides or additional proteins that are involved in Rz2 mediated resistance against BNYVV in a plant in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • the person skilled in the art may thereby use databases, employing suitable search profiles and computer programs for the screening for homologous sequences or for sequence comparisons.
  • the person skilled in the art may himself derive additional DNA sequences encoding remorin proteins, and use these within the scope of the present invention.
  • suitable hybridization probes may be derived from the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention and be used for the screening of genomic and/or cDNA banks of the desired organism.
  • the present invention therefore encompasses a method for the identification of a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide that is involved in conferring a resistance against BNYVV in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris in which the polypeptide is expressed.
  • the method thereby includes the comparison of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide according to the invention with amino acid sequences from a sequence database, or with sequences of allelic variants of the polypeptide according to the invention in genotypes of the species Beta vulgaris.
  • the method according to the invention includes the identification of an amino acid sequence or of an allelic variant that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide according to the invention, as well as the introduction of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the identified amino acid sequence or allelic variant in a plant of the species Beta vulgaris comprising the Rz2 resistance gene; expression of the nucleic acid molecule in said plant; and, optionally, subsequent verification of the resistance against BNYVV.
  • additional proteins being involved in Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance or their coding genes i.e., homologs, analogs, and orthologs, that are at least 70% - preferably, at least 80%, particularly preferably, at least 90%, especially preferably, at least 95%, or even 98% - identical to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide which is encoded by the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may be identified via classical bioinformatic approaches (database searches and computer programs for screening for homologous sequences).
  • homolog(s) thereby means that the genes concerned (from two different plant species) have essentially the same function and a common ancestor, and therefore typically show a significant identity in their nucleic acid or coded amino acid sequences.
  • genes that are homologous to one another without protein sequences resulting in a meaningful paired alignment.
  • analog(s) describes genes or proteins that (likewise) have an identical or similar function, but are not created from the same structure, i.e., have no common ancestor. In this case, often, no significant identity can be established in their nucleic acid or encoded amino acid sequence, or, in the best case, in specific functional domains.
  • ortho logs are genes that are connected via a speciation event.
  • Paralogs are genes that trace back to a duplication event.
  • a gene is fundamentally a homolog or analog or ortholog in the sense of the present invention if it is involved in conferring Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in a plant.
  • methods which have already been described in the preceding and known to the person skilled in the art are used, e.g., the amplification of the identified homolog or analog or ortholog by means of PCR, cloning in expression vectors, introduction into the target plant or plant cell, and checking the resistance.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, i.e. the functional remorin allele, in a genetic or molecular stack with other genetic elements which may confer agronomically advantageous properties to the plant.
  • the economic value of cultivated plants may thereby be markedly increased, in that, for example, the yield performance is increased in comparison to plants that possess the same genetics, but have not been furnished with said nucleic acid molecule or which comprise the non-functional variant of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to the use of the identified remorin gene in methods for controlling an infestation with the pathogen BNYVV in the agricultural or horticultural cultivation of plants of the genus Beta, e.g., encompassing the identification and selection of plants of the genus Beta with the aid of one of the methods described in the preceding and/or the cultivation of the plants so selected or descendants thereof.
  • the present invention thus includes a method for the cultivation of plants of the species Beta vulgaris, including, in a first step, the provision of BNYW-resistant plants of the species Beta vulgaris according to the invention, or the production of plants of the species Beta vulgaris with the aid of the production method according to the invention, or the identification and selection of plants of the species Beta vulgaris with the aid of the identification method according to the invention that has been described in the preceding, wherein the provision may include planting the corresponding seedlings or sowing the corresponding seeds of the present invention; and including, in a second step, the cultivation of the plants from the first step, or the deployment of seed stock of the plants from the first step, or the raising of plants from the first step.
  • the cultivation method thereby counteracts an infestation of the cultivated plants by BNYVV.
  • the cultivation method may be part of a method for producing sugar.
  • the method for the production of sugar includes the steps of the cultivation method, and additionally, as a penultimate step, the harvesting of the cultivated plants, and, as a last step, the extraction of sugar from the aforesaid plants.
  • the cultivation method may also be part of a method for producing seed stock.
  • the method for the production of seed stock includes the steps of the cultivation method, and additionally, as a penultimate step, the vernalization of the cultivated plants, and, as a last step, the extraction of seeds from the aforesaid plants.
  • the extracted seeds may optionally be pelleted, in order to obtain pelleted seed stock of the species Beta vulgaris. In this instance, it is a method for the production of pelleted seed stock.
  • the method for the production of seed stock may be designed as a method for the production of BNYVV-resistant seed stock.
  • the method for the production of BNYVV- resistant seed stock includes the steps of the method described above for the production of seed stock, and additionally, as a last step, the verification of the nucleic acid according to the invention, i.e. the functional remorin gene according to a method described herein in at least one of the extracted seeds - preferably, in at least 0.1% or in at least 1% of the extracted seeds.
  • the verification is particularly preferably implemented so that the seed remains germinable. This means that the extraction of the DNA required for verification from the seed does not neutralize the germinability of the seed.
  • the verification of the nucleic acid according to the invention may have taken place in an especially large proportion of all extracted seeds. For example, the verification may take place in at least 2% - preferably, at least 3%, particularly preferably, at least 4% - of all extracted seeds.
  • the plants according to the invention, their cells, or seeds or seed stock according to the invention may possess additional, agronomically advantageous properties, or be furnished with such.
  • One example is the tolerance or resistance to an herbicide such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or ALS inhibitors.
  • the tolerance to glyphosate or an ALS-inhibitor herbicide is preferred.
  • a specific embodiment of the glyphosate resistance is disclosed in US 7,335,816 B2.
  • Such a glyphosate resistance is, for example, available from seed stock stored at the NCIMB, Aberdeen (Scotland, UK), under the access number, NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB 41159.
  • Such seeds may be used in order to obtain a glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet plant.
  • the glyphosate resistance may also be introduced into other species of the genus Beta via crossing.
  • ALS-inhibitor herbicide resistance is disclosed in the document, WO2012/049268 Al .
  • such an ALS-inhibitor herbicide resistance is available from a deposit of NCIMB, Aberdeen, UK, under the number NCIMB 41705.
  • such an ALS-inhibitor resistance may be produced via tilling or site-directed mutagenesis, e.g., via gene editing, such as through the use of CRISPR/Cas, CRISPR/Cpfl, TALENS or zinc finger nucleases.
  • Numerous additional herbicides and their applicability are known to the person skilled in the art from the prior art. He may resort to the prior art in order to achieve knowledge of which genetic elements are to be used in what manner in order to implement a corresponding tolerance in plants.
  • pathogens may be amongst other insects, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, or fungi, cold tolerance or frost tolerance as well as water usage efficiency, nitrogen usage efficiency, and yield.
  • pathogens may be amongst other insects, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, or fungi, cold tolerance or frost tolerance as well as water usage efficiency, nitrogen usage efficiency, and yield.
  • the person skilled in the art may also resort to the prior art to find suitable genetic elements.
  • the present invention also relates to seeds or descendants, or to an organ, a plant part, a tissue, or a cell thereof in the production of products that are typically produced from sustainable raw materials, such as foodstuffs and animal feed - preferably, sugar or syrup (molasses), wherein the molasses is also used for industrial applications, e.g., in alcohol production or as a growing medium for the production of biotechnological products, in the production of materials or substances for the chemical industry, e.g., refined chemicals, pharmaceuticals or precursors thereof, diagnostics, cosmetics, bioethanol, or biogas.
  • molasses sugar or syrup
  • An example of the use of sugar beet as a biogenic raw material in biogas plants is described in the application DE 10 2012 022 178 Al; see, for example, paragraph 10.
  • SEQ ID No. 4 amino acid sequence of the non-functional remorin polypeptide (haplotype 1)
  • SEQ ID No. 6 genomic sequence of the functional remorin gene (haplotyp 2)
  • SEQ ID No. 12 amino acid sequence of the functional remorin polypeptide (haplotype 3)
  • SEQ ID No. 14 genomic sequence of the functional remorin gene (haplotyp 4)
  • SEQ ID No. 54 nucleotide sequence including the functional remorin gene (haplotyp 5), flanking regions and Rz2
  • SEQ ID No. 55 nucleotide sequence including the non-functional remorin gene (haplotyp 1), flaking regions and Rz2
  • Example 1 Identification and genetic mapping of a gene being involved in Rz2 mediated
  • BNYW resistance i.e. the functional remorin gene
  • the variant interfering with said resistance i.e. the non-functional remorin gene.
  • Beta vulgaris In order to localize the non-functional remorin gene leading after expression of the corresponding polypeptide to suppression of the Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance in plants of the species Beta vulgaris, genetic mapping has been performed. For this purpose, two Beta vulgaris lines comprising the Rz2 resistance allele were crossed, wherein one parent line comprised the non-functional remorin gene and the second parent line was resistant to rhizomania. The gene of interest could then be genetically localized in the offspring population near the Rz2 locus. However, this area still contained too many genes to name a specific candidate. Parallel to genetic mapping, the patterns of molecular markers in multigenic breeding material were analyzed.
  • this marker is genetically located only about 0.75 cM and physically about 381 kbp away from the RZ-2 resistance gene, detectable for example by marker s3e5853s01 (SEQ ID NO: 26) at genetic position 41.7471132 cM on chromosome 3 (physical position: 9,268,704 bp).
  • transient assays for functional analysis are performed, preferably on leaf tissue. These are based on the transient gene expression of test constructs (for example plasmids, wherein the genes to be tested are under the expression control of a promoter active in plants) and the subsequent measurement of a hypersensitive response (cell death reaction) as a proxy for triggering resistance reactions.
  • test constructs for example plasmids, wherein the genes to be tested are under the expression control of a promoter active in plants
  • a hypersensitive response cell death reaction
  • For the transfer of the test constructs into plant tissue for example, a particle bombardment or a local transformation by means of Agrobacterium infiltration is used. Cell death reactions can be measured visually (cell collapse, yellowing, fluorescence under UV light) or by measuring the reporter gene activity of a co-transformed reporter gene ( e.g . luciferase). A reduction in reporter gene activity correlates with increased cell death activity.
  • Assay 1 Comparison of the cell death reaction after expression of the TGB1 gene in two genotypes comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 ( Figure 4)
  • Genotype 1 contains the functional allele of the remorin
  • genotype 2 contains the non-functional allele of the remorin.
  • This test can also be used to screen new genotypes for functional alleles or allele combinations of Rz2 and remorin. It is also potentially suitable for screening genotypes having other genes interfering with the Rz2 mediated BNYVV resistance.
  • Assay 2 Comparison of the cell death reaction after expression of the TGB1 gene and remorin genes in genotypes comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 ( Figure 5)
  • a genotype comprising the resistance allele of Rz2 and the functional allele of remorin is used for the assay.
  • TGB1 is transiently expressed in combination with the non functional allele of remorin.
  • transient expression of TGB1 in combination with an empty vector control or transient expression of TGB1 in combination with the functional allele of remorin is performed. In the latter two combinations, cell death triggering can be measured. In comparison, the degree of cell death triggering for the combination of TGB1 and non-functional remorin allele is reduced or absent altogether.
  • non-functional remorin allele is dominant over the functional allele of remorin.
  • Dominant means that even in the heterozygous state (non-functional allele on one chromosome set / functional remorin allele on the other chromosome set), it develops its full effect, i.e. the non- functional allele inhibits or prevents the development of resistance in any case. Conversely, this means that Rz2 can only develop its resistance effect if the functional remorin gene is homozygous.
  • TGB 1 , Rz2 and a functional or non- functional allele of remorin can take place in a genotype without Rz2 or in alternative test systems such as Nicotiana species.
  • functional remorin When functional remorin is used, a higher cell death rate can be measured compared to the use of non-functional remorin.
  • the test can also be used in a modified form to compare genotypes with allelic variations of remorin or Rz2.
  • the test construct with the respective gene to be examined is kept out of the transient expression and only the other components are expressed transiently.
  • the expression of the cell death reaction can be used as a measure for the functionality of the variable alleles.
  • Example 3 Proof of interaction between the polypeptide encoded by Rz2 and the polypeptide encoded by TGB1 in Nicotiana benthamiana
  • Infiltration medium lOOml of infiltration medium have been provided by the following steps: lOOmM MgCk solution has been mixed with 0,5M MES/KOH pH5,6 as well as 0,05M Acetosyringone and subsequently the end volume has been adjusted to lOOml by adding sterile H2O.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the above listed constructs have been provided. Each culture in LB medium of 3ml volume. Antibiotics have been added depending on the resistance encoded by the above given constructs selected from the group consisting of: rifampicin, spectinomycin, gentamycin and kanamycin. The incubation took place over night at 28°C on a shaker at l80rpm.
  • the bacterial suspension rested for 2h at room temperature. Subsequently, the different bacterial suspensions have been mixed in a relation appropriate for the infiltration: 1 :1.
  • the infiltration has been performed via an lml insulin syringe on the underside of the leaf.
  • the infiltration site as well as the infiltrated leaf have been tagged.
  • Leaf discs of the sugar beet variety Danicia have been transiently transformed via particle bombardment with different construct combinations. Afterwards the activity of the reporter protein luciferase has been determined in the protein extract. It could be shown that the combination of Rz2_C48 with BNYVV TGBl triggers an immune response which comes along with cell death and a reduced activity of the luciferase reporter protein.
  • Plasmids for bimolecular fluorescence complementation have been provided. These plasmids encoded protein fusions with split parts of the Venus fluorescence protein. We were able to observe fluorescence signals after coexpression of BNYVV-TGB1 constructs in combination with constructs comprising an allele encoding the functional variant of remorin in Nicotiana benthamiana. This fluorescence signal was not observed after expression of any of the two individual constructs. The resulting data proof the chemical interaction between the functional variant of remorin and the viral protein TGB1.
  • This experiment indicates a protein-protein interaction between g23238_Remorin and BNYVV TGBl, the viral protein that activates Rz2_C48 resistance. This result is supporting data for the involvement of g23238_Remorin in the BNYVV TGBl detection by Rz2_C48.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé permettant d'établir, de restaurer ou d'augmenter la résistance à médiation par le gène Rz2 vis-à-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes nécrotiques de la betterave (BNYVV) dans une plante cible activée par l'identification et la fourniture d'un gène qui module ladite résistance selon l'invention. En particulier, la résistance au BNYVV à médiation par le gène de résistance Rz2 dépend de la présence du gène selon la présente invention. Le gène impliqué dans l'octroi de ladite résistance, et des modes de réalisation de la présente invention offrent des utilisations supplémentaires, par exemple, l'utilisation de l'allèle de gène modifiant la résistance dans des approches cis-génétiques ou trans-génétiques, en vue de développer de nouveaux cultivars résistants.
PCT/EP2019/074285 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 Gène modifiant la résistance vis-à-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes nécrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv) WO2020053313A1 (fr)

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US17/274,692 US20210340557A1 (en) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv)-resistance modifying gene
JP2021513442A JP2022500039A (ja) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 ビートえそ性葉脈黄化ウイルス（ｂｎｙｖｖ）抵抗性を改変する遺伝子
EA202192906A EA202192906A1 (ru) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 Ген, модифицирующий устойчивость к вирусу некротической желтой прожилки свеклы (bnyvv)
CA3112387A CA3112387A1 (fr) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 Gene modifiant la resistance vis-a-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes necrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv)
EP19765281.1A EP3849999A1 (fr) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 Gène modifiant la résistance vis-à-vis du virus des nervures jaunissantes nécrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv)
CN201980073995.5A CN112996804A (zh) 2018-09-11 2019-09-11 甜菜坏死性黄脉病毒(bnyvv)抗性修饰基因

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EP18193892.9A EP3623379A1 (fr) 2018-09-11 2018-09-11 Gène de modification de résistance au virus des nervures jaunes nécrotiques de la betterave (bnyvv)

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EP3011037B1 (fr) 2013-06-17 2018-10-10 Kws Saat Se Gène de résistance à la rhizomanie
US11266087B1 (en) 2020-10-02 2022-03-08 Vilmorin-Mikado SAS Beet cultivar named Amarena

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CN114182038B (zh) * 2021-11-29 2024-01-30 河南师范大学 一种菠菜y染色体特异的核苷酸探针及其应用

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EP3011037B1 (fr) 2013-06-17 2018-10-10 Kws Saat Se Gène de résistance à la rhizomanie
US11266087B1 (en) 2020-10-02 2022-03-08 Vilmorin-Mikado SAS Beet cultivar named Amarena

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