WO2019205908A1 - 火花塞、发动机、火花塞点火方法和发动机点火方法 - Google Patents

火花塞、发动机、火花塞点火方法和发动机点火方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019205908A1
WO2019205908A1 PCT/CN2019/081354 CN2019081354W WO2019205908A1 WO 2019205908 A1 WO2019205908 A1 WO 2019205908A1 CN 2019081354 W CN2019081354 W CN 2019081354W WO 2019205908 A1 WO2019205908 A1 WO 2019205908A1
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Prior art keywords
spark plug
ignition
chamber
electrode
combustion chamber
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PCT/CN2019/081354
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张东柯
徐文强
朱明明
李先明
张柘子
孙琦
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国家能源投资集团有限责任公司
北京低碳清洁能源研究所
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Publication of WO2019205908A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019205908A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/54—Sparking plugs having electrodes arranged in a partly-enclosed ignition chamber

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  • the present invention relates to the field of engine ignition technology, and in particular to a spark plug, an engine, a spark plug ignition method, and an engine ignition method.
  • a spark-ignition engine can be inserted into a combustion chamber of an engine through a spark plug to discharge a fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber.
  • the performance of the spark plug directly affects the performance of the engine.
  • Ammonia can be used as a spark ignition internal combustion engine fuel. Ammonia combustion does not produce CO2, reducing the environmental impact of greenhouse gases. Ammonia can be synthesized by renewable energy sources, reducing human dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels. On the other hand, engines that are now fueled by gases (such as natural gas, biogas, syngas, etc.) are typically supplied with lean fuel mixtures, ie, high air-fuel ratio air and fuel mixtures.
  • gases such as natural gas, biogas, syngas, etc.
  • the ignition performance of ammonia gas is poor and the flame propagation speed is very low.
  • the conventional spark plug cannot effectively solve the problem that ammonia gas is not easy to catch fire and burn in the cylinder internal combustion engine.
  • lean fuel mixtures often result in poor ignition, deflagration, and incomplete combustion.
  • conventional spark plugs do not effectively ignite lean fuel mixtures in the combustion chamber and the life of the spark plugs is very short.
  • the present invention provides a spark plug including a casing, a discharge electrode, and a ground electrode, wherein a pre-combustion chamber having an opening is formed in the casing, and the ground electrode is disposed in the pre-combustion chamber
  • the discharge electrode extends into the pre-chamber and forms an ignition gap with the ground electrode.
  • the pre-combustion chamber is formed in the outer casing of the spark plug, the ignition gap between the discharge electrode and the ground electrode is located in the pre-combustion chamber, and the pre-combustion chamber has an opening, and the spark plug is mounted on the cylinder head of the engine.
  • the pre-combustion chamber will be connected to the combustion chamber of the engine through the opening, so that after the fuel and air mixture enters the combustion chamber, part of it will enter the pre-combustion chamber through the opening, because the volume of the pre-combustion chamber is small, at this time,
  • the electric spark formed by the discharge between the discharge electrode and the ground electrode will ignite the fuel, and the high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber enters the combustion chamber through the open jet, and then ignites the fuel of the combustion chamber, thereby achieving stable and efficient ignition and combustion. .
  • the size of the ignition gap can be adjusted.
  • ground electrode and/or the discharge electrode are configured to be adjustable to adjust the ignition gap.
  • the ground electrode is provided in a structure capable of being stretched and contracted.
  • the size of the ignition gap is 0.1-1 mm.
  • ground electrode is connected to an inner peripheral surface of the pre-chamber.
  • ground electrode is integrally formed and connected to the outer casing.
  • the discharge electrode includes an electrode post that protrudes into the pre-chamber and a discharge end formed on the electrode post and located in the pre-chamber, between the discharge end and the ground electrode The ignition gap is formed.
  • discharge ends are plural and are disposed on the electrode column at intervals in the circumferential direction, and each of the discharge ends corresponds to a respective one of the ground electrodes.
  • At least one of the discharge end and the ground electrode is a needle-like structure.
  • a combustion-supporting catalyst layer is formed on a surface of at least one of the discharge electrode and the ground electrode.
  • combustion-supporting catalyst layer is a platinum, rhodium, gold, ruthenium or tungsten-vanadium alloy layer.
  • the spark plug includes an insulator, wherein the insulator is disposed in the outer casing such that a portion of an inner space of the outer casing is formed as the pre-chamber, and the discharge electrode extends through the insulator into the Pre-combustion room.
  • the spark plug includes an end cap having a plurality of meshes, the end cap being disposed on the opening.
  • the size of the mesh can be adjusted.
  • the end cap comprises two layers stacked, one layer of the end cover being laterally movable relative to the other side end cover to adjust the size of the overlap area of the mesh.
  • the end cap is a metal mesh or a porous plate.
  • the aperture of the mesh is set to be larger than a minimum extinguishing gap of a flame that enters the pre-combustion chamber to be ignited.
  • the end cap is mounted on the opening by an opening cover having an opening, wherein an internal thread on a side wall of the fixing cover is engaged with an external thread of the outer casing, and a side wall of the fixing cover An external thread is formed on the outer peripheral surface, and the bottom wall of the fixing cover is formed with the opening and presses the end cap.
  • the volume of the pre-chamber is set to be less than 1% of the displacement of the engine cylinder in which the spark plug is installed.
  • the present invention also provides an engine comprising the spark plug of any of the above, wherein the spark plug can be mounted at any suitable position of the engine, such as a cylinder head, wherein The pre-chamber is in communication with the cylinder combustion chamber of the engine through the opening.
  • the ignition performance and overall quality of the engine are significantly improved.
  • the present invention provides a spark plug ignition method in which a pre-chamber having an opening is formed in a casing of a spark plug, and ignition electrodes such as a discharge electrode and a ground electrode of a spark plug are disposed in the pre-combustion chamber
  • the spark plug ignition method includes: an electric spark generated by discharging the ignition electrode in the pre-combustion chamber first ignites the fuel entering the pre-combustion chamber, and the combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber can be emitted from the opening.
  • the ignition electrode is discharged.
  • the electric spark formed by the discharge between the electrode and the ground electrode will ignite the fuel in the pre-combustion chamber, and the high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber enters the combustion chamber through the open jet, and then ignites the fuel of the combustion chamber, thereby achieving stable and efficient operation. Ignition and combustion.
  • an auxiliary combustion catalyst layer is disposed on an outer surface of the ignition electrode.
  • the present invention provides an engine ignition method, comprising the spark plug ignition method according to any of the above, wherein the combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber of the spark plug is injected from the opening into the combustion chamber of the engine and ignited.
  • the fuel in the combustion chamber As described above, the engine ignition method enables stable and efficient ignition and combustion of the engine.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a spark plug provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view showing an example of distribution of a discharge electrode and a ground electrode in the spark plug of FIG. 1.
  • the spark plug provided by the present invention comprises a casing 1, a discharge electrode 2 and a ground electrode 3, wherein a pre-combustion chamber 5 having an opening 4 is formed in the casing 1, and the ground electrode 3 is disposed in the pre-chamber 5 Inside, the discharge electrode 2 passes through the wall of the pre-chamber 5 and projects into the pre-chamber 5 and forms an ignition gap 6 with the ground electrode 3.
  • the pre-chamber 5 since the pre-chamber 5 is formed in the outer casing 1 of the spark plug, the ignition gap 6 between the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 is located in the pre-chamber 5, and the pre-chamber 5 has the opening 4, After the spark plug is mounted on the cylinder head of the engine, the pre-chamber 5 will be connected to the combustion chamber of the engine through the opening 4, so that after the fuel and air mixture enters the combustion chamber, part of it enters the pre-chamber 5 through the opening 4.
  • the volume of the pre-chamber 5 is small, at this time, even if the fuel uses ammonia gas or a lean fuel mixture, an electric spark formed by discharge between the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 can ignite the inside of the pre-chamber 5
  • the fuel, the high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gas formed in the pre-chamber 5 flows into the combustion chamber through the opening 4, and ignites the fuel of the combustion chamber, thereby achieving stable and efficient ignition and combustion, so that the spark plug can effectively realize the ammonia gas.
  • other gas fuel lean combustion conditions high efficiency, stable and reliable ignition and stable and reliable combustion, improve ignition efficiency, especially for low heat value, low flame propagation speed, high ignition energy Fuel.
  • the size of the ignition gap 6 formed between the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 also affects the generation of the spark, thereby affecting the ignition effect. Therefore, in order to be applied to different fuels, preferably, as shown in FIG.
  • the size of the ignition gap 6 can be adjusted.
  • the size of the ignition gap 6 can be adjusted radially, or when the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 are disposed along the axial direction of the casing, ignition The size of the gap 6 can be adjusted axially depending on the positional relationship of the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3.
  • the adjustment of the size of the ignition gap 6 can be achieved in various ways, for example, in one mode, it can be adjusted by adjusting the position of the ground electrode 3 relative to the discharge electrode 2 (as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2), or Alternatively, it may be adjusted by adjusting the position of the discharge electrode 2 with respect to the ground electrode 3, or alternatively, the ground electrode 3 and the discharge electrode 2 may be simultaneously adjusted to adjust the ignition gap 6. That is, the ignition gap 6 is adjusted accordingly according to the fuel required by the engine before the spark plug is mounted to the engine.
  • the adjustment of the ground electrode 3 and/or the discharge electrode 2 can be implemented in various ways.
  • the ground electrode 3 and/or the discharge electrode 2 can be arranged in the form of a plurality of sections of electrically conductive segments. a telescopic structure, such that it can be expanded and contracted to adjust the length of the ground electrode 3 and/or the discharge electrode 2; or, in another manner, the ground electrode 3 and/or the discharge electrode 2 can be formed as a telescopic structure in the form of a flexible conductive wire, The flexible conductive filament extends back and forth, and the length of the flexible conductive filament is changed by stretching or compression, which also adjusts the ignition gap 6.
  • the ignition gap 6 may be any suitable range as long as the electric spark can be generated after energization, for example, the ignition gap 6 may have a size of 0.1 to 1 mm, preferably 0.5 mm.
  • the ground electrode 3 can be disposed in the pre-chamber 5 in various ways, such as in one form, in the structure shown in FIG. 1, the ground electrode 3 can be connected to the inner peripheral surface of the pre-chamber 5, such that An ignition gap 6 in the radial direction will be formed between the ground electrode 3 and the discharge electrode 2.
  • the ground electrode 3 may be disposed on the end cap 10 such that when the discharge end of the discharge electrode 2 extends axially, an ignition gap 6 in the axial direction is formed between the ground electrode 3 and the discharge electrode 2.
  • an ignition gap 6 in the radial direction is formed between the ground electrode 3 and the discharge electrode 2.
  • the ground electrode 3 can be bonded or soldered to the outer casing by screws, conductive adhesive, or, in order to improve the reliability of the connection, preferably, the ground electrode 3 is integrally formed with the outer casing, that is, the ground electrode 3 The connecting end is integrally formed with the outer casing.
  • the discharge electrode 2 may have various forms, such as a direct conductive wire, or, as shown in FIG. 1, the discharge electrode 2 includes an electrode cylinder 7 that protrudes into the pre-chamber 5 and is formed on the electrode column.
  • the body 7 is located at the discharge end 8 in the pre-chamber 5, and an ignition gap 6 is formed between the discharge end 8 and the ground electrode 3.
  • the electrode cylinder 7 can significantly improve the reliability of the positioning of the discharge electrode 2 while conducting electricity.
  • the discharge ends 8 are plural and are disposed on the electrode cylinders 7 at intervals in the circumferential direction, each of The discharge ends 8 correspond to respective ground electrodes 3.
  • each of The discharge ends 8 correspond to respective ground electrodes 3.
  • Mixed fuel preferably, the number of ground electrodes and discharge terminals can be increased or decreased during actual application.
  • At least one of the discharge end 8 and the ground electrode 3 is a needle-like structure. In this way, stable ignition can be achieved at lower spark voltages, reducing the energy required for ignition to facilitate the formation of an ignition center at low ignition voltages.
  • a combustion-supporting catalyst layer is formed on the surface of at least one of the discharge electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3.
  • a combustion-supporting catalyst layer is formed on the discharge end 8 of the needle-like structure and the surface of the ground electrode 3.
  • the combustion-supporting catalyst layer can increase the oxidation rate of the fuel, release heat, and promote ignition.
  • the electric spark generated between the discharge end 8 and the ground electrode 3 is more likely to ignite the fuel in the pre-combustion chamber, thereby functioning as a catalytic combustion.
  • combustion-supporting catalyst layer may be a platinum, rhodium, gold, ruthenium or tungsten-vanadium alloy layer, which may be deposited on the surface of the discharge end 8 and the ground electrode 3 by chemical deposition or electrochemical deposition.
  • the spark plug in order to improve the reliability of the positioning of the discharge electrode 2 and the insulation with the outer casing, as shown in FIG. 1, the spark plug includes an insulator 9, such as ceramic, wherein the insulator 9 is disposed inside the outer casing 1 such that the inner space of the outer casing 1 A part of it is formed as a pre-chamber 5, and the discharge electrode 2 extends through the insulator 9 into the pre-chamber 5.
  • the insulator can maintain good mechanical strength of the spark plug in a high temperature environment while being capable of effectively insulating the discharge electrode 2 and the outer casing.
  • the spark plug in order to improve the protection of the discharge end 8 and the ground electrode 3, preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the spark plug includes an end cap 10 having a plurality of meshes, and the end cap 10 is disposed on the opening 4, thus, in FIG.
  • the outer casing, insulator and end cap 10 form a pre-chamber in which combustion gases within the pre-combustion chamber can pass through the mesh in the end cap 10.
  • the size of the mesh can be adjusted such that a properly matched mesh can be selected depending on the fuel and combustion conditions.
  • the size adjustment of the mesh can be implemented in various ways.
  • a plurality of end caps 10 having different aperture sizes can be provided, so that the corresponding end caps 10 can be selectively replaced.
  • the end cover 10 may be provided with an adjusting plate having a corresponding opening. By moving the adjusting plate, the size of the overlapping area of the opening and the mesh of the adjusting plate can be adjusted to adjust the size of the mesh.
  • the end cap 10 includes two layers stacked, one layer of the end cap being laterally movable relative to the other side end cap to adjust the size of the meshing area of the mesh, which also adjusts the size of the mesh.
  • end cap 10 is a metal mesh or a perforated plate.
  • the mesh on the metal mesh and the perforations on the perforated plate will form a mesh.
  • the aperture of the mesh is set to be larger than the minimum extinguishing gap of the flame entering the pre-combustion chamber 5 to be ignited.
  • the end cap 10 can be mounted on the opening 4 in a variety of ways, for example, by a connector such as a screw, or by a snap-fit structure, or, in order to facilitate installation of the spark plug, preferably, as shown in FIG.
  • the cover 10 is mounted on the opening 4 by an opening cover 11 having an opening, wherein the internal thread on the side wall of the fixing cover 11 is fitted with the external thread of the outer casing 1, and the outer peripheral surface of the side wall of the fixing cover 11 is formed with an external thread.
  • the bottom wall of the fixing cover 11 is formed with an opening and press-fit end cap 10.
  • the end cap 10 is mounted on the opening 4 by a threaded engagement between the retaining cap 11 and the outer casing, while the external threads on the retaining cap 11 also facilitate attachment of the spark plug to the cylinder head.
  • the volume of the pre-chamber 5 can be selected according to actual needs, but in order to improve the ignition effect, preferably, the volume of the pre-chamber 5 is set to be smaller than 1% of the cylinder displacement of the engine in which the spark plug is installed. Thus, a small amount of gas entering the pre-chamber 5 is more likely to be ignited.
  • the present invention provides an engine comprising the spark plug of any of the above, wherein the pre-chamber is in communication with the cylinder combustion chamber of the engine through the opening, for example, the spark plug may be disposed on the cylinder head of the engine
  • the pre-chamber can be located in the cylinder combustion chamber and communicate with the cylinder combustion chamber through the opening.
  • the present invention provides a spark plug ignition method in which a pre-chamber having an opening is formed in a casing of a spark plug, and an ignition electrode of the spark plug is disposed in the pre-combustion chamber.
  • the ignition method of the spark plug includes: an electric spark generated by discharging the ignition electrode in the pre-combustion chamber first ignites the fuel entering the pre-combustion chamber, and the combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber can be emitted from the opening.
  • the ignition electrode is discharged.
  • the electric spark formed by the discharge between the electrode and the ground electrode will ignite the fuel in the pre-combustion chamber, and the high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber enters the combustion chamber through the open jet, and then ignites the fuel of the combustion chamber, thereby achieving stable and efficient operation. Ignition and combustion.
  • a combustion-supporting catalyst layer is disposed on an outer surface of at least one of the ignition electrode such as the discharge electrode and the ground electrode.
  • the combustion-supporting catalyst layer can increase the oxidation rate of the fuel, release heat, and promote ignition.
  • the electric spark generated between the discharge end of the discharge electrode and the ground electrode is more likely to ignite the fuel in the pre-combustion chamber, thereby functioning as a catalytic combustion.
  • combustion-supporting catalyst layer may be a platinum, rhodium, gold, ruthenium or tungsten-vanadium alloy layer, which may be deposited on the surface of the discharge end and the ground electrode by chemical deposition or electrochemical deposition.
  • At least one of a discharge end of the ignition electrode such as the discharge electrode and the ground electrode is a needle-like structure. In this way, stable ignition can be achieved at lower spark voltages, reducing the energy required for ignition to facilitate the formation of an ignition center at low ignition voltages.
  • the present invention provides an engine ignition method, comprising the spark plug ignition method according to any of the above, wherein the combustion gas formed in the pre-combustion chamber of the spark plug is injected from the opening into the combustion chamber of the engine and ignited.
  • the fuel in the combustion chamber As described above, the engine ignition method enables stable and efficient ignition and combustion of the engine.

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  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
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Abstract

一种火花塞、发动机、火花塞点火方法和发动机点火方法，涉及发动机点火技术领域。该火花塞包括外壳（1）、放电电极（2）和接地电极（3），外壳（1）内形成有具有开口（4）的预燃室（5），接地电极（3）设置在预燃室（5）内，放电电极（2）伸入到预燃室（5）内并与接地电极（3）之间形成点火间隙（6）。该火花塞安装到发动机的气缸盖上后，预燃室（5）将通过开口（4）与发动机的燃烧室接通，这样，燃料和空气混合物进入到燃烧室内后，部分会通过开口（4）进入到预燃室（5）内，由于预燃室（5）内的容积较小，此时，通过放电电极（2）和接地电极（3）之间的放电形成的电火花将点燃燃料，在预燃室（5）内形成的高温高压的燃烧气体通过开口（4）射流进入燃烧室，再点燃燃烧室的燃料，从而实现稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。

Description

火花塞、发动机、火花塞点火方法和发动机点火方法 技术领域
本发明涉及发动机点火技术领域，具体地，涉及一种火花塞、一种发动机、一种火花塞点火方法和一种发动机点火方法。
背景技术
目前，火花点火发动机通过火花塞能够伸入到发动机的燃烧室内，以放电点燃燃烧室内的燃料空气混合物。火花塞的性能直接影响发动机的性能。
氨气可以作为火花点火内燃发动机燃料。氨气燃烧不产生CO2，减少温室气体对环境的影响。氨气可以通过可再生能源合成，降低了人类对不可再生化石能源的依赖。另一方面，现在以气体(如天然气、沼气、合成气等)为燃料的发动机通常供给贫燃料混合物，即高空燃比的空气和燃料混合物。
但是，氨气的点火性能较差以及火焰传播速度非常低，传统的火花塞不能有效解决氨气在缸内燃机内不易着火和燃烧的问题。另外，贫燃料混合物经常导致着火不良，爆燃以及不完全燃烧，类似地，传统的火花塞不能有效点燃燃烧室内的贫燃料混合物而且火花塞的寿命也非常短。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种火花塞，该火花塞能够有效的实现氨气以及其他气体燃料贫燃工况下的高效点火以及燃烧。
为了实现上述目的，本发明提供一种火花塞，该火花塞包括外壳、放电电极和接地电极，其中，所述外壳内形成有具有开口的预燃室，所述接 地电极设置在所述预燃室内，所述放电电极伸入到所述预燃室内并与所述接地电极之间形成点火间隙。
通过上述技术方案，由于火花塞的外壳内形成有预燃室，而放电电极和接地电极之间的点火间隙位于该预燃室内，并且预燃室具有开口，该火花塞安装到发动机的气缸盖上后，预燃室将通过开口与发动机的燃烧室接通，这样，燃料和空气混合物进入到燃烧室内后，部分会通过开口进入到预燃室内，由于预燃室的容积较小，此时，通过放电电极和接地电极之间的放电形成的电火花将点燃燃料，在预燃室内形成的高温高压的燃烧气体通过开口射流进入燃烧室，再点燃燃烧室的燃料，从而实现稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。
进一步地，所述点火间隙的尺寸能够调整。
更进一步地，所述接地电极和/或所述放电电极设置为能够调整以调节所述点火间隙。
更进一步地，所述接地电极设置为能够伸缩的结构。
另外，所述点火间隙的尺寸为0.1-1mm。
另外，所述接地电极连接在所述预燃室的内周面上。
进一步地，所述接地电极与所述外壳一体成形连接。
另外，所述放电电极包括伸入到所述预燃室内的电极柱体和形成在所述电极柱体上并位于所述预燃室内的放电末端，所述放电末端与所述接地电极之间形成所述点火间隙。
进一步地，所述放电末端为多个并且沿着周向方向间隔设置在所述电极柱体上，每个所述放电末端对应有各自的所述接地电极。
进一步地，所述放电末端和所述接地电极中的至少一者为针状结构。
另外，所述放电电极和所述接地电极中的至少一者的表面上形成有助燃催化剂层。
进一步地，所述助燃催化剂层为铂金、铑、金、锣或钨钒合金层。
另外，所述火花塞包括绝缘体，其中，所述绝缘体设置在所述外壳内，使得所述外壳内部空间的一部分形成为所述预燃室，所述放电电极穿过所述绝缘体伸入到所述预燃室内。
另外，所述火花塞包括具有多个网眼的端盖，所述端盖设置在所述开口上。
进一步地，所述网眼的大小能够调整。
更进一步地，所述端盖包括叠放的两层，一层端盖能够相对于另一侧端盖横向移动以调整网眼的重合区大小。
进一步地，所述端盖为金属网或多孔板。
进一步地，所述网眼的孔径设置为大于进入到所述预燃室内被点燃燃料的火焰的最小熄灭间隙。
进一步地，所述端盖通过具有敞口的固定盖安装在所述开口上，其中，所述固定盖的侧壁上的内螺纹与所述外壳的外螺纹配合，所述固定盖的侧壁的外周面上形成有外螺纹，所述固定盖的底壁形成有所述敞口并压装所述端盖。
另外，所述预燃室的容积设置为小于安装有该火花塞的发动机气缸排量的1％。
在以上任意的火花塞的基础上，本发明还提供一种发动机，所述发动机包括以上任意所述的火花塞，其中，该火花塞可以安装在发动机的任何适当位置处比如气缸盖上，其中，所述预燃室通过所述开口与发动机的气缸燃烧室相通。这样，如上所述的，该发动机的点火性能和整体品质得到显著提升。
另外，基于解决问题的发明构思，本发明提供一种火花塞点火方法，在火花塞的外壳内形成具有开口的预燃室，并将火花塞的点火电极比如放电电极和接地电极设置在所述预燃室内，所述火花塞点火方法包括：点火电极在预燃室内放电产生的电火花先将进入到预燃室内的燃料点燃，预燃 室内形成的燃烧气体能够从开口射流出。
这样，燃料和空气混合物进入到燃烧室内后，部分会通过开口进入到预燃室内，由于火花塞自身结构的限制，将使得其内部的预燃室的容积较小，此时，通过点火电极比如放电电极和接地电极之间的放电形成的电火花将点燃预燃室内的燃料，在预燃室内形成的高温高压的燃烧气体通过开口射流进入燃烧室，再点燃燃烧室的燃料，从而实现稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。
进一步地，所述点火电极的外表面上设置有助燃催化剂层。
最后，本发明提供一种发动机点火方法，所述发动机点火方法包括以上任意所述的火花塞点火方法，其中，火花塞的预燃室内形成的燃烧气体从开口射流出后进入到发动机的燃烧室内并点燃燃烧室内的燃料。如上所述的，通过该发动机点火方法，能够实现发动机稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后的具体实施方式部分予以详细说明。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，并且构成说明书的一部分，与下面的具体实施方式一起用于解释本发明，但并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中：
图1是本发明具体实施方式提供的火花塞的一种示例结构示意图；
图2是图1的火花塞中放电电极和接地电极分布的一种示例结构示意图。
附图标记说明
1-外壳，2-放电电极，3-接地电极，4-开口，5-预燃室，6-点火间隙，7-电极柱体，8-放电末端，9-绝缘体，10-端盖，11-固定盖。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细说明。应当理解的是，此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明，并不用于限制本发明。
参考图1所示的结构，本发明提供的火花塞包括外壳1、放电电极2和接地电极3，其中，外壳1内形成有具有开口4的预燃室5，接地电极3设置在预燃室5内，放电电极2穿过预燃室5的壁而伸入到预燃室5内并与接地电极3之间形成点火间隙6。
在该技术方案中，由于火花塞的外壳1内形成有预燃室5，而放电电极2和接地电极3之间的点火间隙6位于该预燃室5内，并且预燃室5具有开口4，该火花塞安装到发动机的气缸盖上后，预燃室5将通过开口4与发动机的燃烧室接通，这样，燃料和空气混合物进入到燃烧室内后，部分会通过开口4进入到预燃室5内，由于预燃室5的容积较小，此时，即便是燃料采用氨气或贫燃料混合物，通过放电电极2和接地电极3之间的放电形成的电火花也能够点燃预燃室5内的燃料，在预燃室5内形成的高温高压的燃烧气体通过开口4射流进入燃烧室，再点燃燃烧室的燃料，从而实现稳定高效的点火以及燃烧，这样，该火花塞能够有效的实现氨气以及其他气体燃料贫燃工况下的高效稳定可靠点火以及稳定可靠燃烧，提高点火效率，特别适应低热值、低火焰传播速度、高点火能的气体燃料。
另外，放电电极2与接地电极3之间形成的点火间隙6的大小也会影响电火花的生成，从而影响点火效果，因此，为了适用于不同的燃料，优选地，参考图1所示的，点火间隙6的尺寸能够调整，比如，在图1所示的结构中，点火间隙6的尺寸能够径向调整，或者，当放电电极2与接地电极3沿着外壳的轴向方向设置时，点火间隙6的尺寸能够轴向调整，这取决于放电电极2与接地电极3的位置关系。
当然，点火间隙6尺寸的调整可以通过多种方式来实现，比如，一种 方式中，可以通过调整接地电极3相对于放电电极2的位置来调节(如图2中的箭头所示)，或者，另一种方式中，可以通过调整放电电极2相对于接地电极3的位置来调节，或者，再一种方式中，可以同时调整接地电极3和放电电极2以调节点火间隙6。也即是，在将火花塞安装到发动机之前，根据发动机所需的燃料，相应地调整点火间隙6。
进一步地，接地电极3和/或放电电极2的调整可以通过多种方式来实现，比如，一种方式中，接地电极3和/或放电电极2可以设置为多节依次套装的导电节形式的伸缩结构，这样，可以伸缩以调整接地电极3和/或放电电极2的长度；或者，另一种方式中，接地电极3和/或放电电极2可以形成为柔性导电丝形式的伸缩结构，该柔性导电丝往复弯折延伸，通过拉伸或压缩来改变柔性导电丝的长度，这同样能够调整点火间隙6。
另外，点火间隙6可以为任何适当的范围，只要能够满足通电后产生电火花即可，比如，点火间隙6的尺寸可以为0.1-1mm，优选地为0.5mm。
当然，接地电极3可以通过多种方式设置在预燃室5内，比如一种形式中，在图1所示的结构中，接地电极3可以连接在预燃室5的内周面上，这样，接地电极3和放电电极2之间将形成径向方向的点火间隙6。或者，另一种形式中，接地电极3可以设置在端盖10上，这样，当放电电极2的放电末端轴向延伸时，接地电极3和放电电极2之间形成轴向方向的点火间隙6，当放电电极2的放电末端径向延伸时，接地电极3和放电电极2之间将形成径向方向的点火间隙6。
当然，接地电极3可以通过螺钉、导电胶粘接、焊接或卡接在外壳上，或者，为了提升连接的可靠性，优选地，接地电极3与外壳一体成形连接，也就是，接地电极3的连接端与外壳一体成形。
另外，放电电极2可以具有多种形式，比如可以直接为一导电丝，或者，如图1所示的，放电电极2包括伸入到预燃室5内的电极柱体7和形 成在电极柱体7上并位于预燃室5内的放电末端8，放电末端8与接地电极3之间形成点火间隙6。这样，电极柱体7在导电的同时，能够显著地提升放电电极2定位的可靠性。
进一步地，为了扩大生成的电火花，提升点火效果，优选地，如图1和图2所示的，放电末端8为多个并且沿着周向方向间隔设置在电极柱体7上，每个放电末端8对应有各自的接地电极3，比如，在图2中，就有三组径向对应的放电末端8和接地电极3，这样，将形成基本环形的电火花，从而更易于点燃预燃室内的混合燃料。当然，在实际应用过程中，可以增加或者减少接地电极和放电末端的个数。
另外，如图2所示的，放电末端8和接地电极3中的至少一者为针状结构。这样，可以实现在较低的火花电压下到达稳定点火，降低点火所需要的能量，以有利于在低点火电压下形成点火中心。
另外，为了更进一步提升点火效果，优选地，放电电极2和接地电极3中的至少一者的表面上形成有助燃催化剂层。比如，在针状结构的放电末端8和接地电极3的表面上形成有助燃催化剂层，助燃催化剂层可以提高燃料的氧化速率，释放热量，促进着火。这样，在助燃催化剂层和预燃室的双重作用下，放电末端8和接地电极3之间产生的电火花更易于点燃预燃室内的燃料，起到催化燃烧功能。
进一步地，助燃催化剂层可以为铂金、铑、金、锣或钨钒合金层，可以通过化学沉积或电化学沉积的方法淀积在放电末端8和接地电极3的表面。
另外，为了提升放电电极2定位的可靠性以及与外壳之间的绝缘性，如图1所示的，火花塞包括绝缘体9，比如陶瓷，其中，绝缘体9设置在外壳1内，使得外壳1内部空间的一部分形成为预燃室5，放电电极2穿过绝缘体9伸入到预燃室5内。这样，绝缘体在能够有效绝缘放电电极2和外壳的同时能够在高温环境中保持该火花塞良好的机械强度。
另外，为了提升放电末端8和接地电极3的防护性，优选地，如图1所示的，火花塞包括具有多个网眼的端盖10，端盖10设置在开口4上，这样，在图1所示的结构中，外壳、绝缘体和端盖10形成预燃室，预燃室内的燃烧气体能够穿过端盖10上的网眼进入到燃烧室内。
进一步地，为了适应于不同的燃料以及燃烧工况，优选地，所述网眼的大小能够调整，这样，根据不同的燃料和燃烧工况，可以选择适当匹配的网眼。当然，网眼的大小调整可以通过多种方式来实现，比如，一种方式中，可以提供多个具有不同孔径大小的端盖10，这样可以选择更换相应的端盖10。或者另一种方式中，端盖10上可以设置一具有对应开孔的调节板，通过移动调节板，可以调整调节板上的开孔与网眼的重合区大小来调整网眼的大小。或者，再一种方式中，端盖10包括叠放的两层，一层端盖能够相对于另一侧端盖横向移动以调整网眼的重合区大小，这同样可以调节网眼的大小。
进一步地，端盖10为金属网或多孔板，当然，金属网上的网格和多孔板上的孔眼将形成网眼。
另外，为了更便于预燃室内的燃烧气体能够穿过端盖10上的网眼进入到燃烧室内，优选地，网眼的孔径设置为大于进入到预燃室5内被点燃燃料的火焰的最小熄灭间隙，这样，只要满足这一条件，预燃室内的燃烧气体在通过网眼时就不会熄灭，而能够稳定可靠地引燃燃烧室内的燃料。
当然，端盖10可以通过多种方式安装在开口4上，比如，可以通过螺钉等连接件，或者通过卡接结构，或者，为了便于火花塞的安装，优选地，如图1所示的，端盖10通过具有敞口的固定盖11安装在开口4上，其中，固定盖11的侧壁上的内螺纹与外壳1的外螺纹配合，固定盖11的侧壁的外周面上形成有外螺纹，固定盖11的底壁形成有敞口并压装端盖10。这样，端盖10通过固定盖11与外壳之间的螺纹配合而安装在开口4上，同时，固定盖11上的外螺纹也便于该火花塞与气缸盖连接。
最后，预燃室5的容积可以根据实际需求来选择，但是，为了提升点火效果，优选地，预燃室5的容积设置为小于安装有该火花塞的发动机气缸排量的1％。这样，进入到预燃室5内的少量气体更易于被点燃。
在以上任意的火花塞的基础上，本发明提供一种发动机，发动机包括以上任意所述的火花塞，其中，预燃室通过开口与发动机的气缸燃烧室相通，比如，火花塞可以设置在发动机的气缸盖上，使得预燃室可以位于气缸燃烧室内并通过开口与气缸燃烧室相通。这样，如上的，一种实施例中，在工作期间，当发动机活塞在压缩循环期间向上移动时，空气、燃料通过端盖上的网眼进入预燃室，少量燃料空气混合物在预燃室内着火燃烧，产生的高温高压燃烧产物通过网眼射流进入气缸燃烧室，点燃气缸燃烧室内的燃料和空气混合气，实现高效稳定的着火与燃烧。这样，该发动机的点火性能和整体品质得到显著提升。
另外，基于解决现有技术问题的相同的构思，本发明提供一种火花塞点火方法，在火花塞的外壳内形成具有开口的预燃室，并将火花塞的点火电极设置在所述预燃室内，所述火花塞点火方法包括：点火电极在预燃室内放电产生的电火花先将进入到预燃室内的燃料点燃，预燃室内形成的燃烧气体能够从开口射流出。
这样，燃料和空气混合物进入到燃烧室内后，部分会通过开口进入到预燃室内，由于火花塞自身结构的限制，将使得其内部的预燃室的容积较小，此时，通过点火电极比如放电电极和接地电极之间的放电形成的电火花将点燃预燃室内的燃料，在预燃室内形成的高温高压的燃烧气体通过开口射流进入燃烧室，再点燃燃烧室的燃料，从而实现稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。
进一步地，为了更进一步提升点火效果，所述点火电极比如放电电极和接地电极中的至少一者的外表面上设置有助燃催化剂层。助燃催化剂层可以提高燃料的氧化速率，释放热量，促进着火。这样，在助燃催化剂层 和预燃室的双重作用下，放电电极的放电末端和接地电极之间产生的电火花更易于点燃预燃室内的燃料，起到催化燃烧功能。
进一步地，助燃催化剂层可以为铂金、铑、金、锣或钨钒合金层，可以通过化学沉积或电化学沉积的方法淀积在放电末端和接地电极的表面。
进一步地，在该火花塞点火方法中，点火电极比如放电电极的放电末端和接地电极中的至少一者为针状结构。这样，可以实现在较低的火花电压下到达稳定点火，降低点火所需要的能量，以有利于在低点火电压下形成点火中心。
最后，本发明提供一种发动机点火方法，所述发动机点火方法包括以上任意所述的火花塞点火方法，其中，火花塞的预燃室内形成的燃烧气体从开口射流出后进入到发动机的燃烧室内并点燃燃烧室内的燃料。如上所述的，通过该发动机点火方法，能够实现发动机稳定高效的点火以及燃烧。
以上结合附图详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式，但是，本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节，在本发明的技术构思范围内，可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型，这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是，在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征，在不矛盾的情况下，可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复，本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外，本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合，只要其不违背本发明的思想，其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。

Claims (24)

  1. 一种火花塞，其特征在于，包括外壳(1)、放电电极(2)和接地电极(3)，其中，所述外壳(1)内形成有具有开口(4)的预燃室(5)，所述接地电极(3)设置在所述预燃室(5)内，所述放电电极(2)伸入到所述预燃室(5)内并与所述接地电极(3)之间形成点火间隙(6)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述点火间隙(6)的尺寸能够调整。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述接地电极(3)和/或所述放电电极设置为能够调整以调节所述点火间隙(6)。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述接地电极(3)设置为能够伸缩的结构。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述点火间隙(6)的尺寸为0.1-1mm。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述接地电极(3)连接在所述预燃室(5)的内周面上。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述接地电极(3)与所述外壳一体成形连接。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述放电电极(2)包括伸入到所述预燃室(5)内的电极柱体(7)和形成在所述电极柱体(7) 上并位于所述预燃室(5)内的放电末端(8)，所述放电末端(8)与所述接地电极(3)之间形成所述点火间隙(6)。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述放电末端(8)为多个并且沿着周向方向间隔设置在所述电极柱体(7)上，每个所述放电末端(8)对应有各自的所述接地电极(3)。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述放电末端(8)和所述接地电极(3)中的至少一者为针状结构。
  11. 根据权利要求1-10中任意一项所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述放电电极(2)和所述接地电极(3)中的至少一者的表面上形成有助燃催化剂层。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述助燃催化剂层为铂金、铑、金、锣或钨钒合金层。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述火花塞包括绝缘体(9)，其中，所述绝缘体(9)设置在所述外壳(1)内，使得所述外壳(1)内部空间的一部分形成为所述预燃室(5)，所述放电电极(2)穿过所述绝缘体(9)伸入到所述预燃室(5)内。
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述火花塞包括具有多个网眼的端盖(10)，所述端盖(10)设置在所述开口(4)上。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述网眼的大小能 够调整。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述端盖(10)包括叠放的两层，一层端盖能够相对于另一侧端盖横向移动以调整网眼的重合区大小。
  17. 根据权利要求14所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述端盖(10)为金属网或多孔板。
  18. 根据权利要求14所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述网眼的孔径设置为大于进入到所述预燃室(5)内被点燃燃料的火焰的最小熄灭间隙。
  19. 根据权利要求14所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述端盖(10)通过具有敞口的固定盖(11)安装在所述开口(4)上，其中，所述固定盖(11)的侧壁上的内螺纹与所述外壳(1)的外螺纹配合，所述固定盖(11)的侧壁的外周面上形成有外螺纹，所述固定盖(11)的底壁形成有所述敞口并压装所述端盖(10)。
  20. 根据权利要求1所述的火花塞，其特征在于，所述预燃室(5)的容积设置为小于安装有该火花塞的发动机气缸排量的1％。
  21. 一种发动机，其特征在于，所述发动机设置有根据权利要求1-20中任意一项所述的火花塞，其中，所述预燃室(5)通过所述开口(4)与发动机的气缸燃烧室相通。
  22. 一种火花塞点火方法，其特征在于，在火花塞的外壳内形成具有开口的预燃室，并将火花塞的点火电极设置在所述预燃室内，所述火花塞 点火方法包括：点火电极在预燃室内放电产生的电火花先将进入到预燃室内的燃料点燃，预燃室内形成的燃烧气体能够从开口射流出。
  23. 根据权利要求22所述的火花塞点火方法，其特征在于，所述点火电极的外表面上设置有助燃催化剂层。
  24. 一种发动机点火方法，其特征在于，所述发动机点火方法包括根据权利要求22或23所述的火花塞点火方法，其中，火花塞的预燃室内形成的燃烧气体从开口射流出后进入到发动机的燃烧室内并点燃燃烧室内的燃料。
PCT/CN2019/081354 2018-04-23 2019-04-04 火花塞、发动机、火花塞点火方法和发动机点火方法 WO2019205908A1 (zh)

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