Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
  • A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
  • A01N37/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof the nitrogen atom being directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. anilides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/46—N-acyl derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
  • A01N43/42—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to agricultural formulations in which at least one of the components is an active compound (e.g., an insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, among others) that is susceptible to crystal formation, or recrystallization in the particular media of the agricultural formulation (e.g., water).
• an active compound e.g., an insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, among others
• Crystal formation can lead to reduced storage stability, inconsistent application to the crop or field, disruption of application equipment (e.g., clogging), and in some cases, reduced efficacy.
• Processes to reduce crystal size e.g., grinding, milling, etc., are expensive, and often impractical once an agricultural formulation is formulated and/or packaged. Thus there is a need to reduce, prevent, or mitigate crystal formation or recrystallization of active compounds in agricultural formulations.
• the present invention includes a method of inhibiting crystallization of an active compound including preparing a formulation of the active compound by milling the active compound with a polymer, a dispersant and/or a wetting agent, and water.
• the method includes an active compound selected from the group consisting of fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, herbicides, safeners, growth regulators, and combinations thereof.
• the method includes an active compound that has a water solubility of at least about 0.5 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the method includes an active compound that has a water solubility of at least about 100 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the method includes an active compound that has a water solubility of at least about 500 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the method includes an active compound that has a water solubility of at least about 1000 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the method includes an active compound that has a water solubility of less than about 10000 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7.
• the polymer is a polyelectrolyte.
• the polymer comprises hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers.
• the polymer consists essentially of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers.
• the polymer comprises styrene and methacrylic acid monomers.
• the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of between about 1:1: and about 1:9.
• the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of between about 2:3 and about 1:4.
• the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of about 3:7.
• the polymer comprises 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) monomers and ethyl acrylate monomers.
• AMPS 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
• the polymer has a weight ratio of AMPS monomers to ethyl acrylate monomers of between about 1:4 and about 4:1.
• the active compound is selected from the group consisting of acetamiprid, cloquintocet-mexyl, propanil, and metalaxyl. In some embodiments, the active compound is selected from neonicotinoid insecticides, phenylamide fungicides, anilide herbicides, amide herbicides, and herbicide safeners.
• the present inventions include a formulation including an active compound, a polymer, a dispersant, and/or a wetting agent, and water.
• the active compound is selected from the group consisting of fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, herbicides, safeners, growth regulators, and combinations thereof.
• the active compound has a water solubility of at least about 0.5 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the active compound has a water solubility of at least about 100 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the active compound has a water solubility of at least about 500 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some
• the active compound has a water solubility of at least about 1000 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the active compound has a water solubility of less than about 10000 ppm at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius and a pH of about 7.
• the polymer comprises hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers. [0012] In some embodiments, the polymer consists essentially of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises styrene and methacrylic acid monomers. In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of between about 1:1: and about 1:9.
• the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of between about 2:3 and about 1:4. In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight ratio of styrene monomers to methacrylic acid monomers of about 3:7.
• the polymer comprises AMPS monomers and ethyl acrylate monomers. In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight ratio of AMPS monomers to ethyl acrylate monomers of between about 1:4 and about 4:1.
• Figure 1 is a series of photographs from microscope (400x magnification), of three different formulations of acetamiprid prepared according to Example 1.
• the formulation on the right was prepared without any crystallization inhibiting polymer
• the formulation in the middle photo included a methacrylic acid-co-styrene polymer
• the formulation on the left picture included an AMPS-co-ethyl acrylate polymer.
• Figure 2 is a series of two photographs from microscope (400x magnification) of a formulation of acetamiprid containing crystallization inhibiting polymer prepared according to Example 2, both at the time of preparation (left side photograph) and after storage for two weeks at 54 degrees Celsius (right side photograph).
• Figure 3 is a photograph of two formulations of propanil herbicide, prepared according to Example 3.
• Figure 4 is a pair of photographs under microscope (400x magnification) of metalaxyl formulation prepared according to Example 4.
• the formulation in the photograph on the left includes polymeric crystallization inhibitor, and the formulation on the right omitted the polymer crystallization inhibitor.
• Figure 5 is a pair of photographs demonstrating the flowability of the two formulations prepared according to Example 4, by placing a sample of the formulation in a high-density polyethylene (H DPE) bottle and inverting the bottle.
• the formulation in the photograph on the left includes polymeric crystallization inhibitor, and the formulation on the right omitted the polymer crystallization inhibitor.
• Figure 6 is a pair of photographs from microscope (400x magnification) of a formulation of metalaxyl formulation prepared according to Example 6. The left side photograph is after the formulation was prepared, and the right photograph was after 3 weeks of storage at 45 degrees Celsius.
• Figure 7 is a photograph of various metalaxyl solutions prepared according to Example 7, after overnight storage at 54 degrees Celsius followed by 1 day storage at room temperature.
• the present invention relates to the use of polymers and other adjuvants used in conjunction with active compounds to prevent, reduce or mitigate crystallization or recrystallization of the active compounds.
• the active compounds have certain physical and chemical properties that demonstrate a greater susceptibility, as compared to other active compounds in the same or similar class, to crystallization and recrystallization in a liquid environment, in particular, an aqueous environment.
• the active compounds are moderately soluble in a liquid media. In some embodiments, the active compounds are moderately water soluble.
• Applicant has recognized that specific polymers, alone or in combination, with specific compositions can limit, mitigate, or reduce the rate of crystal formation or growth in active compounds.
• the polymers are used alone, or in combination, as part of an end-use, agricultural formulation.
• the polymers are used in combination with certain surfactant compounds.
• Crystal formation is also influenced by the storage conditions, in particular, temperature, as the rate of formation is, in part, dependent upon an active compound's water solubility, which is in turn variable based on temperature.
• controlled storage conditions are used in order to evaluate the crystal formation rate.
• storage at room temperature e.g., approximately 22 degrees Celsius, or approximately 23 degrees Celsius
• storage in temperature controlled oven at either 45 degrees Celsius or 54 degrees Celsius are used to evaluate crystal formation rate over fixed periods of time (e.g., approximately 1 week, approximately 2 weeks, approximately 3 weeks, approximately 6 weeks, approximately 1 month, approximately 2 months, approximately 3 months, approximately 4 months, approximately 6 months, approximately one year, approximately two years, etc.).
• These conditions and time periods are meant to recreate actual storage conditions and time periods for end-use agricultural formulation (e.g., approximately six-month storage at approximately room temperature) or to mimic long term storage in a shorter period of time by using a high temperature (e.g., approximately two weeks storage at approximately 54 degrees Celsius), or meant to recreate the temperature extremes encountered in the transport or storage of end-use agriculture formulations (e.g., approximately one week, or approximately two weeks at 45 degrees Celsius.).
• the addition of the crystal inhibit polymer compounds to the end-use formulation results in either smaller crystals formed (measured by e.g., average diameter, or average longest dimension), and/or fewer crystals in a given volume of the end-use formulation, as compared to an end-use formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• a common storage stability test is to store end-use formulation samples for between about 3 weeks and about 6 weeks in an oven set at 45°C. This storage stability test is typical for end-use formulations in the agricultural formulation field.
• the samples can range in size from about 10 milliliters to about 1 liter.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 10% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (6 weeks of storage at 45 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 15% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 20% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (6 weeks of storage at 45 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 25% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 30% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (6 weeks of storage at 45 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 40% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 50% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (6 weeks of storage at 45 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 60% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• Another common storage stability test is to store end-use formulation samples for 2 weeks in an oven set to 54°C. This particular test is designed to approximate the results of storing the same samples for 2 years at room temperature. This storage stability test is typical for end-use formulations in the agricultural formulation field. The samples can range in size from 10 milliliters to 1 liter.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 10% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (2 weeks of storage at 54 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 15% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 20% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (2 weeks of storage at 54 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 25% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 30% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (2 weeks of storage at 54 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 40% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers is reduced by approximately 50% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers. In some embodiments, under these storage conditions (2 weeks of storage at 54 °C), the size of crystals formed of an end-use suspension concentrate formulation containing crystal inhibiting polymers, is reduced by approximately 60% as compared to an end-use suspension concentrate formulation of the same composition, excepting the addition of the crystal inhibiting polymers.
• the polymer is a polyelectrolyte.
• Polyelectrolytes are polymers that contain monomer units of ionized or ionizable functional groups, they can be linear, branched, hyperbranched or dendrimeric, and they can be synthetic or naturally occurring.
• Ionizable functional groups are functional groups that can be rendered charged by adjusting solution conditions, while ionized functional group refers to chemical functional groups that are charged regardless of solution conditions.
• the ionized or ionizable functional group can be cationic or anionic, and can be continuous along the entire polymer chain (e.g., in a homopolymer), or can have different functional groups dispersed along the polymer chain, as in the case of a co-polymer (e.g., a random co-polymer).
• the polymer can be made up of monomer units that contain functional groups that are either anionic, cationic, both anionic and cationic, and can also include other monomer units that impart a specific desirable property to the polymer.
• the polyelectrolyte is a homopolymer.
• homopolymer polyelectrolytes are: poly(acry lie acid), poly(methacrylic acid), polystyrene sulfonate), poly(ethyleneimine), chitosan, poly(dimethylammonium chloride), poly(allylamine hydrochloride), and carboxymethyl cellulose.
• the polyelectrolyte is a co-polymer.
• 2, 3, 4, or more different monomeric species can comprise the co-polymer.
• the monomer can be selected from any of the monomeric species described below, particularly including carboxylic acids, styrene, styrene based monomers, other aryl-vinyl monomers, alkyl acrylates, and other alpha-beta unsaturated monomers.
• the co-polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer species and at least one hydrophobic monomer species.
• the polyelectrolyte co-polymer is poly(methacrylic acid-co-styrene).
• the polyelectrolyte can be made from one or more monomer units to form homopolymers, copolymers or graft copolymers of: carboxylic acids including acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and maleic acid; polyoxyethylenes or polyethylene oxide; and unsaturated ethylenic mono or dicarboxylic acids; lactic acids; amino acids; amines
• the polyelectrolyte polymer can include groups derived from polysaccharides such as dextran, gums, cellulose, or carboxymethyl cellulose.
• the weight ratio of the monomer species e.g., methacrylic acid to styrene in the poly(methacrylic acid co-styrene)) polymer is between about 50:50 and about 95:5. It is to be understood that any of the previously described monomers can be used in any of the ratio described herein. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of methacrylic acid to styrene in the poly(methacrylic acid co- styrene) polymer is between about 70:30 and about 95:5.
• the weight ratio of methacrylic acid to styrene in the poly(methacrylic acid co- styrene) polymer is between about 80:20 and about 95:5. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of methacrylic acid to styrene in the poly(methacrylic acid co- styrene) polymer is between about 85:15 and about 95:5.
• a third, fourth, or fifth monomer species may be present in any amount up to about 40 percent by weight of the monomers in the polyelectrolyte polymer.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 and about 4,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 20,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 50,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 75,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 100,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 150,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 200,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 50,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 75,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 100,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 150,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 200,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 50,000 and about 100,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 50,000 and about 150,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 200,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 100,000 and about 2,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 100,000 and about 1,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 100,000 and about 750,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 100,000 and about 500,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 100,000 and about 200,000 Daltons.
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 200,000 and about 2,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 200,000 and about 1,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 200,000 and about 500,000 Daltons. In some
• the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 300,000 and about 2,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 300,000 and about 1,000,000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte polymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 300,000 and about 500,000 Daltons.
• the apparent molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte polymer e.g., the molecular weight determined via certain analytical measurements such as size exclusion
• a crosslinked polyelectrolyte polymer of the present disclosure might have a higher actual molecular weight than the experimentally determined apparent molecular weight.
• a crosslinked polyelectrolyte polymer of the present disclosure might be a high molecular weight polymer despite having a low apparent molecular weight.
• the final formulations can be prepared with a range of average diameters, e.g., between about 1 nm and about 2000 nm (about 2 pm).
• the size of the nanoparticles can be adjusted in part by varying the size and number of polymers that are included in the nanoparticles.
• the average diameter ranges from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, from about 1 nm to about 20 nm, from about 1 nm to about 30 nm, from about 1 nm to about 50 nm, from about 10 nm to about 50 nm, from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, from about 20 nm to about 100 nm, from about 20 nm to about 100 nm, from about 50 nm to about 200 nm, from about 50 nm to about 250 nm, from about 50 nm to about 300 nm, from about 100 nm to about 250 nm, from about 100 nm to about 300 nm, from about 200 nm to about 300 nm, from about 200 nm to about 500 nm, from about 250 nm to about 500 nm, from about 300 nm to about 500 nm from about 250 nm to about 500 nm, from about 300 nm to about 500 nm from about 250
• average diameters described herein are based on volume average particle sizes that were measured in solution by dynamic light scattering on a Malvern Zetasizer ZS in CI PAC D water, 0.1M NaCI, or in deionized water at 200 ppm active concentration.
• Various forms of microscopies can also be used to visualize the sizes of the nanoparticles such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy.
• the active compound is associated with the polyelectrolyte polymer.
• the associating step may involve milling the active compound in the presence of polyelectrolyte polymer. It is surprising that if the active compound alone is milled under these conditions, the resulting particle size is significantly larger than if it is milled in the presence of the polyelectrolyte polymer. In general, size reduction processes such as milling do not enable the production of particle sizes that are produced via milling in the presence of polyelectrolyte polymer of the current disclosure, without excessively long milling times.
• Non-limiting examples of milling methods that may be used for the association step can be found in U.S. Patent No. 6,604,698 and include ball milling, bead milling, jet milling, media milling, and homogenization, as well as other milling methods known to those of skill in the art.
• Non-limiting examples of mills that can be for the association step include attritor mills, ball mills, colloid mills, high pressure homogenizers, horizontal mills, jet mills, swinging mills, and vibratory mills.
• the associating step may involve milling the active compound in the presence of the pre formed polymer nanoparticles and an aqueous phase.
• the associating step may involve wet or dry milling of the active compound in the presence of the pre-formed polymer nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the association step may involve milling the active compound and pre-formed polymer nanoparticles in the presence of one or more formulating agents.
• the active compound may be associated with regions of the polymer that elicit a chemical or physical interaction with the active compound.
• Chemical interactions can include hydrophobic interactions, affinity pair interactions, H-bonding, and van der Waals forces.
• Physical interactions can include entanglement in polymer chains or inclusion within the polymer structure.
• the active compound can be associated in the interior of the pre-formed polymer nanoparticles, on the surface of the pre-formed polymer nanoparticles, or both the surface and the interior of the pre-formed polymer nanoparticles.
• association interactions between the active compound and the polymer can be probed using spectroscopic techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infra-Red (IR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-vis), and emission spectroscopies.
• NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• IR Infra-Red
• UV-vis Ultraviolet-Visible
• emission spectroscopies for example, in cases where the active compound is normally crystalline when not associated with the polymer, the polymer- associated active compounds typically do not show the endothermic melting peak or show a reduced endothermic melting peak of the pure crystalline active compound as seen in differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements.
• DTA differential thermal analysis
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• the polymer-associated active compounds and/or aggregates of these can be part of a formulation in different amounts. The final amount will depend on many factors including the type of formulation.
• the composition including both the polymer and active compound makes up between about 1 and about 98 weight % of the total formulation.
• the polymer-active compound composition makes up between about 1 and about 90 weight % of the total formulation.
• the polymer-active compound makes up between about 1 and about 75 weight % of the total formulation.
• the polymer-active compound makes up between about 1 and about 50 weight % of the total formulation.
• the polymer-active compound makes up between about 1 and about 30 weight % of the total formulation.
• the polymer-active compound makes up between about 1 and about 25 weight % of the total formulation. In some embodiments, the polymer-active compound makes up between about 1 and about 10 weight % of the total formulation. In some embodiments, the polymer-active compound makes up between about 10 and about 25 weight % of the total formulation. In some embodiments, the polymer-active compound makes up between about 10 and about 30 weight % of the total formulation. In some embodiments, the polymer-active compound makes up between about 10 and about 50 weight % of the total formulation. In some embodiments, the polymer-active compound makes up between about 25 and about 50 weight % of the total formulation.
• the nanoparticles of polymer-associated active compounds are prepared according to a method disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100210465, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• polymer nanoparticles without active compounds are made by the collapse of a polyelectrolyte with a collapsing agent and then rendering the collapsed conformation permanent by intra-particle cross-linking. The active compound is then associated with this preformed polymer nanoparticle.
• the formulation contains the same amount (by weight) of active compound and polymer, while in other embodiments the ratio of active compound to polymer (by weight) can be between about 1:10 and about 10:1, between about 1:10 and about 1:5, between about 1:5 and about 1:4, between about 1:4 and about 1:3, between about 1:3 and about 1:2, between about 1:2 and about 1:1, between about 1:5 and about 1:1, between about 5:1 and about 1:1, between about 2:1 and about 1:1, between about 3:1 and about 2:1, between about 4:1 and about 3:1, between about 5:1 and about 4:1, between about 10:1 and about 5:1, between about 1:3 and about 3:1, between about 5:1 and about 1:1, between about 1:5 and about 5:1, or between about 1:2 and about 2:1.
• any active compounds are applicable to the formulations of the present invention.
• agriculturally active compounds including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides.
• active compounds that are susceptible to crystallization are particularly important.
• Crystallization in water Active compounds that are susceptible to crystallization in water tend to be moderately soluble in water, in that they have a water solubility of at least about 0.01 ppm (mg/L) in water at about 20 degrees C, atmospheric pressure and neutral pH (e.g., about pH of about 7).
• An additional factor is the readiness of the active compound to form crystals in water, as some active compounds do not readily form crystal in water, regardless of water solubility.
• Another factor is the general shape of the crystals that form, with elongate shapes, or one dimension of the crystal significantly larger than the other two dimensions (e.g., very long, but narrow, and shallow crystal shape, e.g., needle or rod like crystals).
• an active compound with moderate solubility may be very difficult to formulate in a water based formulation (e.g., a suspension concentrate) because of the crystal formation.
• the active compound formulation may not be stable for long storage periods (e.g., about 1 year, about 2 years) or at varying temperature (e.g., between about 0 and about 50 degrees Celsius) due to the susceptibility of crystal formation.
• any active compound can be formulated with according to the disclosure herein, preferred active compounds include those with a water solubility of greater than about 0.01 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 0.05 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 0.1 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 0.5 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 1 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 10 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 50 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 100 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 200 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 500 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 1000 ppm, a water solubility of greater than about 5000 ppm, or a water solubility of greater than about 10000 ppm.
• water solubility numbers are generally for a temperature of about 20 degrees C, atmospheric pressure and a pH of about 7.
• Another feature of active compounds suitable for application to the disclosure formulations includes hydrophobic groups as a feature of the chemical structure of the active compound.
• the polymer compounds of the instant disclosure when formulated with the active compound, serve to interfere with the formation of crystals.
• the polymer's hydrophobic portions interact with the generally hydrophobic active compounds to prevent the active compound for dissolving in the water of the formulation, thereby interrupting the solution-dissolution sequence described herein. It is also theorized that the polymer compounds insulate already formed crystals from either other active compound crystals or dissolved active compounds to prevent or slow crystal growth rates.
• the formulations of active compounds to which the present disclosure is applicable include any formulation form that could lead to the formation of active compound crystals.
• the forms of formulation include solid formulations (wettable powder, water dispersible granule, dry granules) as well as liquid formulations.
• the water based liquid formulations are most subject to reduced storage stability or other deficiencies due to crystal formation, and particular, water based formulations that use sparingly, or moderately water soluble active compounds, as described above.
• the disclosed inventions are most applicable to suspension concentrate, oil dispersion, microencapsulation formulations, though it is possible to use the disclosed inventions in emulsifiable concentrate, microemulsion, and even soluble concentrate formulations.
• suspension concentrates which do not require dissolution of the active compound, but instead rely on suspension, crystallization is a particularly pernicious problem.
• concentrated formulation can lead to settling of the active compound, inconsistent concentration of the active compound throughout the formulation (e.g., due to settling), clogging of machinery, due to increased particle size, and increased viscosity, among other problems, yielding an unstable formulation. These problems can be enhanced due to temperature fluctuations during storage which can increase crystal growth, as described above.
• the disclosed inventions in particular, use of crystal inhibiting polymer compounds (either as a polymer or in a nanoparticle form), by limiting, mitigating, or reducing the rate of crystal formation or growth can make an otherwise unstable formulation into a stable formulation.
• Use of the compounds disclosed herein can enable a manufacturer to produce a stable formulation, or a formulation with enhanced stability.
• active compounds are any of those described herein that are also moderately water soluble, and/or susceptible to crystallization, as described herein. Mixtures of active compounds from two or more of the abovementioned classes may also be used. The skilled worker is familiar with such active compounds, which can be found, for example, in Pesticide Manual, 17th Ed. (2015), The British Crop Protection Council, London.
• Fungicides Respiration Inhibitors: complex-ill-inhibitors at the Q 0 -site (for example strobilurins): azoxystrobin, coumethoxystrobin, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, fenaminstrobin, fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, methyl 2-[2-(2,5- dimethylphenyloxymethyl)phenyl]-3-methoxyacrylate, 2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-l- methylallylideneaminooxymethyl)phenyl)-2-m- ethoxyimino-N-methylacetamide, pyribencarb,
• respiration inhibitors for example complex I, decouplers: diflumetorim; nitrophenyl derivatives: binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, fluazinam; ferimzone; organometal compounds: fentin salts such as fentin acetate, fentin chloride or fentine hydroxide; ametoctradin; and silthiofam.
• Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors C14-demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole; imidazoles: imazalil, peripene inhibitors (DMI fungicides
• Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors phenylamides or acylamino acid fungicides: benalaxyl, benalaxyl-m, kiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), ofurace, oxadixyl; others: hymexazole, octhilinone, oxolinic acid, bupirimate.
• tubulin inhibitors such as benzimidazoles
• thiophanates benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl;
• triazolopyrimidines 5-chloro-7-(4-methyl-piperidin-l-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[l,2,4]tri- azolo[l,5- a]pyrimidine; further cell division inhibitors: diethofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron, fluopicolid, zoxamid, metrafenon, pyriofenon.
• anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil; protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mildiomycin, streptomycin, oxytetracyclin, polyoxin, validamycin A.
• Signal Transduction Inhibitors MAP/histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimide, iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; G-protein inhibitors: quinoxyfen.
• Lipid and Membrane Synthesis Inh ibitors phospholi pid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos, iprobenfos, pyrazophos, isoprothiolane; lipid peroxidation: dicloran, quintozene, tecnazene, tolclofos- methyl, biphenyl, chloroneb, etridiazole; phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall attachment:
• inorganic active substances Bordeaux mixture, copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, basic copper sulfate, sulfur; thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metam, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram; organochlorine compounds (for example phthalimides, sulfamides, chloronitriles): anilazine, chlorothalonil, captafol, captan, folpet, dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, flusulfamide, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol and its salts, phthalid, tolylfluanid, N-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide; guanidines and others: guanidine, dodine, do
• Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibitors glucan synthesis inhibitors: validamycin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil.
• Resistance Inductors : acibenzolar-5-methyl, probenazol, isotianil, tiadinil, prohexadione- calcium; phosphonates: fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts.
• Growth Regulators abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidole, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilid, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfid, indole-3-acetic acid, maleic hydrazide, mefluidid, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), metconazole, naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazole, prohexadione (prohexadione-calcium), prohydrojasmone, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tributylphosphorot
• Herbicides acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, metolachlor, metazachlor, napropamid, naproanilid, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor; amino acid analogs: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate, sulfosate;
• aryloxyphenoxypropionates clodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-P-tefuryl; bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat; carbamates and thiocarbamates: asulam, butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperat, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate;
• cyclohexanediones butroxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim; dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen; hydroxybenzonitriles: bromoxynil, dichlobenil, ioxynil; imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; phenoxyacetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB,
• acetolactate synthase inhibitors bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam, metosulam, orthosulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalide, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfon, pyroxsulam.
• herbicides amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin,
• Insecticides organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fenthion, isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon;
• Carbamates alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate;
• Pyrethroids allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha- cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, pralle
• Insect growth inhibitors a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas: chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazin; b) ecdysone antagonists:
• halofenozide methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin
• juvenoids pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb
• lipid biosynthesis inhibitors spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramate.
• Nicotine receptor agonists/antagonists clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, l-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl- [l,3,5]triazinane;
• GABA antagonists endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, N-5-amino-l-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-lH-pyrazole-3-thi- ocarboxamide; macrocyclic lactones: abamectin, emamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram; mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor (METI) I
• chlorfenapyr inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite; insect ecdysis inhibitors: cryomazine; mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide.
• sodium channel blockers indoxacarb, metaflumizone; [0087] others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid, pyridalyl, pymetrozin, sulfur, thiocyclam, flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyazypyr (HGW86); cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos, bistrifluoron and pyrifluquinazone. Others: broflanilide, tioxazafen.
• Safeners benoxacor, BPCMS (4-bromophenyl chloromethyl sulfone), cloquintocet, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mephenate, metcamifen, naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil.
• Co-formulation ingredients include those products or ingredients that contain inorganic cations and may be selected from one or more of adjuvants, antifoam agents, antimicrobial agents, buffering agents, corrosion inhibitors, defoaming agents, deposition agents, dispersants, drift control agents, dyes, freezing point depressants, neutralizing agents, penetration aids, sequestering agents, spreading agents, stabilizers, sticking agents, suspension aids, viscosity-modifying additives, wetting agents and the like.
• a formulation may include a dispersant or wetting agent or both.
• the same compound may act as both a dispersant and a wetting agent.
• a dispersant is a compound that helps the nanoparticles (or aggregates of nanoparticles) disperse in water. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, dispersants are thought to achieve this result by absorbing on to the surface of the nanoparticles and thereby limiting re-aggregation.
• Wetting agents increase the spreading or penetration power of a liquid when placed onto the substrate (e.g., leaf). Without wishing to be bound by any theory, wetting agents are thought to achieve this result by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the substrate surface.
• some formulating agents may demonstrate multiple functionalities.
• the categories and listings of specific agents below are not mutually exclusive.
• fumed silica described below in the thickener/anti-settling agent and anti-caking agent sections, is typically used for these functions.
• fumed or hydrophilic silica demonstrates the functionality of a wetting agent and/or dispersant.
• Specific formulating agents listed below are categorized based on their primary functionality. However, it is to be understood that particular formulating agents may exhibit multiple functions. Certain formulation ingredients display multiple functionalities and synergies with other formulating agents and may demonstrate superior properties in a particular formulation but not in another formulation.
• a dispersant or wetting agent is selected from organosilicones (e.g., Sylgard 309 from Dow Corning Corporation or Silwet L77 from Union Carbide Corporation) including polyalkylene oxide modified polydimethylsiloxane (Silwet L7607 from Union Carbide Corporation), methylated seed oil, and ethylated seed oil (e.g., Scoil from Agsco or Hasten from Wilfarm), alkylpolyoxyethylene ethers (e.g., Activator 90), alkyla rylalolates (e.g., APSA 20), alkylphenol ethoxylate and alcohol alkoxylate surfactants (e.g., products sold by Huntsman), fatty acid, fatty ester and fatty amine ethoxylates (e.g., products sold by Huntsman), products sold by Cognis such as sorbitan and ethoxylated sorbitan esters, ethoxy
• sulfates include ammonium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium 2-ethyl-hexyl sulfate, sodium actyl sulfate, sodium oleyl sulfate, sodium tridecyl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, ammonium linear alcohol, ether sulfate ammonium nonylphenol ether sulfate, and ammonium monoxynol-4-sulfate.
• dispersants and wetting agents include, sulfo succinamates, disodium N-octadecylsulfo-succinamate; tetrasodium N-(l,2- dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecylsulfo-succinamate; diamyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; dihexyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; and dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; dihexyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; and dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; castor oil and fatty amine ethoxylates, including sodium, potassium, magnesium or ammonium salts thereof.
• Dispersants and wetting agents also include natural emulsifiers, such as lecithin, fatty acids (including sodium, potassium or ammonium salts thereof) and ethanolamides and glycerides of fatty acids, such as coconut diethanolamide and coconut mono- and diglycerides.
• Dispersants and wetting agents also include sodium polycarboxylate (commercially available as Geropon TA/72); sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate
• lignosulfonates aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; ethoxylated tridecyl alcohols (commercially available as Rhodasurf (BC420, BC610, BC720, BC 840); Ethoxylated tristeryl phenols (commercially available as Soprophor BSU); sodium methyl oleyl taurate (commercially available as Geropon T-77); tristyrylphenol ethoxylates and esters; ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers; non-ionic copolymers (e.g., commercially available Atlox 4913); and non-ionic block copolymers (commercially available as Atlox 4912).
• dispersants and wetting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium
• Dispersants and wetting agents also include sodium taurates; sodium or ammonium salts of maleic anhydride copolymers, and lignosulfonic acid formulations; condensed sulfonate sodium, potassium, magnesium or ammonium salts; polyvinylpyrrolidone (available commercially as
• the dispersants and wetting agents can combine to make up between about 0.5 and about 30 weight % of the formulation.
• dispersants and wetting agents can make up between about 0.5 and about 20 weight %, about 0.5 and about 10 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 5 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 3 weight %, between about 1 and about 30 weight %, between about 1 and about 20 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 1 and about 5 weight %, between about 2 and about 30 weight %, between about 2 and about 20 weight %, between about 2 and about 10 weight %, between about 2 and about 5 weight %, between about 3 and about 30 weight %, between about 3 and about 20 weight %, between about 3 and about 10 weight %, between about 3 and about 5 weight %, between about 5 and about 30 weight %, between about 5 and about 20 weight %, or between about 5 and about 10 weight % of the formulation.
• dispersants or wetting agents can make up between about 0.1 and 1 weight % of the formulation, between about 0.1 and 2 weight % of the formulation between about 0.1 and 3 weight % of the formulation between about 0.1 and 5 weight % of the formulation, or between about 0.1 and 10 weight % of the formulation.
• a formulation may include an inert filler.
• an inert filler may be included to produce or promote cohesion in forming a wettable granule formulation.
• An inert filler may also be included to give the formulation certain active loading, density, or other similar physical properties.
• Non limiting examples of inert fillers that may be used in a formulation include bentonite clay, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids synthetic polymers, glycolipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, lignin, lignin derivatives, and combinations thereof.
• the inert filler is a lignin derivative and is optionally calcium lignosulfonate.
• the inert filler is selected from the group consisting of: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and combinations thereof.
• Specific carbohydrate inert fillers illustratively include glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, xylose, arabinose, trehalose and mixtures thereof such as corn syrup; sugar alcohols including: sorbitol, xylitol , ribitol, mannitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, polyglycitol; celluloses such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxy-methylethylcellulose, hydroxyethylpropylcellulose, methylhydroxyethyl
• Suitable protein inert fillers illustratively include soy extract, zein, protamine, collagen, and casein.
• Inert fillers operative herein also include synthetic organic polymers capable of promoting or producing cohesion of particle components and such inert fillers illustratively include ethylene oxide polymers, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylmethyl ether, polyvinyl acrylates, polylactic acid, and latex.
• a formulation contains between about 1 and about 90 weight % inert filler, between about 1 and about 80 weight %, between about 1 and about 60 weight %, between about 1 and about 40 weight %, between about 1 and about 25 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 10 and about 90 weight %, between about 10 and about 80 weight %, between about 10 and about 60 weight %, between about 10 and about 40 weight %, between about 10 and about 25 weight %, between about 25 and about 90 weight %, between about 25 and about 80 weight %, between about 25 and about 60 weight %, between about 25 and about 40 weight %, between about 40 and about 90 weight %, between about 40 and about 80 weight %, or between about 60 and about 90 weight %.
• a formulation may include a solvent or a mixture of solvents that can be used to assist in controlling the solubility of the active ingredient itself, the nanoparticles of polymer- associated active ingredients, or other components of the formulation.
• the solvent can be chosen from water, alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, phenols, hydrocarbons, chlorinated
• the formulation contains a solvent or a mixture of solvents that makes up about 0.1 to about 90 weight % of the formulation.
• a formulation contains between about 0.1 and about 90 weight % solvent, e.g., between about 1 and about 80 weight %, between about 1 and about 60 weight %, between about 1 and about 40 weight %, between about 1 and about 25 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 10 and about 90 weight %, between about 10 and about 80 weight %, between about 10 and about 60 weight %, between about 10 and about 40 weight %, between about 10 and about 25 weight %, between about 25 and about 90 weight %, between about 25 and about 80 weight %, between about 25 and about 60 weight %, between about 25 and about 40 weight %, between about 40 and about 90 weight %, between about 40 and about 80 weight %, between about 60 and about 90 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 10 weight
• a formulation may include a surfactant.
• surfactants can function as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents and bioenhancing agents.
• particular surfactants may be anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, silicone surfactants (e.g., Silwet L77), and fluorosurfactants.
• anionic surfactants include alkylbenzene sulfonates, olefinic sulfonate salts, alkyl sulfonates and ethoxylates, sulfosuccinates, phosphate esters, taurates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates and polymers lignosulfonates.
• nonionic surfactants include alkylphenol ethoxylates, aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates, aliphatic alkylamine ethoxylates, amine alkoxylates, sorbitan esters and their ethoxylates, castor oil ethoxylates, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers and polymeric surfactants, non-ionic copolymers (e.g., commercially available Atlox 4913), anionic copolymers (e.g., Atlox Metasperse 100L, 500L, 550S), and non-ionic block copolymers (commercially available as Atlox 4912).
• non-ionic copolymers e.g., commercially available Atlox 4913
• anionic copolymers e.g., Atlox Metasperse 100L, 500L, 550S
• non-ionic block copolymers commercially available as Atlox 4912.
• surfactants can make up between about 0.1 and about 20 weight % of the formulation, e.g., between about 0.1 and about 15 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 10 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 8 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 6 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 4 weight %, between about 1-15 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 1 and about 8 weight %, between about 1 and about 6 weight %, between about 1 and about 4 weight %, between about 3 and about 20 weight %, between about 3 and about 15 weight %, between about 3 and about 10 weight %, between about 3 and about 8 weight %, between about 3 and about 6 weight %, between about 5 and about 15 weight %, between about 5 and about 10 weight %, between about 5 and about 8 weight %, or between about 10 and about 15 weight %.
• a surfactant e.g., a non-ionic surfactant
• a formulation by the end user, e.g., in a spray tank.
• Suitable non-ionic surfactants also include alkyl polyglucosides (APGs).
• Alkyl polyglucosides which can be used as an adjuvant herein include those corresponding to the formula: R40(R50) b (Z3) a wherein R4 is a monovalent organic radical of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R5 is a divalent alkylene radical of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; Z3 is a saccharide residue of 5 or 6 carbon atoms; a is a number ranging from 1 to 6; and, b is a number ranging from 0 to 12. More specifically in some embodiments, R4 is a linear C6 to C12 group, b is 0, Z3 is a glucose residue, and a is 2.
• alkyl polyglucosides include, e.g., APGTM, AGNIQUETM, and AGRIMULTM surfactants from Cognis Corporation (now owned by BASF), and AGTM series surfactants from Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry, LLC.
• a formulation may include an anti-settling agent or thickener that can help provide stability to a liquid formulation or modify the rheology of the formulation.
• anti-settling agents or thickeners include, but are not limited to, guar gum; locust bean gum; xanthan gum; carrageenan; alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; hydroxyethyl cellulose; modified starches; polysaccharides and other modified polysaccharides; polyvinyl alcohol; glycerol alkyd resins such as Latron B-1956 from Rohm & Haas Co., plant oil based materials (e.g., cocodithalymide) with emulsifiers; polymeric terpenes; microcrystalline cellulose; methacrylates; poly(vinylpyrrolidone), syrups, polyethylene oxide, hydrophobic silica, hydrated silica and fumed or hydrophilic silica (e.g., AERO
• xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageen and other organic thickeners are entirely absent, although inorganic thickeners may still be a part of those active compound formulations.
• anti-settling agents or thickeners can make up between about 0.05 and about 10 weight % of the formulation, e.g., about 0.05 to about 5 weight %, about 0.05 to about 3 weight %, about 0.05 to about 1 weight %, about 0.05 to about 0.5 weight %, about 0.05 to about 0.1 weight %, about 0.1 to about 5 weight %, about 0.1 to about 3 weight %, about 0.1 to about 2 weight %, about 0.1 to about 1 weight %, about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight %, about 0.5 to about 5 weight %, about 0.5 to about 3 weight %, about 0.5 to about 1 weight %, about 1 to about 10 weight %, about 1 to about 5 weight %, or about 1 to about 3 weight %.
• a formulation of the present disclosure does not include a compound whose primary function is to act as an anti-settling or thickener.
• compounds included in a formulation may have some anti-settling or thickening functionality, in addition to other, primary functionality, so anti-settling or thickening functionality is not a necessary condition for exclusion, however, formulation agents used primarily or exclusively as anti-settling agents or thickeners may be expressly omitted from the formulations.
• a formulation may include one or more preservatives that prevent microbial or fungal degradation of the product during storage.
• preservatives include but are not limited to, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propionic acid and its sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salts; benzoic acid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxy benzoic acid sodium salt; methyl p-hydroxy benzoate; l,2-benzisothiazalin-3-one, and combinations thereof.
• preservatives can make up about 0.01 to about 0.2 weight % of the formulation, e.g., between about 0.01 and about 0.1 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.05 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.02 weight %, between about 0.02 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.02 and about 0.1 weight %, between about 0.02 and about 0.05 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.1 weight %, or between about 0.1 and about 0.2 weight %.
• a formulation may include anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, and/or anti-caking agents that help stabilize the formulation against freezing during storage, foaming during use, or caking during storage.
• anti-freezing agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and urea.
• a formulation may include between about 0.5 and about 10 weight % anti-freezing agents, e.g., between about 0.5 and about 5 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 3 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 2 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 1 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 1 and about 5 weight %, between about 1 and about 3 weight %, between about 1 and about 2 weight %, between about 2 and about 10 weight %, between about 3 and about 10 weight %, or between about 5 and about 10 weight %.
• anti-freezing agents e.g., between about 0.5 and about 5 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 3 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 2 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 1 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 1 and about 5 weight %, between about 1 and about 3 weight %, between about 1 and about 2 weight %, between about 2 and about 10 weight %, between about 3 and about
• anti-foaming agents include, but are not limited to, silicone based anti-foaming agents (e.g., aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane, FG-10 from DOW-CORNING ® , Trans 10A from Trans-Chemo Inc.), and non-silicone based anti-foaming agents such as octanol, nonanol, and silica.
• silicone based anti-foaming agents e.g., aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane, FG-10 from DOW-CORNING ® , Trans 10A from Trans-Chemo Inc.
• non-silicone based anti-foaming agents such as octanol, nonanol, and silica.
• a formulation may include between about 0.05 and about 5 weight % of anti foaming agents, e.g., between about 0.05 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 1 weight %, or between about 0.2 and about 1 weight %.
• anti foaming agents e.g., between about 0.05 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 1 weight %, or between about 0.2 and about 1 weight %.
• anti-caking agents include sodium or ammonium phosphates, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, sodium acetate, sodium metasilicate, magnesium or zinc sulfates, magnesium hydroxide (all optionally as hydrates), sodium alkylsulfosuccinates, silicious compounds, magnesium compounds, CIO -C22 fatty acid polyvalent metal salt compounds, and the like.
• anti-caking ingredients are attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, silica aerogel, silica xerogel, perlite, talc, vermiculite, sodium
• aluminosilicate aluminosilicate clays (e.g., Montmorillonite, Attapulgite, etc.) zirconium oxychloride, starch, sodium or potassium phthalate, calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, calcium nitride, aluminum nitride, copper oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium silicate, magnesium nitride, magnesium phosphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and the magnesium and aluminum salts of CIO -C22 fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid.
• CIO -C22 fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid.
• Anti-caking agents also include refined kaolin clay, amorphous precipitated silica dioxide, such as Hi Sil 233 available from PPG Industries, refined clay, such as Hubersil available from Huber Chemical Company, or fumed or hydrophilic silica (e.g., AEROSILTM 380).
• refined kaolin clay such as Hi Sil 233 available from PPG Industries
• refined clay such as Hubersil available from Huber Chemical Company
• fumed or hydrophilic silica e.g., AEROSILTM 380
• a formulation may include between about 0.05 and about 10 weight % anti-caking agents, between about 0.05 to 5 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 3 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 2 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.1 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 5 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 3 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 2 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 5 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 3 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 2 weight %, between about 0.5 and about 1 weight %, between about 1 to 3 weight %, between about 1 to 10 weight %, or between about 1 and about 5 weight %.
• a formulation may include a UV-blocking compound that can help protect the active ingredient from degradation due to UV irradiation.
• UV-blocking compounds include ingredients commonly found in sunscreens such as benzophenones, benzotriazoles, homosalates, alkyl cinnamates, salicylates such as octyl salicylate, dibenzoylmethanes, anthranilates, methylbenzylidenes, octyl triazones, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, octocrylene, triazines, cinnamates, cyanoacrylates, dicyano ethylenes, etocrilene, drometrizole trisiloxane,
• UV-absorbing metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide
• nickel organic compounds such as nickel bis (octylphenol) sulfide, etc. Additional examples of each of these classes of UV-blockers may be found in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
• a formulation may include between about 0.01 and about 2 weight % UV-blockers, e.g., between about 0.01 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.1 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.05 weight %, between about 0.05 weight % and about 1 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.05 and about 0.1 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.1 and about 0.2 weight %, between about 0.2 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.2 and about 0.5 weight %, or between about 0.5 and about 1 weight %.
• UV-blockers e.g., between about 0.01 and about 1 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.5 weight %, between about 0.01 and about 0.2 weight %, between about
• a formulation of the present disclosure does not include a compound whose primary function is to act as a UV-blocker.
• compounds included in a formulation may have some UV-blocking functionality, in addition to other, primary functionality, so UV- blocking is not a necessary condition for exclusion, however, formulation agents used primarily or exclusively as UV-blockers may be expressly omitted from the formulations.
• a formulation may include a disintegrant that can help a solid formulation break apart when added to water.
• suitable disintegrants include cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, modified cellulose gum, pregelatinized starch, cornstarch , modified corn starch (e.g., Starch 1500) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (e.g., Explotab or Primojel), microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carmellose, carmellose calcium, carmellose sodium, croscarmellose sodium, carmellose calcium, carboxymethylstarch sodium, low- substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, soy polysaccharides (e.g., EMCOSOY), alkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose, alginates (e.g., Satialgine), dextrans and poly(alkylene oxide) and an effervescent couple (e.
• EMCOSOY alky
• disintegrants can make up between about 1 and about 20 weight % of the formulation, e.g., between about 1 and about 15 weight %, between about 1 and about 10 weight %, between about 1 and about 8 weight %, between about 1 and about 6 weight %, between about 1 and about 4 weight %, between about 3 and about 20 weight %, between about 3 and about 15 weight %, between about 3 and about 10 weight %, between about 3 and about 8 weight %, between about 3 and about 6 weight %, between about 5 and about 15 weight %, between about 5 and about 10 weight %, between about 5 and about 8 weight %, or between about 10 and about 15 weight %.
• the active compound formulations of the invention can be applied directly to the soil to control soil-borne or soil-welling pests.
• Methods of application to the soil can be any suitable method which ensures that the active compound formulations penetrate the soil and are near the plants, plant propagation material, or expected loci of plants and plant propagation materials.
• Application methods include, but are not limited to in furrow application, T-band (or other band) application, soil injection, soil drench, drip irrigation, application through sprinklers or central pivot, and incorporation to the soil (e.g., broadcast).
• the active compound formulations of the invention can be diluted so that any one of the active compound concentrations is less than about 1%, prior to application. In some embodiments, the concentration of any one active compound is less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.25%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2% or less than about 2.5%.
• the tank-mix of the active compound formulations is then applied to the plant to be treated, its locus, or the soil to which a plant or plant propagation material will be planted.
• the active compound formulations can be mixed with water, liquid fertilizer or any other diluent suitable for agricultural applications. Additionally, surfactants (e.g., non-ionic, anionic) can also be added to tank-mixes, as well as micronutrient additives, or any other suitable additive known in the art.
• plant propagation material is understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant, such as seeds, which can be used for multiplication of the latter and vegetative plant material such as cutting and tubers. Plant propagation material also includes roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes and parts of plants. Germinated plants and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil may also be included in this term. These young plants may be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment with the active compound formulations of the invention by any application method (e.g., immersion, drench, drip irrigation).
• any application method e.g., immersion, drench, drip irrigation.
• each formulation was stored at 45 degrees Celsius. Samples were withdrawn after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of storage and analyzed under a microscope for crystal growth. See Figure 1 showing photos under magnification of samples withdrawn after 4 or 6 weeks of storage at 40 or 45 degrees Celsius. Particle size measurements are per-microscope measurements.
• An improved suspension concentrate formulation of acetamiprid was prepared based Batch No. 74 from Example 1.
• the formulation targeted 35 weight percent active compound (acetamiprid) and 150 grams of final formulation.
• the formulation was prepared according to the recipe in Table 2 below.
• a metalaxyl formulation was prepared (1500 g target weight total), with polymeric nanoparticle solution, according to the table and process detailed below. After preparation of this formulation, two samples were withdrawn, to one sample was added crystallization inhibiting polymer, and to the other sample an equivalent amount of water was added. The two modified samples were analyzed and observed for crystal growth.
• the formulation was divided in two samples. To the first division, 1% of the total weight of the formulation of poly(methacrylic acid-co styrene) 70:30 polymer was added, becoming batch 31a. To the other half of the formulation, 1% of the total weight of the formulation of additional RO water was added, becoming batch 31b. Samples were withdrawn and stored at 45 degrees Celsius for 6 weeks, then examined under microscopy (see Figure 4 and analyzed for flowability (see Figure 5). The sample from batch 31a had smaller average particles size, demonstrated apparent smaller crystals than the sample from batch 31b. Additionally, the sample from batch 31b was not flowable after storage, while the sample from batch 31a was. Particle size measurements are per-microscope measurements.
• a metalaxyl formulation was prepared (5000 g target weight total), with polymeric nanoparticle solution and crystallization inhibiting polymer (poly(methacrylic acid-co styrene)), according to the table and process detailed below. Both polymeric components are considered to inhibit crystal growth of the active ingredient.
• Morwet was dissolved in poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethyl acrylate) 90:10 nanoparticle solution, with half of the Poly(methacrylic acid-co styrene) 70:30 polymer solution and propylene glycol under teeth grinder. The metalaxyl was added, followed by a portion of the water and it was stirred for 30 minutes. Trans-10A was then added to defoam with a small portion of the Surfynol. Van Gel B granules were added and the resulting mixture was stirred for another 30 mins. The sample containing flask was then covered with parafilm and stored overnight at room temperature. The next day there was separation with a portion of the mixture settling on the bottom of the flask.
• a metalaxyl formulation was prepared (50 g target weight total), with polymeric nanoparticle solution and crystallization inhibiting polymer (poly(methacrylic acid-co styrene)), according to the table and process detailed below. Both polymeric components are considered to inhibit crystal growth of the active ingredient. Reduction or elimination of traditional surfactant compounds (e.g., Stepwet, Morwet) is utilized to further test crystal inhibiting effect of polymer, polymer nanoparticle components.
• traditional surfactant compounds e.g., Stepwet, Morwet
• the post-storage sample was flowable and passed through a 50 mesh sieve with ease. No aggregates were retained on the screen. The sample displayed some syneresis and separate, but the layers were reincorporated with ease after about 10 inversions.
• the viscosity (Brookfield at 12rpm S31) was measured at 235 cP.
• the average particle size (by microscope) was measured as 4.2 pm and the d.90 was 15.7 pm.

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• 2019
  • 2019-08-30 EP EP19857651.4A patent/EP3846623A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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