WO2019223300A1 - 一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质 - Google Patents

一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019223300A1
WO2019223300A1 PCT/CN2018/122890 CN2018122890W WO2019223300A1 WO 2019223300 A1 WO2019223300 A1 WO 2019223300A1 CN 2018122890 W CN2018122890 W CN 2018122890W WO 2019223300 A1 WO2019223300 A1 WO 2019223300A1
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ingredients
food
list
blood
recipes
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PCT/CN2018/122890
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English (en)
French (fr)
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马晓媛
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美的集团股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2019223300A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019223300A1/zh

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G16INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16HHEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H20/00ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
    • G16H20/60ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to nutrition control, e.g. diets

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of nutritional catering, in particular to a method, device, refrigerator and computer storage medium for nutritional catering.
  • the hospital's clinical nutrition department undertakes the nutrition diagnosis and treatment of hospitalized patients and nutritional catering.
  • the enteral nutrition catering work is still estimated by artificial algorithms, and diet management for chronic diseases Especially, there is no professional technical support in the grassroots community health service centers.
  • the personalized needs of out-of-hospital nutrition are looking forward to more popular catering services.
  • out-of-hospital personalized nutrition management guidance services provided by professional nutritionists were only applicable to a small number of people and could not meet the nutritional support of health management.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a nutritional catering method, and the method includes:
  • a first recipe set is obtained, and the constituent ingredients of each recipe of the first recipe set are in the personalized ingredients list;
  • a plurality of recommended recipes are selected from the first recipe set, and the user's health information includes at least one of the following: physical fitness, symptoms;
  • the nutritional catering information includes a recipe for each meal in a specific time period, wherein the specific time period is at least two days.
  • the method further includes: determining a cooking method for each selected recommended recipe based on the user's health information and the theory of Chinese medicine diet therapy;
  • generating the nutritional catering information according to the plurality of recommended recipes includes:
  • nutritional catering information is generated.
  • the determining a personalized food list based on the basic information of the user includes:
  • the basic ingredients list, favorite ingredients list, and refrigerator ingredients list are determined from the allowed ingredients list, wherein the basic ingredients list is a ingredients list determined according to at least one of the following: the region where the user is located, seasonal ingredients;
  • Generate a personalized ingredients list which includes at least one of the following: a basic ingredients list, a favorite ingredients list, and a refrigerator ingredients list.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also provides a nutrition catering device, the device includes a processor and a memory configured to store a computer program capable of running on the processor; wherein,
  • the processor executes the steps of any one of the nutritional catering methods described above.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further provides a refrigerator, and the refrigerator includes any one of the nutritional catering devices described above.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also provides a computer storage medium on which a computer program is stored.
  • the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of any of the foregoing nutritional catering methods are implemented.
  • the health information of the user includes at least one of the following: constitution, symptoms; and generating nutritional catering information according to the plurality of recommended recipes. In this way, nutritional catering information can be provided to users based on the user's personal information and traditional Chinese medicine theory.
  • FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a temperature control method of a vacuum rice cooker according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a class for constructing a recipe in an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a hierarchical structure of a vegetable body according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a composition of a true nutrition catering device according to an embodiment of the present invention. .
  • Nutrition catering is very common in foreign countries, but it has not yet attracted much attention in China.
  • the first way to achieve nutrition catering is as follows: in the domestic hospital clinical nutrition department, we undertake nutrition diagnosis and treatment and nutrition catering for inpatients in hospitals.
  • the dietary work of internal nutrition is still estimated by artificial algorithms.
  • the personalized needs of out-of-hospital nutrition are looking forward to more popular catering services.
  • the out-of-hospital personalized nutrition management guidance service provided by the teacher is only applicable to a small number of people and cannot meet the nutritional support for health management.
  • the embodiments of the present invention can be applied to nutritional catering for users, that is, providing nutritional catering information to at least one user, where the user refers to a dining object; the nutritional catering information can be a daily meal for each user within a certain period of time.
  • Personalized recipes; the personalized recipes for each meal can include multiple recipes, each recipe can be amaranth, vegetarian, soup or fruit, etc.
  • the nutritional catering method described above can be implemented based on a nutritional catering device.
  • the nutritional catering device can be a mobile terminal or a fixed terminal, or a household appliance such as a refrigerator.
  • the nutritional catering can include a processor, a memory, a display, etc.
  • the nutrition catering device can also communicate with external devices. For example, when the nutrition catering device is an IoT device, it can communicate with other IoT devices.
  • FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a temperature control method for a vacuum rice cooker according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the process may include:
  • Step 101 Obtain user basic information, and determine a personalized food list based on the user basic information.
  • the basic information of the user may include at least one of the following: foods that the user does not like, allergic foods of the user, and health information of the user;
  • the health information of the user may include at least one of the following: constitution, symptoms.
  • the ingredients that the user does not like are determined by the user according to his own preference, and the allergic ingredients of the user may also be determined by the user according to his own health information.
  • a list of allowed ingredients can be obtained according to the basic information of the user; then, a personalized list of ingredients is selected from the list of allowed ingredients.
  • selecting the personalized food list from the list of permitted food ingredients may include:
  • the basic ingredients list, favorite ingredients list, and refrigerator ingredients list are determined from the allowed ingredients list, where the basic ingredients list is determined based on at least one of the following: the region where the user is located, seasonal ingredients; favorite The ingredients list is used to indicate a collection of ingredients that the user likes, and the refrigerator ingredients list is used to indicate a combination of ingredients already in the refrigerator.
  • a personalized ingredients list may be generated, and the personalized ingredients list may include at least one of the following: a basic ingredients list, a favorite ingredients list, and a refrigerator ingredients list.
  • each ingredient list is a list composed of multiple ingredients, that is, each ingredient list actually reflects a collection of multiple ingredients.
  • This step can be implemented by the processor of the nutritional catering device.
  • the basic user information can be input into the nutritional catering device.
  • the processor of the nutritional catering device determines the personalization according to the basic information of the user after obtaining the basic information of the user. List of ingredients.
  • Step 102 A first recipe set is obtained by comparing the personalized ingredients list with a preset recipe database, and the constituent ingredients of each recipe in the first recipe set are in the personalized ingredients list.
  • a recipe database can be set in advance, and the type and number of recipes in the recipe database can be set as needed; in one example, the recipe database can be stored in the memory of the nutrition configuration device for subsequent recall.
  • This step may be implemented by a processor of the nutrition catering device.
  • This step may be implemented by a processor of the nutrition catering device.
  • Step 104 Generate nutritional catering information according to the plurality of recommended recipes.
  • the nutritional matching information includes a recipe for each meal in a specific time period, wherein the specific time period is at least two days; for example, the specific time period is one week or ten days, and the like.
  • the number of meals per day in the nutritional matching information is not limited.
  • recipes for three meals a day in a specific time period can be provided, as well as meals plus three meals a day in a specific period recipe.
  • the cooking method of each selected recommended recipe may also be determined based on the user's health information and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine diet therapy;
  • generating the nutritional catering information according to the plurality of recommended recipes may include:
  • nutritional catering information is generated.
  • the traditional Chinese medicine theory can be used as a basis for determining the type of cooking and the cooking method in the nutritional catering information.
  • the nutritional catering information is provided to the user based on the user's personal information and the traditional Chinese medical theory to meet the user's personalized needs.
  • the recipes in the nutritional matching information include recommended recipes; in another example, for all the recipes in the nutritional matching information, the other recipes except the recommended recipes are in the first recipe set.
  • the nutrition matching information in order to prevent the same recipe or ingredients from being provided to the dining objects on two consecutive days, it is necessary to ensure that the recipes or ingredients provided to the dining objects on the two adjacent days are not completely the same, so that the dining subjects have diverse recipes. sexual needs.
  • the similarity of any two recipes or the similarity of any two ingredients may be calculated according to a predetermined recipe similarity or ingredients similarity calculation method; then, the nutritional matching information is generated according to the plurality of recommended recipes In the generated nutritional matching information, at least one pair of recipes having a similarity greater than a similarity threshold exists in the recipes of two days adjacent in a specific time period, and each pair of recipes includes two different recipes; wherein the at least one The two recipes of each pair of recipes are respectively located in the recipes of two days adjacent in the specific time period.
  • the similarity of the ingredients may be used to indicate the similarity of the individual subjects of the ingredients
  • the similarity of the recipes may be used to indicate the similarity of the subject of the ingredients in the recipes, or the global similarity of the recipes.
  • ingredients are mainly evaluated from three aspects: subject attributes, nutrition and color.
  • This step may be implemented by a processor of the nutrition catering device.
  • nutritional catering information can be obtained that meets the following requirements: rich in content, which not only meets the dimensions of different regions, seasonality, preferences, taboos, and cooking methods, but also contains labels of traditional Chinese medicine dimensions for nutritional catering.
  • rich in content which not only meets the dimensions of different regions, seasonality, preferences, taboos, and cooking methods, but also contains labels of traditional Chinese medicine dimensions for nutritional catering.
  • traditional Chinese medicine can be used to analyze and recommend recipes for the symptoms of special populations and diseased populations to achieve the personalized function of nutrition catering software.
  • Embodiment 2 of the present invention can be implemented based on the nutritional catering device described above.
  • a personalized ingredients list can be generated according to the personalized ingredients generation criteria.
  • ingredients table exclude ingredients that the user does not like and allergic ingredients, and obtain a list of allowed ingredients.
  • users can customize the ingredients they do n’t like, and can input the ingredients they do n’t like into the nutrition catering device; after inputting all the ingredients they do n’t like, match all the ingredients they do n’t like to the ingredients table, and As a result, all ingredients that the user does not like are not output to the personalized ingredients list.
  • the undesired ingredients category may be input into the nutritional catering device, and at this time, the entered ingredient categories need to be eliminated from the above ingredients table.
  • Table 1 exemplarily points out a plurality of categories of ingredients, and illustrates the ingredients in several of the categories of ingredients.
  • nutritional catering devices can be used to provide users with a variety of common allergic ingredients for users to choose; for example, nutritional catering devices provide users with 30 common allergic ingredients; in addition, users can customize allergic ingredients. At this time, the user can input allergic ingredients into the nutrition catering device; after inputting the allergic ingredients, the allergic ingredients will not appear in the personalized ingredients list.
  • the category of the allergic ingredients can be input into the nutritional catering device, and at this time, the input ingredient category needs to be eliminated from the aforementioned ingredients table.
  • Table 2 exemplarily indicates a plurality of ingredient categories, and illustrates the ingredients in several of the ingredient categories.
  • the set of allergic ingredients of the i-th user can be denoted as B i
  • the set of disliked ingredients of n users is B 1 ⁇ B 2 ⁇ ... ⁇ B n , where n is an integer greater than 1 or equal to 1, i is taken from 1 to n; if it is necessary to provide the above-mentioned n users as a whole with nutritious meals, then the ingredients set of allergies of the above-mentioned n users needs to be excluded in the ingredients table.
  • the basic ingredients list may be selected from the allowed ingredients list according to at least one of the following: the area where the user is located, and seasonal ingredients.
  • Table 3 exemplarily illustrates an implementation manner of selecting a basic ingredients list according to a region where a user is located.
  • seasonal ingredients of the season may be preferentially selected, for example, seasonal ingredients of the season are preferentially selected by the season, and corresponding to the seasonal dimension of the ingredients table.
  • the seasonal ingredients are ingredients determined according to at least one of the following: seasons, festivals, solar terms, specific anniversaries, and the like.
  • the season can be spring, summer, autumn, or winter;
  • the festival can be Valentine's Day, Arbor Day, Easter, April Fool's Day, Teen Day, Mother's Day, February 2, Children's Day, Father's Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, National Day Festival, Halloween, Thanksgiving, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chung Yeung Festival, New Year's Day, Christmas Eve, Christmas, Lantern Festival, New Year's Eve, Spring Festival, New Year's Eve, Laba or New Year's Eve;
  • solar terms can be the beginning of spring, surprise, spring equinox, valley rain, Qingming, rain , Lixia, Xiaoman, Mang species, Summer solstice, Xiaoshu, Dashu, Liqiu, Chushu, Bailu, Autumn Equinox, Hanlu, Frost, Xiaohan, Dahan, Lidong, Xiaoxue, heavy snow or winter solstice;
  • the specific commemorative day can be the day of college banque
  • the principle of reciprocity of food ingredients can also be used as the basis for selecting the list of basic ingredients from the list of permitted food materials.
  • the principle of reciprocity of food ingredients can include at least one of the following: Principle, Principle of Reciprocity of Vegetables and Mushrooms, Principle of Reciprocity of Fruits and Dried Fruits, Principle of Reciprocity of Meat and Poultry Eggs, Principle of Reciprocity of Aquatic Products, Principle of Reciprocity of Seasoning Drinks, Principle of Reciprocity of Common Medicinal Diet
  • the types of ingredients involved in the principle of reciprocity of grains and cereals include: grains, beans and yam;
  • the types of ingredients involved in the principle of reciprocity of vegetables and mushrooms include: fruits, vegetables, and fungi; the appropriateness of dried fruits
  • the types of ingredients involved in the principle of avoidance include: fruits and dried fruit seeds;
  • the types of ingredients involved in the principle of avoidance of meat and poultry eggs include: eggs of meat and poultry; the types of ingredients involved in the principle of avoid
  • the type of the ingredients can also be used as a basis for selecting the basic ingredients list from the allowed ingredients list.
  • the type of the ingredients in the basic ingredients list may include at least one of the following: the kind of ingredients to which the staple food belongs, vegetables, vegetarian proteins, and meat proteins.
  • the type of ingredients to which the staple food belongs can be determined according to the preset principle of staple food recommendation.
  • the principle of staple food recommendation can be:
  • the staple food for lunch and dinner can include at least one of the following: rice, pasta (grains), and the staple food can be based on the user's location. It is recommended by region or current time.
  • the ratio of three meals to whole grains can be: 1/3 of whole grains and miscellaneous beans, and coarse grains are recommended twice a week.
  • Vegetables may include at least one of the following: root vegetables, fresh beans, eggplant, fruit, melons, onions, garlic, tender stems, cauliflower, and algae.
  • root vegetables fresh beans, eggplant, fruit, melons, onions, garlic, tender stems, cauliflower, and algae.
  • green vegetables may be preferentially used as the types of ingredients in the basic ingredients list.
  • Protein proteins may include at least one of the following: eggs, mushrooms, soy products; meat proteins may include at least one of the following: livestock, poultry, offal, fish, shrimp, seafood,
  • Table 4 exemplifies ingredients of various colors.
  • the types of ingredients in the basic ingredients list may not include the following categories: dried fruits, confections, beverages, wines, medicinal materials or condiments,
  • the quantity of ingredients can also be used as a basis for selecting the basic ingredients list from the allowed ingredients list.
  • the number of ingredients in the basic ingredients list may be: root vegetables 1; fresh beans 2; solan melon 2; onions and garlic 1; tender stems and leaves cauliflower 4; other categories 1; Algae 1; Fruit 6; Livestock and Poultry 6 (Pork 1; Beef 1; Lamb 1; Chicken 1; Duck 1; Offal 1); Eggs 1; Soy Products 1; Mushrooms 2; Fish 3; Vietnamesemp 2; Seafood other 1.
  • the number of fruit-based ingredients in the basic ingredients list may be 6 * (n-1), where n is the number of persons;
  • the number of ingredients in each category in the basic ingredients list is a single person * 2; for 4 to 5 persons, the number of ingredients in each category in the basic ingredients list is a single person Quantity * 3; For 6 to 7 people, the number of ingredients in each category in the basic ingredients list is single quantity * 5; For 8 to 10 people (maximum number of 10), each category in the basic ingredients list The number of ingredients is one per person * 5.
  • the user may input the favorite m kinds of ingredients into the nutrition catering device, where m is an integer greater than or equal to 1, for example, in the personal information of the user of the nutrition catering device program, the user may add the 10 favorite ingredients .
  • the refrigerator ingredients list may be a list of ingredients already in the refrigerator determined by the user; optionally, when the refrigerator is a smart refrigerator, the BU or API interface of the refrigerator may be called to determine the list of ingredients already in the refrigerator.
  • the device can directly obtain the list of refrigerator ingredients; if the nutrition catering device is not a refrigerator, the device can obtain the refrigerator through communication with the refrigerator (for example, using the communication method of the Internet of Things). List of ingredients.
  • the ingredients in the refrigerator ingredients list may be fresh and near-expired ingredients in the refrigerator.
  • the personalized ingredients list After generating the personalized ingredients list, it can be compared with the recipes in the preset recipe database to generate dynamic personalized recipes within a specific period of time. After generating dynamic personalized recipes within a specific period of time, The above personalized recipes are stored in a database.
  • the preset recipe database is used to store various recipes.
  • the purpose of comparing the personalized ingredients list with the recipes in the preset recipe database is to find out all the recipes in the preset recipe database.
  • the recipe consisting of the ingredients in the personalized ingredients list that is, the first recipe set recorded above; after finding out the recipe consisting of the ingredients in the personalized ingredients list, you can generate a dynamic within a specific time period according to the found recipe Personalized recipes.
  • the start time of the specific time period is the current time, and the length of the specific time period is an integer multiple of a day.
  • the specific time period may be a week, a half month, or a month; that is, when generating a personalized
  • the recipes in the preset recipe database can be compared to generate dynamic personalized recipes for one week, half a month, or one month.
  • the daily personalized recipes in a specific time period can be determined according to at least one of the following: the number of recipes per meal per day, the calorie ratio of each meal per day, the proportion of each nutrient in each meal per day, daily Types of recipes for each meal.
  • the calorie ratio of each daily meal is: breakfast 25%, lunch 40%, and dinner 35%.
  • the ratio of each nutrient in each meal per day may include: the mass ratio between the production nutrients in each meal per day, and the production nutrients may include protein, fat, and carbohydrates, for example, The mass ratio can be: 10% to 15% of protein, 20% to 30% of fat, and 55% to 60% of carbohydrates.
  • the ratio between the production nutrients in each meal each day can include: the proportion of various proteins in the diet; for example, the proportion of various proteins in the diet can be the mass ratio of high-quality protein to total protein.
  • high-quality protein should account for More than 1/3 of the total protein.
  • the high-quality protein may be a certain protein or types of proteins determined by the user in advance.
  • the ratio between the production nutrients in each meal each day can include: the ratio between various fatty acids; here, the type of fatty acids can be divided according to the source of fatty acids, and the source of fatty acids can be animal fats or vegetable fats.
  • Animal fats include but not It is limited to body fat or milk fat of animals such as pigs, cattle, sheep, and ducks.
  • Vegetable oils include but are not limited to soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, palm oil, salad oil, and the like.
  • each meal contains one staple and one soup (which does not vary with the number of people). Users can choose whether or not to bring soup with each meal; duplicate recipes are not allowed for one-day meals, except for staple foods.
  • the composition of a breakfast can include an egg; a soy milk; a porridge; a staple food.
  • eggs and soy milk are selected from the eggs and soy milk in the ingredients database; if eggs and soy milk belong to ingredients that are not liked by the excluded users and / or allergic ingredients, the breakfast may not include eggs and soy milk Ingredients; here, the ingredients database may be set in advance, and the ingredients database includes various ingredients.
  • the porridge and staple food are selected from the recipe database.
  • the recipe database can be used to query recipes based on various fields.
  • the recipe can be selected according to the field "dish", where the porridge's dishes are coded as 7; the main dishes are coded as 1, 2, 3 and 5.
  • Lunch or dinner contains a kind of soup by default. For example, you can select the staple of lunch or dinner from the recipe database according to the field "Dishes", coded as 11; in particular, if the user chooses lunch or dinner without soup, lunch or dinner Dinner does not include soup.
  • vegetarian dishes and amaranths must meet the principle of vegetarian dishes.
  • the ratio of vegetarian dishes is 1: 1 (note that the number varies with the number of people).
  • vegetarian dishes can be divided into fields from the recipe database. Select "dish”, coded as 9; amaranth can be selected from the recipe database according to the field "dish”, coded as 8 and 10.
  • a recipe consisting of ingredients in the refrigerator is preferred.
  • the user's favorite recipes are obtained, when determining the recipes for each meal of the day, the user's favorite recipes will be selected first.
  • Table 5 exemplarily illustrates the implementation of a single person's fruit intake (the daily fruit intake of the i-th user is F i )
  • fruit intake can be achieved by adding meals; when the specific time period is one week, Table 6 can be used to illustrate the daily fruit intake time during the week.
  • indicates the daily fruit intake time. It can be seen that two daily meals are recommended to achieve fruit intake, and the fruit intake time is cross-recommended each week Different entry times).
  • n 1, two kinds of fruits are recommended daily; when n is 2 to 4, the number of types of fruits recommended daily is 2 ⁇ (n-1), and when n is greater than 4, the number of fruits is recommended daily.
  • Six types of fruits are recommended; further, the types of fruits recommended in the next two days are not completely duplicated, and repeatable types of fruits can be recommended every other day.
  • the ratio of fruit types may be 1: 1, and the ratio of fruit quality may be 1: 1.
  • the quality of each fruit is F / fruit type; for example, when calculating the result of F / fruit type, the result may also be kept as an integer, and a rounding principle is used to ensure that The number of digits is 0.
  • the default daily fat intake per person can be between 25g and 30g.
  • the default daily fat intake per person is 25g.
  • the types of fats include, but are not limited to, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower seed oil, wheat germ oil, grape seed oil, tea seed oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, rice oil, and canola. Oil, sesame oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, almond oil, etc.
  • one type of grease may be recommended every month, and the type of grease recommended each month may be determined according to the principle of random recommendation.
  • the default daily salt intake per person is less than 6g.
  • the personalized recipes for daily lunch or dinner Can be determined according to the following recommended matching rules (ie constraints):
  • the number of recommended recipes A per meal is: ceil (1.5n), where n is the number of people and ceil () is the round-up operation. For example, two recipes are recommended for one person, and three recipes are recommended for two people. ; Each recipe can be vegetarian, amaranth or soup.
  • Amaranth, vegetarian dishes, soup mix the number of amaranths is ceil (A / 3), where A represents the number of recommended recipes for each meal. For example, when two recipes are recommended for each meal, the number of amaranths is 1. The number can be 1; when 5 recipes are recommended for each meal, the number of amaranth is 2; at this time, the number of vegetarian dishes can be less than or equal to 3.
  • the number of soups depends on the number of people: for 1 person, the number of soups in each recommended recipe is 0; for 2 to 3 people, the number of soups in each recommended recipe is 1; for 4 people Above, the number of soups in each recommended recipe is two.
  • the number of recommended vegetarian dishes per meal is: the number of recommended recipes per meal-the number of recommended amaranths per meal-the number of recommended soups per meal.
  • generating a daily personalized recipe in a specific time period according to the found recipe includes:
  • Step A1 Determine the daily energy supply amount of each dining object.
  • Example 1 the total daily energy supply of each dining subject can be determined according to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
  • DRIs Dietary Reference Intakes
  • the daily energy supply is determined to be 11.29 MJ (2700 kcal) / d (that is, 2700 Kcal per day) ).
  • the energy supply amount in Table 7 is the average value of each segment of the dining object.
  • Example 3 only adults aged 18 to 60 are considered.
  • the amount of the weekly dynamic recipe list needs to meet the following caloric standards.
  • the set ingredients in the database are proportionally increased or decreased according to individual calories.
  • the number of calories per kg per day for different groups of people can be obtained according to Table 8, the unit is kilocalories.
  • Table 9 is used to exemplify the groups corresponding to various types of manual labor in Table 8.
  • Example 4 the daily energy supply amount of each dining subject can be obtained according to the basal metabolic rate and physical activity coefficient of each dining subject.
  • the pre-stored basal metabolic rate of the dining object may be stored in the nutritional catering device, so that when the basal metabolic rate of the dining object is required to be used, corresponding data may be directly retrieved from the nutritional catering device.
  • the basal metabolic rate of the dining object may also be calculated according to the calculation formula of the basal metabolic rate.
  • the basal metabolic rate calculation formula may be used to calculate the Basal metabolic rate.
  • the formula for calculating the basal metabolic rate can be:
  • Basal metabolic rate (male) 66 + 13.7 ⁇ weight (kg) + 5 ⁇ height (cm)-6.8 ⁇ age
  • Basal metabolic rate (female) 655 + 9.6 ⁇ weight (kg) + 1.8 ⁇ height (cm) -4.7 ⁇ age
  • the daily energy supply of the i-th dining object is calculated.
  • the total daily energy supply of the i-th dining object K i is: the i-th dining object
  • the unit of the total daily energy supply K i of the object may be kcal.
  • the daily recommended energy intake of a single person of the dining subject may be used again for the meal.
  • the total daily energy supply amount of the subject is corrected to obtain a final value of the total daily energy supply amount of the meal object.
  • the dining object After obtaining the total daily energy supply of a dining object, if the dining object is a pregnant woman, you can increase the total daily energy supply of the dining object by 200 kcal per day (200 kcal / d); if the dining object is a nursing mother, you can Increase the daily energy supply of the dining object by an additional 500 kcal (500 kcal / d); if the physical fitness of the dining object is determined to be lean according to the BMI of the dining object, the daily energy supply of the dining object may be increased; If the subject's BMI determines that the constitution of the dining subject is obese, it can reduce the daily energy supply of the meal subject; if it is determined that the constitution of the dining subject is normal constitution according to the meal subject's BMI, the meal daily energy supply can be maintained The amount is unchanged.
  • the BMI is an important standard for measuring the degree of obesity and health of the human body. For example, when the BMI is between 18.5 and 23.5, the physical fitness of the dining object can be regarded as normal; when the BMI is between 24.0 and 27.9 , It can be considered that the dining object is overweight; when the BMI is greater than or equal to 28.0, the physical fitness of the dining object can be considered to be obese.
  • a range floating process may also be performed on the daily energy supply amount of the dining object to obtain a numerical range with the daily energy supply amount of the dining object as a center value, which is subsequently used
  • this value range can be used instead.
  • the daily energy supply amount of the i-th dining object is K i
  • the value range after the range floating process is K i ⁇ 5%.
  • the value range after the range floating process is (1900-2100) kcal.
  • the sum of the daily energy supply amounts of all the dining objects can be calculated.
  • Step A2 Calculate the daily supply of three major nutrients for each dining subject.
  • productivity nutrients namely protein, fat and carbohydrate.
  • the daily nutrient supply amount of each dining object can be obtained.
  • the daily supply of the three nutrients of the dining object is:
  • the quality of daily production nutrients of each dining object can be determined
  • the daily mass production nutrients of the dining object are:
  • Step A3 Calculate the daily nutrient requirement (mass) per meal for each meal subject.
  • the energy ratio of three meals a day is: 30% for breakfast, 40% for lunch, and 30% for dinner.
  • the mass of the daily production nutrients of the dining object is: 101g of protein, 75g of fat and 405g of carbohydrate.
  • the nutrient requirements (g) for three meals per day are:
  • Carbohydrate 405 ⁇ 30% 122g
  • Carbohydrate 405 ⁇ 30% 122g
  • Step A4 Determine the amount (quality) of the main food and non-staple food for each meal of each meal subject.
  • the variety and supply of the staple food can be determined first; optionally, the variety of the staple food can be determined according to the eating habits of the dining object, and the variety of the staple food is determined After that, it can be considered that the staple food is provided with a set proportion of carbohydrates in each meal. Based on this, according to the above-mentioned requirements of the carbohydrates per meal and the carbohydrate content (mass of the unit mass of the main food in each meal) ) To determine the supply of staple food in each meal; here, the set ratio can be between 70% and 100%.
  • the protein content of the main food in each meal can be obtained by subtracting the protein content of the main food in each meal from the protein requirement of each meal described in the above meal.
  • pure energy food generally refers to food oil; in actual implementation, the supply of pure energy food in each meal can be determined according to the fat requirement of each meal of the dining object described above and the fat content in the staple food and non-staple food determined above. the amount.
  • the staple food for breakfast includes millet porridge and steamed buns.
  • millet porridge and steamed buns provide 20% and 80% carbohydrates respectively; according to the table of food ingredients, it can be seen that: 100g of millet porridge (standard portion) The content of the compound is 8.4g, and the carbohydrate content of 100g of steamed bread (standard portion) is 48.3g.
  • the supply of millet porridge and steamed bread in each meal is:
  • the main non-staple foods that provide protein in advance are animal foods and beans.
  • the protein content of breakfast foods is 2/3 of which is provided by animal foods and 1/3 is provided by beans. Then, during breakfast
  • the protein content provided by animal foods and beans are:
  • the supply of food oil in breakfast can be determined.
  • Step A5 Determine the number of food exchange servings required by each dining subject daily.
  • total daily food exchange servings total daily energy supply of dining objects ⁇ 90; for example, for Mr. X and In other words, the total daily energy supply is 1420kcal, then the total daily food exchange servings of Mr. X are: 1420 ⁇ 90 ⁇ 16 servings.
  • the daily food exchange servings of the three major nutrients for each dining object are:
  • Carbohydrate food exchange servings total food exchange servings per meal subject ⁇ 60%
  • Fat food exchange servings total food exchange servings per meal subject ⁇ 25%
  • Carbohydrate food exchange servings 16 ⁇ 60% ⁇ 10 servings
  • Step A7 Determine the number of food exchange servings of each type of food for each dining object each day;
  • the food that mainly provides carbohydrates daily and the corresponding servings are:
  • the main foods that provide protein daily and the corresponding servings are:
  • Soy milk food 2 servings
  • the daily fat foods and the corresponding servings are:
  • the animal foods described above can provide protein and oil respectively. Therefore, the daily food exchange servings of animal foods can be: the protein exchange servings of soymilk foods that provide protein and the soymilk foods that provide fat The larger of the food exchange servings.
  • Soy milk food 2 servings
  • each dining object breakfast, lunch, and dinner must be guaranteed every day.
  • each dining object may also be provided with at least one of the following meals: meals before bed, meals in the morning, and meals in the afternoon.
  • the energy provided by the meal meal can account for 5% to 10% of the daily energy supply of the meal object. Accordingly, the corresponding calories need to be deducted from at least one meal for breakfast, lunch and dinner. food.
  • Mr. X daily meal exchanges can be distributed as follows:
  • Step A9 Determine the food of each type of food for each meal subject daily according to the number of food exchanges of each type of food for each meal subject determined in step A7 and the meal allocation method obtained in step A8. The number of servings is exchanged, and the number of food-exchanging servings of each type of food for each meal object per day is converted into the specific food weight.
  • the nutrition of each meal needs to be balanced, and every meal should contain nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, cellulose, and trace elements.
  • generating a daily personalized recipe in a specific time period according to the found recipe includes:
  • Step B1 Determine the daily energy supply amount of each dining object.
  • the daily energy supply for adults can be calculated according to Table 12.
  • Table 12 shows the number of calories per kilogram per day for adults of various body types and various types of manual labor in kcal.
  • the groups corresponding to various body types can be described in Table 9, and the types of physical labor corresponding to adults can be obtained through BMI.
  • the daily energy supply of the dining object can be obtained according to the following formula:
  • the dining object may be a healthy user or a user suffering from a disease; the standard weight of the dining object has been described in the second implementation manner described above, and is not repeated here.
  • Step B2 Calculate the daily supply of three major nutrients for each dining subject.
  • the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates is between 55% and 65%, and 200g / d (g / day) is the main food at the beginning.
  • the daily staple food supply for people of various types of manual labor may be:
  • Staple food for extremely light physical labor is controlled to 200 ⁇ 250g / d
  • the energy supply ratio of fat is between 20% and 30%; or, for the total daily energy supply of each dining object, the supply of fat may be in the range of 0.7 to 1.09g / (kg * d) calculation, that is to say, for each kilogram of the meal subject, it provides 0.7 to 1.09 g of fat.
  • vegetable oil accounts for more than 1/3; cholesterol should be less than 300 mg / d; when the dining subject is a person with hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol should be less than 200 mg / d.
  • the energy supply ratio of protein is between 12% and 20%; or, for the total daily energy supply amount of each dining object, the protein supply amount may be 1.0-1.5g / (kg * d) calculation, that is to say, for every kilogram of a meal subject, 1.0 g to 1.5 g of protein is supplied.
  • the dining object is a person with renal insufficiency
  • protein intake should be restricted, which can be determined according to the degree of renal function impairment.
  • the energy supply ratio of protein is below 10%, or the amount of protein supply Can be calculated as 0.5 ⁇ 0.8g / (kg * d)
  • Step B3 Calculate the energy ratio of each meal of each meal subject every day.
  • the energy ratios of common meals of a day may be:
  • the dining object is a diabetic patient.
  • the energy ratio of each meal of a day can be determined according to the diabetic patient's eating habits, fluctuations in blood glucose and urine glucose, taking hypoglycemic drugs or refracting insulin time, and whether the condition is stable. Try to ensure that you eat less and eat more regularly.
  • Step B4 Catering is performed for each dining object.
  • the above-calculated daily energy supply and the daily supply of the three major nutrients for each dining object may be implemented on the main and non-staple food, first with the main food, then with vegetables and amaranth, and finally calculating the cooking oil and seasoning, According to eating habits, meals can be prepared according to the energy ratio of each meal determined daily as described above.
  • generating a daily personalized recipe in a specific time period according to the found recipe includes:
  • Step C1 Determine the daily energy supply amount K of each dining object.
  • Step C2 to determine the type and quantity of fruit per meal daily intake of objects and draw objects in each meal daily intake of fruits and total calories K f.
  • Step C4 Determine the daily energy ratio of each meal object, and determine the daily calories provided by each meal object according to the daily energy proportion of each meal object.
  • Step C5 Determine the amount of each recipe in each meal and the amount of ingredients in each meal.
  • the implementation manner of this step may refer to the first implementation manner to the third implementation manner described above.
  • the recipe configuration of the three meals of the dining object may be:
  • the staple food accounts for 60% of the calories in each meal. After deducting the calories of the staple food, the remaining calories are distributed to all recipes according to the calorie ratio of the selected recipe.
  • a conversion table for the number of servings of ingredients may be considered, and the servings shall prevail; for example, 40 grams of protein is equivalent to one medium-sized egg.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a class for constructing a recipe in an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, various attributes of the recipe can be used to evaluate the recipe, and the ingredients can be further classified. The ingredients in the recipe can be divided into meat, soy products, Vegetables, aquatic products, dairy products, etc.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the hierarchical structure of the vegetable body in the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, isa represents a class and io represents an individual. You can use the common superordinate concept of the two bodies as a reference, and calculate the similarity of the individual with his depth in the concept hierarchy.
  • the formula for calculating the similarity of recipes (the similarity of ingredients in the recipes) is:
  • sim (X i, Y i ) X represents a local similarity recipes and properties of the i-th feature of Y
  • sim (X i, Y i ) as defined above may refer to the dimension obtained similarity
  • W is X i represents Recipe The proportion of the i-th feature attribute in Y and Y in the global similarity calculation.
  • Sim (X, Y) represents the global similarity of the recipes X and Y (the overall similarity at the case level) in the multidimensional vector space model.
  • a set of amaranth and materials can be selected in the first recipe set.
  • the user can select the food preference, spicy degree, cooking level, allergic ingredients, and dislike ingredients according to the user's cuisine preferences, spicyness, cooking level, 2.
  • the user has the ingredients in the home appliance, and the above-mentioned optional amaranth and material collection are filtered.
  • N 1 amaranth recipes and N 2 vegetarian dish recipes with high scores are given.
  • the amaranth and materials Can be based on historical rating data for multiple users.
  • N 1 amaranth recipes and N 2 vegetarian dish recipes with higher scores After obtaining N 1 amaranth recipes and N 2 vegetarian dish recipes with higher scores, according to a predetermined number of amaranth recipes n 1 and vegetarian dishes n 2 , give the N 1 amaranth recipes and N 2 vegetarian recipes with high score A combination of amaranth and ingredients (total Kind of possible).
  • a recipe composed of ingredients in the personalized ingredients list that is, the first recipe set described above
  • it may also be selected from the first recipe set based on the user's health information and traditional Chinese medicine theory.
  • Multiple recommended recipes are generated; and then, based on the multiple recommended recipes, nutritional catering information is generated.
  • the first recipe set and the user's health information can be used to screen the ingredients to obtain a recommended recipe.
  • the role of diet can be divided into two parts: nourishing the human body and treating diseases.
  • the nourishing of the diet is the basis for the survival of the human body.
  • Food and medicine have the role of treating diseases. Therapists first take food therapy, then medication, and think that doctors who can treat diseases with food are "good work”. They can achieve the purpose of curing diseases by tonicing and replenishing, reducing diarrhea, and eliminating evil. Be explained.
  • the diet enters the human body, and through the maturity of the stomach and the transformation of the spleen, it becomes the subtlety of the water valley, and then spreads to the whole body to nourish the human organs, meridians, and even the limbs, bones, and fur to maintain normal life activities and resist evil spirits.
  • Chinese medicine believes that qi, blood, and body fluid are the basic substances that constitute the human body, and are the physical basis of physiological functions such as internal organs, meridians, and meridians. The three are continuously depleted in maintaining human life activities, all of which are inseparable from the spleen and stomach transported by the delicate and timely Foster.
  • the constitution of traditional Chinese medicine can be determined according to the characteristics of different populations.
  • various different populations can include: elderly people, children, pregnant women, hyperglycemia people, hypertension people, and hyperlipidemia people.
  • Hot food Pepper mustard, dried ginger, cinnamon, chili, pepper, etc.
  • the taste of food can be summarized as the five flavors of pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. In addition to these five flavors, there are also "light” and “astringent” flavors. Jianwang depends entirely on the provision of Wuqi and Wuwei between heaven and earth, and the source of Wuwei is various foods in nature. Different flavors of food have different effects.
  • Spicy taste can be scattered, can have divergent, Qi, blood circulation, Tongqiao, Humidification and other effects, attending external sensory manifestations, Qi stagnation, blood stasis, closure, wet resistance, etc., such as cold and cold can choose ginger, light white Spices such as garlic and garlic are used to disperse wind chills; Bi patients can choose liquor or medicinal liquor to disperse colds and dehumidify and warm blood circulation.
  • the spicy taste still has the effects of flavoring and stomach strengthening. For patients with stomach pain caused by cold stagnation and qi stagnation, peppers, amomum, fennel, etc. should be used to disperse cold and relieve pain.
  • the spicy foods also have aroma or spicy taste, so And often become an essential condiment on the table; commonly used spicy ingredients are spring onions, ginger, garlic, mustard, scallion, wine, pepper, pepper, pepper, cinnamon and so on.
  • Sweet flavor also has better flavoring and flavoring effects, such as white sugar, brown sugar, honey, stevia, etc .; common sweet ingredients include yam, pumpkin, white fungus, chicken, longan meat, sweet almonds, litchi, jujube, sugar, Licorice and various animal meats.
  • Sour (astringent) taste It can absorb and astringent, and has appetizing, hydrating, astringent, and astringent effects. It treats asthma, chronic cough, asthma, and chronic diarrhea; such as hyperhidrosis caused by insufficiency of qi deficiency and health. Prickly pear, Schisandra, and other antiperspirants; diarrhea, frequent urination, nocturnal emission, and spermatozoa should pay attention to sour foods to aid treatment; secondly, sour foods have the function of refreshing and quenching thirst or digestion, such as plums, acids Horn, lemon, vinegar willow fruit, prickly pear, hawthorn, vinegar, etc. In addition, vinegar is also a condiment commonly used in dishes.
  • bitterness It can relieve diarrhea and dryness, and has the functions of clearing heat, purging fire, and dampness. It can treat inflammation of heart fire, or heat transfer of the small intestine; Upset, you can choose lotus seeds, almonds, lettuce, etc., clearing away heat.
  • the bitter ingredients used are bitter gourd, lettuce leaves, green fruit, mustard, wolfberry seedlings, apocynum, tea, etc.
  • eating bitterness easily leads to indigestion, especially for patients with bone disease.
  • the salty taste can soften and loosen, tonify blood, and so on. It treats crickets, sputum, and lumps, such as kelp, kelp, and other soft and strong sputum. Stool dryness can be used with jellyfish and saline to moisturize the bowels. Mussels, duck meat, kidney, squid, trotters, blood and nourish yin; commonly used ingredients are kelp, seaweed, seaweed, clam, jellyfish, clam meat, sea cucumber and so on.
  • Wuwei is not limited to a certain organ, it is summarized based on the effect of food after being consumed, and combined with the theory of organs and meridians.
  • ginger and pepper can increase appetite
  • radishes and watermelons can stimulate the thirst and thirst.
  • Chinese medicine believes that the stomach is accepted by the stomach, and it likes moistness and dryness. The symptoms of decreased appetite and thirst belong to the stomach, so the above four foods belong to the stomach meridian; Persimmon and honey can nourish yin, moisturize, relieve cough, and mustard and sputum can reduce sputum.
  • Chinese medicine believes that the lungs are delicate, breathing, and sputum storage. The symptoms of dry throat and cough and sputum belong to the lungs. Food belongs to the lung meridian.
  • Sex, flavor, and meridian are only one aspect of food performance. They must be organically combined to more completely represent the performance of a food; for example, leek, sweet, spicy, warm, and kidney, stomach, and liver
  • Jing and Jing can analyze the function of chives: sweet and Xin Wen, Gui Shen Jing, which can nourish the kidney and help Yang; Xin Wen, Gui Wei Jing, which can warm appetizers; Xin Wen Gui Gan, which means Can disperse blood stasis. If you only know the nature and taste of food, it is difficult to judge exactly what it is used to perform some functions.
  • the leek of Xin Wen does not return to the lung meridian and cannot be used for sweating, relieving cold, and dispersing cold. Therefore, it must be combined with its meridian. Look; on the contrary, if you only know the return of food to the classics, it is difficult to judge what function it plays in a certain classic, such as leek returning to the kidney meridian without nourishing the kidney yin, returning to the stomach meridian without benefiting the stomach. Therefore, the three must be combined to comprehensively analyze the function of a food.
  • Ascending, descending, floating, and sinking refer to the four action trends of medicinal foods; among them, ascending is the ascending effect of medicine, floating is the divergence of medicinal effect, descending is the decrease of action, and Shen refers to the diarrhea of medicinal effect.
  • the functional activities of the human body rise and fall, floating and sinking.
  • Ascending and descending, floating and sinking imbalance or imbalance can cause pathological changes in the body. With the characteristics of food lifting, it can correct the lifting and floating of the body.
  • the texture of the medicinal food itself is another basis for induction.
  • Light texture, light food, warm food, and sweet and light food. Its attribute is yang, and it has the tendency of rising and floating (such as silver flower, ginger, pepper, etc.), and it has functions such as divergence and clarification.
  • Cold food, taste bitter food mostly have sedimentation function.
  • Its property is yin, and it has the tendency of sedimentation (such as almonds, plums, lotus seeds, winter melon, etc.), and has the functions of clearing heat, mocking, cough, diuretic, antidiarrhea, and tonic.
  • the spleen and stomach occupy a very important position in the body's internal organs.
  • the compatibility of food or medicine is basically based on the "seven emotions” theory of drug compatibility. In addition to the single line, it can be divided into two aspects: synergy and antagonism; the food's synergy and compatibility include “reciprocal beard” and “reciprocity”, and the antagonism includes “repeated fear,” “kill,” “evil,” and “opposite” .
  • Single line The use of a single flavor of food for treatment and health care is a single line; for example, boiled white rice porridge with japonica rice can supplement qi, strengthen the spleen and stomach.
  • Mustard Foods with similar performance and efficacy can be used in combination to enhance its original efficacy; such as mung bean winter melon soup, combined with mung bean and winter melon, can mutually enhance heat clearing, heatstroke, and diuretic effects; such as Qinglong white tiger soup, fresh green fruit and fresh Laizhu
  • the same use can mutually strengthen the effect of clearing the lungs and clearing the throat, detoxifying and swelling; and the combination of ⁇ and Xueliao in Xueying Decoction can mutually strengthen the effect of clearing heat and reducing phlegm.
  • Supplementary food can enhance the efficacy of the main food.
  • astragalus carp soup astragalus supplements Qi and water
  • carp strengthens the spleen and water
  • carp can strengthen the effect of astragalus supplements Qi and water
  • Pueraria congee Pueraria can sweat and detoxify muscle
  • japonica can supplement the Qi and Qi
  • rice can strengthen Post effect
  • ginger candy drink the brown sugar that moderates the stomach and enhances the efficacy of the warm and scattered cold ginger.
  • perilla and ginger can solve the poison of crabs.
  • ginger and perilla are often used.
  • the cold poison of crabs can be treated by The heat of ginger and perilla is solved, so crabs are afraid of perilla and ginger; the adverse effects of phytohemagglutinin in lentils can be reduced or eliminated by garlic.
  • Phase killing One kind of food can reduce or eliminate the toxicity or adverse effect of another drug; as in the above example, perilla and ginger can solve the poison of crabs, so ginger and perilla can kill the cold poison of crabs.
  • perilla and ginger can solve the poison of crabs, so ginger and perilla can kill the cold poison of crabs.
  • phobia and homicide are two terms of the same compatibility relationship from different angles.
  • the combination of two foods can produce or enhance toxic reactions or adverse effects.
  • the beef liver should not be eaten together with catfish and eaten by the ancient literature; sheep liver should not be eaten together with pepper, and it is sad to eat; eating persimmons and crabs together can easily cause abdominal pain and diarrhea.
  • the change relationship can also be summarized into four aspects: synergism, attenuation, attenuation, and toxicity. Because of the synergistic effect of phasianus and phobia, it can be fully utilized in the configuration of medicated meals; due to the interaction of phobia and phobia, it can reduce or eliminate the original toxicity or side effects, and must be considered when using; Evil may antagonize each other to offset and weaken the original efficacy, so attention should be paid when using it; on the contrary, toxic and side effects due to interaction are contraindications for compatibility, and should not be used in combination. In practical applications, we should make more use of the relationship between whiskers, companions, fears, and killings between foods to reduce toxicity and increase effectiveness, to avoid food's evils and compatibility, and to reduce toxic side effects.
  • Circulating blood foods can promote blood circulation, abortion of the blood, so it should be avoided during pregnancy; such as peach kernel, hawthorn, crab claw and so on.
  • Slippery foods can be used to remove coke, clear kidney qi, and cause fetal dislocation, which can cause fetal movements or slippery tires, so you should avoid eating them; such as purslane, cormorants, fungus, barley, etc. .
  • Dietary contraindications in the disease refers to suffering from a certain disease, so certain foods are not suitable for consumption during this period; in the course of the disease, eating certain foods will affect the efficacy and treatment of the disease, so it should be avoided.
  • foods that are difficult to digest such as cold, sticky, and stinky during the taking period.
  • Different diseases have different diet taboos. For example, patients with fever should avoid spicy and fried foods; patients with cold diseases should avoid cold foods such as cold fruits and refreshing beverages; patients with diarrhea should not be cold and firm.
  • the user's syndrome type can be determined, and the efficacy of the required food can be determined.
  • Insufficient fluid Shengjin, thirst quenching, yin tonic
  • Water liquid stop polymerization water, soaking, humidification, dryness
  • Cardioplegia Activating Blood & Resolving Stasis & Nourishing Heart & Tongluo
  • Phlegm and Fire Disturbance Clearing Heat & Resolving Phlegm & Ningxin & Soothing
  • Wind-cold and Lung-losing Scattering Cold & Relieving Forms & Warming Lungs & Relieving Cough
  • Wind-heat and Lung Loss Clearing Heat & Expelling Tables & Clearing Lungs & Cough
  • Heat evil lungs clearing heat & reducing phlegm & relieving cough, clearing lungs & reducing phlegm & relieving cough
  • Phlegm dampness stop phlegm & dampness & cough, phlegm & dampness & cough, phlegm & dryness & cough
  • Damp heat in the large intestine clearing heat & dampness, clearing heat & dampness
  • Diarrhea Astringent & Antidiarrheal
  • Spleen insufficiency Spleen & Hemostasis, Warm Spleen & Hemostasis, Qi & Hemostasis
  • Cold and damp spleen warm & scattered cold & humidifying, tonic & scattered cold & humidified, warm & scattered cold & wetted, tonic & scattered & wetted
  • Stomach cold warming the middle and nourishing the stomach, filling the middle and nourishing the stomach, warming the stomach
  • Stomach fever purging fire & nourishing stomach
  • Liver and gallbladder dampness and heat clearing heat & dampening & liver dryness, clearing heat & dampening & liver dryness, clearing liver & dampening, clearing liver & dampening
  • Kidney Yin Deficiency Tonifying Kidney & Nourishing Yin
  • Kidney Insufficiency Tonifying Kidney & Insufficient Qi
  • Hot and humid bladder clearing away heat and dampness, clearing away heat and dampness
  • Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency Liver and Kidney, Liver, Kidney & Nourishing
  • Liver and Spleen Disorders Liver Relief & Spleen Invigorating
  • Liver fire and lungs clear liver & clear lung & cough
  • the ",” comma indicates the side-by-side relationship (or) of the efficacy, and the ingredients and drugs that meet the two types (or types) of efficacy are suitable for the corresponding syndrome type.
  • "&" Indicates the cross relationship (and) between the effects, and the ingredients and drugs that meet the two (or several) types of effects are only suitable for the corresponding syndrome type.
  • the user's syndrome type is obtained, the efficacy of the required food is determined, and then the ingredients are screened.
  • the therapeutic effect of food is also to adjust the yin and yang balance of the body to achieve the "yin and yang secret"; the physiological functions of the human body can be maintained only in a harmonious and coordinated manner, and thus in a healthy state to resist the invasion of external evils.
  • Tonic Proper diet in life can play a role in maintaining yin and yang harmony; for the disease state caused by yin and yang imbalance, the yin and yang bias of the diet can also be used to regulate it; people usually use the method of tonic to play a nourishing diet Function, when applying the "tonic" method, different factors such as different populations, seasons, ages, and genders should be fully considered; according to the nature of food, there are three main methods of tonic.
  • Nourishing method One kind is to use the food that is neither hot nor cold and has a gentle nature to supplement. Most cereals, potatoes, fruits and vegetables, some poultry, eggs, meat, dairy foods, such as rice, corn, sweet potatoes, Potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, shiitake mushrooms, eggs, pork, milk, etc. In addition, it also includes tonic supplements such as yin and yin, as well as yin and yang tonic, such as yam and honey. Yin, these foods are suitable for normal population health.
  • the method of clearing and tonic refers to the method of supplementing with cooler or purgative food, which is suitable for people with evidence of physique.
  • Commonly used tonic foods are mung beans, radishes, cucumbers, watermelons, winter melon, Shanghao, purslane, millet, barley, apples, pears, persimmons, etc., mostly fruits and vegetables.
  • Warm supplement method refers to the method of supplementing with warm food, which is suitable for people with yang deficiency or qi and yang deficiency. It is also often used as a normal population to supplement food in winter, such as mutton, dog meat, walnut kernel, jujube. , Longan meat, sea shrimp, etc .; foods with strong supplementary effects can achieve the purpose of urgently needed supplements, such as venison, deer fetus, deer tail, deer kidney, turtle, etc.
  • Laxative method Low levels of various tissues, organs, and overall functions of the human body are important causes of the disease. If the disease is more abundant, it is “evil qi", and its syndrome is called “positive evidence”; Relieve evils and viscera, such as garlic for dysentery, hawthorn digestion, yam juice for hemoptysis, red beans for edema, pig pancreas for thirst and so on. Some foods have a variety of therapeutic effects, which can directly remove the cause and fully regulate the symptoms. As described by Li Shizhen, “chicken yellow replenishes yin and blood, detoxifies and cures diarrhea", indicating that eggs have a nutritional effect. It also has the functions of regulating viscera function and clearing away heat and poison. There are many types of Quxie foods, and the following categories are mainly introduced.
  • Scattered wind chills Applicable to the symptoms of wind chill. Ginger, nepeta, garlic, onion, etc. are often selected for medicine and food.
  • Scattered wind and heat type Applicable for exogenous wind and heat manifestation, and mint, chrysanthemum, light tempeh and coriander are often selected for medicine and food.
  • Phlegm and cough It is suitable for cough and sputum. Pinellia, Chenpi, Tangluo, almonds, radish seeds, etc. are usually selected for medicine and food.
  • Antitussive and asthma suitable for cough and asthma. Suzi, ginkgo, pear, duck meat, coriander, etc. are usually selected for medicine and food.
  • Heat-clearing and heat-relief category It is suitable for the diseases caused by the summer heat.
  • the medicine and food are often selected from lotus leaf, aquilegia, mung bean, green tea, bitter gourd and so on.
  • heat-clearing and detoxifying type suitable for heat-toxicity syndrome, mung bean, silver flower, purslane, etc.
  • Heat-clearing and fire-reducing categories applicable to heat-relief syndromes. Bitter vegetables, brackens, reed roots, bitter gourds, etc. are often selected for medicine and food.
  • Laxative suitable for constipation, senna, hemp, honey, banana, black sesame, etc. are often selected for medicine and food.
  • Wenli category It is suitable for the cold syndrome. Dried ginger, cumin, dried ginger, mutton, cinnamon, etc. are often selected for medicine and food.
  • Rheumatism suitable for rheumatism. Medicine and food often choose papaya, wine, catfish and so on.
  • Lishui and dampness suitable for edema, gonorrhea, phlegm and other diseases, often choose corn shavings, red beans, cocklebur, coix seed, duck and so on.
  • Digestion suitable for food product syndrome, hawthorn, malt, chicken gold, radish, etc. are often selected for medicinal food.
  • Activating blood suitable for blood stasis syndrome, peach kernel, hawthorn, motherwort, wine, vinegar, etc. are usually selected for medicine and food.
  • Hemostasis Applicable to hemorrhage syndrome, Ejiao, Agaric, Panax notoginseng, Huaihua, etc. are usually selected for medicine and food.
  • Soothe the nerve type Applicable to insomnia card. Medicinal foods often choose jujube kernels, lotus seeds, pork hearts, longan meat and so on.
  • Insect repellent It is suitable for insect proof.
  • Common medicinal foods include pumpkin seeds and betel nuts.
  • the user's disease type can be exemplified as follows:
  • Different individuals can have different physical and psychological characteristics, and their susceptibility to diseases is not the same; different health requirements for people of different ages
  • Prenatal education refers to the creation of a comfortable and pleasant environment and mood for pregnant women during the whole process of pregnancy, pregnancy and childbirth, to give a good influence to the fetus and promote fetal intelligence development.
  • the growth and development of the fetus depends on the support of the mother's blood and blood, and the reasonable diet of pregnant women is an important part to ensure eugenics.
  • the diet of pregnant women should be rich in nutrition, light and delicious, easy to digest, and rationed on time. Eating cold food, spicy food, fatty and thick and greasy food is forbidden in the diet, so as not to cause sickness, coldness, heat, and fat. Quit smoking and drinking to avoid teratogenic and congenital diseases. From 1 to 12 weeks of pregnancy, you should prepare a diet according to the taste of pregnant women. Do not eat pungent and greasy foods that may increase the pregnancy reaction; choose foods that suit your taste. Fresh vegetables and fruits are better. Eat less and eat more. Avoid being hungry or full.
  • the fetus grows rapidly and must eat more foods rich in various nutrients, such as foods rich in protein, calcium and phosphorus.
  • Beans, meat fish, and eggs are rich in protein; egg yolk, milk, shrimp skin, animal bones, and green leafy vegetables are rich in calcium; beans and meat contain phosphorus. Eating more of these foods can help the fetus grow. Made it.
  • the fetus grows and develops rapidly, and it is the key period of brain development.
  • the diet should be rich, the nutrition should be sufficient, and high-quality protein should be eaten. Pay attention to the combination of animal protein and plant protein. To prevent excessive nutrition. Good salt control in late pregnancy to prevent pregnancy edema
  • Juvenile period refers to the period from birth to 12 years of age, which is characterized by the equal emphasis on education and education.
  • Neonatal period From birth to full moon is the neonatal period. Focusing on heat preservation, reasonable feeding and prevention of infection, we should also ensure adequate sleep and a good sleeping posture.
  • Infancy From full moon to one year of age is infancy. This is the most rapid growth and development stage in a person's life. It is called the first leap period in life. Parents have to play with their babies frequently to promote leap-type growth and increase resistance. The focus of health care in this period is reasonable Feed, pay attention to cold temperature adjustment, and carry out various vaccination on time.
  • 3 Early Childhood From 1 to 3 years old, it is an early childhood period. It pays attention to early education, promotes intellectual growth, and enlightens.
  • Early education refers to the timely and appropriate education and training of children from birth to childhood, including moral education and health training, intellectual development, health education and aesthetic education. Early education should start from the physiological and psychological characteristics of children, and early childhood is the key period for language, motor, and psycho-psychological development. The development of the central nervous system of children in infants and young children is not yet complete, and it must be carried out purposefully and in a planned manner. Neuropsychological, physical and physical development.
  • Adolescence is the peak period of growth and development in life. Its physiological characteristics are rapid weight gain, marked development of secondary sexual characteristics, gradual maturation of the reproductive system, and maturity and integrity of other organs. The body is full of qi and qi and blood are reconciled. In this period, all aspects of the body's development and function have reached a more perfect and full-fledged level, and the last permanent teeth have also grown out. The height of the woman stops growing when she is 18-20 years old, and the height of the man stops growing when she is 20-23 years old. With the rapid development of physiological aspects, many changes in psychological behavior have also occurred.
  • Parents and teachers must lead by example, model others, and have a good influence on young people. They should respect the development and self-esteem of their independent intentions, adopt persuasion and education, follow the methods of charity, care about their study and life, and try to enrich and enrich their spare time. Have more discussions with them, respect their correct opinions, positively inspire their interests and hobbies, cultivate good personality and habits, encourage them to actively participate in collective activities, cultivate collectivist ideas, and gradually establish the correct world outlook and outlook on life, For errors or problems, they cannot be brutally suppressed and ordered. They must be induced and reasonably resolved.
  • Adolescents are psychologically fragile, with poor tolerance and weak will. Lack of exercise in life, strong dependence on psychology, poor communication ability and adaptability, encounter setbacks, and easily die of life due to despair. Cultivating children's strong character has an important impact on their future life. Education for failure and frustration should be conducted so that they can treat failure and frustration with an ordinary mindset and an unconvinced spirit, so that they fully realize that frustration is always unavoidable at any time and under any conditions, and train them Ability to correctly recognize and treat setbacks.
  • Middle-aged refers to the period from youth to old age. In terms of age, different countries in the world have different standards. The World Health Organization considers young people under the age of 45 to be middle-aged.
  • Physiological and psychological characteristics The middle-aged person's physiological function gradually declines, from the peak of life activity to stability and attenuation, and begins to slowly develop into aging. At the end of middle age, the visceral function is significantly attenuated, and various sudden diseases such as stroke and myocardium increase. Infarction, coronary heart disease, etc., hypertension, cancer, etc. are common diseases in middle-aged people.
  • the sexual problems of middle-aged people began to appear in large numbers, such as decreased sexual desire, obvious sexual refractory period of middle-aged men, and so on. Middle age is a stage of psychological maturity, and emotions tend to stabilize. There are more pressures from society and family, and the psychological burden is gradually heavy.
  • Middle-aged life is an important turning point in the life course. It is necessary to bear responsibilities and pressures from many aspects such as society and family. Some people lack the proper knowledge and understanding of the gradual physiological aging, and often have different degrees of suspected disease. A series of functional declines occurred, such as chest tightness, shortness of breath, poor mood, poor sleep, and decreased memory. With the increase of age, the prevalence also gradually increases. Decay, addiction, exertion, and excessive thinking are the important causes of premature aging in middle-aged people. The psychological ability of middle-aged people is closely related to the social environment and subjective efforts.
  • Middle-aged people should have a diet, a reasonable diet, and the daily intake of saturated fatty acids should not exceed 50g; protein intake of 100g per day, at least 1/3 of which is high-quality protein, such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, etc., in order to maintain Cell function and repair of body tissues; daily intake of sugars should not be too much, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables to ensure adequate vitamins and fiber. Eat more calcium-rich milk, shrimp skin, kelp, etc. to prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis. Less salt, less than 6g of salt per person per day, to avoid causing hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. If you eat improperly or have a small amount of activity, you are likely to develop obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
  • the yang of the elderly is deteriorating, and the spleen is warm and cold. Therefore, it is better to take warm products to protect the spleen and kidneys. "Don't vibrate.”
  • the elderly have a weak spleen and stomach, coupled with loose teeth, and difficulty in chewing. Therefore, they should eat soft foods, and avoid sticky, hard-to-digest products.
  • Diet tonics, dietary tonics, and flavours of flesh and blood can be used to fill the marrow; dietary yang, toxins and warm products in the diet, have yang to help yang.
  • "Su Wen” said: “Xin Gan diverges into Yang”. If men can have a reasonable diet, they must be able to support Yang Qi and improve their health.
  • Smoking can cause oligozoospermia and azoospermia; it can also induce varicocele, leading to infertility; and it can cause a variety of cancers. Therefore, non-smoking is an important aspect of men's healthy life.
  • Qi-enhancing drugs play an important role in men's health, such as ginseng, astragalus, atractylodes, yam, licorice, honey and other Qi-enhancing drugs, deer antler, Morinda officinalis, Curculigo, Epimedium, Eucommia, Cuscuta, etc.
  • the medicines are reliable.
  • Traditional Chinese medicines for benefiting qi and strengthening yang such as Jinkui Shenqi Pill, Yougui Pill, Lugui Bushen Pill, etc., are convenient to take and the effect is exact. It should be noted that taking medicines should not be overdose for too long and cannot be superstitious about the effects of medicines, and indulge in lust and indulgence, otherwise it will eventually damage health.
  • Women's special physiological functions determine their unique methods of health care. Women have an anatomy in the anatomy, physiological characteristics such as menstruation, fetal pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding, and are prone to physical and mental disorders. Therefore, women should pay attention to health care during menstruation, pregnancy, puerperium, lactation and menopause.
  • the liver mainly stores blood, so women take the liver as the innate.
  • Chong, Ren, Supervisor, with four veins and three organs of liver, spleen and kidney are closely related to women's physiological functions. Women are susceptible to adverse emotions, and have psychological characteristics of being full of emotions and involuntary emotions. Therefore, women's health care needs to maintain normal liver drainage function.
  • Menstruation is a physiological phenomenon of women's periodic uterine bleeding. Normal and regular menstruation is a sign of female maturity. Generally there are no special symptoms. Some women may experience discomfort such as fatigue, lack of abdomen or lumbar spine during menstruation, which will disappear naturally after menstruation, which will not affect normal life, and is generally not ill.
  • Menstrual health care should be based on maintaining the degree of menstrual bleeding. During menstruation, the blood chamber is open, which is extremely susceptible to evil. During menstruation, you should carefully adjust your photography in all aspects of emotion, diet and daily life.
  • Maternal diet should eat fewer meals, eat 4 to 5 times a day, do not be hungry or full.
  • Menopause is the transitional period from the period of strong reproductive life to menopause. It is generally between 45 and 55 years of age, also known as perimenopause. At this time, due to the decline of kidney qi, Tiangui will be exhausted, and the two pulses will fail. Reproductive function will be lost, resulting in dysfunction of yin and yang, yin and yang disorders, and visceral dysfunction. Some women will experience hot flashes, sweating, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, and palpitations Symptoms such as insomnia, irritability, depression, and menstrual disorders are called menopause syndromes. If properly adjusted, it can slow down aging, avoid or reduce menopausal syndrome, and play an important role in the health of old age.
  • Mental workers are people who are mainly engaged in thinking activities. The nature of their work determines that they must often use brain analysis, thinking, and memory. The brain is in a state of tension for a long time, which can cause increased cerebral vascular tension and often insufficient blood supply to the brain. Dizziness and headaches are caused because of staying up late at night, and over time, prone to neurasthenia syndrome.
  • Mental workers have been subjected to static labor in a single posture for a long time, which keeps the muscles in a state of continuous tension, which easily causes qi and blood stagnation, and can induce a variety of diseases. Therefore, the mental health principle of brain workers is to strengthen the brain and bones, combine movement and static, and coordinate the body and mind.
  • the working environment of mental workers must have fresh air in circulation, and sufficient oxygen can prolong the brain's continuous excitement time and enhance judgment. It is determined that the oxygen consumption of 1g brain tissue is equivalent to the oxygen consumption of 200g muscles in a quiet state; the brain accounts for 1/50 of the total body weight, and the oxygen consumption accounts for 1/5 of the total.
  • the working environment must have good lighting. Moderate natural light not only helps to focus, but also the ultraviolet rays in the sun can help restore physical fatigue. The strong light and weak light will damage the vision, destroy the brain excitement, and reduce work efficiency.
  • the office or workplace should be quiet. Experiments show that when the noise is less than 10dB, the brain can work normally. When the noise exceeds 60dB, the human brain stops thinking. In addition, a room temperature of about 16 ° C is most conducive to keeping the brain awake.
  • Calcium and phosphorus are indispensable elements of nerve cells. Nervousness, insomnia, restlessness, and cramps can occur when deficient. Magnesium is an essential element for maintaining good memory. Foods containing these elements include nut kernels, milk, eggs, fresh Fish, animal offal and seafood. Glutamate is necessary for the brain's thinking function. It is contained in fresh milk, fresh mushrooms, fresh liver and other umami foods. B vitamins are helpful for brain energy metabolism and increase brain power. They are found in leafy vegetables, whole grains, wheat germ, beans, yogurt, and beer. Unsaturated fatty acids participate in the synthesis and metabolism of brain substances, which can enhance brain power and anti-aging, and are contained in vegetable oils and fish.
  • Ginseng preparation has a good effect on amnesia, dizziness, neurasthenia, etc. It can be used to correct hypotension, hypoglycemia, myocardial dystrophy, and angina pectoris caused by excessive brain use. It can prevent the elderly with slow response and memory loss. Dementia. Ginseng has the effects of nourishing qi and pulse, happy nourishing and nourishing, and nourishing essence, but it is not suitable for people with high blood pressure.
  • Exercise can promote blood circulation, improve the nutritional status of the brain, promote the metabolism of brain cells, benefit the health of the nervous system, improve the body's ability to respond, and help maintain vigorous energy and stable mood. It mainly focuses on relaxing exercise and appropriately increases a certain amount of exercise to adjust the balance of yin and yang, clear the qi and blood of the meridians, stimulate potential intelligence, improve work efficiency, and reduce diseases caused by sedentary fatigue at the desk. Running is the most commonly used exercise program to help improve blood circulation and visceral function, thereby ensuring an adequate blood oxygen supply to the brain. Ball games such as table tennis and tennis can increase the speed of brain information transmission and feedback, thereby enhancing the agility of brain response.
  • Massage health care Health massage can relieve brain and body fatigue of mental workers after work, and it can obviously relieve local muscle fatigue, prevent muscle strain and cervical spondylosis.
  • Hand comb Separate both hands with ten fingers, slightly curved, comb 20 times from the front hairline to the back hairline. Wipe the forehead: bend the forefingers of both hands into a bow shape, and the inner side of the second knuckle close to the print hall. Rubbing the temples: Rubbing the temples with the ribbed surface of both fingers with both hands, it is advisable to swell.
  • Press and rub the back of the head Press the ribbed surface of the thumb with both hands and press the wind pool tightly, and then press and knead with force, and then press and rub the brain cavity.
  • Press and rub the back of the head Press the ribbed surface of the thumb with both hands and press the wind pool tightly, and then press and knead with force, and then press and rub the brain cavity.
  • For neck and shoulder massage use the left and right thumbs and abdomen on the left and right sides of the neck, respectively, and rub the neck muscles from top to bottom. Left and right hands alternately rubbing and holding the neck muscles. Slap the shoulder arm with your left and right hands and swing it several times.
  • the health of manual workers is closely related to working conditions and working environment.
  • Physical workers are mainly musculoskeletal and muscular activities, which are characterized by high energy consumption and strong metabolism in the body.
  • the body needs to maintain a fixed position, take a fixed posture or repeat a single action, and the local musculoskeletal muscles are in a state of tension for a long time, and the burden is heavy. Over time, it can cause strain.
  • Sports such as traditional Chinese fitness exercises such as Taijiquan, these exercises all require rest, calming, and moving, which can relax the spirit, but also be able to relax the vitality and energy, and also participate in some ball and equipment gymnastics exercises to improve The body's quick and dexterous response.
  • the climate and the sequence are not coordinated and disrupted
  • the original periodic rhythm state in the body leads to disorders of yin and yang, qi and blood, and viscera and sacral meridians, resulting in pathological changes.
  • Chronic changes in nature can induce certain seasonal and seasonal epidemics.
  • Jin Kuizhen's Speech contained: “Chunshan disease, epistaxis, midsummer disease, chest disease, Changxia disease hole, cold, autumn, wind, malaria, and winter disease, paralysis.”
  • Lei Feng's "On Diseases” of the Qing Dynasty said: “In spring, there are more spring temperature, wind temperature and cold, more in summer, diarrhea, dysentery and cold, more malaria in autumn, wet temperature and dry autumn, and more cough, typhoid and winter temperature in winter.
  • Spring is wood, corresponding to the liver. The liver is relieved, and he is happy for anger and depression. Therefore, to maintain health in spring, we must not only fight against anger, but also avoid depression. We must be open-minded, optimistic and happy. The health care family believes that in the spring, the wind is beautiful, and the birds are fragrant. Playing in the water, singing and dancing, and cultivating temperament, adapting his spiritual sentiment to the nature of spring, full of vitality, in order to facilitate the birth of spring sun.
  • Yang Qi In order to adapt to the characteristics of rising Yang Qi in the spring, support Yang Qi, and properly consume foods that are warm and scattered, but not overkill. Excessive use of spicyness and divergence can over-exhaust the logic and open the door to disease. "Spring bogey, ephedra and bogey,” and cold and sticky things, you should eat less, so as not to hurt the spleen and stomach.
  • Summer March from the beginning of the summer to the beginning of the autumn, includes the six solar terms of Xiaoxia, Mangzhong, Summer Solstice, Xiaoshu and Dashu.
  • the summer sun is hot, the rain is abundant, everything grows, and it changes with each passing day. The anode is overcast and everything becomes reality.
  • In the hot summer we must pay attention to the conditioning of the mind.
  • the summer is hot, it is easy to vent, and it is easy to be attacked by wind, cold, dampness and evil. It is not suitable to stay at night.
  • the Five Elements doctrine holds that, in the summer time, the fire is in full swing, and when the fire is too strong, the lungs are overcome. The bitter things can also help the heart qi and make the lung qi. More sweating in summer leads to more salt loss. If myocardium is deficient in salt, pulsatility becomes abnormal. Should eat more sour to solid form, eat more salty to fill the heart.
  • the theory of yin and yang believes that the diet should not be too cold including Xiayue Fuyin.
  • Watermelon, mung bean soup, and black plum soup are good for quenching thirst, but not for ice.
  • the summer climate is hot and the digestive function is weak.
  • the diet should be light and not fatty.
  • Pathogenic microorganisms are very easy to multiply in summer, and food is easy to spoil. Intestinal diseases often occur. Therefore, pay attention to diet hygiene, beware of "illness from the mouth.”
  • Oral medications are mainly for warming the kidney and aphrodisiac, such as Jinkui Shenqi Pill, Yougui Pill, etc., twice a day, each g, even for one month.
  • After grinding make paste with 60g of fresh ginger and spread it on 6 pieces of oil paper or plastic film with a diameter of about 5cm.
  • Autumn from the beginning of autumn to the beginning of winter, includes six solar terms of autumn, summer, white dew, autumnal equinox, cold dew, and frost.
  • the climate changes from heat to cold which is the key period for the yang to gradually accumulate, the yin to grow, and the transition from yang to yin. It is the season when everything matures and harvests, and the metabolism of yin and yang in the human body begins to transition from yang to yin. Therefore, in the autumn health, the spirit, diet, exercise and exercise are all based on the principle of nutrition.
  • the climate in winter is cold, the yang is closed, and the human body is in the period of energy accumulation.
  • the principles of "autumn and winter nourish yin” and “no disturbance to the yang” should be followed.
  • the diet should be warm and the main focus should be on “hidden calories”. It should not be cold or hot, and it is best to eat a meal with nourishing yin and yang, and high calories.
  • Reducing salt intake can reduce the burden on the kidneys, and increasing bitterness can strengthen kidney qi. Because the kidneys are ordered in the winter, the kidney qi is too high, and the kidneys are watery, salty, the heart is firey, and bitter, and the strong kidneys are easy to overcome the heart.
  • the physical constitution of a person is not immutable throughout his life, but changes constantly under the influence of various factors in the day after tomorrow. Improving the physique should start from the whole and carry out comprehensive photography. It is necessary to establish a scientific health concept and life attitude, establish a scientific lifestyle, and carry out targeted conditioning of comprehensive life and behaviors, such as optimizing dietary structure, changing bad lifestyle habits, enhancing mental cultivation, improving mental quality, and actively exercising, etc. In order to maintain a healthy physique, you can maintain the balance of yin and yang of the body and promote physical and mental health.
  • Normal emotional activity is an objective reflection of people's likes and dislikes of objective things, and is a normal psychological phenomenon. Regulating emotions to the best state is an effective way to ensure the quality of health.
  • the basic principle of a peaceful and healthy diet is a balanced diet, which requires a variety of foods.
  • the main point of food and nutrition is to comply with the four seasons, to be harmonious with the five flavors, and to harmonize the internal and external environment of the human body to maintain the balance of yin and yang and the coordination of the five internal organs.
  • the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic clearly states: "Five grains are to feed, five fruits are to help, five animals are to benefit, five dishes are to be filled, the smell is to be served, and tonic and tonic.” This is the traditional Chinese concept of balanced diet and omnivores. The general principles of food and nutrition should be followed by the physical population.
  • Yang Yang in spring, summer, and yin in winter in accordance with the changing laws of the four seasons in nature, and the influence of climatic characteristics of spring temperature, summer heat, cool autumn, and winter cold on the internal and external changes in yin and yang, visceral activity, and qi and blood movement in the human body, depending on the season Proper diet structure to strengthen health and prevent disease.
  • the principle of recuperating qi deficiency is to nourish qi and spleen, and to nourish vitality. Keep “the righteousness in the house, evil can't be done", and maintain the balance of yin and yang. The spleen and stomach are acquired, so people with qi deficiency should especially take good care of the spleen and stomach to improve qi deficiency.
  • the basic points of emotional conditioning for qi deficiency and physical constitution are to do well in both personality and liver and spleen.
  • the spleen is the source of life. The spleen has four limbs, so regular exercise and physical activity can help improve qi deficiency. Overwork is tiring, and in daily life, pay attention to avoid excessive physical exertion and temper and kidney injury.
  • the spleen is the basis of the day after tomorrow, the source of qi and blood biochemistry, and the vital energy of the internal organs of the five internal organs. To strengthen the spleen and qi, can achieve the purpose of improving physical fitness.
  • the main purpose of qi-deficiency constitution for bait health is to strengthen the spleen and strengthen qi, enhance autoimmunity, improve physical fitness, and improve disease resistance.
  • the key to regulating Yang deficiency is Wenyang, Yangyang and Tongyang.
  • the principle of nourishing and restoring is to strengthen the yang, strengthen the cold, keep the spleen and kidney warm, and dampen the yang. Focus on warming the yang of the spleen, kidney, and heart.
  • Yang is a person with a calm, introverted personality, often with a bad mood, and tends to be depressed. You should learn how to adjust your own bad emotions, and mood and anger, to improve grief and prevent panic. We must be good at self-deportation or talk to others, be generous, and change our mood and improve our psychological quality by stealing pleasure.
  • Yang deficiency suffers from cold and is susceptible to wind and cold. In daily life, you must take care of yang and avoid cold. According to the principle of "yangyang in spring and summer", we can arrange daily living content.
  • Yang Yang Yang "Spring and Yang Yang Yang", the Yang Qi is raised in the spring and summer season.
  • Yang Yang can be supplemented by the help of natural Yang Qi.
  • Kidney-yang is the basis of yang. Therefore, Yun "Kidney Yang is the root, and the spleen and yang are the successors.” The main focus of Yangyang constitution is to warm the yang and warm the spleen and kidney.
  • the principle of regulating blood deficiency is to strengthen the spleen and liver, and to nourish qi and blood.
  • the emotional tone of a person with a blood deficiency constitution should be based on his introverted and quiet psychological characteristics, and adopt a method of exhilarating spirit, open mind, self-cultivation, and wide interest.
  • Kidney yin deficiency often occurs in people with yin deficiency, because the liver and kidney are homologous.
  • the kidneys and livers referred to by Chinese medicine are related to hormone secretion, nervous system, bone marrow, reproductive and urinary systems. The focus is to nourish the liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs, follow the principles of yin and yang, nourish yin and lower fire, and calm down.
  • Regulating emotions calming the Yin deficiency constitution and the hot and humid constitution are impatient, extroverted, lively, and often upset and irritable. The five minds are too extreme, it is easy to change the fire, the emotions are too extreme, or the blood is consumed by the yin, or the heat is generated by the fire. Emotions, soothe your mind, sooth your emotions.
  • Yin and yin are the basis of yin, and those who are insufficiency of yin should control sexual intercourse and love yin. Intercourse too much can cause injury to Yuan Yin.
  • the principle of diet and maintenance of yin deficiency constitution is to nourish yin and yang, reduce fire and moisturize, and maintain yin essence. Pay full attention to food choices and dietary taboos in daily life.
  • Gongfa exercises are suitable for relatively gentle exercises.
  • the purpose is to obtain the effects of internal training and pharyngeal nourishing yin.
  • Exercises should use relatively gentle exercise forms and exercises, the purpose of which is to nourish liver and kidney exercises.
  • you can often play relatively gentle exercises such as Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Gu Jing Gong, swimming, and static Qigong to obtain internal The effect of training Shengjin, Yanjin nourishing yin.
  • Chinese medicine believes that "the kidney is the innate foundation" and "the liver and kidney are homologous.”
  • the selected Chinese medicine and proprietary Chinese medicine should have the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, relieving yin and lowering fire, and nourishing the heart and soothe the nerves.
  • Disable Aphrodisiac Tonic Disable Aphrodisiac Tonic.
  • a person with a phlegm-damp constitution is gentle and patient. Excessive patience can also lead to stagnation of the qi and stagnation in the chest, and long-term injury to the liver and athlete's foot machine, and the loss of brand will increase phlegm. Therefore, it is very important to adjust the mental mood.
  • Amateur life should be enriched and should not be quiet, choose to enjoy cheerful music, travel, climbing, dancing and other items to avoid excessive concentration of attention for a long time.
  • medicinal bait for hot and humid physiques should be selected from drugs that have the effect of clearing heat and moisturizing, but from the perspective of clinical syndrome differentiation, it can be divided into several types: wet weight over heat, thermal weight over wet, and wet weight. Damp heat has a certain degree of difference in state, so medication may be targeted and focused.
  • High-intensity, heavy-load exercises are a good venting exercise, such as running, mountain climbing, swimming, playing basketball, martial arts, etc., have the role of agitating qi and blood, dredge liver qi, promote appetite, and improve sleep.
  • Blood gas is in circulation. People with blood stasis should appropriately strengthen outdoor activities, not to be greedy for ease, follow the principle of training based on people, choose different sports according to their age, physical strength, and disease, etc., step by step, and insist on regular exercise before they can get Satisfactory effect.
  • the special constitution includes hereditary diseases, with congenital and familial characteristics, such as deformities, or congenital physiological defects, or allergic states caused by genetic, environmental factors, food and drug factors.
  • congenital and familial characteristics such as deformities, or congenital physiological defects, or allergic states caused by genetic, environmental factors, food and drug factors.
  • allergies only introduces the care and health care for those with allergies.
  • the sensitivity of the immune response to allergies is beyond the extent and scope it should be, usually some foreign substances that do not harm the human body are regarded as intruders, and they are neutralized or digested, which will harm the body.
  • Some of its normal functions which trigger local or even systemic allergic reactions.
  • the principles of TCM's recuperation include strengthening qi and solidifying the table, promoting blood circulation, expelling wind, cooling blood and detoxifying.
  • Emotional adjustments should be tailored to the needs of the person. Allergies are special constitutions often caused by congenital genetic factors or acquired factors, and their clinical manifestations are also different. Therefore, appropriate mental health care measures should be taken according to specific circumstances.
  • allergens such as pollen, irritating odors, certain allergenic foods and drugs, and reduce the chance of allergic symptoms.
  • the principle of dietary adjustment for people with allergies should be reflected in the specific process of "feeding according to time”, “feeding according to local conditions”, “feeding due to people” and “feeding due to diseases” in order to achieve The yin and yang balance of the human body and the dynamic balance of the body and the ecological environment.
  • the principle of diet and nourishment for people with allergies is to strengthen the qi and solidify the table, regulate qi and blood, reconcile camps, and adjust to improve the immune function of the body.
  • the following illustrates the nutritional catering theory by way of example.
  • an exemplary nutrition catering scheme may include the following aspects:
  • Vegetables pakchoi 150, rape 200, tomatoes 50
  • DRIs dietary nutrients
  • RDAs Recommended Dietary Allowances
  • DRIs Dietary Reference Intakes
  • EAR Average Requirement
  • RNI Recommended Intake
  • AI Recommended Intakes
  • UL Tolerance Received the highest intake
  • RNI Recommended Intake
  • the following table 13 exemplifies the energy and nutrient supply of the recipes, and provides DRIs as evaluation criteria to evaluate whether the actual recipes meet the standards.
  • pr, fat, En, Ca, Fe, A, B1, B2, and C correspond to protein, fat, energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C, respectively.
  • the protein source ratio may be:
  • the animal and legume protein is 46.6g and the total protein is 101.4g.
  • the energy ratio of three meals a day may be:
  • the daily supply of table salt is 6g.

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Abstract

一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质,该方法包括:获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单;通过将所述个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中;基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱,所述用户的健康信息包括以下至少一项:体质、症状;根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。如此,可以基于用户个人信息和中医理论向用户提供营养配餐信息。

Description

一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求美的集团股份有限公司于2018年05月25日提交的、发明名称为“一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质”、中国专利申请号为“201810517416.9”的优先权,并且通过参照将其全文并入此处。
技术领域
本发明涉及营养配餐领域,尤其涉及一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质。
背景技术
目前,实现营养配餐的一种方式为:医院临床营养科承担医院住院患者的营养诊治及营养配餐,目前干预手段中,肠内营养的配餐工作仍以人工的算法进行推算,针对慢性病的饮食管理尤其是在基层社区卫生服务中心尚无专业的技术支持。院外营养个性化需求期待更普及的配餐服务,在以往由专业营养师提供的院外的个性化营养管理指导服务仅适用于少数人群,无法满足健康管理的营养支持。
对于上述营养配餐方案存在的问题,现有技术中提出了一些针对各类人群的具有普遍性意义的营养配餐方案,然而,这些营养配餐方案仅仅是从西医营养学的角度去实现食谱定制,不能基于用户个人信息和中医理论向用户提供营养配餐信息。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明实施例期望提供一种营养配餐方法、装置、冰箱和计算机存储介质,旨在解决现有技术中不能基于用户个人信息 和中医理论向用户提供营养配餐信息的问题。
本发明实施例提供了一种营养配餐方法,所述方法包括:
获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单;
通过将所述个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中;
基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱,所述用户的健康信息包括以下至少一项:体质、症状;
根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。
上述方案中,所述营养配餐信息包括特定时间段内每天各餐的食谱,其中,所述特定时间段至少为两天。
上述方案中,所述特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中,存在相似度大于相似度阈值的至少一对食谱,每对食谱包括两个不同的食谱。
上述方案中,所述方法还包括:基于用户的健康信息、以及中医食疗理论,确定选取出的每个推荐食谱的烹饪方式;
相应地,所述根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息,包括:
根据所述多个推荐食谱以及所确定的各个推荐食谱的烹饪方式,生成营养配餐信息。
上述方案中,所述根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单,包括:
根据所述用户基本信息得出允许选用的食材清单;
在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单。
上述方案中,所述在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单,包括:
在允许选用的食材清单中确定基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单,其中,所述基础食材清单是根据以下至少一项确定的食材清单: 用户所处的地域、时令食材;
生成个性化食材清单,所述个性化食材清单包括以下至少一项:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单、冰箱食材清单。
上述方案中,所述用户基本信息包括以下至少一项:用户不喜欢的食材、用户的过敏食材、用户的健康信息。
本发明实施例还提供了一种营养配餐装置,所述装置包括处理器和配置为存储能够在处理器上运行的计算机程序的存储器;其中,
所述处理器配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行上述任意一种营养配餐方法的步骤。
本发明实施例还提供了一种冰箱,所述冰箱包括上述任意一种营养配餐装置。
本发明实施例还提供了一种计算机存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,该计算机程序被处理器执行时实现上述任意一种营养配餐方法的步骤。
本发明实施例中,首先,获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单;然后,通过将所述个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中;最后,基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱,所述用户的健康信息包括以下至少一项:体质、症状;根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。如此,可以基于用户个人信息和中医理论向用户提供营养配餐信息。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例的真空电饭煲的温度控制方法的流程图;
图2为本发明实施例中构建食谱的类的一个示意图;
图3为本发明实施例中蔬菜本体的层次结构的一个示意图;
图4为本发明实施例的真营养配餐装置的组成结构示意图。。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
营养配餐在国外十分普遍,但在国内却尚未引起人们重视,实现营养配餐的第一种方式为:在国内医院临床营养科承担了医院住院患者的营养诊治及营养配餐,目前干预手段中,肠内营养的配餐工作仍以人工的算法进行推算,针对慢性病的饮食管理尤其是在基层社区卫生服务中心尚无专业的技术支持;院外营养个性化需求期待更普及的配餐服务,在以往由专业营养师提供的院外的个性化营养管理指导服务仅适用于少数人群,无法满足健康管理的营养支持。
2009年3月1日,由中华人民共和国商务部发布《餐饮业营养配餐技术要求(SB/T 10474-2008)》规范餐饮业营养配餐的行业标准,该标准为目前餐营业应用最广泛的标准,重点是膳食结构食材搭配比例的问题,尚无法解决定量难题,无法实现个性化及精准化的难题。
在一些针对各类人群的具有普遍性意义的营养配餐方案中,可以实现一般人群的膳食营养素及能量的配餐方案,但尚未涉及营养素或能量限值高低及膳食营养素参考的界定,以及根据不同人群对各种营养素的需要,结合不同地域食材的品种、生产季节、经济条件和烹调水平,合理选择食材,达到平衡膳食的需求。
示例性地,上述记载的营养配餐方案存在以下至少一项问题:
1)不能同时满足用户不同地域、时令、喜好、禁忌、烹饪方式的综合需求;
2)没有解决以中西结合的方式在配餐领域的应用,无法实现养生需求;
3)尚无应用中医的理论对特殊人群及疾病人群的症候分析推荐菜谱,因此无法实现营养配餐软件的个性化功能;
4)尚无不同生理阶段的配餐参数体系;对于特殊生理阶段的特异性的营养配餐软件需求实现能力缺失;
5)没有结合烹调设备的不同应用场景,引入烹饪方式对烹饪后营养素存留的方法,无法实现营养配餐推荐的精准化功能;
6)没有不同烹饪方式结合制作方法、烹饪曲线的数据分析链接智能家电应用场景,无法实现营养配餐推荐的便捷化功能;
7)没有对于不同烹饪条件下的烹饪后营养成分的分析的数据体系,无法精准化。
8)无法通过用户行为数据分析进行用户标签化,只能基于年龄、性别换算基础代谢率的能量算法,凭借用户健康信息实现配餐功能。
本发明实施例可以应用于对用户进行营养配餐,也就是说,向至少一个用户提供营养配餐信息,这里,用户指的是用餐对象;营养配餐信息可以是一定时间内每个用户每日各餐的个性化食谱;每餐的个性化食谱可以包括多个食谱,每个食谱可以是荤菜、素菜、汤或水果等。
上述记载的营养配餐方法可以基于营养配餐装置实现,这里,营养配餐装置可以是移动终端或固定终端,也可以是冰箱等家用电器;实际实施时,营养配餐中可以包括处理器、存储器、显示器等,营养配餐装置还可以与外部设备进行通讯,例如,营养配餐装置为物联网设备时,可以与其他物联网设备进行通讯。
基于上述记载的营养配餐装置等内容,提出以下各实施例。
实施例一
本发明实施例一提供了一种真空电饭煲的温度控制方法,图1为本发明实施例的真空电饭煲的温度控制方法的流程图,如图1所示,该流程可以包括:
步骤101:获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材 清单。
这里,用户基本信息可以包括以下至少一项:用户不喜欢的食材、用户的过敏食材、用户的健康信息;用户的健康信息可以包括以下至少一项:体质、症状。其中,用户不喜欢的食材是用户根据自身喜好确定的,用户的过敏食材也可以是用户根据自身的健康信息预先确定的。
示例性地,可以根据所述用户基本信息得出允许选用的食材清单;然后,在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单。
示例性地,所述在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单,可以包括:
在允许选用的食材清单中确定基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单,其中,所述基础食材清单是根据以下至少一项确定的食材清单:用户所处的地域、时令食材;喜欢的食材清单用于表示用户喜欢的食材的集合,冰箱食材清单用于表示冰箱已有的食材的组合。
然后,可以生成个性化食材清单,个性化食材清单可以包括以下至少一项:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单、冰箱食材清单。
这里,每种食材清单是由多种食材组成的清单,也就是说,每种食材清单实际上体现了多种食材的集合。
本步骤可以由营养配餐装置的处理器实现;实际实施时,可以向营养配餐装置中输入用户基本信息,之后,由营养配餐装置的处理器在获取用户基本信息后,根据用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单。
步骤102:通过将个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中。
实际实施时,可以预先设置食谱数据库,食谱数据库中的食谱的种类和数量可以根据需要进行设置;在一个示例中,可以将食谱数据库存储在 营养配置装置的存储器中,以便于后续进行调用。
可以看出,在将个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对后,可以得出由个性化食材清单中的食材组成的各种食谱,进而得到第一食谱集合。
本步骤可以由营养配餐装置的处理器实现。
步骤103:基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱。
这里,在中医理论中,可以根据用户的体质、症状等信息,生成食疗方案,进而确定出推荐食谱;示例性地,中医理论可以是中医食疗理论等。
本步骤可以由营养配餐装置的处理器实现。
步骤104:根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。
示例性地,营养配餐信息包括特定时间段内每天各餐的食谱,其中,所述特定时间段至少为两天;例如,特定时间段为一周或十天等。
需要说明的是,并不限制营养配餐信息中每天的餐次,例如,针对用餐对象,可以提供特定时间段内一日三餐的食谱,也可以提供特定时间段内一日三餐外加餐的食谱。
可选地,还可以基于用户的健康信息、以及中医食疗理论,确定选取出的每个推荐食谱的烹饪方式;
相应地,所述根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息,可以包括:
根据所述多个推荐食谱以及所确定的各个推荐食谱的烹饪方式,生成营养配餐信息。
也就是说,可以将中医理论作为确定营养配餐信息中食谱种类和烹饪方式的依据,如此,基于用户个人信息和中医理论向用户提供营养配餐信息,满足用户的个性化需求。
需要说明的是,营养配餐信息中的食谱包括推荐食谱;在另一示例中, 对于营养配餐信息中所有食谱,除推荐食谱外的其他食谱处于第一食谱集合中。
可选地,在营养配餐信息中,为了避免相邻两天向用餐对象提供相同的食谱或食材,需要确保相邻两天向用餐对象提供的食谱或食材不完全相同,满足用餐对象对食谱多样性的需求。
在一个示例中,可以根据预先确定食谱相似度或食材相似度计算方法,计算任意两个食谱的相似度或任意两个食材的相似度;然后,根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息,在生成的营养配餐信息中,特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中,存在相似度大于相似度阈值的至少一对食谱,每对食谱包括两个不同的食谱;其中,所述至少一对食谱中每对食谱的两个食谱分别位于所述特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中。
可选地,食材相似度可以用于表示食材个体科目相似性,食谱相似度可以用于表示食谱中食材科目属目相似性,或者用于表示食谱全局相似性。
这里,食材主要从科目属性、营养和颜色三个方面进行评价。食谱(菜谱)可以用菜谱={菜系,功效,食材,辅料,调味料,替换食材}表示,而根据《中国食物成分表》分类结果,食材下的概念可分为:肉类、蔬菜类、豆制品类、水果类、水产类、乳制品类和谷物类。
本步骤可以由营养配餐装置的处理器实现。
应用本发明实施例的营养配餐方法,可以得出符合以下要求的营养配餐信息:内容丰富,不仅满足不同地域、时令、喜好、禁忌、烹饪方式的维度,同时包含营养配餐中医维度的标签,以实现中西结合的方式在配餐领域的应用;另外,可以应用中医的理论对特殊人群及疾病人群的症候分析推荐菜谱,实现营养配餐软件的个性化功能。
实施例二
为了能够更加体现本发明的目的,在本发明前述实施例的基础上,进 行进一步的举例说明,本发明实施例二可以基于上述记载的营养配餐装置实现。
首先,可以按照个性化的食材生成标准,生成个性化食材清单。
下面对个性化的食材生成标准进行示例性说明。
获取食材表,食材表中的食材个数和种类均可以预先设置。
在食材表中,排除用户不喜欢的食材和过敏食材,得出允许选用的食材清单。
在实际实施时,用户可以自定义自己不喜欢的食材,并可以将不喜欢的食材输入至营养配餐装置中;在输入所有不喜欢的食材后,将所有不喜欢的食材匹配食材表,根据匹配结果不会将所有用户不喜欢的食材输出至个性化食材清单中。
可选地,可以将不喜欢的食材类别输入至营养配餐装置中,此时需要在上述食材表中将输入的食材类别剔除。
对于不喜欢的食材类别,表1示例性地指出了多种食材类别,并对其中的几种食材类别中的食材进行了举例说明。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000002
表1
可选地,用户可以根据饮食习惯自定义自己的禁忌食材/种类,例如,穆斯林-非清真类;素食者-肉食及乳制品类、水产类;这里,自己的禁忌食材/种类属于用户不喜欢的食材。
可选地,营养配餐装置中,可以向用户展示多种食材供用户选择不喜欢的食材,例如,营养配餐装置可以提供不喜欢的食材分布比重较高的30种食材,这里,可以根据多个用户选择的不喜欢的食材的历史数据,预先提供不喜欢的食材分布比重较高的30种食材;另外,用户也可以自己定义自己不喜欢的食材。
这里,第i个用户的不喜欢的食材集合可以记为A i,则n个用户的不喜欢的食材集合为A 1∪A 2∪……∪A n,n为大于1或等于1的整数;如果需要将上述n个用户作为一个整体提供营养配餐,则需要在食材表中将上述n个用户的不喜欢的食材集合排除。
在实际实施时,可以利用营养配餐装置向用户提供多种常见的过敏食材,以供用户选择;例如,营养配餐装置向用户提供30种常见的过敏食材; 另外,用户可以自定义过敏食材,此时,用户可以将过敏食材输入至营养配餐装置中;在输入过敏食材后,过敏食材不会出现在个性化食材清单中。
可选地,可以将过敏食材的类别输入至营养配餐装置中,此时需要在上述食材表中将输入的食材类别剔除。
对于过敏食材的类别,表2示例性地指出了多种食材类别,并对其中的几种食材类别中的食材进行了举例说明。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000004
表2
这里,第i个用户的过敏的食材集合可以记为B i,则n个用户的不喜欢的食材集合为B 1∪B 2∪……∪B n,n为大于1或等于1的整数,i取1至n;如果需要将上述n个用户作为一个整体提供营养配餐,则需要在食材表中将上述n个用户的过敏的食材集合排除。
在得出允许选用的食材清单后,可以在允许选用的食材清单中确定基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单,之后,生成个性化食材清单,个性化食材清单包括以下至少一项:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单、冰箱食材清单;可选地,个性化食材清单必须包括喜欢的食材清单;可选地,性化食材清单包括:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单三个部分。
可选地,可以根据以下至少一项在允许选用的食材清单中选取出基础食材清单:用户所处的地域、时令食材。
这里,在根据用户所处的地域选取食材清单时,可以根据用户所处的地域提供对应菜式、口味和烹饪方式。
表3示例性地说明了根据用户所处的地域选取基础食材清单的一种实现方式。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000007
表3
可选地,在根据时令食材选取基础食材清单时,可以优先选择当季的季节性食材,例如,水果和蔬菜优先选择当季的季节性食材,同时对应食材表的季节维度。
可选地,时令食材是根据以下至少一项确定的食材:季节、节日、节气、特定纪念日等。
这里,季节可以是春季、夏季、秋季或冬季;节日可以是情人节、植树节、复活节、愚人节、青年节、母亲节、二月二、儿童节、父亲节、端午节、七夕、国庆节、万圣节、感恩节、中秋节、重阳节、元旦、平安夜、圣诞节、元宵节、除夕、春节、年夜饭、腊八或小年;节气可以是立春、惊蛰、春分、谷雨、清明、雨水、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、小寒、大寒、立冬、小雪、大雪或冬至;特定纪念日可以是升学宴当天、结婚纪念日、恋爱纪念日、生日或乔迁日。
可选地,还可以将食材的相宜相忌原则作为在允许选用的食材清单中选取出基础食材清单的依据;这里,食材的相宜相忌原则可以包括以下至少一项:五谷杂粮之相宜相忌原则、蔬菜菌菇之相宜相忌原则、水果干果之相宜相忌原则、肉禽蛋之相宜相忌原则、水产之相宜相忌原则、调料饮品之相宜相忌原则、常用药膳之相宜相忌原则,其中,五谷杂粮之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:粮豆类和类薯;蔬菜菌菇之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:水果类、蔬菜和菌类;水果干果之相宜相忌原则涉及 的食材种类包括:水果类和干果种子类;肉禽蛋之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:肉禽蛋类;水产之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:水产类;调料饮品之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:调料类、饮品类;常用药膳之相宜相忌原则涉及的食材种类包括:中医药膳(药食同源食材)。
可选地,还可以将食材的种类作为在允许选用的食材清单中选取出基础食材清单的依据。
在一个示例中,基础食材清单中食材的种类可以包括以下至少一项:主食所属的食材种类、蔬菜类、素蛋白类、肉蛋白类。
主食所属的食材种类可以根据预设的主食推荐原则确定,例如,主食推荐原则可以是:午餐、晚餐的主食可以包括以下至少一项:米饭、面食(粮谷类),主食可以根据用户所处的地域或当前时间进行推荐,此外还可以根据节气推荐主食;三餐杂粮比例可以是:1/3的全谷类及杂豆食物,一周推荐两次粗粮主食。
蔬菜类可以包括以下至少一项:根菜类、鲜豆类、茄果瓜菜类、葱蒜类、嫩茎叶花菜类、藻类。特别地,如果蔬菜类作为基础食材清单中食材的种类,则可以优先将绿色蔬菜作为基础食材清单中食材的种类。
素蛋白类可以包括以下至少一项:蛋类、菌菇类、豆制品类;肉蛋白类可以包括以下至少一项:畜肉、禽肉、内脏、鱼类、虾类、海产品、
表4示例性地说明各种颜色的食材。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000010
表4
在另一个示例中,基础食材清单中食材的种类可以不包括以下类别:干果类、糖果类、饮料类、酒类、药材类或调味品,
可选地,还可以将食材的数量作为在允许选用的食材清单中选取出基础食材清单的依据。
示例性地,对于单人而言,基础食材清单中食材的数量可以为:根菜类1;鲜豆类2;茄瓜类2;葱蒜类1;嫩茎叶花菜类4;其他类1;藻类1;水果6;畜禽类6(猪肉1;牛肉1;羊肉1;鸡1;鸭1;内脏1);蛋类1; 豆制品1;菌菇类2;鱼类3;虾2;海产品其他1。
示例性地,对于多人而言,基础食材清单中水果类食材的数量可以是6*(n-1),n为人数;
示例性地,对于2至3人而言,基础食材清单中各个类别的食材的数量为单人数量*2;对于4至5人而言,基础食材清单中各个类别的食材的数量为单人数量*3;对于6至7人而言,基础食材清单中各个类别的食材的数量为单人数量*5;对于8至10人(最大人数为10)而言,基础食材清单中各个类别的食材的数量为单人数量*5。
喜欢的食材清单中的食材用于表示用户喜欢的食材;实际实施时,在营养配餐装置或其他终端中呈现食材时,用户可以进行点赞等操作;喜欢的食材清单中的食材可以在用户浏览食材的时候以点赞的形式收集,可以理解的是,在用户浏览食材的时候以点赞的形式收集的食材需要在允许选用的食材清单中,如果在用户浏览食材的时候以点赞的形式收集的食材不属于允许选用的食材清单,则将对应的食材剔除。
可选地,用户可以向营养配餐装置中输入最喜欢的m种食材,m为大于或等于1的整数,例如,在营养配餐装置程序的用户个人信息中,用户可以添加最喜欢的10种食材。
可选地,冰箱食材清单可以是用户确定的冰箱中已有的食材清单;可选地,在冰箱为智能冰箱时,可以调用冰箱的BU或API接口,确定的冰箱中已有的食材清单,实际实施时,如果营养配餐装置是冰箱,则该装置可以直接获取冰箱食材清单;如果营养配餐装置不是冰箱,则该装置可以通过与冰箱的通讯(例如使用物联网的通讯方式),来获取冰箱食材清单。
可选地,在允许选用的食材清单中确定冰箱食材清单时,冰箱食材清单中的食材可以是冰箱中新鲜及临近过期的食材。
在生成个性化食材清单后,可以与预设的食谱数据库中的食谱进行比 对,生成一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱,在生成一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱后,可以将上述个性化食谱存储到数据库中。
这里,预设的食谱数据库用于存储各种食谱,将个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库中的食谱进行比对的目的在于:在预设的食谱数据库中的所有食谱中,查找出由个性化食材清单中的食材组成的食谱,即上述记载的第一食谱集合;在查找出由个性化食材清单中的食材组成的食谱后,可以根据查找出的食谱,生成一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱。
可选地,特定时间段的起始时刻为当前时刻,特定时间段的长度为一天的整数倍,例如,特定时间段可以是一周、半个月或一个月;也就是说,在生成个性化食材清单后,可以与预设的食谱数据库中的食谱进行比对,生成一周、半个月或一个月的动态的个性化食谱。
下面示例性说明根据查找出的食谱,生成一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱的几种实现方式。
第一种实现方式
可选地,可以根据以下至少一项确定特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱:每日每餐的食谱数量、每日各餐的热量比例、每日每餐中各营养素的比例、每日每餐的食谱的种类。
下面通过一个示例说明每日每餐的食谱数量。
早餐:2至4种食谱
午餐和晚餐的菜谱数量如下:
1人时,午餐、晚餐各2个菜谱
2至3人时,午餐、晚餐各4个菜谱
4至5人时,午餐、晚餐各6个菜谱
6至7人时,午餐、晚餐各8个菜谱
8至10人时(最大人数为10),午餐、晚餐各10个菜谱。
实际实施时,每日各餐的热量比例以及每日每餐中各营养素的比例均可以根据营养平衡理论确定。
示例性地,每日各餐为早餐、午餐和晚餐时,每日各餐的热量比例为:早餐25%、午餐40%和晚餐35%。
示例性地,每日每餐中各营养素的比例可以包括:每日每餐中产能营养素之间的质量比例,产能营养素可以包括蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,例如,每日每餐中产能营养素之间的质量比例可以是:蛋白质10%至15%、脂肪20%至30%、以及碳水化合物55%至60%。
每日每餐中产能营养素之间的比例可以包括:膳食中各种蛋白质的比例;例如,膳食中各种蛋白质的比例可以优质蛋白质与总蛋白质的质量比例,在一个示例中,优质蛋白质应占总蛋白质的1/3以上。这里,优质蛋白质可以是用户预先确定某一种或某几种蛋白质。
每日每餐中产能营养素之间的比例可以包括:各种脂肪酸之间的比例;这里,可以根据脂肪酸的来源划分脂肪酸的类型,脂肪酸的来源可以是动物油脂或植物油脂,动物油脂包括但不限于猪、牛、羊、鸭等动物体脂或乳脂,植物油脂包括但不限于豆油、菜籽油、橄榄油、亚麻籽油、棕榈油、色拉油等。
下面通过几个示例说明每日每餐的食谱的种类的实现方式。
在示例1中,每餐包含一种主食和一种汤(不随人数而变化)。用户可以自行选择每餐是否带汤;一日套餐不允许出现重复食谱,主食除外。
在示例2中,每日每餐的食谱的种类可以按照以下方式确定:
1)早餐
一份早餐的组成可以包含一种蛋类;一种豆奶类;一种粥类;一种主食类。
其中,蛋类和豆奶类从食材数据库中的蛋类和豆奶类选择;如蛋类和 豆奶类属于已经排除的用户不喜欢的食材和/或过敏食材,则早餐可以不包括蛋类和豆奶类食材;这里,食材数据库可以是预先设置的,食材数据库包括各种食材。
粥类和主食类从食谱数据库中选择,在一个示例中,食谱数据库中,可以根据多种字段来查询食谱,例如,可以按照字段“菜式”来选择食谱,其中粥类的菜式编码为7;其中主食类的菜式编码为1、2、3和5。
2)午餐或晚餐
午餐或晚餐必须包含一种主食,例如,可以从食谱数据库中按照字段“菜式”来选择午餐或晚餐的主食,编码为1。
午餐或晚餐默认包含一种汤,例如,可以从食谱数据库中按照字段“菜式”来选择午餐或晚餐的主食,编码为11;特别地,如果用户选择午餐或晚餐不带汤,则午餐或晚餐不包含汤。
3)满足荤素搭配原则
在每日每餐的食谱中,素菜与荤菜需要满足荤素搭配原则,例如,荤素比例为1:1(注意数量随人数而变化);在一个示例中,素菜可以从食谱数据库中按照字段“菜式”来选择,编码为9;荤菜可以从食谱数据库中按照字段“菜式”来选择,编码为8和10。
4)口味
每日每餐的食谱需要符合用户口味
5)冰箱食谱
在确定每日每餐的食谱时,优先选用由冰箱中的食材组成的食谱。
6)收藏或喜欢食谱
如果获取到用户收藏的菜谱,则确定每日每餐的食谱时,优先在用户收藏的食谱里选择。
可选地,在确定特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱时,还需要考虑水果、 油脂和食盐的摄入,下面分别进行举例说明。
1)水果的摄入
表5示例性地说明了单人的水果摄入量(第i个用户每日的水果摄入量为F i)的实现方式
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000011
表5
示例性地,可以通过加餐实现水果的摄入;在特定时间段为一周时,可以通过表6说明一周内每日的水果摄入时间。
星期 上午加餐 下午加餐 晚上加餐
1  
2  
3  
4  
5  
6  
7  
表6
在表6中,★表示每日的水果摄入时间,可以看出,每日推荐两餐分别实现水果的摄入,每周交叉推荐水果的摄入时间(一周内相邻两日的水果摄入时间不同)。
每日所需的水果总量F为:F=F 1+…+F n,其中,F i表示第i个用餐对象每日的水果摄入量,i取1至n,n为总人数(n≥1)。
可选地,当n=1时,每日推荐两种水果;当n取2至4时,每日推荐的水果的种类数为2×(n-1),当n大于4时,每日推荐6种水果;进一步地,相邻两日推荐的水果种类不完全重复,隔日可以推荐重复种类的水果。
可选地,对于每日摄入水果的两餐,水果种类的比例可以是1:1,水果的质量的比例可以是1:1。
可选地,每日摄入的水果,每种水果的质量为F/水果种类;示例性地,在计算F/水果种类的结果时,还可以将结果保留整数,并且按照四舍五入的原则保证个位数为0。
2)油脂的摄入。
默认每人每天油脂摄入量可以在25g至30g之间,例如,默认每人每天油脂摄入量为25g。
这里,油脂的种类包括但不限于大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油、红花籽油、小麦胚芽油、葡萄籽油、茶籽油、亚麻籽油、花生油、稻米油、低芥酸菜籽油、芝麻油、橄榄油、菜籽油、杏仁油等。
可选地,可以每个月推荐一种油脂,并且可以按照随机推荐的原则确定每月推荐的油脂种类。
3)食盐的摄入
默认每人每天食盐摄入量小于6g。
这里,对于根据每日每餐的食谱数量以及每日每餐的食谱的种类确定特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱的实现方式,在一个示例中,每日的午餐或晚餐的个性化食谱可以按照以下推荐搭配规则(即约束条件)确定:
1)每餐推荐菜谱的数量A为:ceil(1.5n),其中,n表示人数,ceil()表示向上取整运算,例如,在1人时推荐两个菜谱,两个人时推荐三个菜谱; 每个菜谱可以是素菜、荤菜或汤。
2)荤菜、素菜、汤搭配:荤菜数量为ceil(A/3),其中,A表示每餐推荐菜谱的数量,例如,在每餐推荐两个菜谱时,荤菜数量为1,此时,素菜数量可以是1;在每餐推荐5个菜谱时,荤菜数量为2,此时,素菜数量可以小于或等于3。
3)汤的数量取决于人的数量:在1人时,每餐推荐的菜谱中汤的数量为0;在2至3人时,每餐推荐的菜谱中汤的数量为1;在4人以上时,每餐推荐的菜谱中汤的数量为2。
4)每餐推荐的素菜数量为:每餐推荐菜谱的数量-每餐推荐的荤菜的数量-每餐推荐的汤的数量。
5)考虑到组合推荐时的复杂性以及推荐的多样性,可选的,可以在一些情况下固定推荐一些菜谱,规则如下:
确定用户喜欢的10种荤菜、10种素菜和10种汤;在一人时,不设置固定推荐的荤菜和素菜;在二人时,每餐需要推荐3个菜谱,分别为1种荤菜、1种素菜和1种汤,这里,推荐3个菜谱均不是固定推荐的菜谱;在三人时,每餐需要推荐5个菜谱,分别为2种荤菜、2种素菜和1种汤,这里,推荐的5个菜谱中,一种荤菜和一种素菜是固定推荐的菜谱,其余菜谱可以从用户喜欢的10种荤菜、10种素菜和10种汤中选取;在四人时,在推荐的菜谱中,一种荤菜、一种素菜和一种汤是固定推荐的菜谱,其余菜谱可以从用户喜欢的10种荤菜、10种素菜和10种汤中选取。
第二种实现方式
可选地,根据查找出的食谱生成一个特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱,包括:
步骤A1:确定每个用餐对象全日能量供给量。
在示例1中,可以根据膳食营养素参考摄入量(Dietary Reference  Intakes,DRIs)确定每个用餐对象全日能量供给量。
例如,某位男士,20岁,从事中等体力劳动,对应的身体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)属于正常,则根据DRIs,确定其全日能量供给为11.29MJ(2700kcal)/d(即2700Kcal每天)。
在示例2中,可以根据表7得出不同人群的全日能量供给量。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000012
表7
这里,表7中的能量供给量为就餐对象各段平均值。
在示例3中,只考虑18~60岁的成年人,一周动态的食谱清单的量需满足以下热量标准。根据个人热量将数据库中的套餐食材成比例增加或减少,这里,可以根据表8得出不同人群的每日每公斤所需热量数,单位为千卡。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000014
表8
下面通过表9示例性说明表8中各种体力劳动类型对应的人群。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000015
表9
在示例4中,可以根据每个用餐对象的基础代谢率和体力活动系数,得出每个用餐对象全日能量供给量。
可选地,可以将预先存储的用餐对象的基础代谢率存储到营养配餐装置中,这样,在需要使用用餐对象的基础代谢率时,可以从营养配餐装置中直接调取相应数据。
可选地,也可以根据基础代谢率的计算公式计算用餐对象的基础代谢率,例如,在营养配餐装置未存储用餐对象的基础代谢率数据时,可以根据基础代谢率的计算公式计算用餐对象的基础代谢率。
这里,基础代谢率的计算公式可以为:
基础代谢率(男)=66+13.7×体重(kg)+5×身高(cm)-6.8×年龄
基础代谢率(女)=655+9.6×体重(kg)+1.8×身高(cm)-4.7×年龄
下面通过表10和表11分别说明成人(18至60岁)的体力活动系数以及成人(60岁以上)的体力活动系数。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000016
表10
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000017
表11
在得出第i个用餐对象的基础代谢率和体力活动系数后,计算出第i个用餐对象的全日能量供给量,第i个用餐对象的全日能量供给量K i为:第i个用餐对象的基础代谢率和体力活动系数的乘积;在计算第i个用餐对象的全日能量供给量K i时,计算结果保留整数,并按照四舍五入的原则确保个位数为0;这里,第i个用餐对象的全日能量供给量K i的单位可以是kcal。
可选地,在根据每个用餐对象的基础代谢率和体力活动系数,得出每个用餐对象全日能量供给量后,还可以再利用该用餐对象的单人每日推荐摄入能量对该用餐对象全日能量供给量进行修正,得到该用餐对象全日能 量供给量的最终值。
例如,在得出一个用餐对象全日能量供给量后,如果该用餐对象为孕妇,则可以将该用餐对象全日能量供给量额外增加200kcal每天(200kcal/d);如果该用餐对象为乳母,则可以将该用餐对象全日能量供给量额外增加500kcal每天(500kcal/d);如果根据该用餐对象的BMI确定该用餐对象的体质为消瘦体质,则可以增加该用餐对象全日能量供给量;如果根据该用餐对象的BMI确定该用餐对象的体质为肥胖体质,则可以降低该用餐对象全日能量供给量;如果根据该用餐对象的BMI确定该用餐对象的体质为正常体质,则可以保持该用餐对象全日能量供给量不变。
这里,BMI时用于衡量人体肥胖程度和是否健康的重要标准,示例性地,当BMI在18.5至23.5之间时,可以认为用餐对象的体质为正常体质;当BMI在24.0至27.9之间时,可以认为用餐对象超重;当BMI大于或等于28.0时,可以认为用餐对象的体质为肥胖体质。
这里,在根据BMI确定用餐对象的体质时,所使用的标准体重(单位为kg)等于用餐对象的身高数值(单位为cm)减去105后得出的差值;例如,用餐对象的身高为168cm时,则用餐对象对应的标准体重为168-105=63kg。
可选地,在得出一个用餐对象全日能量供给量后,还可以针对该用餐对象全日能量供给量进行范围浮动处理,得到一个以用餐对象全日能量供给量为中心值的数值范围,后续在使用用餐对象全日能量供给量时,可以利用该数值范围代替。例如,第i个用餐对象全日能量供给量为K i,在进行范围浮动处理后的数值范围为K i±5%,例如,第i个用餐对象全日能量供给量K i为2000kcal时,在进行范围浮动处理后的数值范围为(1900-2100)kcal。
进一步地,在确定每个用餐对象全日能量供给量后,可以计算得出所 有用餐对象全日能量供给量之和,显然,所有用餐对象全日能量供给量之和K=K 1+K 2+K 3+…+K n,其中,n表示用餐对象的人数。
步骤A2:计算每个用餐对象每日三大营养素的供给量。
这里,三大营养素为产能营养素,即蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物。
在实际实施时,三大营养素的能量供给比可以分别为:蛋白质在10%至15%之间、脂肪在20%至30%之间、碳水化合物在55%至65%之间;可选地,三大营养素的质量供给比分别为:蛋白质15%、脂肪25%、碳水化合物60%。
根据每个用餐对象的全日能量供给量和三大营养素的能量供给比,可以得出每个用餐对象每日的三大营养素的供给量。
例如,用餐对象的全日能量供给量为2700kcal,三大营养素的质量供给比分别为:蛋白质15%、脂肪25%、碳水化合物60%,则用餐对象每日的三大营养素的供给量分别为:
蛋白质      2700×15%=405kcal
脂肪        2700×25%=675kcal
碳水化合物  2700×60%=1620kcal
根据每个用餐对象每日的产能营养素的供给量,可以确定出每个用餐对象每日的产能营养素的质量;
例如,用餐对象每日的三大营养素的供给量分别为:蛋白质405kcal、脂肪675kcal和碳水化合物1620kcal时,用餐对象每日的产能营养素的质量分别为:
蛋白质      405kcal÷4=101g
脂肪        675kcal÷9=75g
碳水化合物  1620kcal÷4=405g
步骤A3:计算每个用餐对象每日每餐产能营养素需要量(质量)。
这里,以一日三餐为例,首先确定一日三餐的能量配比,之后,根据用餐对象每日的产能营养素的质量和一日三餐的能量配比,计算出用餐对象每日每餐产能营养素需要量(质量)。
例如,一日三餐的能量配比为:早餐30%、午餐40%和晚餐30%,用餐对象每日的产能营养素的质量分别为:蛋白质101g、脂肪75g和碳水化合物405g,则用餐对象每日三餐产能营养素需要量(g)分别为:
早餐:蛋白质      101×30%=30g
      脂肪        75×30%=23g
      碳水化合物  405×30%=122g
中餐:蛋白质      101×40%=40g
      脂肪        75×40%=30g
      碳水化合物  405×40%=162g
晚餐:蛋白质      101×30%=30g
      脂肪        75×30%=23g
      碳水化合物  405×30%=122g
步骤A4:确定每个用餐对象每餐的主食和副食的供给量(质量)。
示例性地,对于每个用餐对象的每餐而言,首先可以确定主食的品种和供给量;可选地,可以根据用餐对象的饮食习惯确定每餐主食的品种,在确定每餐主食的品种后,可以认为每餐中由主食提供设定比例的碳水化合物,在此基础上,根据上述记载的用餐对象每餐的碳水化合物的需要量以及每餐中单位质量的主食的碳水化合物含量(质量),确定每餐中主食的供给量;这里,设定比例可以在70%至100%之间。
在确定每餐中主食的供给量后,根据上述记载的用餐对象每餐的蛋白质的需要量以及每餐中主食的蛋白质含量,确定每餐中由副食提供的蛋白质含量(质量);根据预先确定的提供蛋白质的主要副食种类、以及每餐中 由副食提供的蛋白质含量(质量),确定每餐中预先确定的提供蛋白质的主要副食的含量(质量);
实际实施时,将上述记载的用餐对象每餐的蛋白质的需要量减去每餐中主食的蛋白质含量,便可以得出每餐中由副食提供的蛋白质含量。
然后,可以确定蔬菜和水果的品种和数量,这里,可以根据季节选择与动物类和豆类食品搭配原则,确定蔬菜和水果的品种和数量;实际实施时,以平衡膳食宝塔为依据,将每天需要的蔬菜、水果分配到每日三餐中去。
最后,确定每餐纯能量食物的供给量。这里,纯能量食物一般指食物油;实际实施时,可以根据上述记载的用餐对象每餐的脂肪的需要量、以及上述确定的主食和副食中的脂肪含量,确定每餐中纯能量食物的供给量。
下面以早餐为例说明本步骤的实现方式。
对于某地而言,早餐中的主食包括小米粥和馒头,其中,小米粥和馒头分别提供20%和80%的碳水化合物;根据食物成分表可以看出:100g小米粥(标准份)的碳水化合物含量为8.4g,100g的馒头(标准份)的碳水化合物含量为48.3g,则每餐中小米粥和馒头的供给量分别为:
小米粥:122×20%÷(8.4/100)=290g
馒头:122×80%÷(48.3/100)=202g
根据食物成分表可以看出:100g小米粥(标准份)的蛋白质含量为1.4g,100g的馒头(标准份)的蛋白质含量为7.8g,因而,早餐中小米粥和馒头的蛋白质含量分别为:
小米粥含蛋白质 290×(1.4/100)=4.06g
馒头含蛋白质   202g×(7.8/100)=15.76g
进而,早餐中由副食提供的蛋白质含量为:30-(4.06+15.76)=10.18≈10g。
这里,预先确定的提供蛋白质的主要副食为动物类食品和豆类,其中,早餐中由副食提供的蛋白质含量,2/3由动物类食品提供,1/3由豆类提供, 则,早餐中动物类食品和豆类提供的蛋白质含量分别为:
动物类食品:  10×2/3=7g
豆类         10×1/3=3g
在确定早餐中蔬菜和水果的品种和数量后,可以确定早餐中食物油的供给量,例如,早餐中食物油的供给量为:23-10.4=12.6g。
步骤A5:确定每个用餐对象每日所需的食物交换份数。
能产生90千卡热量的食物重量叫做一个交换份;如:35克馒头和200克菠菜均可产生90千卡热量,可记作一个交换份。
根据每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,计算每个用餐对象每日总食物交换份数,其计算公式为:总食物交换份数=个用餐对象全日能量供给量÷90;例如,对于X先生而言,全日能量供给量为1420kcal,则X先生的每日总食物交换份数为:1420÷90≈16份。
步骤A6:确定每个用餐对象每日三大产能营养素的食物交换份数。
这里,可以根据三大营养素的能量供给比、以及每个用餐对象每日总食物交换份数,得出每个用餐对象每日三大产能营养素的食物交换份数。
例如,三大营养素的质量供给比分别为:蛋白质15%、脂肪25%、碳水化合物60%,则每个用餐对象每日三大产能营养素的食物交换份数为:
碳水化合物的食物交换份数=每个用餐对象每日总食物交换份数×60%
蛋白质的食物交换份数=每个用餐对象每日总食物交换份数×15%
脂肪的食物交换份数=每个用餐对象每日总食物交换份数×25%
对于X先生而言,每日三大产能营养素的食物交换份数为:
碳水化合物的食物交换份数=16×60%≈10份
蛋白质的食物交换份数=16×15%≈2份
脂肪的食物交换份数=16×25%≈4份
步骤A7:确定每个用餐对象每日各类食物的食物交换份数;
这里,每个用餐对象每日各类食物包括但不限于:蔬菜类食物、水果类食物、谷薯类食物、豆乳类食物、油脂类食物、动物类食物;这里,动物类食物可以包括瘦肉类食物、鱼类食物、蛋类食物等。
示例性地,对于每个用餐对象而言,每日主要提供碳水化合物的食物及相应的份数为:
蔬菜类食物:1份
水果类食物:1份
谷薯类食物:每日碳水化合物的食物交换份数-蔬菜类食物的食物交换份数-水果类食物的食物交换份数
对于每个用餐对象而言,每日主要提供蛋白质的食物及相应的份数为:
豆乳类食物:2份
动物类食物:每日蛋白质的食物交换份数-豆乳类食物的食物交换份数
对于每个用餐对象而言,每日主要提供脂肪的食物及相应的份数为:
油脂类食物:2份
动物类食物:每日脂肪的食物交换份数–油脂类食物的食物交换份数
可以看出,上述记载的动物类食物可以分别提供蛋白质和油脂,因此,每日动物类食物的食物交换份数可以是:提供蛋白质的豆乳类食物的食物交换份数与提供脂肪的豆乳类食物的食物交换份数的较大者。
在一个具体的示例中,对于X先生而言,每日各类食物的食物交换份数为:
蔬菜类食物:1份
水果类食物:1份
谷薯类食物:10-1-1=8份
豆乳类食物:2份
油脂类食物:2份
动物类食物:4-2=2份。
步骤A8:确定每个用餐对象每日所需的食物交换份数的餐次分配方式。
可选地,对于每个用餐对象,每天必须保证早餐、午餐和晚餐,进一步地,还可以为每个用餐对象提供以下至少一餐:睡前加餐、上午加餐、午后加餐。
如果一天只提供早餐、午餐和晚餐,则早餐、午餐和晚餐的食物交换份数的分配比例为:
早餐1/3、午餐1/3和晚餐1/3,或者,早餐1/5、午餐2/5和晚餐2/5,
如果存在需要向用餐对象提供加餐,则加餐提供的能量可以占到用餐对象全日能量供给量的5%至10%,相应地,需要从早餐、午餐和晚餐的至少一餐中扣除相应热量的食物。
例如,X先生的每日所需的食物交换份数的餐次分配方式可以是:
早餐份数:16×1/5=3份
午餐份数:16×2/5≈6.5份
晚餐份数:16×2/5≈6.5份
或者,
早餐份数:3份
午餐份数:6.5份
晚餐份数:6份
睡前加餐份数:0.5份
或者,
早餐份数:2份
上午加餐份数:1份
午餐份数:6份
午后加餐份数:0.5份
晚餐份数:6份
睡前加餐份数:0.5份
步骤A9:根据步骤A7中确定的每个用餐对象每日各类食物的食物交换份数、以及步骤A8中得出的餐次分配方式,确定每个用餐对象每日每餐各类食物的食物交换份数,并将每个用餐对象每日每餐各类食物的食物交换份数换算为具体食物重量。
在实现本步骤时,每餐营养需要均衡搭配,尽量做到每餐均含有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素、微量元素等营养物质。
第三种实现方式
可选地,根据查找出的食谱生成一个特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱,包括:
步骤B1:确定每个用餐对象全日能量供给量。
示例性地,成年人每日能量供给量可以按照表12计算得出。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000018
表12
表12中示出了各种体型和各种体力劳动类型的成年人的每日每公斤所需热量数,单位为kcal。可选地,各种体型对应的人群可以通过表9进行说明,成年人对应的体力劳动类型可以通过BMI得出。
在得出用餐对象的每日每公斤所需热量数后,可以根据以下公式得出用餐对象全日能量供给量:
用餐对象全日能量供给量(kcal)=用餐对象的标准体重*用餐对象的每日每公斤所需热量数(kcal/kg)。
需要说明的是,用餐对象可以是身体健康的用户,也可以是患有疾病的用户;用餐对象的标准体重已经在上述记载的第二种实现方式中作出说明,这里不再赘述。
步骤B2:计算每个用餐对象每日三大营养素的供给量。
示例性地,对于每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,碳水化合物的能量供给比在55%至65%之间,开始时200g/d(克/天),以主食为主。
可选地,各种体力劳动类型的人群的每日主食供给量可以是:
极轻体力劳动(包括卧床休息者)主食控制在200~250g/d
轻体力劳动        250~300g/d
重体力劳动        300~400g/d
个别重体力劳动    400~500g/d
示例性地,对于每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,脂肪的能量供给比在20%至30%之间;或者,对于每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,脂肪的供给量可以按照0.7~1.09g/(kg*d)计算,也就是说,对应用餐对象的每千克每天,供应0.7至1.09g的脂肪。
可选地,针对每个用餐对象的全日脂肪供给量,植物油占1/3以上;胆固醇应低于300mg/d;当用餐对象为合并高胆固醇血症者时,胆固醇应低于200mg/d。
示例性地,对于每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,蛋白质的能量供给比在12%至20%之间;或者,对于每个用餐对象全日能量供给量,蛋白质的供给量可以按照1.0~1.5g/(kg*d)计算,也就是说,对于用餐对象的每千克每天,供应1.0g至1.5g的蛋白质。
可选地,如果用餐对象为肾功能不全者,则应该限制蛋白质摄入,可 根据肾功能损害的程度来确定,一般来说,蛋白质的能量供给比在10%以下,或者,蛋白质的供给量可以按照0.5~0.8g/(kg*d)计算
步骤B3:计算每个用餐对象每日各餐的能量配比。
可选地,常用的一日各餐的能量配比可以是:
早餐20%、午餐40%、晚餐40%
或早餐20%、午餐40%、晚餐30%、睡前加餐10%
或早餐20%、上午加餐10%、午餐20%、下午加餐10%、晚餐30%、睡前加餐10%
可选地,用餐对象为糖尿病患者还,可以根据糖尿病患者饮食习惯、血糖和尿糖波动情况、服降糖药或折射胰岛素时间及病情是否稳定等来确定其一日各餐的能量配比。应尽量确保少食多餐,定时定量。
步骤B4:针对每个用餐对象进行配餐。
这里,本步骤的实现方式已经在上述记载的第二实现方式作出说明。
示例性地,可以将上述计算的每个用餐对象全日能量供给量和每日三大营养素的供给量落实到主副食上,先配主食,再配蔬菜、荤菜,最后计算烹调油及调味品,按照饮食习惯,可按上述确定的每日各餐的能量配比进行配餐。
第四种实现方式
可选地,根据查找出的食谱生成一个特定时间段内每日的个性化食谱,包括:
步骤C1:确定每个用餐对象全日能量供给量K。
本步骤的实现方式与步骤A1的实现方式相同,这里不再赘述。
步骤C2:确定每个用餐对象每日摄入的水果的种类和数量,并得出每个用餐对象每日摄入的水果的总热量K f
本步骤中,确定每个用餐对象每日摄入的水果的种类和数量的实现方 式已经在上述记载的第一种实现方式中作出说明,这里不再赘述。
步骤C3:计算出每个用餐对象每日各餐的总热量。
这里,每个用餐对象每日各餐的总热量K t=K-K f
步骤C4:确定每个用餐对象每日各餐的能量配比,根据每个用餐对象每日各餐的能量配比,确定每个用餐对象每日各餐提供的热量数。
这里,确定每个用餐对象每日各餐的能量配比的实现方式已经在上述记载的第二种实现方式和第三种实现方式中作出说明,这里不再赘述。
在一个示例中,用餐对象早餐、午餐和晚餐提供的热量数分别为:
早餐:K b=K t*0.25
午餐:K l=K t*0.40
晚餐:K d=K t*0.35
步骤C5:确定每个用餐对象每餐中每一种食谱的量及其中的食材量。
实际实施时,本步骤的实现方式可以参照上述记载的第一种实现方式至第三种实现方式。
在一个示例中,用餐对象的三餐的食谱配置方式可以是:
早餐:固定鸡蛋50g和豆奶制品250g。剩余热量按照所选食谱热量比例分配至剩余食谱中。
午餐或晚餐:主食占每一餐热量的60%,扣去主食热量之后,将剩余热量按照所选食谱的热量比例分配至所有食谱中。
例如,要将500kcal分配至两道菜谱中,这两道菜的热量分别为110kcal和100kcal,那么按照11:10的比例来分配即可。
可选地,在向用户提供一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱时,可以考虑食材供应份数转化表,以供应份数为准;例如,蛋白质40克等同于一个中号鸡蛋。
进一步地,在生成一个特定时间段内动态的个性化食谱后,还可以根 据预先确定食谱相似度或食材相似度计算方法,计算任意两个食谱的相似度或任意两个食材的相似度;然后,根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息,在生成的营养配餐信息中,特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中,存在相似度大于相似度阈值的至少一对食谱,每对食谱包括两个不同的食谱。
下面分别对食谱相似度和食材相似度的计算方式进行举例说明。
1)科目属性相似性
图2为本发明实施例中构建食谱的类的一个示意图,如图2所示,可以食谱的多种属性来评价食谱,食材可以进一步分类,食谱中的食材可以分为肉类、豆制品、蔬菜类、水产类、乳制品等。
这里,可以针对每类食材,构建相应的层次结构,图3为本发明实施例中蔬菜本体的层次结构的一个示意图,如图3所示,isa表示类,io表示个体。可以用两个体的共同上位概念为参照物,以他在概念层次结构中的深度计算个体的相似度
根据图2和图3所示,一个示例中,两个食材个体科目相似度计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000019
其中,|super(c i,C)|表示食谱C中第i个食材的深度,食材的深度表示相应的一类食材的层次结构中食材的上位概念的个数,例如,对于青菜而言,在图3所示的层次结构中,青菜的上位概念包括普通叶菜、叶菜类和蔬菜类,因此,青菜的食材深度为3;
|super(c i,C)∩super(c j,C)|表示食谱C中第i个食材与第j个食材的相同父类(上位概念)的个数,例如,对于青菜和大白菜为例,共同上位概念是叶菜和蔬菜类,因此,青菜和大白菜的相同父类(上位概念)的个数为2;
一个具体的示例中,如果食谱C中第i个食材为青菜,第j个食材为大 白菜,则有|super(c i,C)∩super(c j,C)|=2,|super(c i,C)|=3,|super(c j,C)|=3;因而,青菜和大白菜的相似度为consin_Sim(c i,c j)=2/3。
在一个示例中,食谱相似度(食谱中食材科目属目相似性)的计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000020
其中,sim(X,Y)表示食谱X与Y在科目属性的相似性,m i表示食谱X中第i个食材的质量,m j表示食谱Y中第j个食材的质量,M x表示食谱X的总质量,M y表示食谱Y的总质量,p和q分别表示食谱X和Y的食材数量。
2)地域、菜式、口味
利用枚举法,列举菜式可能列表为:“粤菜”,“华东区”,“辣度”,定义各个维度之间相似性:
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000021
最后,可以将食谱全局相似性定义为:
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000022
其中,sim(X i,Y i)表示食谱X和Y的第i个特征属性的局部相似性,sim(X i,Y i)可以参照上述定义的维度相似性得出;W i表示食谱X和Y中第i个特征属性在全局相似度计算中所占比重,Sim(X,Y)表示在多维度向量空间模型中,食谱X和Y全局相似度(在案例层面的整体相似度)。
在一个示例中,得出第一食谱集合后,在第一食谱集合中确定出可以选用的荤菜和素材集合,之后,可以根据用户菜系偏好、辣度、烹饪水平、 过敏性食材、不喜欢食材、用户家电中已有食材,过滤上述可以选用的荤菜和素材集合;然后,分别针对荤菜和素菜,给出评分较高的N 1个荤菜菜谱和N 2个素菜菜谱;这里,对荤菜和素材的评分可以根据多个用户的历史评分数据得出。
在得到评分较高的N 1个荤菜菜谱和N 2个素菜菜谱后,根据预先确定的食谱中荤菜数量n 1和素菜数量n 2,从评分较高的N1个荤菜菜谱和N2个素菜菜谱给出荤菜和素材的组合方案(共有
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000023
种可能)。
需要说明的是,上述记载的生成每日的个性化食谱的各种实现方式中,各种步骤可以在不冲突的情况下进行自由组合。
示例性地,在查找出由个性化食材清单中的食材组成的食谱,即上述记载的第一食谱集合后,还可以基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱;然后,根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。
这里,应用中医理论,可以针对第一食谱集合以及用户的健康信息,进行食材筛选,进而得出推荐食谱。
在中医理论中,饮食的作用可以分为滋养人体和治疗疾病两部分,这里,饮食的滋养是人体赖以生存的基础,食物与药物都有治疗疾病的作用,古代医者在治疗过程中,确实先以食疗,后以药疗,并认为能用食物治病的医生为“良工”,可以通过补虚扶正、泻实祛邪等方法而达治病目的;下面分别对滋养人体和治疗疾病进行说明。
1)滋养人体
饮食进入人体,通过胃的腐熟、脾的运化,成为水谷精微,然后输布全身,滋养人体脏腑、经脉,乃至四肢、骨骼、皮毛等,以维持正常的生命活动和抗御邪气。中医认为,气、血、津液是构成人体的基本物质,是脏腑、经络等生理功能的物质基础,三者在维持人体生命活动中不断损耗, 都离不开脾胃运化生成的水谷精微的及时充养。
2)治疗疾病
食物较之药物更加安全而易被人们所接受,且人们天生就有“喜食恶药”的心理,所以历代医家都主张“药疗”不如“食疗”。
中医理论在食材筛选中的应用可以从以下几个方面进行描述:
第一、通过判断中医体质,确定食物的四性五味,进而实现食材筛选。
这里,中医体质可以根据不同人群的特点而确定,例如,各种不同的人群可以包括:老年人、儿童、孕产妇、高血糖人群、高血压人群和高脂血症人群。
食物的性能,古代简称为“食性”、“食气”、“食味”等,选择食物必须是“于人脏腑有宜”,“用食平疴”则须“适情遗病”,要达到这个目的,就必须认真运用中医药理论中的四气、五味、升降浮沉以及药物归经等学说来分析食物的作用。现代研究表明,各种食物所含的成分及其含量多少的不同,因此对人体的保健作用也就不同,从而表现出各自的性能。食物的性能主要包括四气、五味、升降浮沉、归经等方面的内容。
1、食物的“性”
历代中医食疗书籍所载的食性很多,如大热、热、大温、温、微温、平、凉、微寒、大寒等,中医称为“四性”或“四气”,即指食物所具有的寒、热、温、凉四种不同的性质。其中温热与寒凉属于两类不同的性质。热与温有其共性,但在程度上所不同,温次于热,凉次于寒。还有一类食物,寒热性质都不太明显,作用比较和缓,则归于平性食物。概括起来可以把食物分为寒凉、温热、平性三类。确定食物“性”是从食物作用于机体所发生的反应中概括出来的与食物的食用效果是一致的。具有寒、凉性质的食物,食后能起到具有清热泻火、凉血解毒平肝安神、通利二便等作用,如西瓜、绿豆、萝卜、茄子、紫菜、螃蟹等;主要适用于热性病证, 临床表现为发热、面红目赤、口渴心烦、小便黃赤、舌苔黃燥、大便秘结、脉数或沉实有力等;此类食物也是阳热亢盛、肝火偏旺者首选的保健膳食。凡属热性或温性的食物,食后起到温中散寒、助阳益气、通经活血等作用,如羊肉、黄牛肉、狗肉、姜、辣椒等。适用于寒性病证,临床表现为喜暖怕冷、手脚冰冷、口不渴、小便清长、大便稀薄等;此类食物是冬季御寒的保健食品。
常用食物四性归类举例如下:
1)寒性食物 龙须菜、海带、茼蒿、马齿苋、梨、苦瓜、螃蟹、蛤蜊、田螺、苦菜等。
2)凉性食物 荠菜、茄子、荸荠、丝瓜、莴苣、绿豆、橙、枇杷、橄榄等。
3)热性食物 胡椒、芥末、干姜、肉桂、辣椒、花椒等。
4)温性食物 荔枝、洋葱、龙眼肉、糯米、胡桃仁、羊乳、鳝鱼、大枣等。
5)平性食物 粳米、小麦、菠菜、胡萝卜、黃豆、蘑菇、花生、带鱼等。
2、食物的味
食物的味,概括为辛、甘、酸、苦、咸五味,除此五味之外,还有“淡”味和“涩”味,其认为人体五脏之气,气血津液的生成,神气的健旺,完全依赖于天地间五气、五味的供养,而五味的来源就是自然界的各种食物。食物的五味不同,其功效各异。
1)辛味 能散能行,有发散、行气、活血、通窍、化湿等作用,主治外感表证、气滞、血瘀、窍闭、湿阻等,如风寒感冒者可以选用生姜、葱白、大蒜等辛味的食材以宣散风寒;痹病人可选用白酒或药酒以散寒除湿、温经活血。此外,辛味尚有调味、健胃的效用,如寒凝气滞引起的胃痛病 人,宜选用辣椒、砂仁、茴香等以行气散寒止痛;辛味食物又多兼有香味或辣味,所以又常成为餐桌上必不可少的调味品;常用的辛味食材有葱、生姜、蒜、芥菜、薤白、酒、花椒、胡椒、辣椒、桂皮等。
2)甘(淡)味 能和能缓,有补益、止痛等作用,主治虚证(或营养不良)、牌胃不和、拘急腹痛等;如脾胃气虚及胃阳不足诸证,可选用糯米、红枣等甘味食材以补气、温中。气滞拘急的腹痛,可选饴糖、甘草缓急止痛。甘味又有较好的调味、矫味的作用,如白糖、红糖、蜂蜜、甜叶菊等;常用的甘味食材有山药、南瓜、银耳、鸡肉、桂圆肉、甜杏仁、荔枝、大枣、饴糖、甘草以及多种动物的肉。
3)酸(涩)味 能收能涩,有开胃、生津、收敛、固涩等作用,主治虚汗、久咳气喘、久泻;如气虚卫外不固所致的多汗,可选用梅子、刺梨、五味子等止汗;泄泻不止、尿频、遗精、滑精诸症,皆应注意摄取酸味之食物,以辅助治疗;其次,酸味食物又有生津止渴或消食的功能,如梅子、酸角、柠檬、醋柳果、刺梨、山楂、醋等;另外,醋也是制作菜肴常用的调味品。
4)苦味 能泻能燥,有清热、泻火、燥湿等功效,主治心火上炎,或热移小肠等;如夏天热郁成痱时多用苦瓜、西瓜清热解暑,热证的便秘心烦,可选用莲子、杏仁、莴苣等,清热除烦。用的苦味食材有苦瓜、莴笋叶、青果、芥菜、枸杞苗、罗布麻、茶叶等。但是过食苦味易导致消化不良,尤其是骨病病人更不宜多食。
5)咸味 能软能下,有软坚散结、补益阴血等作用,主治瘰疬、痰核、痞块等,如瘰疬、痰核、痞块可选用海带、昆布等软坚散结,大便燥结可选用海蜇、淡盐水润肠通便。淡菜、鸭肉补肾,乌贼、猪蹄补血养阴等;常用的食材有昆布、紫菜、海藻、蛤蜊、海蛰、蛤蜊肉、海参等。
3、食物的归经
食物的归经,是指食物对人体某经(脏腑及经络)或某几经产生明显的作 用,而对又其他经作用较小或没有作用。药食的这种归经理论,在《黄帝内经》中就有具体内容了,《素问·至真要大论》曰:“五味入胃,各归所喜,故酸先入肝,苦先入心,甘先入脾,辛先入肺,咸先入肾。”这种倾向性主要表现在食物对不同脏腑的作用上。严格地说,五味并不局限作用于某一脏腑,它是根据食物被食用后反映出来的效果,并结合脏腑、经络理论概括得来的。如生姜、胡椒能增进食欲,萝卜、西瓜能生津止渴,中医认为胃主受纳,又喜润恶燥,食欲减退、津少口渴之症属于胃,故以上四种食物归属胃经;柿子、蜂蜜能养阴润燥、止咳,芥菜、荸荠能化痰,中医认为肺为娇脏,司呼吸,又为贮痰之器,咽喉干燥、咳嗽咳痰之症属于肺,故以上四种食物归属肺经。
由于作为日常之用的食物,它们大多含有一定充养机体的精微物质,能在体内生化为气血,促进胃肠道功能,进一步促进食物的消化、吸收及糟粕转送(如萝卜、马兰头、山楂、山药、莲子、芡实、薏苡仁、菠菜、芝麻等),故归脾、胃、大肠经的较为常见。
性、味、归经只是食物性能各自的一个方面,必须把它们有机地结合起来,才能比较完整地表示一种食物的性能;如韭菜,味甘、辛、性温,归肾、胃、肝经,结合起来看,则可以分析出韭菜的功能:味甘而辛温,归肾经,表示能补肾助阳;辛温,归胃经,表示能温中开胃;辛温归肝经,表示能散瘀血。若只知食物的性、味,则难于判断它究竟作用于何经而发挥某种功能如辛温的韭菜不归肺经而不能用于发汗解表、散寒,故须与其归经结合起来看;反之,若只知食物的归经,也难于判断它在某经究竟发挥何种功能,如韭菜归肾经而不滋肾阴,归胃经而不益胃生津。故三者必须结合起来,综合分析一种食物的功能。
4、升降浮沉
升、降、浮、沉是指药食的四种作用趋势;其中,升是药效上行,浮 是药效的发散,降是作用的降下,沉指药效的内行泻下。在正常情况下,人体的功能活动有升有降,有浮有沉。升与降、浮与沉相互失调或不平衡,可导致机体发生病理变化。用食物本身升降浮沉的特性,可以纠正机体的升降浮沉的失调。
药食本身的质地轻重,是归纳升降浮沉的又一依据。质地轻车圣薄、食温、食辛甘淡的食物,其属性为阳,多具有升浮的作用趋向(如银花、姜、花椒等),具有发散、宣通开窍等功效;质重,食寒凉,食味酸苦成的食物,多有沉降功能。其属性为阴,多具有沉降的作用趋向(如杏仁、梅子、莲子、冬瓜等),具有清热、平嘲、止咳、利尿、止泻、补益等功效。
豆、豌豆、梗米、糯米、大枣、栗子、紫菜、海带、猪肝、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鳝鱼等。脾胃在全身五脏六腑中占有非常重要的地位。
第二、通过判断疾病(如高血糖、高血压、高脂血症等)、生理阶段(如孕产妇)、生命阶段(如年人、儿童等),得出不同人的食物禁忌性味(可以兼顾考虑相宜相忌原则),进而进行食材筛选。
1、食物配伍的应用相宜相忌
根据食药同理、同用的原理,食物的配伍或食药配伍,基本依照药物配伍的“七情”理论。除了单行,可分为协同与拮抗两个方面;食物的协同配伍方面包括“相须”和“相使”,拮抗方面包括“相畏”、“相杀”、“相恶”和“相反”。
单行:单味食物使用进行治病与保健者为单行;例如,用粳米煮成白粥,可补中益气,健脾和胃。
用玫瑰花泡茶饮,可疏肝解郁,养血调经;单味西瓜可以清热解暑、利尿等。
相须:性能功效相类似的食物配合应用,可以增强其原有疗效;如绿 豆冬瓜汤,绿豆与冬瓜合用,可以相互增强清热解暑、利尿功效;又如青龙白虎汤,鲜青果与鲜莱菔同用,可以相互加强清肺利咽、解毒消肿的功效;再如雪羹汤中的荸荠与海蜇合用,可以相互加强清热化痰的功效等。
相使:在性能功效方面有某种共性的食物配合应用,以一种为主,另一种为辅,辅助的食物可以加强主要食物的功效。如黃芪鲤鱼汤中,黄芪补气利水,鲤鱼健脾利水,鲤鱼能加强黃芪补气利水的作用;又如葛根粥中,葛根能发汗解肌,粳米能补中益气,粳米可以加强葛根的发表作用;再如姜糖饮中,温中和胃的红糖,增强了温中散寒生姜的功效。
相畏:一种食物的毒性反应或不良作用可以被另一种食物减轻或消除;如紫苏与生姜皆可解螃蟹之毒,食用螃蟹时常配用生姜与紫苏,螃蟹之寒毒可被生姜与紫苏之热所解,故可言螃蟹畏紫苏、生姜;再如扁豆中植物血凝素的不良作用可被蒜减轻或消除。
相杀:一种食物能减轻或消除另一种药物的毒性或不良作用;如上例中紫苏与生姜皆可解螃蟹之毒,故可言生姜、紫苏杀螃蟹之寒毒。实际上,相畏和相杀是同一配伍关系从不同角度的两种说法。
相恶:两种食物合用,一种食物能使另一种食物原有的功效降低,甚至丧失;如人参恶萝卜,因人参补气,萝卜耗气,故二者合用,萝卜可使人参的补气作用降低;萝卜也可减弱其他补气类食物(如鹌鹑、燕窝、山药、山鸡等)的功效。
相反:两种食物合用,能产生或增强毒性反应或不良作用。如古代文献记载的牛肝不宜与鲫鱼同食,食之生风;羊肝不宜与椒同食,食之伤心;柿子与螃蟹同食易致腹痛腹泻等。
在食物的配伍应用中,其变化关系也可以概括为四个方面:增效、减毒、减效、增毒。相须、相使因产生协同作用而增进疗效,可以在配置药膳时充分加以利用;相畏、相杀由于相互作用,能减轻或消除原有的毒性 或副作用,在使用时必须考虑选用;相恶可能互相拮抗而抵消、削弱原有功效,故使用时应加以注意;相反因相互作用而产生毒副作用,属于配伍禁忌,应避免配用。在实际应用中,我们应多利用食物之间的相须、相使、相畏、相杀关系,以减毒增效,避免食物的相恶、相反配伍,以减少毒副作用。
2、妊娠、产后饮食禁忌
妊娠、产后因孕育胎儿或哺乳等特殊生理情况,所以当注意饮食禁忌。
妊娠期,脏腑经络之气血皆归注于冲任以养胞胎,此时全身处于阴血偏虚、阳气偏盛的状态,故应忌用酒、干姜、桂皮、胡椒、辣椒、狗肉等辛温助火的食物,以免伤阴耗液和影响胎孕,可进食甘平、甘凉补益之品。出现妊娠恶阻者避免应用腥臭味、油腻、不易消化之物;此时,还可根据孕妇的饮食爱好选择食物,少吃多餐,但必须注意均衡营养。妊娠后期,由于胎儿逐渐长大,影响气机升降,易成气滞,故应少食胀气及收涩食物,如芋头、番薯、石榴等。妊娠期饮食禁忌,还包括以下几类。
1)活血类食物 因活血类食物能活血通经、下血堕胎,故孕期应忌食;如桃仁、山楂、蟹爪等。
2)滑利类食物 因滑利类食物能通利下焦,克伐肾气,使胎失所系,导致胎动不安或滑胎,故应避免食用;如马齿苋、荸荠、木耳、薏苡仁等。
3)大辛大热类食物 因此类食物不仅能助生胎热,令子多疾,并可助阳动火,血行旺盛,损伤胎元,故孕期避免食用或忌用;如肉桂、干姜、花椒、胡椒、辣椒、生姜、大蒜、羊肉等。
4)其他有关食物 因昆布能软坚化结,麦芽能催生落胎,槐花能堕胎等,故孕妇也应忌食。
产后往往失血耗阴,瘀血内停,多虚多瘀,同时还要化生乳汁以养婴儿。因此,产后饮食应饥饱均匀,宜进营养丰富、易于消化的食物;慎食 辛燥伤阴、寒凉酸收之品,生凉瓜果之类亦不相宜。孕妇产后,瘀血内停,不宜进食酸涩收敛类食物,如乌梅、莲子、芡实、柿子、南瓜等,以免不利恶露排出。
3、病中饮食禁忌
病中饮食禁忌是指患有某种疾病,则某些食物在此期间不宜食用;在疾病过程中因进食某些食物会影响药效和疾病的治疗,所以应避免应用。一般说来,在服药期间不宜选生冷、黏腻、腥臭等不易消化的食物。不同的疾病又有不同的饮食禁忌,如热性病病人当忌辛辣、煎炸性食物;寒性病病人当忌生冷瓜果、清凉饮料等寒凉性食物;泄泻病人不宜生冷硬固、肥甘厚味等难以消化的食物;痔疮病人不宜辛辣刺激、煎炸及热性食物;水肿病人不宜太成的食物;咳嗷病人忌辛辣等刺激性食物;胃病病人忌粗糙、生冷坚硬的食物;失眠病人忌饮咖啡、浓茶等饮料,不宜葱、韭菜和大蒜等兴奋刺激性食物;遗精病人忌动火助阳的食物;皮肤病病人忌食鱼、虾、盤等腥膻发物及辛辣刺激性食物。此外,疾病初愈“胃气未复”,不宜进油腻厚味食物,而宜以粥食调养。总之,病中所进食物须有助于药效的发挥,有利于疾病早日治愈,忌与药物性能相反、与疾病不相宜的食物。
第三、通过体质测评问卷,确定所需食物的功效,进而进行食材筛选。
这里,可以根据体质测评问卷,确定用户的证型,确定所需食物的功效。
在一个示例中,中医证型及功效对应关系可以表示为:
气虚:益气
气陷:补中&益气
气滞:行气
气逆:降逆
血虚:补血
血瘀:活血,祛瘀
血热:凉血
血寒:温经&散寒
气滞血瘀:行气&活血&化瘀
气虚血瘀:补气&活血&化瘀
气血两虚:补气&补血
气不摄血:补气&止血
气随血脱:补气&补血&止血
津液不足:生津,止渴,补阴
水液停聚:利水,渗湿,化湿,燥湿
心气虚:补气&养心
心阳虚:补阳&养心
心血虚:补血&养心
心阴虚:滋阴&养心
心火亢盛:清心&泻火
心脉痹阻:活血&化瘀&养心&通络
痰火扰心:清热&化痰&宁心&安神
肺气虚:补肺&补气
肺阴虚:补肺&滋阴
风寒犯肺:散寒&解表&温肺&止咳
风热犯肺:清热&解表&清肺&止咳
热邪壅肺:清热&化痰&止咳,清肺&化痰&止咳
燥邪犯肺:润肺&止咳
痰湿阻肺:化痰&祛湿&止咳,化痰&利湿&止咳,化痰&燥湿&止咳
大肠湿热:清热&利湿,清热&祛湿
大肠液亏:润肠&通便
肠虚滑泻:涩肠&止泻
脾气虚:补气&补脾
脾阳虚:补阳&补脾,温脾
中气下陷:补中&益气
脾不统血:补脾&止血,温脾&止血,补气&止血
寒湿困脾:温中&散寒&化湿,补中&散寒&化湿,温中&散寒&渗湿,补中&散寒&渗湿
脾胃湿热:清热&化湿&和中,清热&渗湿&和中
胃寒:温中&养胃,补中&养胃,暖胃
胃热:泻火&养胃
胃阴虚:滋阴&养胃
食滞胃脘:消积
肝气郁结:疏肝,行气&解郁
肝火上炎:清肝
肝阳上亢:平肝&潜阳,滋阴&潜阳
肝血虚:养肝&补血
肝阴虚:养肝&滋阴,柔肝&滋阴
肝风内动:平肝&息风
肝胆湿热:清热&利湿&疏肝,清热&化湿&疏肝,清肝&利湿,清肝&化湿
寒滞肝脉:养肝&散寒
肾阳虚:补肾&补阳
肾阴虚:补肾&滋阴
肾精不足:补肾&补气
肾气不固:补肾&益气&固精,固肾
肾不纳气:补肾&纳气
膀胱湿热:清热利湿,清热化湿
心肾不交:滋阴&降火&补心&补肾
心脾两虚:养心&补脾
心肝血虚:补血&养肝&宁心,补血&养肝&养心
心肾阳虚:补阳&补肾&养心
心肺气虚:补气&补肺&养心
脾肺气虚:补气&补肺&补中
脾肾阳虚:补阳&补肾&补中,补阳&补肾&温中
肺肾阴虚:滋阴&补肾&补肺,滋阴&补肾&润肺
肝肾阴虚:补肝肾,补肝,补肾&养阴
肝脾不调:疏肝&健脾
肝胃不和:疏肝&和胃
肝火犯肺:清肝&清肺&止咳
阴阳两虚:滋阴&补阳
其中,“,”逗号表示功效的并列关系(or),符合两类(或几类)功效的食材药物都适合对应证型。“&”表示功效间的交叉关系(and),同时符合两类(或几类)功效的食材药物才适合对应证型。
在另一个示例中,在通过体质测评问卷获取用户健康信息后,可以结合国家中医药管理局医政司于二○一一年九月发布的《基本公共卫生服务中医健康管理技术规范(试行)》,确定所需食物的功效
第四、通过细分人群(如不同生理阶段的人群、不同生命阶段的人群),得出用户的证型,确定所需食物的功效,进而进行食材筛选。
食物的治疗作用其目的亦是调整机体的阴阳平衡,达到“阴平阳秘”; 人体的生理功能只有在和谐、协调的情况下才能得以维持,从而处于健康状态抵御外邪的侵袭。
1、补法 生活中饮食得当,则可起到维持阴阳调和的作用;对阴阳失调所导致的疾病状态,利用饮食的阴阳偏性也可进行调节;人们通常用食补的方法来发挥饮食的滋养作用,在应用“补”法时,当充分考虑不同的人群、季节、年龄、性别等因素;根据食物的性质,食补方法主要有以下三种。
1)平补法:一种是应用不热不寒、性质平和的食物进行补益,大部分谷类、薯类、水果蔬菜、部分禽、蛋、肉、乳类食物,如粳米、玉米、红薯、马铃薯、大豆、甘蓝、香菇、鸡蛋、猪肉、牛奶等;另外,还包括应用气阴双补或阴阳同补的食物进行进补,如山药、蜂蜜,既补脾肺之气,又补脾肺之阴,这些食物适用于正常人群保健。
2)清补法:是指应用偏凉或有泻实作用的食物进行补益的方法,适用于偏于实证体质的人。常用的清补食物有绿豆、萝卜、黄瓜、西瓜、冬瓜、尚蒿、马齿苋、小米、薏苡仁、苹果、梨、柿子等,以水果、蔬菜居多。
3)温补法:是指应用温热性的食物进行补益的方法,适用于阳虚或气阳两虚的人群,也常作为正常人群冬令进补食物,如羊肉、狗肉、核桃仁、大枣、龙眼肉、海虾等;补益作用较强的食物可达到急需补益的目的,如鹿肉、鹿胎、鹿尾、鹿肾、甲鱼等。
2、泻法 人体各种组织、器官和整体功能低下是导致疾病的重要原因,如果病邪较盛,即为“邪气实”,其证候称作“实证";此时宜审因论治,祛邪安脏,如大蒜治痢疾,山楂消食积,藕汁治咯血,赤豆治水肿,猪胰治消渴等。有些食物有多方面的治疗作用,既可直接去除病因,又可全面调理病证,如李时珍所述,“鸡子黄补阴血,解热毒,治下痢甚验”,说明鸡蛋除营养作用外,还有调节脏腑功能、清解热毒等作用。祛邪类食物的 种类较多,主要介绍以下几类。
1)散风寒类:适用于感受风寒的表证,药食常选生姜、荆芥、大蒜、葱白等。
2)散风热类:适用于外感风热表证,药食常选薄荷、菊花、淡豆豉、荸荠等。
3)化痰止咳类:适用于咳嗽咳痰症,药食常选半夏、陈皮、橘络、杏仁、萝卜子等。
4)止咳平喘类:适用于咳喘症,药食常选苏子、白果、梨、鸭肉、枇杷等。
5)清热祛暑类:适用于盛夏感暑所致的病,药食常选荷叶、藿香、绿豆、绿茶、苦瓜等。
6)清热解毒类:适用于热毒证,药食常选绿豆、银花、马齿苋等。
7)清热泻火类:适用于实热证,药食常选苦菜、蕨菜、芦根、苦瓜等。
8)清热化湿类:适用于湿热证,药食常选生地黄、薏苡仁、扁豆等。
9)通便类:适用于便秘,药食常选番泻叶、火麻仁、蜂蜜、香蕉、黑芝麻等。
10)温里类:适用于里寒证,药食常选干姜、小茴香、干姜、羊肉、肉桂等。
11)祛风湿类:适用于风湿证。药食常选木瓜、酒、鳝鱼等。
12)利水祛湿类:适用于水肿、淋证、痰饮等病症,药食常选玉米须、赤小豆、茯苓、薏苡仁、鸭等。
13)消食类:适用于食积证,药食常选山楂、麦芽、鸡内金、萝卜等。
14)理气类:适用于各种气滞、气逆、气郁的病证,药食常选橘皮、佛手、胡萝卜、茉莉花等。
15)活血类:适用于血瘀证,药食常选桃仁、山楂、益母草、酒、醋 等。
16)止血类:适用于出血证,药食常选阿胶、木耳、三七、槐花等。
17)安神类:适用于失眠证。药食常选酸枣仁、莲子、猪心、龙眼肉等。
18)固涩类:适用于滑脱不禁证,常用药食有乌梅、莲子肉、浮小麦、乌骨鸡等。
19)驱虫类:适用于虫证,常用药食有南瓜子、槟榔等。
第五、
五、通过判断疾病,确定用户的证型,进而确定所需食物的功效,进而进行食材筛选。
在一个示例中,用户的疾病类型可以举例说明如下:
1)高血压
依据症状症型
肝阳上亢
痰湿型——肥胖
疏风解热——青年人
肝肾阳虚——老年人
2)糖尿病:
痰湿型——肥胖
阴虚内热型——燥热为主
血瘀型——心血管病变
3)糖尿病并发症:
神经病变
肾病
心血管症
在另一个示例中,证型、描述及功效对应关系可以根据表13进行说明。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000024
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000026
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000030
表13
在表13中,“,”逗号表示功效的并列关系(or),符合两类(或几类)功效的食材药物都适合对应证型。“&”表示功效间的交叉关系(and),同时符合两类(或几类)功效的食材药物才适合对应证型。
第六、食疗方剂的应用——辨因施养(因人养生、因时养生、体质养生)
因人养生
养生需要因人制宜,根据年龄、性别、体质、职业等不同特点,有针对性地选择相应的养生保健方法,以保持身心健康,从而达到益寿延年的 目的。不同个体可以有不同的生理及心理特点,对疾病的易感性也不尽相同;对不同年龄阶段的人提出不同的养生要求
一、不同年龄的养生
1、胎孕期养生
胎孕养生,亦称为养胎、护胎,是指从受孕至分娩期间,为促进胎儿体质和智力的良好发育所采取的一系列有利于孕妇和胎儿身心健康的养生措施。
1)胎教
胎教是指在孕妇胎、孕、产全过程中,为孕妇创造舒适愉快的环境与心境,给胎儿以良好的影响,促进胎儿智力发育。
2)饮食调摄 胎儿的生长发育,全赖母体气血的濡养,孕妇的合理饮食是确保优生优育的重要环节。孕妇的饮食,应当富于营养,清淡可口,易于消化,进餐要按时定量。饮食禁忌过食生冷、辛辣、肥甘厚腻等食物,以免酿生胎寒、胎热、胎肥等病证。要戒烟戒酒,以免出现畸胎和先天性疾病。妊娠1至12周,应按孕妇的口味调配饮食,不要吃可能加重妊娠反应的味浓、油腻等刺激性食品;可选择适合自己口味的食品,以新鲜蔬菜瓜果为佳,少食多餐,避免过饥或过饱。
妊娠13至31周,胎儿迅速增长,必须多食富含各种营养成分的食品,如富含蛋白质、钙、磷的食品。豆类、肉鱼、蛋类含有丰富的蛋白质;蛋黄、乳类、虾皮、动物骨骼及绿叶蔬菜中含有丰富的钙;豆类、肉食中含有磷,多吃此类食物,有助胎儿的长发有。
妊娠32~40周,胎儿生长发育迅速,而上且是大脑发育的关键时于期,饮食品种要丰富,营养要充足,应多吃优质蛋白,注意动物蛋白与植物蛋白的搭配食用,同时于要防营养过度。好娠后期要控制盐的摄入,防止妊娠水肿
2、少儿期养生
少儿期是指从出生到12岁这个阶段,少儿期养生,其特点是养教并重,以保养元真、教子成材为目的。
1)生理心理特点 少儿处于生长发育的初期。指出小儿时期,其有生机蓬勃、蒸蒸日上的一面,从体格、智力以至脏腑功能,均不断地向完善、成熟方面快速发展,年龄越小,生长发育的速度越快,好比春季和旭日阳气初生,有蒸蒸日上、欣欣向荣的“纯阳”特点;又有脏腑娇嫩、形气未充的一面,其机体柔嫩,精气不足,气血未充经脉未盛,神气怯弱,有“稚阴稚阳”的表现,因此,其抗病力低下,易于发病,发病后病情发展较快。小儿的心理发育也未臻完善,其精神怯弱,易受惊吓致病,情志不稳,可塑性大,易于接受各方面的影响和教育。针对少儿期的生理和心理特点,不失时机地采取科学的养生保健措施,是促进少儿成长的重要保证。
2)养生原则①新生儿期:自出生至满月为新生儿期。以保温、合理喂养和预防感染为保健重点,还应保证充足睡眠及良好的睡眠姿势。②婴儿期:从满月到周岁为婴儿期。这是人一生中生长发育最迅速的阶段,被称作人生中第一个飞跃时期;家长要与婴儿经常日中嬉戏,以促进飞跃式生长发育,提高抵抗力,此期的保健重点是合理喂养,注意寒温调护,按时进行各种预防接种。③幼儿期:从1周岁到3周岁为幼儿期,重视早期教育,促进智力增长,以启蒙发萌。继续做好预防保健工作,培养良好生活、卫生习惯。④幼童期:从3周岁到7周岁为幼童期,亦称学龄前期。应有计划地进行幼儿园教育,开展适于幼童特点的各种活动,做好预防保健工作,防止意外事故发生。要注意培养优秀品德及初步的独立生活能力。⑤儿童期:从7周岁到12周岁为儿童期,亦称学龄儿童期。应重视德、智、体、美教育,使之全面发展,继续做好儿童保健,要特别注意预防近视、龋齿和脊柱变形,预防扁平足,防止意外事故发生。加强体育锻炼,使体 格和智慧进一步发展。
3)养生方法
早期教育:早期教育是指对自出生至幼童期的少儿进行适时而恰当的教育与训练,具体包括德行教育与健康心理培养、智力开发、健康教育和美学教育。早期教育要从小儿的生理心理特点出发,要幼儿期是语言、运动和精神心理发育的关键时期,婴幼儿期的孩子中枢神经系统发育尚未完善,要有目的、有计划地进行,要符合小儿神经心理、生理及体格的发育规律。
精心调养:少儿生活不能自立,少有七情损伤,但不能调寒暑、节饮食,缺乏安全常识,易患呼吸系统和消化系统疾病,易发意外事故。因此,少儿养生保健,父母应当精心调养,以适寒暑、节饮食、保安全为主。
少儿生长发育迅速,对营养物质需求量大质高,母乳营养丰富易于消化,是婴儿最理想的天然食品,若无母乳或其他原因不能哺乳,可采用人工喂养,通常予以牛奶、羊奶等代乳品。并要及时添加辅食,添加时应遵循由流质到半流质再到固体、由少到多、由细到粗的原则。辅食的数量、种类和添加的速度,要视小儿消化吸收的情况而定,并逐渐向成人膳食过渡。要注意食物品种的多样化及粗细粮、荤素菜的合理搭配。要特别注重提高膳食中优质蛋白质的比重,让孩子食用足量的鱼、肉、蛋及豆类食物。食物的烹调宜细碎软烂、色香味美,通常采用煮、煨、烧、蒸等方法,不宜油炸。现代儿童要防止营养过剩,过食生冷、辛辣以及零食过多过杂等。
3、青少年养生
青少年是指12岁至24岁这一时段,又称青春期,具体又可分为青春发育期和青春期。从12岁至18岁为青春发育期,从18岁至24岁为青春期。
1)生理和心理特点青春发育期是人生中生长发育的高峰期。其生理 特点是体重迅速增加,第二性征明显发育,生殖系统逐渐成熟,其他脏腑也逐渐成熟和健全。机体精气充实,气血调和。此期身体各方面的发育和功能都达到更加完善和完全成熟的程度,最后的恒牙也长出来,女子的身高到18~20岁停止增长,男子的身高到20~23岁停止增长。随着生理方面的迅速发育,心理行为也出现了许多变化。表现为半幼稚、半成熟以及独立性与依赖性相交错的复杂现象,具有较大的可塑性。他们热情奔放,积极进取,好高骛远,不易持久,在各方面会表现出一定的冲动性;对周围的事物有一定的观察分析和判断能力,但情绪波动较大,缺乏自制力,看问题偏激,有时不能明辨是非。他们虽然仍需依附于家庭,但与外界的人及环境接触日益增多,其独立愿望日益强烈,不希望父母过多干涉自己,却又缺乏社会经验,极易受外界环境的影响,处于“染于苍则苍,杂于黄则黄”的阶段,如果能按照身心发育的自然规律,注意体格的保健锻炼和思想品德的教育,可为一生的身心健康打下良好的基础。
2)养生原则 青少年的身体发育虽已接近成人,可是对环境、生活的适应能力和对事物的综合处理能力仍然很差;青少年应该在师长的引导协助下,在自己所处的环境中,加强思想意识的锻炼和修养,力求养成独立自觉、坚强稳定、直爽开朗、亲切活泼的个性;遇事冷静,言行适度,文明礼貌,尊老爱幼,切忌恃智好胜,恃强好斗。要有自知之明,正确对待就业问题,处理好个人与集体的关系,明确自己在不同场合所处的不同位置,善于角色变换,采用不同的处事方法,从而有利于社交活动,促进人事关系的和谐,有益于身心健康。家长和教师要以身作则,为人师表,给青少年以良好影响,要尊重其独立意向的发展和自尊心,采用说服教育、循循善诱的方法,关心他们的学习和生活,并设法充实和丰富他们的业余生活,有事多与其商量,尊重他们的正确意见,要从积极方面启发他们的兴趣与爱好,培养良好的个性与习惯,鼓励其积极参加集体活动,培养集 体主义思想,逐渐树立正确的世界观和人生观,对其错误或问题,不能采取粗暴压制和命令的方式,要谆谆诱导,合理解决。
3)养生方法 青少年成长变化中,随着青春期的到来、性意识的发展、性生理的逐渐成熟,其心理方面的最大变化反映在性心理领域,性意识开始萌发,处于朦胧状态。《素问·上古天真论》云:“丈夫………二八肾气盛,天癸至,精气溢泄”,“女子…,·…二七而天癸至,任脉通,太冲脉盛,月事以时下”。男女青年,肾气初盛,天癸始至,具有了生育能力。要教育男青年不要染上手淫习惯,女青年要做好经期卫生保健。要注意隔离和消除可能引起他们性行为的语言、书籍、画报、影视等环境因素。安排好课余时间,把主要精力放在学习上。帮助他们充分了解两性关系中的行为规范,破除性神秘感。正确区别友谊、恋爱、婚育的关系。提倡晚婚,力戒早恋,宣传优生和性病的预防知识。
青少年心理脆弱,承受力差,意志薄弱。缺乏生活的锻炼,依赖心理强,交往能力和适应能力极差,遇到挫折,容易因绝望而轻生,培养孩子坚强的性格对他们以后的人生道路有着重要的影响。要进行失败教育和挫折教育,使他们以一颗平常心态,以一股不服输的精神对待失败和挫折,使他们充分认识到,任何时候、任何条件下,挫折总是难以避免的,培养他们能够正确认识与对待挫折。
根据具体情况科学合理的安排作息时间,做到“起居有时,不妄作劳”。既要专心致志地工作、学习,又要有适当的户外活动和正当的娱乐休息,保证充足的睡眠,保持精力充沛,提高学习、工作效率,有利于身心健康。
养成良好的卫生习惯,读书、写字、站立时应保持正确姿势,以促进正常发育。变声期要特别注意保护嗓子,避免沾染吸烟、酗酒等恶习。青少年的衣着宜宽松、朴素、大方。女青年不可过度束胸紧腰,以免影响乳房发育和肾脏功能。男青年不要穿紧身裤,以免影响睾丸正常的生理功能, 引起不育症或引|起遗精。夏秋两季男女青年穿紧身裤,容易引起腹股沟癣或湿疹影响健康。
4、中年养生
中年是指从青年到老年之间的这个时段,在年龄划分上,世界各国标准不同,世界卫生组织认为45岁以下为青年人,45岁至59岁为中年人。
1)生理心理特点 中年人生理功能逐渐下降,由生命活动的巅峰转向稳定和衰减,开始缓慢地向老化发展,中年后期脏腑功能明显衰减,各种突发性疾病增多,如中风、心肌梗死、冠心病等,高血压、癌症等是中年人的常见疾病。中年人的性问题开始大量出现,比如性欲减退、中年男子的性不应期明显等。中年是心理成熟阶段,情绪多趋于稳定状态。来自社会、家庭等方面的压力较多,心理负担逐渐沉重。《灵枢·天年》云:“人生……·三十岁,五脏大定,肌肉坚固,血脉盛满,故好步;四十岁,五脏六腑十二经脉,皆大盛以平定,腠理始疏,荣华颓落,发娶斑白,平盛不摇,故好坐。五十岁,肝气始衰,肝叶始薄,胆汁始减,目始不明。”概括了中年人的生理、心理特点。
中年人的心理能力处于继续向上发展的时期。其心理发展所能达到的高度,与社会环境关系密切,孔子对自己的心理能力发展精辟地概括为:“吾十有五而有志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十则知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。”孔子的这种分析说明心理能力不仅在中年期仍在发展,到了老年也还没有终止。
2)养生原则 中年是生命历程的重要转折点,要承担来自社会、家庭等多方面的责任和压力,有些人对生理逐步老化缺乏应有的认识和理解,常有不同程度的疑病倾向。出现一系列功能衰退现象,如胸闷气短、情绪不佳、睡眠不佳、记忆力下降等。随着年龄增长,患病率也逐渐增加,衰变、嗜欲、操劳、思虑过度是促使中年人早衰的重要原因。中年人的心理 能力与社会环境、主观努力密切相关。勤于实践,主动接触社会,接触新生事物,不断扩展生活领域,不断更新知识,勇于探索和创新的人,其心理能力在整个中年期都在继续增长。反之,则会停滞,甚至提前衰退。《景岳全书·中兴论》指出:“故人于中年左右,当大为修理一番,则再振根基,尚余强半。”说明中年的养生保健至关重要。如果调理得当,可防止早衰,精力旺盛,预防老年疾病,延年益寿。中年人要注意提高自我保健意识,保持乐观向上精神状态,增添生活乐趣,释放不良情绪,调节心理压力。如果调理得当,就可以保持旺盛的精力而防止早衰,预防疾病延年益寿。
3)养生方法
中年人要饮食有节,合理膳食,饱和脂肪酸每天摄入量不超过50g;蛋白质一股每天摄入100g,其中至少1/3为优质蛋白,如肉、鱼、蛋、奶等,以维持细胞功能和修补体内的组织;每日摄入糖类不宜过多,宜多吃新鲜蔬菜水果,保证充足的维生素和纤维素。要多进食含钙丰富的牛奶、虾皮、海带等,以防骨质疏松等症的发生。要少盐,每人每日食盐少于6g,以免引起高血压和脑血管疾病。如果进食不当或活动量少,很容易患肥胖症、糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病等。
5、老年养生
人体60岁以后进入老年期。世界卫生组织认为60~74岁为年轻的老年人或老年前期,75~89岁为老年,90岁以上为长寿老人。
1)生理和心理特点 人到老年,机体会出现生理功能和形态学方面的退行性变化。《灵枢·营卫生会》说:“老者之气血衰,其肌肉枯,气道涩,五脏之气相抟。”即言老年人的生理特点为脏腑气血精神等生理功能的自然衰退,机体调控阴阳平衡的稳定性降低。老年人肺活量下降,动脉弹性减低,血压升高,脑部和冠状动脉的血流量明显减少,消化道的蠕动和分泌功能减弱,膀胱括约肌和尿道括约肌萎缩,抗病能力减弱等,易导致冠心 病、高血压、糖尿病、关节炎等疾病大量发生。正如《素问·病机气宜保命集》所说:老年人“精耗血衰,血气凝泣”,“形体伤惫……百骸疏漏,风邪易乘”。《灵枢·天年》有“六十岁,心气始衰,苦忧悲,血气懈惰,故好卧;七十岁,脾气虚,皮肤枯;八十岁,肺气衰,魄离,故言善误。九十岁,肾气焦,四脏经脉空虚。百岁,五脏皆虚,神气皆去,形骸独居而终矣。”老年人生理功能的衰退是逐步变化的最早出现的是皮肤毛发的改变,然后是容颜、牙齿及形体的改变。老年人由于生理和社会的原因,会产生诸多心理上的变化,易出现失落感、忧郁感、遗弃感、孤独垂暮、多疑、烦躁易怒等心理;甚至产生性格变异,自我封闭,固执、刻板、保守和易猜疑等。老年人对亲情非常渴望,甚至有“返老还童”的心理特点,有时会提出“过分”的要求,渴求心灵上的关注和安慰。
2)养生原则 由于老年人特殊的生理和心理特点及各种因素的影响,其适应环境及自我调控能力低下,若遇不良环境和刺激因素,易诱发多种疾病。因此,老年人的养生保健关键在于保持健康的生命状态,抵御外邪,合理饮食,保证睡眠,适当活动,心情愉快,定期体检,及早发现一些不良征兆,及时进行预防或治疗。
3)养生方法 修养品德是老年人人控制过度欲念和不良情绪的根本措施,有助于增强理智。孔子最早提出“大德必得其寿”,指出了养德与增寿的关系。明代龚廷贤《寿世保元·延年良箴》说:“积善有功,常存阴德,可以延年”、“谦和辞让,敬人持己,可以延年”。老年人要明理智、存敬戒、常知足,处事宜豁达宽宏,谦让和善,保持良好的人际关系,从容冷静地处理各种矛盾,从而保持家庭和睦,社会关系和谐,有益于身心健康。
年高之人,精气渐衰,饮食应保持多样化,做到各种食物合理搭配,满足各种生理功能的基本要求,以补益精气延缓衰老。老年人要保证足够的蛋白质,以食入优质蛋白为主。老年人脾胃虚衰,消纳运化力薄,其饮 食宜清淡,不宜吃浓浊、肥腻或过咸的食品。饮食宜新鲜,营养丰富,易于消化,保持营养平衡。现代营养学提出老年人的饮食应是“三多三少”,即蛋白质多、维生素多、纤维素多;糖类少、脂肪少、盐少,符合“清淡”原则。老年人食物应依据少而精的原则,避免过多过杂,以免肠胃受累,引发疾病。老年人不要偏食,不要过分限制或过量食用一类食品,要适当补充机体缺乏的营养物质,使其获得均衡的营养。例如,老年人由于生理功能减退,容易发生钙代谢的负平衡,出现骨质疏松症及脱钙现象,同时老人胃酸分泌相对减少,也会影响钙的吸收和利用。因此,在饮食中宜选用含钙高的食品,适当多补充钙质,防止骨折,对老年人具有特殊意义。
老年人宜谨记“食饮有节”,不宜过饱。《寿亲养老新书》强调:“尊年之人,不可顿饱,但频频与食,使脾胃易化,谷气长存”。主张老人少量多餐,既保证营养供足,又不伤肠胃。进食不可过急过快,宜细嚼慢咽,这不仅有助于饮食的消化吸收,还可避免“吞、呛、喧、咳”的发生。
老年人阳气日衰,而脾又喜暖恶冷,故宜食用温热之品护持脾肾,勿食或少食生冷,以免损伤脾胃,但不宜温热过甚,以“热不炙唇,冷不振齿”为宜。老人脾胃虚弱,加之牙齿松动脱落,咀嚼困难,故宜食用软食,忌食粘硬不易消化之品。明代医家李梴于《医学入门》中提倡老人食粥,曰:“盖晨起食粥,推陈致新,利膈养胃,生津液,令人一日清爽,所补不小”。粥不仅容易消化,且益胃生津,对老年人的脏腑尤为适宜。
老年人由于生理上的退行性改变,机体功能减退,无论是治疗用药,还是保健用药,都应遵循以下原则:多进补少用泻;药宜平和,药量宜小;注重脾肾,兼顾五脏;辨体质论补,调整阴阳;掌握时令季节变化规律用药,定期观察;多以丸散膏丹,少用汤剂;药食并举,因势利导。如此才能起到补偏救弊,防病延年之效。
二、不同性别养生
不同性别的养生并无较大差异,一般的养生原则,对两性都适用。但男女由于解剖及生理特点和心理卫生方面的差异,应分别采取有针对性的养生保健方法。
1、男性养生
1)生理和心理特点 男子在生理上为阳刚之质,以精为基础。《素问·寿天刚柔论》说:“人之生也,有刚有柔,有弱有强,有短有长,有阴有阳。”男性禀赋了自然界的阳气,在生理特点上,男性处于一种相对阳强阴弱的阴阳平衡状态之中,呈现出一派“阳刚之气”,男性通过排精,以满足生理和心理上的需求,这就决定了男性易于精亏的生理特点,因此孙思邈的《千金要方》中告诫“男子贵在清心寡欲以养其精”,不可欲竭其精。
男性在心理上,具有争强好胜,做事稳重、喜动恶静、勇敢冒险的性格特征。
处事果断刚毅,做事干脆利落,敢想敢说敢为,心胸开阔,感情粗犷,性格豪放,坦诚大度,积极进取,在社会交往、家庭生活和事业上都表现出较强的好胜心和自尊心,但对事情的处理上自制能力相对较弱,易于出现亢奋的情绪变化。
2)养生原则 男性养生保健重在固肾保精。
3)养生方法 明代张景岳《景岳全书》指出:“欲不可纵,纵则精竭,精不可竭,竭则真散。盖精能生气,气能生神,营卫一身,莫大乎此。”说明精在生命活动中的重要性,提出节欲保精的必要性。男女之欲是正常生理要求,欲不可绝,亦不能禁,要注意适度,不使太过,做到既不绝对禁欲,也不纵欲过度。男性肾精亏耗,多由房事不节所致。节欲可防精液的过分泄漏,保持精盈克盛,有利于肾脏和其他脏腑功能强健。
调神养精,此精为广义之精。精源于先天肾脏,养于后天脾胃而藏于五脏,精为神之基,精可养神,神可御精,积精可以全神,宁神可以保精。 所以,男子若注意精神调摄,调情志不使其过极,则五脏自能安和,精自然充盛,肾精亦自会充盛,生命之基强健。如若心神不宁,神驰于外,或思虑过度,所欲不得,则五脏紊乱,精气不藏,精亦易走失或暗耗,生命之基动摇。
饮食补精,饮食生精,以血肉有情之品,可益精填髓;饮食生阳,饮食中辛甘温热之品,有生阳助阳之功。《素问》曰:“辛甘发散为阳”,男性若能合理膳食,必定能资助阳气,增进健康。
《养生要集》讲酒的功用“能益人,亦能损人。”适量饮用,颇为有益,过饮则有诸多危害。龚廷贤有《嗜酒伤身》论,罗天益有《饮伤脾胃论》,认为酒“伤冲和,损精神,涸荣卫,竭天癸,天人寿。”《医学杂著》云:“梦遗滑精,饮酒厚味,痰湿之人多得之。”《医学入门》也说“饮酒厚味乃湿热内郁,故遗而滑也。”因此,男性饮酒要以适量为原则,不要酗酒,酒后行房更为养生大忌。
吸烟对健康的危害越来越清楚地被科学研究所证实。吸烟可以导致少精子症和弱精子症;还可诱发精索静脉曲张,导致不育;亦可诱发多种癌症。因此,不吸烟是男性健康生活的重要方面。
药物补精为历代养生家所倡导。张景岳认为,熟地“以至静之性,以至甘至厚之味,实精血形质第一品纯厚之药”,乃补精填髓之佳品。清代名医叶天士主张用血肉有情之品补精,如鹿角胶、龟板胶、牛骨髓、紫河车之类,具有较好的补益肾精的作用。
补气助阳药物在男性保健中发挥着重要作用,诸如人参、黄芪、白术、山药、甘草、蜂蜜等补气药,鹿茸、巴戟天、仙茅、淫羊藿、杜仲、菟丝子等补阳药均作用可靠。益气补阳的中成药,如金匮肾气丸、右归丸、鹿龟补肾丸等,服用方便,疗效确切。需要注意的是,服药不可过量过久,不能迷信药物的作用,而恣情纵欲,不加节制,否则最终都将损害健康。
2、女性养生
1)生理和心理特点 女性特殊的生理功能决定了其养生保健的独特方法。妇女在解剖上有胞宫,在生理上有月经、胎孕、产育、哺乳等特点,在病理上易发生身心失调的改变。因此,女性应注重经期、孕期、产褥期、哺乳期及更年期的养生保健。
2)养生原则 妇女养生保健以养血补血为要。
肝主藏血,因此女性以肝为先天。同时,冲、任、督、带四脉和肝、脾、肾三脏与女性的生理功能关系密切。女性易受不良情绪影响,又具有感情丰富、情不自禁的心理特点,因此妇女的养生保健需保持肝之疏泄功能正常。
3)养生方法
月经期:月经是女性周期性子宫出血的生理现象。正常而有规律的月经是女性生殖功能成熟的标志。一般无特殊症状,某些妇女可以在月经期出现乏力、少腹或腰脊下坠等不适症状,经后自然消失,不影响正常生活,一般不以病态论。
月经期保健应以保持经血行泄有度为主。由于行经期间,血室开放,极易感邪,若调摄失宜,每易致病。行经期间应当于情志、饮食、起居各方面谨慎调摄。
血得寒则凝泣不行,故在行经期间,应寒温适宜。清代萧埙《女科}经纶》说:“寒温乖适,经脉则虚,如有风冷,虚则乘之,或寒或温,寒则血结,温则血消,故月水乍多乍少,为不调也”,指出经期宜注意寒温调摄,尤当注意保暖,避免受寒,切勿涉水、淋雨、冒雪、坐卧湿地、下水田劳动,严禁游泳、冷水浴,忌在烈日高温下劳动。否则,易致月经失调、痛经、闭经等证。
清代沈金鳌《女科玉尺》指出:“若经来时,饮冷受寒,或吃酸物,以 致凝积,血困不流。”月经期间,应摄取清淡而富有营养之食品。忌食生冷、味酸、辛辣、香燥食物。生冷、酸味食物令经脉凝涩,血行受阻,致使经行不畅、痛经、闭经;辛辣、香燥食物能助阳耗阴,致血分蕴热,迫血妄行,令月经过多。经期不宜饮酒,以免刺激胞宫,扰动气血,影响经血的正常进行。
产褥期:产后6~8周内称为产褥期。分娩时由于耗气失血,机体处于虚弱多瘀的状态。因此,产后宜静养以恢复元气,要充分休息,保证充足的睡眠,产后24小时必须卧床休息,缓解分娩时的疲劳,恢复盆底肌肉的张力。不宜过早操劳负重,避免发生产后恶露不绝、阴挺下脱、缺乳等病。产妇的休息环境必须清洁安静,室内要温暖舒适,空气流通。除难产或手术产外,一般顺产可在产后24小时后起床活动,并且逐渐增加活动范围,以促进恶露畅流,子宫复原,恢复肠蠕动,保证二便通畅。
产后气血俱损,百脉空虚,多见虚寒之象,而且腠理疏松,营卫不固,易受外邪侵袭。因此,产妇的生活环境必须清洁卫生,温暖舒适,特别强调避风寒,保温暖,不宜当风而卧,以免外邪侵袭或患产后身痛等。
产妇饮食应以补养为主,既可促进产妇身体的恢复,又使乳汁分泌充足。以滋补不碍胃、补虚不留瘀为原则。一般产后一周之内,阴虚火旺,应以清补为主。特别是产后1~3天以内,由于体力消耗较大,气血骤虚,脾胃运化功能相对不足,可多饮汤汁丰富,味道清淡,富含营养,易于消化的食物,不宜进食过量的油腻食物。分娩2周以后,多偏于虚寒,可予以温补,以温补气血,活血化瘀。产妇饮食宜少食多餐,每日可进餐4~5次,不可过饥或过饱。
产妇分娩后,多虚多瘀,血虚则神失所养,血瘀则气血失畅而情志易郁。气血郁结易引起产后郁证、恶露不行、缺乳等;若过度愤怒惊恐,则气血逆乱而导致恶露不尽、产后血晕等。因此,需给予产妇关心体贴,令 其情志舒畅,精神愉悦,气血平和。
哺乳期:乳母应增进营养,强健脾胃,多进汤水,以保证乳汁充沛。产后缺乳虽有虚实之别,但总以调养脾胃、滋补气血为主。虾肉、猪蹄、母鸡、花生、黄豆、黄花菜、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、豆腐等均有生乳、催乳之效。《妇人大全良方》强调:“凡妇人乳汁或行或不行者,皆由气血虚弱、经络不调所致。”如气血不足之缺乳可多喝鱼汤、鸡汤、猪蹄汤等,必要时加用当归、黄芪煲汤食用;如气血壅闭、经络不通之缺乳,可用漏芦、穿山甲、王不留行等疏通气血。乳母饮食宜清淡而富有营养,勿溢用补品,勿过食生冷,也不可过咸,忌食辛热刺激性食品。痰湿体质者若滥用滋补,则痰湿凝滞,不仅容易导致乳母形体肥胖,而且可以影响乳汁分泌而引弓起缺乳。
更年期:更年期是妇女由生殖旺盛时期到绝经期的过渡时期,一般在45~55岁之间,也称为围绝经期。此时由于肾气渐衰,天癸将竭,冲任二脉虚衰,失去生殖功能,致使阴衰阳盛阴阳失调,脏腑功能紊乱,部分女性出现潮热汗出、头晕目眩、头痛耳鸣、心悸失眠、烦躁易、忧郁悲伤、月经紊乱等症状,称为更年期综合征。如调摄适当,可减缓衰老,避免或减轻更年期综合征,对老年期的健康有重要作用。
更年期妇女肾气渐衰,冲任不足,天癸渐竭,应食用补益强肾之品以调养。天癸既绝,治在太阴,顾护脾胃,以助气血生化之源,少食油腻之物,以防止滞碍脾胃。这一时期,由于肾气虚衰,天癸将竭,月经频繁,经血量多,经期延长,往往出现贫血,故可食用补血益精之品。要禁烟限酒,不吃辛辣刺激性食品,如咖啡、浓茶、辣椒、胡椒等,以免使心肝火旺而加重更年期反应。多吃蔬菜水果及薯类食物,保持大便通畅,以防浊气上犯心神。
三、不同职业的养生
不同职业的人群,工作环境和工作强度不同,其养生原则和方法也各 有不同。
1、脑力劳动者的养生
脑力劳动者是指从事以思维活动为主的人群,他们的工作性质决定了其必须经常使用大脑分析、思维和记忆,大脑长期处于紧张状态,可致脑血管紧张度增加,脑供血常不足,而产生头晕头痛,因经常熬夜伏案,久而久之,易产生神经衰弱症候群。脑力劳动者长期承受单一姿势的静力性劳动,使肌肉处于持续紧张的状态,易致气血凝滞,可诱发多种疾病。因此,脑力劳动者的养生原则是健脑强骨,动静结合,协调身心。
1)科学用脑 根据大脑活动的生理特点,要科学合理地安排工作内容和工作时间。上午大脑具有周密的思考能力,工作效率较高,可以安排一些严谨的工作;下午思考能力敏捷,可做些能够快速完成的工作;而晚上的记忆力最强,可安排需要识记的工作。大脑不宜过度使用,一般说来,连续工作时间不应超过2小时。在眼睛感到疲乏时,宜停下来闭目默想,然后眺望远景,做深呼吸运动。
脑力劳动者的工作环境要具备流通的新鲜空气,充足的氧气可使大脑持续兴奋的时间延长,增强判断力。据测定,1g脑组织耗氧量相当于200g肌肉安静状态的耗氧量;脑占全身体重的1/50,而耗氧量则要占总量的1/5。
工作环境要有良好的采光,明暗适中的自然光不仅有助于注意力集中,并且阳光中紫外线还可帮助恢复身体疲劳。而强光和弱光则会对视力产生损害,破坏大脑兴奋,降低工作效率。
办公室或工作间应保持安静。实验表明,当噪声小于10dB时,大脑可以正常工作,当噪声超过60dB时,人脑就停止一切思考。另外,16℃左右的室温最利于大脑保持清醒状态。
2)合理膳食 大脑活动需要多种营养物质,脑力劳动者每日必须补充足够的营养,才能保证大脑正常工作。
钙和磷是神经细胞不可缺少的元素,缺少时可发生神经过敏、失眠、焦躁和痉挛等症,镁是保持良好记忆所必需的元素,含上述元素的食物有坚果仁、奶、蛋、鲜鱼、动物内脏及海产品。谷氨酸是大脑思维功能所必需,在鲜奶、鲜蘑、鲜肝及其他鲜味食品中含有。B族维生素有助于脑物质能量代谢,增加脑力,存在于叶菜、粗粮、麦胚、豆类、酸奶、啤酒中。不饱和脂肪酸参与大脑物质合成与代谢,可增强脑力,抗衰老,在植物油、鱼虾中含有。人参制剂对健忘、头晕、神经衰弱等症有较好疗效,可用于纠正用脑过度产生的低血压、低血糖、心肌营养不良、心绞痛等病症,对于老年人可防治反应迟钝、记忆力减退的老年痴呆症。人参具有益气通脉、开心益智、益精补脑之功,但高血压者不宜服用。
3)适度运动 脑力劳动者应进行适当的运动锻炼。运动能促进血液循环,改善大脑的营养状况,促进脑细胞的代谢,有益于神经系统的健康,提高机体的反应能力,还有助于保持旺盛的精力和稳定的情绪。以放松性运动为主,适当增加一定的运动量,以调节阴阳平衡,畅通经络气血,激发潜在智能,提高工作效率,减少伏案久坐劳累引起的疾病。跑步是最常选用的锻炼项目,有助于改善血液循环状态和内脏功能,从而保证大脑充足的血氧供应。乒乓球、网球等球类运动可以提高大脑信息传导、反馈的速度,从而增强大脑反应的敏捷性。倒立可以有效地增加脑血流量,迅速消除耳鸣、眼花及脑缺氧状态。倒行则活动背部的肌肉韧带,调节脊神经功能,可以有效地防治脑力劳动者的常见病,如颈相病、腰腿关节病、肩周炎等。
4)按摩保健 保健按摩可解除脑力劳动者工作后大脑及身体的疲劳,有明显缓解局部肌肉疲劳、预防肌肉劳损及颈椎病的作用。手梳头:两手十指分开,微曲,从前发际梳到后发际20次。抹额:以两手食指屈成弓状,第二指节的内侧面紧贴印堂,由眉间向前额两侧反复抹。揉太阳穴:以两手 中指罗纹面按揉太阳穴,以酸胀为宜。按揉脑后:以两手拇指罗纹面紧按风池,用力作旋转按揉,然后按揉脑空穴,以酸胀为宜。颈、肩部按摩用左右拇指指腹分别在颈项左、右侧,由上而下揉、拿颈部肌肉。左、右两手轮流揉、拿颈部肌肉。左右手分别拍打肩臂,并摆动数次。
5)节欲健脑 中医认为,肾主骨生髓通于脑。肾精充足则脑力强健,思维敏捷,肾精亏损则脑衰健忘。《灵枢·海论》说:“脑为髓之海,隨海有余则轻劲多力,自过其度;髓海不足则脑转耳鸣。”明代医家张景岳说:“善养生者,必宝其精,精盈则气(盛,气盛则神全。”说明节欲可以养精,精足才能全神。因此,脑力劳动者应当注意节制房事。此外,烟酒也应当节制。长期喘烟饮酒,不仅对身体各器官造成危害,还能使脑细胞严重损伤,形成血氧含量降低,加速脑细胞衰老。认为烟酒能带来灵感和精力的观点是不可取的。
2、体力劳动者养生
体力劳动者的健康与劳动条件和劳动环境有着密切的关系。体力劳动者以筋骨肌肉活动为主,其特征是消耗能量多,体内物质代谢旺盛。不同工种的劳动者在进行生产劳动时,身体需要保持定体位,采取某个固定姿势或重复单一的动作,局部筋骨肌肉长时间地处于紧张状态,负担沉重,久而久之可引起劳损。故《素问·宣明五气篇》有“久视伤血,久卧伤气,久坐伤肉,久立伤骨,久行伤筋,是调五劳所伤”之论,体力劳动者的保健应注意不断改善生活劳动条件和劳动环境。对于某些职业损害,应根据不同工种,因人因地制宜,采用相应的方法进行积极防护。
1、合理膳食 体力劳动者要保证足够热量的供给,注意膳食的合理烹调和搭配,增加食物种类,提高食欲,增加饭量以满足机体对热量及各种营养素的需要。应根据不同工种选用相应的食物,能在一定程度上抵消或解除有害因素的危害。如从事高温作业的工人,因出汗较多,体内无机盐 和水分损失较多,因此在补充蛋白质及总热量外,还要补给含盐饮料和维生素B、C等;在冷冻环境下工作的体力劳动者,在增加热量时,还应增加脂肪的比重;在矿井、地道、水下等不见阳光的环境下作业的人员,要注意补充维生素A、D;长期接触苯的劳动者,膳食中应提高蛋白质、碳水化合物和维生素C的摄入量,限制脂肪的摄入量。
2)运动锻炼 体力劳动往往只能有一个或几个肌肉群活动,对身体的影响一般局限在某些部位的组织和器官,长年累月的单一劳动,会使人感到疲劳。长时间局部劳动的结果,会使身体某一部分肌肉负担过重,而身体的其余肌肉活动减少,造成肌肉力量间的不平衡。因此,要根据劳动者工种的不同而选择相应的运动项目进行锻炼。如长时间处于站立姿势的劳动者,腰腿肌肉紧张疲劳,常感到精疲力竭,腰腿酸痛,还容易发生驼背、腰肌劳损,又因重力作用,血液循环回流不畅,容易发生下肢静脉曲张。因此,平时可多做些散步、慢跑、打拳、摆腿、体操等运动。长时间从事坐姿工作的人,可选择全身性活动,特别是球类运动,有助手指、手腕的灵巧敏脑益智,改善微循环。从事高温作业的工人,体力消耗大,平日时可多做散步、慢跑击剑或保健体操等,以提高机体对高温的适应与耐受力。从事连续流水作业的工人,其工作技术性强,既耗体力又费脑力,他们的劳动环境复杂,大脑神经高度紧张,易患失眠、头痛、神经性高血压等病,宜选择运动量小、动作柔和的运动,如太极拳等中国传统健身功法,这些功法都要求静息、安神、动形,既可放松精神,又可行气舒筋活血,还可参加一些球类及器械体操运动,提高身体快速灵巧的反应能力。
3)劳逸结合 体力劳动者上班时要严格遵守劳动纪律和操作规程,认真执行劳动保护措施,防止工伤事故发生。下班后,应充分休息,放松精神,解除筋骨肌肉的紧张与疲劳,对于夜班工人尤为重要。不同工种的工人可采取不同的休息方式。首先要根据条件调剂工作时间,或与其他体位 的工作穿插进行。如站立工作2小时,更换其他体位工作2小时。也可以工作1~2小时,休息几分钟。不能离开站立工作岗位时,可让左右两只脚轮换承受身体重心。或者可以每隔0.5~1小时,活动一下颈、背、腰等部位。其次,每天都要有一定的自我松弛的时于间,如下班后可跳舞、听音乐、观鱼赏花、洗温水浴等。井下工作者要加强户外活动,多晒太阳。长期站立的工人,应穿矮跟或中跟鞋,以便使全脚掌平均受力,减轻疲劳。还可在下肢套上弹力护腿或打绑腿,以减轻腿部疲劳,预防静脉曲张。
4)合理用脑 古代养生家说:“神强必多寿”,强调脑力活动是保证人体健康长寿不可缺少的一个方面。人体脏腑器官都是用进废退的。要保证大脑充盛,健康长寿,体力劳动者也要勤用脑。要培养自己的学习兴趣,结合职业特点选修不同的课程,如学习园艺、烹调、缝纫、绘画、弈棋等,并有意识地锻炼记忆力,下班后多读书看报,有意识地锻炼记忆力,增强脑力。
因时养生
因时养生,就是按照时令节气的阴阳变化规律,运用相应的养生手段保证健康长寿的方法。这种“天人相应,顺应自然”的养生方法,是中医养生学的特色。自然界阴阳规律性的变化,使天地之间各种事物的运动变化都有一定的节律,人与其相应,脏腑气血、精神情志等亦存在着四季转换的年节律聿、月亮圆缺的月节律、一日昼夜晨昏的日节律等周期性的变化。养生需根据自然界与人体的变化规律,制订相应的措施,因时制宜,才能更好地达到增强体质、祛病延年的目的。
一、季节与养生的关系
1、时间与养生的关系 人体阴阳之气的盛衰消长、经脉气血的循环流注、脏腑的功能活动等,都有其明显的规律性,并随着自然界的日月运行、季节变换、昼夜更替而出现周期性的变化。《灵枢·岁露论》说:“人与天地 相参,与日月相应。”《素问·四时刺逆从论》指出“春气在经脉,夏气在孙络,长夏气在肌肉,秋气在皮肤,冬气在骨髓中"。《素问·脏气法时论》云“肝主春”、“心主夏”、“脾主长夏”、“肺主秋”、“肾主冬”,均是从天人相应的观点阐释人体气血脏腑在不同季节的分布特点。《素问·八正神明论》云“天温日明,则人血淖液而卫气浮……天寒日阴,则人血凝泣而卫气沉。月始生,则血气始精,卫气始行;月郭满,则血气实,肌肉坚;月郭空,则肌肉减,经络虚,卫气去,形独居”,提出人体气血的运行及盛衰,不仅随季节气候的更替而变化,而且同日照之强弱、月廓之盈亏密切相关。人体脉象受气血变化的影响多种多样,当季节更替,气候变换,气血运行发生变化,必然引起脉象的变化。《素问·脉要精微论》载:天地之变,阴阳之应“……·四变之动,脉与之上下,以春应中规,夏应中距,秋应中衡,冬应中权。”《素问·平人气象论》云:“春……微弦,夏……微钩,秋……·微毛,冬………微石。”《素问·生气通天论》指出:“平旦人气生,日中阳气隆,日西而阳气已虚,气门乃闭。”说明人体阳气随日旦、日中、日夕不同而发生相应的变化;清代陈修园《医学实在易》中气血注流歌有云肺寅大卯胃辰宫,脾已心午小未中,膀申肾酉心包戌,亥三子胆丑肝通。”表明人体血气于脏腑经络之中的流注变化,可随着时辰的不同而各有其时应至。
人体发病时,在一日内的病情变化也有一定规律。《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》曰:“夫百病者,多以旦慧、昼安、夕加、夜甚……朝则人气始生,病气衰,故旦慧。日中人气长,长则胜邪,故安。夕则人气始衰,邪气始生,故加。夜半人气入脏,邪气独居于身,故甚也。”阐明了病情在一日内的变化规律,并从人体阳气的生、长、收、藏的变化阐释了旦慧、昼安、夕加、夜甚的病理机制。
2、气候与养生的关系 人体生理活动随不同的时间节律而发生应激性的变化,保证人体正常的生理功能。但适应性的变化是有限度的,一旦这 种适应能力被超越,即可导致人体阴阳气血、脏腑经络等恒定状态紊乱,出现病理反应,引起疾病。
在时间季节里的“寒暑相推者时之常”的正常转换规律中,人能及时日地适应,但自然气候一旦出现反常现象“非其时而有其气”时,人体就会发生疾病。《素问·六微旨大论》指出:“至而不至,来气不及也,未至而至,来气有余也。”说明自然界气候的季节性时序变化存在着两种异常类型,即按常规的季节时序的周期已到,而相应的自然气候却没有应时而至,或是季节性的时序未至,而不应有的自然气候已至,气侯与时序不相协调,打乱机体内原有的周期性节律状态导致体内阴阳气血、脏腑经络紊乱而出现病理改变。自然界的时序变化可诱发某些季节性疾病和时令性流行性疾病。如《素问·金匮真言论》载:“春善病鼻鼽衄,仲夏善病胸胁,长夏善病洞泄寒中,秋善病风疟,冬善病痹厥”。清代雷丰《时病论》说:“春季多春温、风温与伤风,夏季多泄泻、痢疾与寒中,秋季多疟疾、湿温与秋燥,冬季多咳嗽、伤寒与冬温。
二、四时养生
1、春季养生
春三月,从立春到立夏前,包括立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨六个节气。春为四时之首,万象更新之始,《素问·四气调神大论》指出“春三月,此谓发陈。天地俱生,万物以荣”。春归大地,阳气升发,冰雪消融,蛰虫苏醒,自然界生机勃发,一派欣欣向荣的景象。春季应于肝脏,故春季也是肝气条畅之际,因此,春季养生在精神、饮食、起居诸方面,都必须顺应春天阳气升发、万物始生的特点,保养“生发”之气。
春属木,与肝相应。肝主疏泄,在志为怒,恶抑郁而喜调达。故春季养生,既要力戒暴怒,更忌忧郁,要做到心胸开阔,乐观愉快,养生家认为,在春光明媚,风和日丽,鸟语花香的春天,应该踏青问柳,登山赏花, 临溪戏水,行歌舞风,陶冶性情,使自己的精神情志与春季的大自然相适应,充满勃勃生气,以利春阳生发之机。
酸味入肝,具收敛之效,不利于阳气的生发和肝气的疏泄,甘味补脾培中,故春季宜食辛甘发散之品,而不宜食酸收之味。为适应春季阳气升发的特点,扶助阳气,适当食用辛温升散的食品,但不能矫枉过正,过用辛辣和发散,可使腠理开泄过度,给病邪打开方便之门,民谚有“春忌麻黄夏忌苏”,生冷粘杂之物,则应少食,以免伤害脾胃。
初春,由寒转暖,温热毒邪开始活动,致病的微生物细菌、病毒等随之生长繁殖。因而风湿、春温、温毒、温疫等,包括现代医学所说的流感、肺炎、麻疹、水痘、病毒性腮腺炎等传染病多有发生或流行。同时,还要预防各种慢性疾病的复发。因此,要保持室内空气流通新鲜,消灭病虫害及传染源,加强体育锻炼,提高机体的防御能力。可在室内放置一些薄荷油,任其挥发,以静化空气;或用中药贯众泡水,每日饮用;或用食醋在室内加热熏蒸,食醋与水1:2,5ml/m2,每周2次,对预防流感病毒有效;或用板蓝根15g、贯众12g、甘草9g,水煎,服一周,预防外感热病。亦可选足三里、风池、迎香等穴,每日保健按摩两次,增强机体免疫功能。
2、夏季养生
夏三月,从立夏到立秋前,包括立夏,小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑六个节气。夏季烈日炎炎,雨水充沛,万物竞长,日新月异。阳极阴生,万物成实。夏属火,与心相应,在赤日炎炎的夏季,要重视心神的调养。夏季要神清气和,快乐欢畅,胸怀宽阔,精神饱满,如同含苞待放的花朵需要阳光那样,对外界事物要有浓厚兴趣,培养乐观外向的性格,以利于气机的通泄。
夏季作息,宜晚睡早起,以顺应自然界阳盛阴衰的变化。
夏日炎热,腠理开泄,易受风寒湿邪侵袭,不宜夜晚出宿。五行学说 认为,夏时心火当令,心火过旺则克肺金,故有“夏不食心”之说。味苦之物亦能助心气而制肺气。夏季出汗多,则盐分损失亦多。若心肌缺盐,搏动就会失常。宜多食酸味以固表,多食咸味以补心。阴阳学说认为,夏月伏阴在内,饮食不可过寒,西瓜、绿豆汤、乌梅小豆汤为解渴消暑之佳品,但不宜冰镇。夏季气候炎热,消化功能较弱,饮食宜清淡不宜肥甘厚味。夏季致病微生物极易繁殖,食物极易腐败变质。肠道疾病多有发生。因此,讲究饮食卫生,谨防“病从口入”。
夏季运动锻炼,最好在清晨或傍晚较凉爽时进行,场地宜选择公园、水边、庭院空气新鲜处,锻炼项目以散步、慢跑、太极拳、广播操为宜,有条件最好能到高山森林木、海滨地区去疗养。
夏季酷热多雨,暑湿之气容易乘虚而入,易致疰夏、中暑等病。疰夏主要表现为胸闷,胃纳欠佳,四肢无力,精神萎靡,大便稀薄,微热嗜睡,汗出增多,日渐消瘦。预防疰夏,在夏令之前,可取补肺健脾益气之品,并少吃油腻厚味,减轻脾胃负担,进入夏季,宜服芳香化浊,清解湿热之方,如每天用鲜藿香叶、佩兰叶各10g,滑石、炒麦芽各30g,甘草10g,水煎代茶饮。如果出现全身明显乏力、头昏、胸闷、心悸、注意力不能集中、大量出汗、四肢发麻、口渴,恶心等症状,是中暑的先兆。应立即将病人移至通风处休息,给病人喝些淡盐开水或绿豆汤,用西瓜汁、芦根水、酸梅汤,则效果更好。预防中暑的方法:合理安排工作,注意劳逸结合;避免在烈日下过度暴晒,注意室内降温;睡眠要充足;讲究饮食卫生。另外,防暑饮料和药物,如绿豆汤、酸梅汁、仁丹、十滴水、清凉油等,亦不可少。
从小暑到立秋,人称“伏夏”,即“三伏天”,是全年气温最高,阳气最盛的时节。对于一些每逢冬季发作的慢性病,如慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、支气管哮喘、腹泻、痹证等阳虚证,是最佳的防治时机,称为“冬病夏治”。 其中,以老年性慢性支气管炎的治疗效果最为显著。中药可内服,也可外敷。内服药,以温肾壮阳为主,如金匮肾气丸、右归丸等,每日二次,每次g,连服一个月。外敷药可用白芥子20g、元胡15g、细辛12g、甘遂0g,研细末后,用鲜姜60g捣汁调糊,分别摊在6块直径约5cm的油纸或塑料薄膜上,贴在双侧肺俞、心俞、膈俞,或贴在双侧肺俞、百劳、膏肓等穴位上,以胶布固定。一般贴4~6小时,如感灼痛,可提前取下;局部微痒或有温热舒适感,可多贴几小时。每伏贴一次,每年三次,连续三年,可增强机体非特异性免疫力,降低机体的过敏状态。对于无脾肾阳虚症状表现,但属功能低下者,夏季服用苁蓉丸、八味丸、参芪精、固本丸等药剂,亦有较好的保健效果。
3、秋季养生
秋季,从立秋至立冬前,包括立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降六个节气。气候由热转寒,是阳气渐收、阴气渐长、由阳盛转变为阴盛的关键时期,是万物成熟收获的季节,人体阴阳的代谢也开始阳消阴长过渡。因此,秋季养生,凡精神情志、饮食起居、运动锻炼,皆以养收为原则。
秋属金,与肺相应,肺在志为悲。秋季宜安心静养,安宁平静,不宜妄动七情而暴怒狂喜悲忧。对中老年人来说,不以物喜,不为己悲,要宽容豁达,淡泊宁静,可外出秋游,登高赏菊,饱览大自然秋景烂漫、红叶十胜火的胜景,或参加一些有益而力所能及的社会活动,收神敛气,保持内心宁静,减缓秋季肃杀之气对精神情志的影响,使肺气清肃,才能顺应自然界“秋气平”的特点,也才能符合秋季养“收”的养生要求。
秋季自然界的阳气由疏泄趋向收敛,起居作息要相应调整。“润其燥”是秋季饮食养生之大法。具体来说,要多喝开水,包括茶水和果汁等饮料,多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果,以养阴润燥。蔬菜和水果性质寒凉,有生津润燥、清热通便之功,并且蔬菜水果含有大量的水分,能补充人体的津液。水果 蔬菜含有丰富的维生素B、C和大量的膳食纤维,可以改善燥气又对人体造成的不良影响。另外,还可多吃些蜂蜜、百合、莲子、芝麻、木耳、银耳、冰糖等清补润燥之品,以适应肺脏的清肃之性。
在秋天“养收”的季节,人体的生理活动也随自然环境的变化处于“收”的阶段,阴精阳气都处在收敛内养的状态,故运动养生也要顺应这一原则,不要做运动量太大的项目,防止汗液流失过多,伤耗气津。随着天气逐渐转冷,运动量可适当增加,增强抗寒酎冻的能力。
秋季是肠炎、痢疾、疟疾、乙脑等病的多发季节。预防工作尤为重要。要注意饮食卫生,不喝生水,不吃腐败变质和被污染的食物。板蓝根、白头翁、马齿苋等对十肠炎、痢疾的流行可起到定的防治作用;为防治乙脑则消灭蚊虫,按时接种乙脑疫苗。
4、冬季养生
冬三月,从立冬至立春前,包括立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒六个节气,是一年中气候最寒冷的季节,草木凋零,蛰虫伏藏,是自然界万物闭藏的季节。人体的阳气潜藏于内,新陈代谢较慢,阴阳消长也处于相对缓慢的水平,成形胜于化气。因此,冬季养生的基本原则为“藏”。
为了保证冬季阳气伏藏不受干扰,要求精神安静。所谓季节性情感失调症,是指冬季易发生情绪抑郁、懒散嗜睡、昏昏沉沉等现象,并且年复一年地出现。预防的方法是多晒太阳以延长光照时间,这是调养情绪的天然疗法。
在寒冷的冬季里,不应当扰动阳气,要早睡晚起,日出而作,以保证充足的睡眠时间,以利阳气潜藏,阴精积蓄。至于防寒保暖,也必须根据“去寒就温”的养藏原则,做到恰如其分。衣着过少过薄,室温过低,则消耗阳气,易忠感冒;衣着过多过厚,室温过高,则腠理开泄,阳气不得潜藏,寒邪亦易于入侵。
冬季气候寒冷,阳气闭藏,人体处于能量蓄积时于期,应当遵循“秋冬养阴”、“无扰乎阳”的原则,饮食宜温热,应以“藏热量”为主。不宜生冷,也不宜燥热,最宜食用滋阴潜阳、热量较高的膳食为宜。减少食盐摄入量,可以减轻肾脏的负担,增加苦味可使肾气坚固。由于冬季肾脏当令,肾气偏亢,而肾属水,味咸,心属火,味苦,肾强则易于克心,因此冬季饮食养生还要“多食苦、少食咸”。一般而言,在寒冬季节应防寒保暖,多吃温热之物及血肉有情之品,如羊肉、鸡肉、狗肉、鹿肉等,以达温阳则阴不穷。而素体阴亏者,宜进食养阴滋液之品,如阿胶、龟肉、兔肉、鳖肉、鸭肉、猪肉、鳗鱼、木耳、银耳等,使阴阳协调平和,生化无穷。
“冬天动一动,少闹一场病;冬天懒一懒,多喝药一碗。”这句民谚,说明冬季锻炼的重要性。冬日虽寒,仍要持之以恒进行身体锻炼,但要避免在大风、大寒、大雪、雾霾中锻炼。冬天的早晨,由于冷高压的影响,往往会发生逆温现象,上层气温高,地表气温低,大气停止上下对流,各种废气不能向大气层扩散,户外空气相当污浊,能见度降低,此时不宜到室外锻炼。
冬季是进补强身的最佳时机。进补的方法有两类,一是食补,二是药补,两者相较,“药补不如食补”。不论食补还是药补,均需根据体质、年龄、性别等具体情况分别对待,有针对性,方能取效。冬季常诱发各种痼疾,如呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、痹证等,也多因感冒寒凉而诱发或加重。因此,防寒护阳,至关重要。同时,也要注意颜面、四肢的保暖,防止冻伤。
不同体质的养生
不同体质类型先天禀赋有异,后天调养有别。根据体质进行养生保健,应因体质而异,有针对性地选择适合不同个体的养生方法。只有这样,才不致因为错误的养生方法导致体质有失偏颜,从而危害健康。
中医养生理论认为,人与自然环境及社会环境的协调一致,心理与生理的协调一致,以及体内气化升降出入的协调一致,是身体健康的基本要素。
人的体质在一生中并不是一成不变的,而是在后天各种因素的影响下不断变化的。改善体质要从整体入手,进行综合调摄。要树立科学的健康理念和生活态度,建立科学的生活方式,进行全面生活和行为有针对性的调理,如优化饮食结构、改变不良生活习惯、增强心性修养、改善心理素质、积极进行运动锻炼等,维护机体阴阳平衡,促进身心健康,才能保持健康的体质。
一、平和体质的养生
平和体质的人的调养法为调养气血,协理阴阳。应遵循天人合一的养生法则,顺应自然,形神共养,附时间、空间和四时气候的变化调节生命过程的节奏,从而达到阴阳平衡、五行协调的养生目的。
1、情志调摄
正常的情志活动是人们对客观事物喜恶的客观反映,是人正常的心理现象。将情志调节到最佳状态,是保证健康质量的有效方法。
1)养心是养生的最高境界。静心是养心的最佳途径。平和体质可以通过各种方法修身养性。如读书静心、休逸保健、太极习练等,使心境平和。心静则经络调畅,气血冲和,体质不会失于偏颇,更可以使百病不生。
2)适当宣泄,及时化解不良情绪对防止平和体质出现偏颇和病理体质也十分重要。特别是在不同年龄阶段,对情志的调摄应采取相应的方法和手段。
2、起居调养
顺应四时,起居有常,与自然界阴阳消长保持和谐一致,是保证健康长寿的必要条件。
1)顺应四时,调摄起居人体的生命活动随着年节律、季节律、月节律、昼夜节律等自然规律而发生相应的生理变化。顺应四时自然节律、人体生物钟节奏变化和个人的具体情况,制定出符合自己生理需要的起居作息制度,并养成按时作息的良好习惯,使身体的生理功能保持稳定平衡的状态,以适应生活、社会和自然环境等各方面的需要。
2)起居有常,不妄作劳就是顺从人体的生物钟调理起居,有规律地生活,合理安排学习、工作、睡眠、休息,养成良好的起居习惯,保养神气,使人体精力充沛,生命力旺盛。才能增进健康,延年益寿。若起居失调,就会损害脏腑功能,精神不振,精力减退,适应力下降,则会导致阴阳平衡的失调,最终造成体质的偏颇,甚至造成早衰或导致疾病的发生。
3、饮食调养
平和体质饮食调养的基本原则是膳食平衡,要求食物多样化。食养要点是顺应四时,谨和五味,使人体内外环境和谐统一,以维持阴阳平衡和五脏协调。《黄帝内经》明确指出:“五谷为养,五果为助,五畜为益,五菜为充,气味和而服之,以补精益气。”这是中国传统膳食杂食平衡观也是各类体质人群应共同遵循的食养总则。
1)顺应四时,合理调养根据不同季节选择适宣的饮食,保持人体自身与外在环境的付调统一,以维持体质平和,促进健康,防止疾病的发生。春季阳气初升,应摄入升而不散,温而不热,不过用辛热升散之品。宜多食蔬菜,如菠菜、韭菜、芹菜、春笋、荠菜等。夏季阳气隆盛气候炎热,宜清补,应选用清热解暑、清淡芳香之品,不可过度寒凉。长夏季节为一年之中气最盛,宜用淡补,即用淡渗利湿之品,如茯苓、山药、莲子、薏苡仁、扁豆、冬瓜、丝瓜等淡渗利湿健脾之品。秋季阳气收敛,阴气滋长,阴阳处于相对平衡状态。宜食用濡润阴类食物,如芝麻、甘煎甘蔗、梨、葡萄等。冬季天寒地冻,阳气深藏,食宜养阴潜阳,如鳝鱼、龟、鳖等为 常用食品。
2)气味调和,膳食平衡饮食调养的第一原则是膳食平衡,食物多样。在膳食中要注意主副食的配伍,做到粮食、肉蛋、奶制品、豆制品、蔬菜、水果等进食品种多样化,再加以合理配伍,就能保证机体摄入均衡、充足的营养。
3)谨和五味,不宜偏嗜食物的五味和有所归之脏,兼有寒热之性,酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五味,其酸味入肝,苦味入心,甜味入脾,辛味入肺,咸味入肾,各有所属。五味偏嗜,则会破坏五行的协调状态。如过酸伤脾,过咸伤心,过甜伤肾,过辛伤肝,过苦伤肺等。欲使人体阴阳平衡,气血充盛,脏腑协调,必须均衡地摄入五味。不使五味有所偏胜,以保正气旺盛,身体健壮。
4)饮食有节
春夏养阳,秋冬养阴:顺应自然界四季更迭的运行规律,以及春温、夏热、秋凉、冬寒的气候特征对人体内部阴阳消长、脏腑活动及气血运行状况的影响,根据季节的不同选择适宜的饮食结构,加强健康,预防疾病。
定点定量,三餐合理:按照“早饭宜饱,午饭宜好,晚饭宜少”的原则进食,不致因暴饮暴食或饥饱不适而造成体质的偏颇。这不仅适用于平和体质者,也是各类体质之人所应遵守的股进食原则。
4、运动健身
我国历代医家和养生家总结出了很多通过运动健身、增强体质的原则和方法。
1)因人施练,持之以恒我国历代医家和养生家总结出了很多通过运动达到养生保健、增强体质的传统方法。运动锻炼要根据年龄、性别、个人兴趣爱好的差异,自行选择不同的锻炼方法。男性可以选择增强力量和耐力素质的项目为主,如器械训练、跑步、球类等。女性可以选择
加强柔韧素质的练习方法,如健美操等。身体锻炼要全面、多样,均衡发展各项身体素质。只有从事符合人体生理规律和人体保健基本理论的适宜运动,按照一定的原则,才能达到增强体质、增进健康的最佳效果
2)运动适度,因时制宜经常性的适量的有氧运动能使气血通畅,内荣脏腑,外润膜理,达到促进身体健康、增强体能的作用,如器械训练、慢跑、游泳、球类运动及健美操等,并做到运动适度、持之以恒。在运动项目的选择上,要顺应春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏的自然规律,选择既顺应生态时空又适合自己的运动形式,做到积极主动,兴趣广泛,运动适度,循序渐进,全面锻炼,持之以恒。
二、气虚体质的调养
气虚质人的调养原则为益气健脾,培补元气。使“正气存内,邪不可干”,保持阴阳平衡。脾胃后天之本,故气虚质人尤其应调养好脾胃功能,以改善气虚状态。
1、情志调摄
气虚体质的情志调摄基本要点是做好性格调养和肝脾功能的调养两个方面。
1)性格调养气虚质者多性格内向,情绪不稳定,胆小不喜欢冒险。应培养豁达乐观的生活态度,不可过度劳种,避免过度紧张,保持稳定平和的心态。
2)舒肝健脾脾为气血生化之源,思则气结,过思伤脾,因此,气虚体质之人应保持一个好心情和平和的心态。肺主一身之气,悲则气消,悲忧伤肺,所以气虚质不宜过思过悲。休闲之中宜欣赏节奏比较明快的音乐,以振奋精神。春季之时于春阳生发,气虚体质人在春天应注意维护好肝的琉泄功能,保持心情愉快,血脉调畅。可选择散步、旅游、读书等方式,使阴阳调和,气机通畅。
2、起居调养
“脾为生气之源,肺为主气之枢”。气虚者易感受外邪,起居调养要注意以下几点。
1)气虚质人应做到顺四时而适寒暑尤其要避免虚邪贼风,注意增减衣被。气虚者卫阳不足,易于感受外邪。故应注意保暖,不要劳汗当风,防止外邪侵袭。此外,经常自行按摩足三里穴位,可以健脾益气,调整气虚状态。
2)气虚质人要做到起居有常养成良好的起居作息规律,提高对环境的适应能力。“脾为生之源”,脾主四肢,故经常适度运动锻炼活动四肢,可帮助改善气虚质。过劳则气耗,在日常生活中注意避免过度体劳伤脾气和房劳伤肾气。
3)过汗则可耗气伤阴气虚质人在夏季要注意做好防暑降温,以免出汗太过而气随液脱。
3、饮食调养
脾为后天之本,气血生化之源,五脏六腑之气皆赖之以化生、充养,故气虚体质者食养原则是调理和顾护脾胃功能。健脾益气,才能达到改善体质的目的。
4、运动健身
气虚体质者不宜进行强体力运动,宜做到“形劳而不倦”,要掌握相适应的运动锻炼的原则、功法和方法
1)遵循运动原则因为气虚质人体能偏低,易因过劳而耗气,故不宣进行强体力运动,不宜做大负荷运动和大出汗的运动,忌用猛力和做长久憋气的动作,以免耗损元气,应采用低强度、高频度的运动方式,且不易出汗太多,以免耗气伤身。
2)选用合适功法根据自己的体能,可选用一些轻慢舒缓的、强度和负 荷较小的运动项目,有助于人体力气的补充和增加人体的耐久力。如太极拳、太极剑、保健功等,气功可练“六字诀”中的“吹”字功,常练可以固肾气,壮筋骨,逐渐改善体质。
3)掌握锻炼方法锻炼宜采用低强度、多次数的运动方式,适当地增加锻炼次数,而减少每次锻炼的总负荷量,控制好运动时间,持之以恒,循序渐进地进行。
5、药饵保健
气虚体质进行药饵保健的主要目的是健脾益气,增强自身免疫力,改善体质状态,提高抗病能力。
三、阳虚体质的调养
阳虚质人的调养关键在温阳、养阳、通阳。调养原则是扶阳固本,防寒保暖,温补脾肾,化湿通阳。重点温运脾、肾、心的阳气。
1、情志调摄
阳虚体质之人的情志的调养首先要完善科学的生活方式,掌握释放不良情绪的方法,丰富生活内容。
1)建立积极的生活方式阳虚质人应保持活跃的精神状态,避免消沉的生活方式。
2)学会调节自己的不良情绪阳虚质者性格多沉静、内向,常常情绪不佳,易于低沉。应学会调节自己的不良情感的方法,和喜怒,去优悲,防惊恐。要善于自我排遣或与人倾诉,宽宏大量,以偷悦改变心境,提高心理素质。
3)多选择集体项目的娱乐活动如球赛、跳舞、旅游等,通过肢体的运动振奋阳气,养身心,陶冶情操。
2、起居调养
阳虚质人畏寒,易受风寒侵袭,在日常生活中一定要顾护阳气,避免 寒冷。可遵照“春夏养阳”的原则,安排起居生活内容。
1)固护阳气,避免寒冷阳虚质者耐春夏不耐秋冬,在冬季宜暖衣温食,以养护阳气,室内暖气温度最好不要低于18℃,宜多动少静以保护阳气,尤其要注意腰部和下肢保暖。夏季暑热多汗,也易导致阳气外泄,使阳气虚于内,要尽量避免强力劳作,大汗伤阳,也不可恣意贪凉饮冷。
2)“春夏养阳”,培补阳气在春夏季节,阳气升发,借自然界阳气之助以培补阳气,亦可坚持做空气浴或日光浴等,培补阳气的生发。宜住坐北朝南房子,不要贪凉而室外露宿或在温差变化大的房子中睡眠,以免受风寒而患病。不宜在阴暗潮湿寒冷的环境下长期工作和生活,宜在阳光充足的情况下适当进行户外活动。
3)按摩壮阳保健自行按摩气海、足三里、涌泉等穴位可以补肾助阳;捏脊法也是改善阳虚的好方法。古代道家养生长寿术中的核心功法卧功中以脊柱、腹部运动调节督脉、任脉为主滋阴养阳。现代研究认为,卧功可以使脊神经得到锻炼和强化,巧妙而恰当地调整自主神经系统,还可以施功于性腺,促进性激素的分泌,保证了内脏器官的健康和发挥最佳功能,以保障健康人体的需要。
3、饮食调养
肾阳为一身阳气之本。故云“肾阳为根,脾阳为继。”阳虚体质的食养重点是甘温温阳,温补脾肾。
4、运动健身
阳虚体质之人运动锻炼要以振奋阳气、促进阳气的生发和流通为目的。运动方法、内容、时间等都需要合理安排才会获得更理想的效果。
1)运动健身要有原则 阳虚体质以振奋、提升阳气的锻炼方法为主。“动则生阳”,故阳虚质人,要加强有氧锻炼,尤其在春夏季,应适当增加户外活动,其他时间锻炼则应当在室内进行。运动量不能过大,尤其注意 不可大量出汗,以防汗出伤阳。可选择适合自己的项目,如散步、慢跑、球类活动等。
2)锻炼方法合理 秋冬的运动锻炼也要坚持不懈,宜在阳光充足的上午为最好的时机,最好每天进行1~2次。秋冬季节可适当减少体能消耗,选择节奏稍慢的运动项目,如太极举、五禽戏、八段锦、跳组等,以振奋阳气,促进阳气的生发和流通。
5、药饵保健
阳虚者当以补肾温阳、培本固元、强身健体为首要原则。另外,还可遵循“冬令进补”法则,合理配用补阳的药,辨证配膳,以收增强体质之功。
四、血虚体质的调养
血虚质人的调养原则是健脾养肝,益气生血。调治血虚之质,要充分考虑固护牌胃,脾气健运,化源不绝,体质强健。在养血生血的同时,还要佐入适量益气之品,以达气血生化无穷。
1、情志调摄
血虚体质之人的情志调摄要针对其性格偏内向、沉静的心理特征,采用振奋精神、开阔胸怀、修身养性、兴趣广泛的方法进行调摄。
1)振奋精神,开阔胸怀血虚体质的人,时常精神情绪不振奋,烦闷不安,失眠健忘,注意力不集中。在情绪不佳时,应采用振奋精神的方法。如与知心朋友聊聊天,解除郁闷;或做一些娱乐游戏活动,或在庭院、湖畔、河边等自然风景秀美的地方散散步,做一些柔性的健身活动。
2)修身养性,兴趣广泛修身养性历来就有听曲消愁、赏花悦目之明训。听一听音乐,欣赏一下戏剧,观赏一场幽默的相声或戏剧,消除郁闷心情,开阔胸怀,或养花植木,观赏花草使人产生“沁人心脾”的愉快感受。
2、起居调养
血虚体质之人需要保持生活规律,起居有常,保证睡眠质量,改变不良生活习惯,避免过度劳心,阴血暗耗。
1)劳逸结合,保护眼睛中医认为“久视伤血”。故血虚质人应注意在工作和生活中养成良好的看书学习和工作的习惯,不可劳心过度。在电视或电脑前不要持续超过1小时,并经常做眼保健操以恢复眼睛的疲劳。用眼过度会导致血虚体质偏颇过度。
2)怡情养性,振奋精神起居调摄要保持生活要规律,适当参加运动锻炼。尤其是从事脑力劳动的人,应防止过度劳心,以免使心血暗耗,加重症状。因此,除完成工作和学习任务后,适当参加休闲娱乐活动,恰情养性,振奋精神。
3)提高睡眠质量要养成良好的睡眠习惯和作息时间,避免熬夜,尤其是保证夜间“子觉的睡眠质量。
4)避免过汗伤阴血汗为心液,血虚质人夏季应做好防暑降温,以免损伤心血。中医认为血的生成是“中焦受气取汁,变化而赤,是谓血”。可见人体之血源于水谷精微。
3、饮食调养
血虚质人以益气养血、滋阴润燥、补心安神为食养要点,做好食物选择,并且要注意饮食禁忌。
4、运动健身
血虚体质的人应该选择适合自己的运动方式经常进行运动锻炼。运动量不要太大,运动形式太猛烈,防止多汗伤血。应选择动作柔和的运动,如练散步、太极拳、八段锦、内养功、保健气功等锻炼身体,冬季练习静功较为适宜。
5、药饵保健
中医认为“气为血之帅,血为气之母”,指的是血能帮助气的生成,气 能带动血液的循环。只有气血这两大循环系统调和通畅,血虚才能有效改善。因此,血虚体质之人的药饵保健要掌握正确的原则和方法
五、阴虚体质的调养
《黄帝内经》说“虚生内热”。阴虚质人常出现肾阴不足,因为肝肾同源。中医所指的肾和肝与荷尔蒙分泌、神经系统、骨髓、生殖和泌尿系统有关,重点是调养肝、肾、心、肺,遵循阴潜阳原则,养阴降火,镇静安神。
1、情志调摄
阴虚体质与湿热体质者均性情较急躁,易五志化火,情志过极,进而加重体质偏颇,所以要更加重视情志调摄。
1)调摄情绪,安定心志阴虚体质与湿热体质者均性情较急躁,外向好动,活泼,常常心烦易怒。五志过极,易于化火,情志过极,或暗耗阴血,或助火生热,易于加重阴虚质和湿热质的偏倾,故应学会善于调节自己的情志,释放不良情绪,安神定志,以舒缓情志。
2)修身养性,心态平和在心性修养方面,应遵循“恬淡虚元,精神内守”的原则,多静少动,阅读一些指导思想修养的经典名著,提升人生境界,亦可休闲旅游时到道佛之地中感受心性的修炼,感悟人生,使自己的情绪维持在比较平和的状态,并养成良好的控制情绪的习惯。学会喜与忧、苦与乐、顺与逆的正确对待,保持稳定的心态。
2、起居调养
阴虚体质的人性情急躁、好动、怕热,容易失眠,还是最能熬夜的群体。因此,起居合理安排,生活规律有序,对于调整体质有重要作用。
1)居住环境的调护阴虚者,畏热喜凉,适应秋冬,夏热难受。尤其要注意“秋冬养阴的调养原则,居住环境宜安静,选择坐南朝北的房子。尤其秋季燥气当令,更易伤阴,应注意居住环境及工作环境空气湿度的调节。
2)起居工作调护阴虚之质,由于阴不制阳而阳气偏亢。阴虚体质者应保证充足的睡眠时间,以藏养阴气。工作紧张、熬夜、剧烈运动、高温酷暑的工作、生活环境等则能加重阴虚倾向,故应尽量避免。
3)冬季调护更要注意保护阴精肾阴是一身阴气之本,偏于阴虚质者要节制房事,惜阴保精。房事太过会导致伤元阴。
4)养成良好的生活习惯阴虚体质者应戒烟限酒,长期吸食易致燥热内生,而见口干咽燥,或咳痰咯血,加重体质的偏颇。
3、饮食调养
阴虚体质的食养原则以滋阴潜阳、降火润燥、保养阴精为要务。在日常生活中要充分注意食物选择和饮食宜忌。
4、运动健身
阴虚体质之人运动锻炼原则以选择中小强度的项目为宜,功法锻炼适合比较柔和的功法,以取得内练生津、咽津养阴之功效为目的,这样才有利于体质改善。运动锻炼应选用比较柔和的运动形式和功法,目的在于调养肝肾之功,如可经常打太极拳、八段锦、固精功、游泳、静气功等比较柔和的功法,以取得内练生津、咽津养阴之功效。也可经常练习传统动静结合的健身项目,如可习练“六字诀”中的“嘘”字功,以涵养肝气。游泳能够滋润肌肤,增强体质。静气功锻炼对又人体内分泌的双向调节功能,促进脾胃运化,增加体液的生成,有利于改善阴虚体质。
阴虚质者阳气偏亢,应尽量避免大强度、大运动量的锻炼形式,注意不宜桑拿,或在炎热的夏天或闷热的环境中运动,致出汗过多,损伤阴液,不利于体质的调养。
5、药饵保健
中医认为“肾为先天之本”,“肝肾同源”。所选择的中药和中成药应具有滋补肝肾、溢阴降火、养心安神之功效。禁用壮阳峻补之品。
六、痰湿体质的调养
痰湿质人大多体形肥胖,中医认为“肥入多湿”、“胖人多痰”。痰湿肥胖的发生多与中年之后肾气渐衰、脾肾阳虚、脾虚湿滞、水湿化痰密切相关。调养原则为健脾补气,祛湿化痰,畅达气血。重点调养好肺、脾、肾三脏的生理功能。
1、情志调摄
痰湿体质之人的性格温和并善于忍耐。忍耐过度亦可导致气滞郁结于胸,久之伤肝脚气机,牌失运化会加重痰湿。因此,精神情志的调摄是非常重要的。
1)舒畅情志痰湿体质之人常对情志刺激过度忍耐,日久天长,不利于健康的心态。故应经常注意保持心境平和,情绪开朗,使心情舒畅,避免体内各种郁积的发生或加重。
2)培养广泛的兴趣爱好开阔眼界,增加知识,合理安排休闲、度假、休假活动,以舒畅情志,调畅气机,改善体质,增进健康。
3)业余生活要丰富宜动不宜静,选择欣赏欢快节奏的音乐、旅游、爬山、跳舞等项目,避免注意力长时间过度集中。
2、起居调养
分湿气一分寒,“寒生湿,湿生痰”,也就是说寒湿会加重体内的痰湿内蕴,加重痰湿体质偏颇状态。痰湿体质之人在居住环境和生活习惯方面要注意以下几点。
1)居住环境居住及工作环境宜干燥,不宜居住在潮湿的环境,宜选择坐北朝南的房间居住。
2)日常休闲活动痰湿质人平时应多进行户外活动,以舒展阳气,通达气机。如散步、慢跑、空气浴、日光浴等,借助自然界之力宣通人体之阳气。衣着应透湿散气,有利于湿浊的散。
3)长夏季节的护养长夏季节自然环境温度高、湿度大,要特别注意防止湿浊之邪的侵袭但不可过于贪凉,以免内热不得发散而郁于体内,避免受寒雨淋,以免寒湿内侵。
3、饮食调养
痰湿体质的人在饮食上,要“管住嘴”,既要科学合理摄取饮食,又要充分注意饮食禁忌湿质人的食养重在祛湿化痰、健脾益气,同时还要从根本上改变其不良生活方式。痰湿体质者,形体多肥胖,体虚倦怠。
(四)运动健身
运动锻炼的原则、形式、方法应遵循如下几个方面。
1)运动锻炼原则因人而异,循序渐进,长期坚持。根据自己的具体情况运动项目,强度不宜过低,如散步、慢跑、乒乓球、羽毛球、网球、游泳、武术、球类、健身操以及适合自己的各种舞蹈,以振奋阳气,发散湿浊。并做到坚持不懈,持之以恒。痰湿体质的人一股体重较大运动负荷强度较高时,要注意运动的节奏,循序渐进地进行锻炼,保障人身安全。
2)运动锻炼方法痰湿体质的人多体形肥胖,与高血压、高血脂、冠心病的发生具有明显的相关性。因此,一切针对单纯性肥胖的体育健身方法都适合痰湿体质的人。痰湿体质人要加强机体物质代谢过程,应当做较长时间的有氧运动。所有中小强度较长时间的全身运动都属于有氧运动。运动时间应当在下午14:00~16:00阳气极盛之机,运动环境温暖宜人之地。对于体重超重、陆地运动能力极差的人,可进行游泳锻炼。
5、药饵保健
痰湿体质者药饵保健的要点以健脾利湿、润肠通便、温补肾阳为主,合理选用芳香化浊、健牌脾化湿、升清降浊功效的药物。
七、湿热体质的调养
湿热体质状态的表现以湿热内蕴为主要特征,体内环境就像“桑拿天”, 胶着难解,排泄不畅,内外环境都显得不洁静,其调养原则是清肝健脾,化湿清热,分消走泄。
1、情志调摄
湿热体质者性情较急躁,外向好动活泼,为了避免七情过极,助火生热,加重体质偏颇的倾向,非常需要遵循下述几个方面进行调摄。
1)加强心性修养、学会心理美容中国文化有“养生莫若养性”的古训,心性修养是非常重要的。要想学会心理美容,就要提高文化修养。多学习一些道家和儒家一些文化典籍,增强文化底蕴和生命的内聚力。
2)掌握调摄不良情绪的方法在调摄情志方面,应学习和掌握一些释放不良情绪科学方法。当出现不良情绪时,可根据具体情况分别采用节制法、疏泄法、转移法等不同方法,化解或释放不良情绪,舒缓情志,稳定心态,达到心理平衡。
3)培养广泛的兴趣爱好选择欣赏节奏比较和缓的音乐、读书、下棋、游泳等活动,使心情保持平和。湿热体质人耐冬不耐力夏,在气候炎热的季节,尤其是长夏季节应注意调整情绪变化,减少或避免烦躁情绪的发生。
2、起居调养
湿热体质者需要高度重视起居方面的调理和保养,建立合理的生活方式,纠正不良的生活习惯,应天顺时,做好调养。
1)养成良好的生活习惯起居有常,生活规律,不要长期熬夜,或过度疲劳。居室环境宜清洁通风,不宜居住在潮湿的环境,宜选择坐北朝南的房间居住。清爽舒服。要保持二便通畅防止湿热郁聚。注意个人卫生,预防皮肤病变。
2)要改正不良嗜好,戒烟限酒烟草为辛热秽浊之物,性热而质湿,易于生热助湿,久受烟毒可致肺胃不清。酒为熟谷之液,中医认为“湿中发热近于相火”,堪称湿热之最,助热生痰湿。嗜烟好酒是导致湿热体质的重 要成因,必须力戒烟酒。
3)宜多进行户外活动平时多选择一些室外活动,如散步、空气浴、森林浴等。特别是在阳气生发的春夏季节,更应避免内热在体内的郁积。
4)重视长夏季节的护养在湿热的环境中要注意防止湿热的侵袭。要不可过于贪凉,以免内热不得发散而郁于体内。
3、饮食调养
湿热体质者,体内同时存在湿和热两种不同属性的邪气,既不能过食辛辣燥烈、大热大补又不能多吃肥甘厚腻的食物。食养要点在于合理饮食,祛湿清热,增强脾胃运化水湿的功能,清肝利胆,避免湿热内蕴。
4、运动健身
湿热体质者常表现阳气偏盛为主要特征的体质状态,多见于中青年身体健壮者,适合做大强度、大运动量的锻炼。按照不同季节和气候环境,进行有针对性的运动锻炼。
1)春夏锻炼方法湿热体质是以湿浊内蕴、阳气偏盛为主要特征的体质状态,中青年身体健壮者,适合做大强度、大运动量的锻炼,如中长跑、游泳、爬山、各种球类、武术等。可以消耗体内多余的热量,排泄多余的水分,达到清热除湿的目的。可以将健身力量练习和中长跑结合进行锻炼,健身力量练习可在健身教练指导下进行锻炼。湿热体质的人在运动时应当避开暑热环境,以免内伤脾胃、外助阳热之气。
2)春秋季节要进行野外锻炼春季的踏青、放风筝等,可使人体气机调畅,水湿运化;秋高气爽,登高而呼,有助于调理脾胃,清热化湿。亦可选择中长跑、爬山、各种球类运动等。在导引功法中,可练六字诀中的“呼”、“嘻”字诀,也有健脾清热利湿的功效。
5、药饵保健
湿热体质的药饵保健从总体上讲,应选用具有清热化湿功效的药物, 但从临床辨证分型来看,又可分为湿重于热、热重于湿和湿热并重几个类型,湿热在程度上有一定差异的状态,所以用药可有的放矢,有所侧重。
八、气郁体质的调养
《黄帝内经·素问》指出“疏其血气,令其调达,而致和平。”气郁体质的调养原则是疏肝理气,调畅气机。养生从“心”开始,通过调整和改善内外环境,使情志畅达,逐步改善气郁体质。
1、情志调摄
气郁体质者性格内向不稳定,长期郁郁寡欢,得不到合理的调摄可导致孤独的不良心态。对此,可采取下面的一些原则和方法。
1)培养积极进取的竞争意识和拼搏精神在生活和工作中注意培养胸襟开阔、开朗、豁达性格,树立正确的名利观,知足常乐,热爱生活、积极向上。在处世方面,严于律己,宽以待人,处世随和,克服偏执,不苛求他人,以赢得外界的认同和真挚的友情。
2)多参加有益的社会活动,加强人际交往在社交活动中提高学习和工作热情。在与各种类型的人的交流过程中,改变内心的封闭状态,形成并逐渐适应比较开放的生活方式。同时多种形式的工作和生活内容充实自己的日常活动,以打破沉浸在个人狭小内心世界,从而解脱不开的恶性循环状态,最终可以增强对社会环境变化的适应。
3)主动寻求生活的乐趣,广泛结交朋友热爱生活,丰富和培养生活情趣;多参加集体文鼓励激励性的电视、电影等,听一听轻松、开明、激动的音乐,娱乐活动,看喜剧、听相声以及富有查恰情养性,塑造开朗乐观的性格。
4)可适当安排外出旅游,参观访问等活动这样可以增加学识和见识,开阔胸怀,与社会发展和前进的步伐保持一致,激励积极进取的动力和精神,使自己生活在愉快的环境中,创造生活,享受生活。
2、起居调养
中医认为气郁者当理气、行气、舒畅气机,以协调脏脑生理功能,达到动态平衡,在起居调理方面需要做到以下几点。
1)顺应四时变化,起居有常保持有规律的睡眠,生活规律,调节性情,舒畅情志。
2)居室环境宽敞明亮居室温度、湿度适宜,衣着宽松,舒适大方。
3)适当增加户外活动回归自然,则可回归健康,融于社会,放松身心,享受生活。
4)尽量避免独处气郁体质之人容易陷入到猜忌、积怨之中,经常有人陪伴闲聊,有益于宽怀解郁。
3、饮食调养
气郁体质者具有气机郁结而不舒畅的潜在倾向,常常表现为肝气犯脾,脾胃不和,食养要点是理气解郁、调理脾胃,严格遵从饮食禁忌。
4、运动健身
气郁体质是由于长期情志不畅、气机郁滞而形成,运动锻炼一是多做户外运动,二是运动项目可做些专项设计,以获得调理气机、舒畅情志的效果。多做户外运动多参加集体项目的锻炼,如球赛、健身操、跳舞等。对于青壮年身体强壮者,可坚持较大量的运动锻炼。气郁体质的锻炼方法主要有大强度、大负荷练习法、专项兴超爱好锻炼法和体育游戏法。大强度、大负荷的练习是一种很好的发泄式锻炼,如跑步、登山、游泳、打球、武术等,有鼓动气血、疏发肝气、促进食欲、改善睡眠的作用。
2)专项运动锻炼和体娱游戏有意识学习某一项技术性体育项目,定时进行练习,从提高技术水平上体会体育锻炼的乐趣是最好的方法。体育游戏则有闲情逸致、促进人际交流、分散注意、提起兴趣、理顺气机的作用,如下棋、打牌、气功、瑜伽、打坐放松训练等。
3)导引|保健抑郁的人还常伴有焦虑状态,一方面要兴奋,同时要入静,宜太极拳、武术、五禽戏、叩齿、甩手等活动,以调息养神。还可习练“六字诀”中的“嘘”字功,以疏畅肝气。
5、药饵保健
气郁体质药饵保健的目的是疏通气机,着重调理肝之疏泄,辅助脾之运化,往往能获得良好效果。
九、血瘀体质的调养
血瘀质人常与气郁状态同时出现,因为气滞和血瘀常常互为因果,气行则血行,气滞则血凝。养生家张景岳说过:“凡富贵之家,过于安逸者,每多气血塞滞。”调养原则是行气活血化瘀,血气贵在流通,气血通畅,五脏六腑调和,可以促进体质改善。
2、情志调摄
在情志调摄上,既要调畅气血,又要疏理气机,以达到气血和畅,营卫流通,有益于气郁质和瘀血质的改善。
1)选择适合自己的调理方法在日常生活中可选择适合自己的情志调理方法,如正确对待现实生活,正确对待自己和周围的人,建立良好的人际氛围。树立助人为乐的风尚,乐善好施,帮助别人,不计较个人恩怨,多一份关怀和爱心,互相理解,互相支持,光明磊落,襟怀坦白。
2)兴趣广泛,开朗豁达经常参加集体公益活动,培养广泛的兴趣爱好。在处世方面,开朗豁达,在非原则问题上,得理也要让人,使自己恬淡超然。
2、起居调养
血瘀体质者具有血行不畅的潜在倾向。血得温则行,得寒则凝,因此在起居方面应注意以下几点。
1)起居作息有规律养成起居睡眠有规律的好习惯,不要熬夜,提高睡 眠质量。尤其是在春夏季节,最好养成午时10-30分钟午睡的习惯。
2)春秋季加强室外活动春暖花开,秋高气爽,气候宜人,回归自然,多做些有益的健身活动,舒展肢体,活动筋脉,以免气血郁滞,平常养成良好的生活习惯,宜动不宜静,不可久坐、久卧,看电视时间不要太久,注意动静结合,保证气血畅通。
3)保证居室环境质量居室环境要温暖舒适,要避免寒冷刺激。夏季不可贪凉饮冷,冬季谨避寒邪,注意保暖。
3、饮食调养
血瘀体质者具有血行不畅甚或癌血内阻特征,食养多选用活血化瘀、行气散结功效的食物。
4、运动健身
血气贵在流通。血瘀体质者应适当加强室外活动,不可贪图安逸,遵循因人施练的原则,根据年龄不同、身体强弱和疾病等,选用适合自己的运动项目,循序渐进,坚持经常性锻炼,方可取得满意的效果。
1)年轻人的锻炼年轻人运动量可适当加大,跑步、登山、游泳、打球等,以促进全身气血运行,增强脏腑,改善体质。
2)中老年人的锻炼中老年人心血管功能较弱,不宜做大强度、大负荷的体育锻炼,而应该采用中小负荷、多次数健身锻炼,以促进全身气血运行。如易筋经、保健功、导引、按摩、太极拳、太极剑、五禽戏及各种舞蹈、步行健身法、徒手健身操等,达到改善体质的目的。
3)注意事项血瘀体质的人在运动时要特别注意自己的感觉,如胸闷或绞痛、呼吸困难,特别疲劳、恶心、眩晕、头痛、四肢剧痛,足关节、膝关节、髖关节等疼痛,两腿无力,行走困难,脉搏显著加快等。若有上述情况之一,应当停止运动,到医院进一步检查。
5、药饵保健
瘀血体质者宜选用具有行气活血化瘀功效的药物,疏通气血,通畅经络,达到“以通为补的目的
十、特禀体质(过敏体质)的调养
特禀体质包括遗传性疾病,有先天性、家族性特征,如畸形,或有先天生理缺陷,或因遗传、环境因素、食物及药物因素等引起的过敏状态。这里只介绍对过敏体质者调养和保健。由于过敏体质的免疫反应灵敏度超出了应有的程度和范围,通常会将一些对人人体不会产生伤害的外来物质视作入侵者,并对其进行中和或消化,这样就会伤害到机体的某些正常功能,从而引发局部甚至全身性的过敏性反应。中医的调养原则为益气固表,活血祛风,凉血解毒。
过敏体质的心理特征因情况不同而有所差异,但多数因对外界环境适应能力较差,会表现出不同程度的心理反应,如放感、多疑、焦虑和抑郁等,要根据具体情况进行调理。
1、情志调摄
1)情志调摄要“因人制宜”过敏体质是常由于先天遗传因素或后天因素造成的特殊体质,临床表现也各有差异,因此要根据具体情况采取相应的心理保健措施。
2)避免情绪过激若出现不良情绪,要采取有针对性的方法进行调摄,促使心态平和,情结稳定,经脉畅通,气血调畅,有助于提高对环境的适应能力。
2、起居调养
过敏体质者应根据个体情况进行起居调护。过敏体质者由于容易出现水土不服情况,因此在新的环境中要格外注意日常生活保健。
1)顺应四时,起居有常随气候环境的寒热变化而增减衣服,可以增强对环境的适应能力。春季风气当令,最易使过敏症状加重,所以过敏质人 在春季尤其注意居住环境和生活环境的调摄。
2)审因施护要做好日常预防和保养工作,减少发作机会。如在春秋季节对花粉、柳絮、枯草等过敏者,要加强临时自我保护措施,戴口罩、戴面罩等或短期内减少户外活动,避免接触各种致敏的动植物,适当服用预防性药物,减少发病机会。在季节更替之时,及时增减衣服,增强机体对环境的适应能力。
3)避开过敏原一旦了解了过敏原,就要避免接触致敏物质,如花粉、刺激气味、某些致敏食物及药物等,减少过敏症状发生的机会。
3、饮食调养
一般而言,过敏体质者的饮食调养的原则要体现在“因时施膳”、“因地施膳”、“因人施膳”和“因病施膳”的具体过程中,以求达到人体自身的阴阳平衡和机体与生态环境的动态平衡。过敏体质人的饮食调养原则是益气固表,调理气血,调和营卫,调整改善机体免疫功能。
4、运动健身
过敏体质要遵循“辨体施练”的原则,择有适合自己的运动锻炼项目,坚持不懈地锻炼,促进气血流畅,百脉疏通,脏腑功能协调,使机体达到“阴平阳秘”的状态,偏颇体质可向平和体质转化。
1)辨体施练,增强体质可根据体质状态选择有针对性的运动锻炼项目,如慢跑、游泳、球类运动及健美操等。
2)做好运动锻炼保护对于环境因素过敏者,尤其要注意在春秋季节,避免长时间在野外锻炼,防止过敏性疾病的发作。对冷空气过敏者,不宜在寒冷的环境中锻炼;对紫外线敏感者,做好防护,不宜在强阳光下暴晒等。
3)多做增强内力的功法锻炼在传统体育锻炼中,太极拳、五禽戏等都是平和质人强身健体的最佳选择。在“六字诀”功法中,可多练“嘘”字 功,以调养先天,培补肾精肾气。
5、药饵保健
过敏性体质的人,要在辨证施治的基础上调养脾、肺、肾的功能,调理改善体质,逐步调整过敏状态。
1)呼吸系统过敏常用中药黄芪、白术、防风、苏梗、鱼腥草、辛夷、苍耳子、僵蚕、蝉衣、紫草等。
2)药饵方剂过敏体质人应常备防风通圣丸、消风散等具有脱敏作用的药物,以备不时之需。
3)过敏症状的中医治疗举例由气虚风袭、营卫不和所引起的荨麻疹,在队气气表,调和营卫,祛风止痒。
可选地,应用本发明实施例的营养配餐方法,还可以解决以下至少一种问题:
1)开发营养配餐维度标签参数化的功能;
2)引入养生标签体系结合中西医方法论进行膳食管理;
3)烹饪方式对烹饪后营养素留存量在配餐中的应用;
4)依托硬件产品满足不同应用场景用户配餐需求,构建厨房内智能家电配餐功能信息互联互通。
可选地,应用本发明实施例的营养配餐方法,还可以实现以下至少一项功能:
1)对于不同烹饪条件下的烹饪后营养成分的分析;
2)应用特殊生理阶段的特异性构建参数体系在营养配餐软件中实现参数化;
3)结合烹调设备的不同应用场景,引入烹饪方式对烹饪后营养素存留的方法,实现营养配餐推荐的精准化功能;
4)通过用户行为数据分析进行用户标签化,基于体脂率换算基础代谢 率的能量算法,实现无用户健康信息的前提下进行智能配餐;
5)不同烹饪方式结合制作方法、烹饪曲线的数据分析链接智能家电应用场景,实现营养配餐推荐的便捷化功能;
下面示例性地说明营养配餐理论。
一、营养素比例平衡
依据中国居民膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔,对照食物成分表,兼顾营养平衡理论,达到产热营养素的比例平衡;下面示例性说明产热营养素的比例平衡。
1、蛋白质10~15%;脂肪20~30%;碳水化合物55~65%。
2、优质蛋白质与植物蛋白质的平衡,必需氨基酸的平衡。
3、各类脂肪酸之间的平衡:饱和脂肪酸7%;单不饱和脂肪酸10%以内。
二、理论依据
中小学生营养餐1997年,国务院发布的《中国营养改善行动计划》,可以用于评价以下内容:
1、食物种类、数量是否合理
2、能量与各种营养素与RDIs比较(相差10%可认为合理)
3、产热营养素的比例
4、蛋白质来源的比例
5、三餐能量摄入比例
根据上述理论依据,一个示例性地营养配餐方案可以包括以下几个方面:
1)食物构成(g)
粮谷类:小米粥 290,馒头 404,米饭 737
动物性食品:鸡蛋 110,猪肉 64,草鱼 70
豆类食品:豆腐干 44,黄豆 11.4
奶及其制品:缺
蔬菜:小白菜 150,油菜 200,西红柿 50
水果:缺
纯能量食品:植物油 40.9
缺乏:水果、奶类
2)中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)是指为满足人群健康个体基本营养所需的能量和特定营养素的摄入量,它是在美国的推荐膳食营养素供给量(Recommended Dietary Allowances,RDAs)基础上发展起来的一组每日平均营养素摄入量的参考值。
膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)包括4项内容:平均需要量(Estimated Average Requirement,EAR)、推荐摄入量(Recommended Nutrient Intake,RNI)、适宜摄入量(Adequate Intakes,AI)和可耐受最高摄入量(tolerable Upper intake Levels,UL)。
食谱中能量与营养素的供给量如果与RNI相差不超过10%,说明食谱编制合理,否则需要加以改善。与DRIs比较(%):DRIs与RNI相差不过10%
以DRIs为基本,主要以RNI(推荐摄入量)为目标。首先以能量需要量为基础制定食谱后看其他营养素是否达到RNI,如果与RNI相差10%,说明基本合理。
下面通过表13示例性地说明食谱能量与营养素的供给量,并提供DRIs作为评价标准,以评估是否实际食谱是否达标。
Figure PCTCN2018122890-appb-000031
表14
表14中,pr、fat、En、Ca、Fe、A、B1、B2和C分别对应蛋白质、脂肪、能量、钙元素、铁元素、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C。
3)能量来源比
对于表13所述的实际食谱中能量与营养素的供给量,可以得出三大产能营养素提供的能量配比分别为:
蛋白质        104×4/2731=15.2%
脂肪          77.5×9/2731=25.5%
碳水化合物    418×4/2731=61.2%
或者,1-(15.2%+25.5%)=59.3%
4)蛋白质来源比例
示例性地,蛋白质来源比例可以是:
动物性和豆类蛋白质为46.6g,总蛋白质101.4g,优质蛋白质的供给量与蛋白质的总供给量的比例为:46.6/101.4=46.0%
5)三餐能量比
示例性地,一日三餐的能量比可以是:
早餐  820.1kcal   30%
中餐  1102kcal    40.3%
晚餐  804kcal     29.4%
6)食盐供给量
对于一个用餐对象而言,全日用食盐的供给量为6g。
7)其他
可选地,如果实际食谱中能量与各种营养素与RDIs比较相差太大,就需要认真增减或更换食品的种类和数量;例如,只有硫胺素未能达标时,晚餐可用粗粮代替一半的细粮,可增加硫胺素的供给量。
三、主要营养素的计算方法和步骤
下面分别从几个方面示例性说明主要营养素的计算方法和步骤。
1)计量单位及换算
质量单位及换算质量可用克(g)、千克(kg)、毫克(mg)、微克(μg)表示。它们之间的换算关系为:1kg=1000g;1g=1000mg;1mg=1000μg。
能量单位及换算能量(热量)的单位及换算可用兆焦(MJ)、千焦(kJ)、焦(J)表示。其换算关系是:1MJ=1000kJ;1kJ=1000J。
另外,能量的单位可以是千卡(大卡)或卡,千卡(大卡)或卡作为热量(能量)单位虽沿袭多年但现已废止。这里,千卡(大卡)与千焦(kJ)间的关系是:1kcal(千卡)=4.184kJ。
2)计算方法和步骤
S1:计算每餐能量需要量
示例性地,三餐能量分配比例可以是:早餐占30%,午餐占40%,晚餐占30%,可将全日能量需要量按此比例进行分配。
S2:分别计算三类产能营养素每餐应提供的能量
示例性地,三类产能营养素占总能量的比例为:蛋白质占12%至15%,脂肪占20%至30%,碳水化合物占55%至65%,若取中等值计算,则蛋白质占15%、脂肪占25%、碳水化合物占60%,据此可求得三类产能营养素在各餐中的能量供给量。
S3:主食、副食品种和数量的确定
示例性地,主食的品种、数量主要根据各类主食选料中碳水化合物的含量确定;然后,确定副食品种和数量。
具体地说,首先,计算主食中含有的蛋白质质量;然后,用应摄入的蛋白质质量减去主食中蛋白质质量,得出副食应提供的蛋白质质量;在副食中蛋白质的2/3由动物性食物供给,1/3由豆制品供给的基础上,可以 求出动物性食物和豆制品各自的蛋质供给量;查表并计算各类动物性食物及豆制品的供给量,最后,设计蔬菜的品种与数量。
3)营养配餐与食谱编制
下面从几个方面说明营养配餐与食谱编制的实现方式。
(1)概念
健康饮食的核心:平衡膳食、合理营养营养配餐:按照人们身体的需要,根据食物中各种营养物质的含量,设计一天、一周或一个月的食谱,使人体摄入的各类营养素比例合理,达到平衡膳食的一种措施,通过营养配餐与食谱编制,可以作到以下几点:第一、把DRIs具体落实到每日膳食中,使能量和各种营养素的摄入量满足需要;第二、结合当地食物的品种、季节、经济条件和烹调水平,合理选择食物,达到平衡膳食;第三、指导食堂管理人员、家庭等有计划的管理家庭膳食,有利于成本核算。
(2)目的和意义
中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)是指为满足人群健康个体基本营养所需的能量和特定营养素的摄入量,它是在美国的推荐膳食营养素供给量(RDAs)基础上发展起来的一组每日平均营养素摄入量的参考值。
膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)包括4项内容:EAR、RNI、AI和UL;这里,食谱中能量与营养素的供给量如果与RNI相差不超过10%,说明食谱编制合理,否则需要加以改善。与DRIs比较(%):DRIs与RNI相差不过10%
(3)中国居民膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔
(4)食物成分表
(5)营养平衡理论
示例性地,需要实现产热营养素的比例平衡,例如,蛋白质占10~15%; 脂肪占20~30%;碳水化合物占55~65%;需要是实现优质蛋白质与植物蛋白质的平衡,必需氨基酸的平衡;需要实现各类脂肪酸之间的平衡,例如饱和脂肪酸占7%;单不饱和脂肪酸在10%以内。
4)营养配餐现状
示例性地,中小学生营养餐:1997年,国务院发布《中国营养改善行动计划》有计划有步骤地普及学生营养午餐。;餐饮业的营养餐:90年代开始集体配餐:高校、餐厅、医院等单位,具体参见上述记载的营养食谱的编制。
5)食谱编制的原则
编制食谱总的原则是满足平衡膳食及合理营养的要求,并同时满足膳食多样化的原则和尽可能适应进餐者的饮食习惯和经济能力。例如,可以从以下几个方面说明食谱编制的原则
(1)保证营养平衡
示例性地,需要满足不同人群的营养素及热能供给需要,各营养素之间比例适宜,需要实现食物多样化,搭配合理;膳食制度要合理。
(2)照顾饮食习惯,注意饭菜的口味
(3)考虑季节和市场供应
(4)兼顾经济条件
实施例三
在前述实施例提出的营养配餐方法的基础上,本发明实施例三提供了一种营养配餐装置。
图4为本发明实施例的真营养配餐装置的组成结构示意图,如图4所示,该装置40包括处理器401和配置为存储能够在处理器上运行的计算机程序的存储器402;其中,
所述处理器配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行以下步骤:
获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单;
通过将所述个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中;
基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱,所述用户的健康信息包括以下至少一项:体质、症状;
根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。
在实际应用中,上述存储器402可以是易失性存储器(volatile memory),例如随机存取存储器(RAM,Random-Access Memory);或者非易失性存储器(non-volatile memory),例如只读存储器(ROM,Read-Only Memory),快闪存储器(flash memory),硬盘(HDD,Hard Disk Drive)或固态硬盘(SSD,Solid-State Drive);或者上述种类的存储器的组合,并向处理器401提供指令和数据。
上述处理器401可以为特定用途集成电路(ASIC,Application Specific Integrated Circuit)、数字信号处理器(DSP,Digital Signal Processor)、数字信号处理装置(DSPD,Digital Signal Processing Device)、可编程逻辑装置(PLD,Programmable Logic Device)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA,Field Programmable Gate Array)、中央处理器(CPU,Central Processing Unit)、控制器、微控制器、微处理器中的至少一种。可以理解地,对于不同的设备,配置为实现上述处理器功能的电子器件还可以为其它,本发明实施例不作具体限定。
示例性地,所述营养配餐信息包括特定时间段内每天各餐的食谱,其中,所述特定时间段至少为两天。
示例性地,所述特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中,存在相似度大于相似度阈值的至少一对食谱,每对食谱包括两个不同的食谱。
示例性地,所述处理器401还配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行以下步骤:
基于用户的健康信息、以及中医食疗理论,确定选取出的每个推荐食谱的烹饪方式;
根据所述多个推荐食谱以及所确定的各个推荐食谱的烹饪方式,生成营养配餐信息。
示例性地,所述处理器401具体配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行以下步骤:
根据所述用户基本信息得出允许选用的食材清单;
在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单。
示例性地,所述处理器401具体配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行以下步骤:
在允许选用的食材清单中确定基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单,其中,所述基础食材清单是根据以下至少一项确定的食材清单:用户所处的地域、时令食材;
生成个性化食材清单,所述个性化食材清单包括以下至少一项:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单、冰箱食材清单。
示例性地,所述用户基本信息包括以下至少一项:用户不喜欢的食材、用户的过敏食材、用户的健康信息。
实施例四
本发明实施例四提供了一种冰箱,该冰箱包括实施例三中的任意一种营养配餐装置。
实施例五
基于与前述实施例相同的技术构思,本发明实施例五提供了一种计算 机可读介质;前述实施例的技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分或者该技术方案的全部或部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来,该计算机软件产品存储在一个计算机可读存储介质中,包括若干指令用以使得一台计算机设备(可以是个人计算机,服务器,或者网络设备等)或处理器执行本实施例所述方法的全部或部分步骤。而前述的存储介质包括:U盘、移动硬盘、只读存储器(ROM,Read Only Memory)、RAM、磁碟或者光盘等各种可以存储程序代码的介质。
具体来讲,本实施例中的一种营养配餐方法对应的计算机程序指令可以被存储在光盘,硬盘,U盘等存储介质上,当存储介质中的与一种营养配餐方法对应的计算机程序指令被一电子设备读取或被执行时,导致所述至少一个处理器执行本发明前述实施例的任意一种营养配餐方法所述的步骤。
上述本发明实施例序号仅仅为了描述,不代表实施例的优劣。
通过以上的实施方式的描述,本领域的技术人员可以清楚地了解到上述实施例方法可借助软件加必需的通用硬件平台的方式来实现,当然也可以通过硬件,但很多情况下前者是更佳的实施方式。基于这样的理解,本发明的技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来,该计算机软件产品存储在一个存储介质(如ROM/RAM、磁碟、光盘)中,包括若干指令用以使得一台终端(可以是手机,计算机,服务器,空调器,或者网络设备等)执行本发明各个实施例所述的方法。
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述,但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式,上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的,而不是限制性的,本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下,在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下,还可做出很多形式,这些均属于本发明的保护之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种营养配餐方法,其中,所述方法包括:
    获取用户基本信息,根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单;
    通过将所述个性化食材清单与预设的食谱数据库进行比对,得出第一食谱集合,所述第一食谱集合的各个食谱的组成食材均处于个性化食材清单中;
    基于用户的健康信息、以及中医理论,在所述第一食谱集合中选取出多个推荐食谱,所述用户的健康信息包括以下至少一项:体质、症状;
    根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述营养配餐信息包括特定时间段内每天各餐的食谱,所述特定时间段至少为两天。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述特定时间段内相邻两天的食谱中,存在相似度大于相似度阈值的至少一对食谱,每对食谱包括两个不同的食谱。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述方法还包括:基于用户的健康信息、以及中医食疗理论,确定选取出的每个推荐食谱的烹饪方式;
    相应地,所述根据所述多个推荐食谱,生成营养配餐信息,包括:
    根据所述多个推荐食谱以及所确定的各个推荐食谱的烹饪方式,生成营养配餐信息。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述根据所述用户基本信息确定个性化食材清单,包括:
    根据所述用户基本信息得出允许选用的食材清单;
    在允许选用的食材清单中选取出个性化食材清单。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述在允许选用的食材清单 中选取出个性化食材清单,包括:
    在允许选用的食材清单中确定基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单和冰箱食材清单,其中,所述基础食材清单是根据以下至少一项确定的食材清单:用户所处的地域、时令食材;
    生成个性化食材清单,所述个性化食材清单包括以下至少一项:基础食材清单、喜欢的食材清单、冰箱食材清单。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述用户基本信息包括以下至少一项:用户不喜欢的食材、用户的过敏食材、用户的健康信息。
  8. 一种营养配餐装置,其中,所述装置包括处理器和配置为存储能够在处理器上运行的计算机程序的存储器;所述处理器配置为运行所述计算机程序时,执行权利要求1至7任一项所述方法的步骤。
  9. 一种冰箱,其中,所述冰箱包括权利要求8所述的营养配餐装置。
  10. 一种计算机存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,其中,该计算机程序被处理器执行时实现权利要求1至7任一项所述方法的步骤。
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