WO2019175495A1 - Procédé d'usinage d'une denture à pas variable sur une crémaillère de direction - Google Patents
Procédé d'usinage d'une denture à pas variable sur une crémaillère de direction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019175495A1 WO2019175495A1 PCT/FR2019/050519 FR2019050519W WO2019175495A1 WO 2019175495 A1 WO2019175495 A1 WO 2019175495A1 FR 2019050519 W FR2019050519 W FR 2019050519W WO 2019175495 A1 WO2019175495 A1 WO 2019175495A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- axis
- cutting tool
- rack
- rotation
- yaw
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
- B23F1/00—Making gear teeth by tools of which the profile matches the profile of the required surface
- B23F1/06—Making gear teeth by tools of which the profile matches the profile of the required surface by milling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
- B23C3/28—Grooving workpieces
- B23C3/34—Milling grooves of other forms, e.g. circumferential
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D3/00—Steering gears
- B62D3/02—Steering gears mechanical
- B62D3/12—Steering gears mechanical of rack-and-pinion type
- B62D3/126—Steering gears mechanical of rack-and-pinion type characterised by the rack
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C1/00—Milling machines not designed for particular work or special operations
- B23C1/14—Milling machines not designed for particular work or special operations with rotary work-carrying table
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C5/00—Milling-cutters
- B23C5/02—Milling-cutters characterised by the shape of the cutter
- B23C5/08—Disc-type cutters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods of manufacturing racks, that is to say, toothed bars, which are intended for example for steering mechanisms used in vehicles.
- a rack variable pitch that is to say, the gear has a pitch (distance between two successive teeth) which is not constant.
- the rack comprises on the one hand a toothing formed of teeth and, on the other hand a back of teeth opposite the teeth.
- a tooth comprises a first flank and a second flank, generally symmetrical to the first flank, and a vertex connecting the first flank to the second flank.
- Such a variable pitch makes it possible to confer a variable gear ratio between the rack and a pinion which meshes with it.
- a forging process in the course of which the rod to be formed is compressed vertically between two main punches, including a lower punch forming a cradle which bears against the back of the bar, and an upper punch, dentate, which forms the teeth on the opposite side of the bar.
- the method is relatively inaccurate, so that the dimensional tolerances of the teeth can reach several tenths of a millimeter, which is not compatible with a precise meshing and fluid.
- This method is very dispersive on the location along a longitudinal axis of the rack of the back of teeth with respect to the toothing (+/- 0.3mm while machining can easily reach +/- 0.06mm) which can generate guiding issues.
- some designs can not be obtained by forging.
- the lateral punches tend to modify the section of the bar, and in particular to shrink said section, which makes said bar more sensitive to bending.
- the forging requires heating the rack, which causes annealing of the material causing a decrease in the mechanical strength limit of said rack.
- the forging does not make it possible to make deep teeth, the maximum height of the teeth likely to be reached by this method being in practice limited to about 3.5 mm.
- the forging process causes the tooth surfaces to be connected to one another by means of curves instead of sharp edges, which reduces the contact surface of the rack with the pinion and contributes to the increase of the pressures of the tooth. contact.
- cycle time the manufacturing time
- the objects assigned to the invention therefore seek to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and to propose a new method of manufacturing toothed racks with variable pitch that allows a fast and accurate manufacturing and is inexpensive to implement.
- the objects assigned to the invention are achieved by means of a method of machining a variable pitch toothing on a rack, said method being characterized in that it is implemented by a machine tool which is provided with a rotary cutting tool other than a ball mill and which comprises at least five axes for positioning said cutting tool relative to the rack, namely a first axis of translation, a second axis of translation and a third axis of translation, forming a direct trihedron, a first axis of rotation for modifying a yaw position around a yaw axis parallel to the first axis of translation, and a second axis of rotation for orienting a position in roll around the yaw second translation axis, and in that said method comprises at least one cutting phase during which the tool is driven in "five
- a yawing motion of an object is a horizontal rotational movement of the object about a vertical axis.
- the lace movement corresponds to the succession of yaw positions of the object.
- a rolling motion of an object is a rotational movement of the object about its longitudinal axis.
- control over five axis continuously that is to say by refreshing and adapting to each iteration, for several successive iterations, the position of the cutting tool according to each of the five aforementioned axes, and judiciously chosen, allowed to follow at any time the profile of the surface of the tooth flank being cut, and this including a non-spherical cutting tool, and in particular with a cylindrical cutting tool, such as a disc mill, which has a material removal capacity much greater than the capacity of a spherical milling cutter.
- a five-axis machine suitably configured makes it possible to use a cutting tool other than a milling cutter, and in particular a cutting tool more efficient and having a much higher performance in terms of amount of material removed per unit of time.
- the invention advantageously makes it possible to combine the high precision of the machining with a very short cycle time per tooth, of between 2 and 10 minutes, depending on the curvature of the tooth flanks, ie the profile of the teeth. the surface of the tooth flank.
- the method according to the invention thus saves time and precision.
- the invention has a great versatility, insofar as it allows the need to quickly change the manufacturing range (dimensions of the rack, number of teeth, tooth profile, etc.) by a change in the machining program. of the machine tool, from a gear definition calculation file that defines the desired rack, without the need to manufacture new tools.
- Figure 1 illustrates, in a schematic perspective view, a vehicle steering mechanism portion comprising a pinion which meshes with a variable pitch toothing rack manufactured according to the method object of the invention.
- Figure 2 illustrates, in a partial sectional view in a normal plane of the variable pitch toothing, a tooth section showing the pressure angle.
- Figure 3 illustrates, in a partial view in top projection, a tooth of the variable pitch toothing, showing the helix angle.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a disk mill according to a first embodiment that can be used as a cutting tool in the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a disk mill according to a second embodiment that can be used as a cutting tool in the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates, in a diagrammatic perspective view, an example of a five-axis machine tool arrangement according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates, in a detailed view, the machining of variable pitch toothing by means of the disk mill according to the first embodiment, according to a method according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates, in a detailed view, the machining of variable pitch toothing by means of the disk mill according to the second embodiment, according to a method according to the invention.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a coefficient of reduction of the rack with variable pitch as a function of a rotation of the pinion.
- the invention relates to a method of machining a toothing 1 with variable pitch on a rack 2.
- machining method is meant a method of removing material by cutting chips by means of a cutting tool 3 movable, preferably a rotary cutting tool 3 such as a milling cutter, which is rotated around from its own central axis L3 to obtain the cutting effect.
- the rack 2 is made by cutting a toothing 1 in a straight bar, preferably metal for mechanical strength problems during the use of said rack.
- the toothing 1 has a variable pitch PI, that is to say that the interval PI which axially separates two successive teeth 4 varies according to the position and the curvature of said teeth 4 along the longitudinal axis L2 of the rack 2 .
- a short pitch PI can be provided in the central zone 8 of the rack 2, so as to obtain a greater precision of the steering maneuvers in the vicinity of the straight line. and then to increase the pitch PI when one moves away from the median zone towards extreme zones 9, 10 of the rack, so as to accelerate the large-scale movements, in particular during the parking maneuvers.
- the difference in behavior of the steering movements in the median zone 8 and the end zones 9, 10 is represented by the curve 20 of FIG.
- the method is implemented by a machine tool 11 which is provided with a rotating cutting tool 3, other than a ball mill.
- this type of cutting tool 3, non-spherical, and more particularly forming a disk around the central axis L3, makes it possible to obtain a higher yield than that of a ball mill, in terms of the quantity of material removed. per tool revolution, and therefore per unit of time.
- chip flow is calculated by the following formula:
- Ap is an axial depth of a pass in mm
- Ae is a radial depth of a pass in mm
- Vf is the feedrate of the tool in mm / min.
- the cutting tool 3 is formed by a disk mill, such as that shown in Figure 7, or Figure 8, or in section in Figures 4 and 5.
- a disk mill is in the form of a circular disk, wider radially than thick axially (vis-à-vis the central axis L3), and whose perimeter is lined with cutting teeth 12, commonly called pads.
- the machine tool 11 comprises at least five axes X, Y, Z, B, C, or exactly exactly five axes, which make it possible to position the cutting tool 3 relative to the rack 2, namely a first translation axis Z, a second translation axis Y, perpendicular to the first translation axis Z, and a third translation axis X, perpendicular to the two previous ones, so that the three axes translation X, Y, Z form a direct trihedron, and a first axis of rotation C for changing a yaw position, about a yaw axis Z13 parallel to the first translation axis Z, and a second axis of rotation B for orienting a roll position about the second translation axis Y.
- the first translation axis Z is vertical relative to a turntable 13 on which is fixed the rack 2, the other two axes Y, X being horizontal, that is to say parallel to the plane
- translation axes X, Y, Z may for example be materialized by linear motorized translation tables, for example translation tables ball screw or roller rails.
- the triad X, Y, Z advantageously defines the machine mark associated with the frame of the machine tool 11.
- the first axis of rotation C makes it possible to modify the yaw position of the cutting tool 3 with respect to the rack 2 and the second axis of rotation B makes it possible to orient the roll position of the rack .
- the first axis of rotation C makes it possible to modify the yaw position of the rack 2 with respect to the cutting tool 3 and the second axis of rotation B makes it possible to orient the roll position of the cutting tool.
- the position of the rack 2 about the first yaw axis C, Z13 also called the yaw orientation, will be achieved by means of a turntable 13 centered on the axis Z13 and mounted on the frame of the machine tool 11.
- the rack 2 will be fixed on said turntable 13 by means of a flange 14 with jaws 15, 16.
- the roll orientation B is achieved by tilting the tool head 17 of the machine, and therefore the central axis L3 of the cutting tool 3, pivotally about the second translation axis Y.
- the method comprises at least one cutting phase during which the cutting tool 3 is driven in "five continuous axes", while simultaneously modifying, during the same iteration, the spatial control component of each of said five axes X, Y, Z, B, C, while the cutting tool 3 rotates and is applied (without stopping) in contact with the surface of the tooth 4 which is being cut.
- the "continuous" operation consists in modifying, during the same iteration, and therefore almost simultaneously, on the one hand the position of the tool head 17, and therefore of the cutting tool 3, on each of the translation axes X, Y, Z, in thus actuating a displacement in proper translation on each of the three motorized X, Y, Z translation axes, and on the other hand the yaw and roll orientation of the tool head 17, and therefore of the cutting tool 3 , on each of the corresponding axes of rotation C, B, by actuating a displacement in proper rotation on each of these two motorized axes of rotation in yaw C and in roll B.
- the position reference respectively the orientation instruction, specific to each of the five axes X, Y, Z, B, C is thus refreshed and modified at each iteration, repeatedly during a plurality of iterations. successive, and that so as to reposition permanently, and without saccade, the cutting tool 3, without it being necessary to interrupt the rotation of the cutting tool 3 on its central axis L3 or take off the cutting tool 3 of the surface of the tooth 4 to be machined, and so as to properly orient the cutting edge of the cutting tool 3 according to the vector normal to the surface to be machined, at the (spatial) point considered, at each instant considered.
- This control in five continuous axes advantageously makes it possible to cut the left surfaces of the teeth 4 by a cutting tool 3 non-spherical, high performance, and that will at any time “stick” to the surface to be cut, on (contact de) which said cutting tool 3 moves.
- a machine tool 11 could be provided with more axes, and in particular six axes, since, among these six axes, the five above are found, and said five axes are actuated. continuously.
- the relative trim of the cutting tool 3 relative to the rack 2, as permitted and controlled by the first axis of rotation C and the second axis of rotation B roll, allows to to adapt the cutting operation, at any moment, to the helix angle b (yaw C) at the pressure angle a (roll B) and which it is desired to impart to the flank of the tooth 4 to the moment and at the point considered.
- the tooth 4 being cut has a helix angle b, and the angle control helix b of tooth 4 being cut is assigned to the first axis of rotation in yaw C.
- the orientation setpoint is also modified along the axes X and Y.
- the spatial configuration of the cutting tool 3 is adapted to the helix angle b desired at the point considered of the surface of the tooth 4, at the instant considered.
- the steering of the pressure angle ⁇ of tooth 4 during cutting is assigned to the second axis of rotation in roll B.
- the setpoint d is also modified. orientation according to the first axis of rotation in yaw C and thus also changes the setpoint along the three translation axes X, Y, Z.
- the spatial configuration of the cutting tool 3 is adapted to the pressure angle desired at the considered point of the surface of the tooth 4, at the moment considered.
- both the helix angle b is controlled by means of the first yaw axis C, Z13 and, distinctly, the pressure angle a by means of the second axis of rotation in roll B.
- the method comprises a programming step in which a computer tool manufacturing file (11) is generated by means of a computer, and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software, which includes : the coordinates (x, y, z) of a target point of the surface to be machined according to each of the first, second and third translation axis X, Y, Z, the steering setpoint of the rack 2, here more particularly the orientation set of the turntable 13, in lace along the first axis of rotation C, as a function of the desired helix angle b for the surface to be cut, and the rolling control setpoint according to the second axis of rotation B , depending on the angle of pressure wanted for the surface to be cut.
- CAM computer-aided manufacturing
- control file of the machine tool 11 also comprises the coordinates (Nx, Ny, Nz) of the vector normal to the surface to be machined at the point in question.
- the invention will as such include the use of a machine tool 11 with five axes X, Y, Z, B, C continuous provided with a rotary cutting tool 3 other than a milling cutter for machining a toothing 1 variable PI pitch on a rack 2, and more particularly on a rack 2 direction.
- the invention also relates to a power steering system provided with a rack 2 obtained according to the method of the invention, and a vehicle equipped with such a power steering system.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Gear Processing (AREA)
- Milling Processes (AREA)
- Transmission Devices (AREA)
- Numerical Control (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112020017785-7A BR112020017785A2 (pt) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | Método para usinar denteamento de espaçamento variável em uma cremalheira de direção |
CN201980018522.5A CN111836693A (zh) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | 用于在转向齿条上机械加工变齿距齿接部的方法 |
US16/980,707 US20210008652A1 (en) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | Method for machining a variable-pitch toothing on a steering rack |
JP2020545138A JP7299229B2 (ja) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | ステアリングラックに可変ピッチ歯切り加工を行う方法 |
DE112019001329.7T DE112019001329T5 (de) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | Verfahren zur maschinellen Bearbeitung einer Verzahnung mit variabler Teilung an einer Zahnstange |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1852104A FR3078643B1 (fr) | 2018-03-12 | 2018-03-12 | Procede d’usinage d’une denture a pas variable sur une cremaillere de direction |
FR18/52104 | 2018-03-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2019175495A1 true WO2019175495A1 (fr) | 2019-09-19 |
Family
ID=62455692
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2019/050519 WO2019175495A1 (fr) | 2018-03-12 | 2019-03-08 | Procédé d'usinage d'une denture à pas variable sur une crémaillère de direction |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20210008652A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP7299229B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN111836693A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112020017785A2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE112019001329T5 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3078643B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2019175495A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102019124394A1 (de) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-11 | KAPP NILES GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Rotors eines Schraubenverdichters oder eines Werkstücks mit schneckenförmigem Profil |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3371580A (en) * | 1966-01-21 | 1968-03-05 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Multiple axis milling machine and fixture |
FR2026817A1 (fr) * | 1968-12-21 | 1970-09-18 | Skoda Np | |
DE3306158A1 (de) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-08-23 | Tokai TRW & Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi | Variables zahnstangen/ritzel-lenkgetriebe und verfahren zum schneiden der darinnen befindlichen zaehne |
US4641406A (en) * | 1982-12-31 | 1987-02-10 | Cam Gears Limited | Method of forming a rack member |
DE3612048A1 (de) * | 1986-04-10 | 1987-10-22 | Ford Werke Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von zahnstangenlenkungen mit unterschiedlicher uebersetzung |
DE19806608A1 (de) * | 1998-02-18 | 1999-09-02 | M B A Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur fräsenden Bearbeitung von Werkstücken |
EP1120329A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-08-01 | Visteon Automotive Systems Inc. | Améliorations concernant des boítiers et crémaillères pour systèmes de direction à crémaillère |
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JPS57156125A (en) * | 1981-03-20 | 1982-09-27 | Yutaka Seimitsu Kogyo Kk | Gear shaping machine |
JPH092295A (ja) * | 1995-06-22 | 1997-01-07 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 車両の操舵装置 |
JP2002011615A (ja) * | 2000-06-26 | 2002-01-15 | Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd | フェースギア・ホイールの製造方法および加工装置 |
US7226255B2 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2007-06-05 | Tianjin Teda Development Centre for Worm Gear Transmission | Five-simultaneously-working-axis computerized numerical controlled tooth cutting machine tool for plane enveloping toroidal worms |
DE10343854B4 (de) * | 2003-09-23 | 2005-12-29 | Klingelnberg Gmbh | Wälz-Verfahren für Spiralkegelräder |
DE102005043835A1 (de) * | 2005-09-13 | 2007-03-22 | F. Zimmermann Gmbh | Beweglicher Fräskopf mit Torquemotorantrieb |
NL2000617C2 (nl) * | 2007-04-26 | 2008-10-28 | Hpg Nederland B V | Werkwijze voor het ontwerpen en het vervaardigen van een tandwiel. |
US7894930B2 (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2011-02-22 | Dp Technology, Corp. | Method and device for composite machining based on tool-path pattern types with tool axis orientation rules |
DE102008063858A1 (de) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-07-01 | Gebr. Heller Maschinenfabrik Gmbh | Werkzeugmaschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Verzahnungen |
DE102009008124A1 (de) * | 2009-02-09 | 2010-08-19 | Deckel Maho Pfronten Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Steuerdaten zum Steuern eines Werkzeugs an einer zumindest 5 Achsen umfassenden Werkzeugmaschine |
DE102009008120A1 (de) * | 2009-02-09 | 2010-08-12 | Deckel Maho Pfronten Gmbh | Werkzeugmaschine und Verfahren zum Bearbeiten eines Werkstücks |
JP5471159B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-24 | 2014-04-16 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | 工作機械の制御装置 |
JP4829359B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-31 | 2011-12-07 | ファナック株式会社 | 機上計測装置のプローブ取り付け位置算出方法 |
JP5619640B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-28 | 2014-11-05 | Dmg森精機株式会社 | 工作機械、加工方法、プログラム及びncデータ生成装置 |
IL232079B (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2018-05-31 | Hanita Metal Works Ltd | A cutting tool with improved chip removal capability and a method for its preparation |
DE102015117146A1 (de) * | 2015-10-08 | 2017-04-13 | Robert Bosch Automotive Steering Gmbh | Lenkgetriebe für ein Fahrzeug |
US20180043925A1 (en) * | 2016-08-09 | 2018-02-15 | Steering Solutions Ip Holding Corporation | Steering rack and method of manufacturing the same |
US10663949B2 (en) * | 2016-10-20 | 2020-05-26 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Numerical control device |
-
2018
- 2018-03-12 FR FR1852104A patent/FR3078643B1/fr active Active
-
2019
- 2019-03-08 DE DE112019001329.7T patent/DE112019001329T5/de active Pending
- 2019-03-08 US US16/980,707 patent/US20210008652A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2019-03-08 JP JP2020545138A patent/JP7299229B2/ja active Active
- 2019-03-08 WO PCT/FR2019/050519 patent/WO2019175495A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2019-03-08 BR BR112020017785-7A patent/BR112020017785A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2019-03-08 CN CN201980018522.5A patent/CN111836693A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3371580A (en) * | 1966-01-21 | 1968-03-05 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Multiple axis milling machine and fixture |
FR2026817A1 (fr) * | 1968-12-21 | 1970-09-18 | Skoda Np | |
US4641406A (en) * | 1982-12-31 | 1987-02-10 | Cam Gears Limited | Method of forming a rack member |
DE3306158A1 (de) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-08-23 | Tokai TRW & Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi | Variables zahnstangen/ritzel-lenkgetriebe und verfahren zum schneiden der darinnen befindlichen zaehne |
DE3612048A1 (de) * | 1986-04-10 | 1987-10-22 | Ford Werke Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von zahnstangenlenkungen mit unterschiedlicher uebersetzung |
DE19806608A1 (de) * | 1998-02-18 | 1999-09-02 | M B A Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur fräsenden Bearbeitung von Werkstücken |
EP1120329A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-08-01 | Visteon Automotive Systems Inc. | Améliorations concernant des boítiers et crémaillères pour systèmes de direction à crémaillère |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20210008652A1 (en) | 2021-01-14 |
CN111836693A (zh) | 2020-10-27 |
FR3078643B1 (fr) | 2020-05-08 |
JP2021516625A (ja) | 2021-07-08 |
FR3078643A1 (fr) | 2019-09-13 |
DE112019001329T5 (de) | 2020-12-10 |
JP7299229B2 (ja) | 2023-06-27 |
BR112020017785A2 (pt) | 2020-12-22 |
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