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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
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  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0236—Cold rolling
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
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  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
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  • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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  • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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  • C22C—ALLOYS
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/001—Austenite
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/002—Bainite
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/008—Martensite

Definitions

• the present invention relates to cold rolled heat and treated steel sheets suitable for use as steel sheet sfor automobiles.
• Automotive parts are required to satisfy two inconsistent necessities, viz. ease of forming and strength but in recent years a third requirement of improvement in fuel consumption is also bestowed upon automobiles in view of global environment concerns.
• automotive parts must be made of material having high formability in order that to fit in the criteria of ease of fit in the intricate automobile assembly and at same time have to improve strength for vehicle crashworthiness and durability while reducing weight of vehicle to improve fuel efficiency.
• EP3144406 a patent that claims a high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent ductility comprises by wt.
• a microstructure comprises: by area fraction, 5% or less of polygonal ferrite having a minor axis to major axis ratio of 0.4 or greater, 70% or less (excluding 0%) of acicular ferrite having a minor axis to major axis ratio of 0.4 or less, 25% or less (excluding 0%) of acicular retained austenite, and
• EP3144406 foresees a high strength steel with a tensile strength of 780MPa or more but not able to reach the yield strength of 600MPa or more hence lacks formability especially for the skin and anti-intrusion parts of the automobile.
• the purpose of the present invention is to solve these problems by making available cold-rolled steel sheets that simultaneously have: - an ultimate tensile strength greater than or equal to 900 MPa and preferably above 980 MPa,
• the steel sheets according to the invention may also present a yield strength to tensile strength ratio of 0.5 or more
• such steel can also have a good suitability for forming, in particular for rolling with good weldability and coatability.
• Another object of the present invention is also to make available a method for the manufacturing of these sheets that is compatible with conventional industrial applications while being robust towards manufacturing parameters shifts.
• the cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet of the present invention may optionally be coated with zinc or zinc alloys, or with aluminium or aluminium alloys to improve its corrosion resistance.
• Carbon is present in the steel between 0.10% and 0.5%. Carbon is an element necessary for increasing the strength of the steel sheet by producing low- temperature transformation phases such as martensite, further Carbon also plays a pivotal role in Austenite stabilization hence a necessary element for securing Residual Austenite. Therefore, Carbon plays two pivotal roles one in increasing the strength and another in retaining austenite to impart ductility. But Carbon content less than 0.10% will not be able to stabilize Austenite in an adequate amount required by the steel of present invention. On the other hand, at a Carbon content exceeding 0.5%, the steel exhibits poor spot weldability which limits its application for the automotive parts. Manganese content of the steel of present invention is between 1 % and 3.4%.
• This element is gammagenous.
• the purpose of adding Manganese is essentially to obtain a structure that contains Austenite and impart strength to the steel.
• An amount of at least 1 % by weight of Manganese has been found in order to provide the strength and hardenability of the steel sheet as well as to stabilize Austenite.
• a higher percentage of Manganese is preferred by presented invention such as upto 3.4%.
• Manganese content is more than 3.4% it produces adverse effects such as it retards transformation of Austenite to Bainite during the isothermal holding for Bainite transformation.
• the Manganese content of above 3.4% also reduces the ductility and also deteriorates the weldability of the present steel hence the ductility targets may not be achieved.
• Silicon content of the steel of present invention is between 0.5% and 2.5%. Silicon is a constituent that can retard the precipitation of carbides during overageing, therefore, due to the presence of Silicon, carbon rich Austenite is stabilized at room temperature. Further, due to poor solubility of Silicon in carbide it effectively inhibits or retards the formation of carbides, hence also promotes the formation of low density carbides in Bainitic structure which is sought as per the present invention to impart steel with its essential features. However, disproportionate content of Silicon does not produce the mentioned effect and leads to a problem such as temper embrittlement. Therefore, the concentration is controlled within an upper limit of 2.5%.
• the content of the Aluminum is between 0.03 and 1 .5%.
• Aluminum removes oxygen existing in molten steel to prevent oxygen from forming a gas phase.
• Aluminum also fixes Nitrogen in the steel to form Aluminum nitride so as to reduce the size of the grains. Higher content of Aluminum that is of above 1 .5%, increases Ac 3 point to a high temperature thereby lowering the productivity.
• Chromium content of the steel of present invention is between 0.05% and 1 %. Chromium is an essential element that provides strength and hardening to the steel but when used above 1 % it impairs surface finish of steel. Further Chromium contents under 1 % coarsen the dispersion pattern of carbide in Bainitic structures, hence; keep the density of carbides low in Bainite.
• Phosphorus constituent of the steel of present invention is between 0.002% and 0.02%. Phosphorus reduces the spot weldability and the hot ductility, particularly due to its tendency to segregate at the grain boundaries or co-segregate with manganese. For these reasons, its content is limited to 0.02 % and preferably lower than 0.013%.
• Sulfur is not an essential element but may be contained as an impurity in steel and from point of view of the present invention the Sulfur content is preferably as low as possible, but is 0.003% or less from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost. Further if higher Sulfur is present in steel it combines to form Sulfides especially with Manganese and reduces its beneficial impact on the steel of present invention.
• Niobium is present in the steel between 0.001 and 0.1 % and is added in the Steel of present invention for forming carbo-nitrides to impart strength of the Steel of present invention by precipitation hardening. Niobium will also impact the size of microstructural components through its precipitation as carbo-nitrides and by retarding the recrystallization during heating process. Thus finer microstructure formed at the end of the holding temperature and as a consequence after the completion of annealing that will lead to the hardening of the Steel of present invention. However, Niobium content above 0.1 % is not economically interesting as a saturation effect of its influence is observed this means that additional amount of Niobium does not result in any strength improvement of the product.
• Titanium is added to the Steel of present invention between 0.001 % and 0.1 %. As Niobium, it is involved in carbo-nitrides formation so plays a role in hardening of the Steel of present invention. In addition Titanium also forms Titanium-nitrides which appear during solidification of the cast product. The amount of Titanium is so limited to 0.1 % to avoid formation of coarse Titanium-nitrides detrimental for formability. In case the Titanium content is below 0.001 % it does not impart any effect on the steel of present invention.
• Calcium content in the steel of present invention is between 0.0001 % and 0.005%. Calcium is added to steel of present invention as an optional element especially during the inclusion treatment. Calcium contributes towards the refining of Steel by arresting the detrimental Sulfur content in globular form, thereby, retarding the harmful effects of Sulfur.
• Copper may be added as an optional element in an amount of 0.01 % to 2% to increase the strength of the steel and to improve its corrosion resistance. A minimum of 0.001 % of Copper is required to get such effect. However, when its content is above 2%, it can degrade the surface aspects.
• Nickel may be added as an optional element in an amount of 0.01 to 3% to increase the strength of the steel and to improve its toughness. A minimum of 0.01 % is required to produce such effects. However, when its content is above 3%, Nickel causes ductility deterioration.
• Molybdenum is an optional element that constitutes 0.001 % to 0.5% of the Steel of present invention; Molybdenum plays an effective role in determining hardenability and hardness, delays the appearance of Bainite and avoids carbides precipitation in Bainite. However, the addition of Molybdenum excessively increases the cost of the addition of alloy elements, so that for economic reasons its content is limited to 0.5%.
• Nitrogen is limited to 0.01 % in order to avoid ageing of material and to minimize the precipitation of Aluminum nitrides during solidification which are detrimental for mechanical properties of the Steel.
• Vanadium is effective in enhancing the strength of steel by forming carbides or carbo-nitrides and the upper limit is 0.1 % due to the economic reasons.
• Other elements such as Cerium, Boron, Magnesium or Zirconium can be added individually or in combination in the following proportions by weight: Cerium ⁇ 0.1 %, Boron ⁇ 0.003%, Magnesium ⁇ 0.010% and Zirconium ⁇ 0.010%. Up to the maximum content levels indicated, these elements make it possible to refine the grain during solidification. The remainder of the composition of the Steel consists of iron and inevitable impurities resulting from processing.
• the microstructure of the Steel sheet comprises:
• Annealed Martensite is present in the Steel of present invention is between 5% and 50% by area fraction.
• the major constituents of the Steel of present invention in terms of microstructure after the first annealing cycle is Quenched Martensite or Tempered Martensite obtained during continuous cooling from holding temperature and eventual tempering. This Quenched Martensite or Tempered Martensite is then annealed during the second annealing.
• the area fraction of the Annealed Martensite will be at least 5% in case of annealing close to the fully Austenitic domain or will be limited to 50% in case of inter-critical holding.
• Quenched Martensite constitutes between 1 % and 20 % of microstructure by area fraction. Quenched Martensite imparts strength to the Steel of present invention. Quenched Martensite is formed during the final cooling of the second annealing. No minimum is required but when Quenched Martensite is in excess of 20 % it imparts excess strength but deteriorates other mechanical properties beyond acceptable limit.
• Tempered Martensite constitutes between 0 and 30 % of microstructure by area fraction. Martensite can be formed when steel is cooled between Tc m in and Tc ma x and is tempered during the overaging holding. Tempered Martensite imparts ductility and strength to the Steel of present invention. When Tempered Martensite is in excess of 30 % it imparts excess strength but diminishes the elongation beyond acceptable limit. Further Tempered Martensite diminishes the gap in hardness of soft phases such as Residual Austenite and hard phases such as Quenched Martensite.
• Bainite constitutes from 10% to 40% of microstructure by area fraction for the Steel of present invention.
• Bainite cumulatively consists of Lath Bainite and Granular Bainite, where Granular Bainite has a very low density of carbides, low density of carbides herein means the presence of carbide count to be less than or equal to 100 carbides per area unit of ⁇ ⁇ 2 and having a high dislocation density which impart high strength as well as elongation to the steel of present invention.
• the Lath Bainite is in the form of thin Ferrite laths with Austenite or carbides formed in between the laths.
• the Lath Bainite of the Steel of present invention provides the steel with adequate formability. To ensure an elongation of 14% and preferably 1 5% or more it is necessary to have 10% of Bainite.
• Residual Austenite constitutes from 10% to 30% by area fraction of the Steel. Residual Austenite is known to have a higher solubility of Carbon than Bainite and, hence, acts as effective Carbon trap, therefore, retarding the formation of carbides in Bainite. Carbon percentage inside the Residual Austenite of present invention is preferably higher than 0.9% and preferably lower than 1 .1 %. Residual Austenite of the Steel according to the invention imparts an enhanced ductility.
• the microstructure of the cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet is free from microstructural components, such as pearlite, ferrite and cementite without impairing the mechanical properties of the steel sheets.
• a steel sheet according to the invention can be produced by any suitable method.
• a preferred method consists in providing a semi-finished casting of steel with a chemical composition according to the invention.
• the casting can be done either into ingots or continuously in form of thin slabs or thin strips, i.e. with a thickness ranging from approximately 220mm for slabs up to several tens of millimeters for thin strip.
• a slab having the above-described chemical composition is manufactured by continuous casting wherein the slab optionally underwent the direct soft reduction during the continuous casting process to avoid central segregation and to ensure a ratio of local Carbon to nominal Carbon kept below 1 .10.
• the slab provided by continuous casting process can be used directly at a high temperature after the continuous casting or may be first cooled to room temperature and then reheated for hot rolling.
• the temperature of the slab which is subjected to hot rolling, is preferably at least 1200° C and must be below 1280°C.
• the temperature of the slab is lower than 1200° C, excessive load is imposed on a rolling mill and, further, the temperature of the steel may decrease to a Ferrite transformation temperature during finishing rolling, whereby the steel will be rolled in a state in which transformed Ferrite contained in the structure. Therefore, the temperature of the slab is preferably sufficiently high so that hot rolling can be completed in the temperature range of Ac3 to Ac3+100°C and final rolling temperature remains above Ac3. Reheating at temperatures above 1280°C must be avoided because they are industrially expensive.
• a final rolling temperature range between Ac3 to Ac3+100°C is preferred to have a structure that is favorable to recrystallization and rolling. It is necessary to have final rolling pass to be performed at a temperature greater than Ac3, because below this temperature the steel sheet exhibits a significant drop in rollability.
• the sheet obtained in this manner is then cooled at a cooling rate above 30°C/s to the coiling temperature which must be below 600°C. Preferably, the cooling rate will be less than or equal to 200° C/s.
• Thehot rolled steel sheet is then coiled at a coiling temperature below 600°C to avoid ovalization and preferably below 570°C to avoid scale formation. The preferred range for such coiling temperature is between 350° C and 570° C.
• the coiled hot rolled steel sheet may be cooled down to room temperature before subjecting it to optional hot band annealing or may be send to optional Hot Band annealing directly.
• the hot rolled steel sheet may be subjected to an optional scale removal step to remove the scale formed during the hot rolling before optional hot band annealing.
• the hot rolled sheet may then subjected to an optional Hot Band Annealing at temperatures between 400°C and 750°C for at least 12 hours and not more than 96 hours, the temperature remaining below 750°C to avoid transforming partially the hot- rolled microstructure and, therefore, losing the microstructure homogeneity.
• an optional scale removal step of this hot rolled steel sheet may performed through, for example, pickling of such sheet.
• This hot rolled steel sheet is subjected to cold rolling to obtain a cold rolled steel sheet with a thickness reduction between 35 to 90%.
• the cold rolled steel sheet obtained from cold rolling process is then subjected to two steps of annealing to impart the steel of present invention with microstructure and mechanical properties.
• the first annealing the cold rolled steel sheet is heated at a heating rate which is greater than 3°C/s, to a soaking temperature between Ac3 and Ac3+ 100° C wherein Ac3 for the present steel is calculated by using the following formula :
• the steel sheet is held at the soaking temperature during 10 to 500 seconds to ensure a complete recrystallization and full transformation to Austenite of the strongly work-hardened initial structure.
• the sheet is then cooled at a cooling rate greater than 20°C/s until reaching a temperature below 500°C and preferably below 400°C. Moreover, a cooling rate of at least 30°C/s is preferred to secure the robustness of generation of a single phase martensitic structure after this first annealing.
• the cold rolled steel sheet may be optionally tempered between 120°C and 250°C.
• a second annealing of the cold rolled and annealed steel sheet is then performed, by heating it at a heating rate which is greater than 3°C/s, to a soaking temperature between T soakin g and Ac3 wherein
• Tsoaking 830 -260 * C -25 * Mn + 22 * Si + 40 * AI wherein the elements contents are expressed in weight percent. during 10 to 500s to ensure an adequate re-crystallization and transformation to obtain a minimum of 50 % Austenite in the microstructure.
• the sheet is then cooled at a cooling rate greater than 20°C/s to a temperature in the range between Tc ma x and TCmin.
• Tc max and Tc m i n are defined as follows:
• Tc max 565 - 601 * (1 - Exp(-0.868 * C)) - 34 * Mn - 13 * Si - 10 * Cr + 13 * AI - 361 * Nb
• Tc min 565 - 601 * (1 - Exp(-1.736 * C)) - 34 * Mn - 13 * Si - 10 * Cr + 13 * AI - 361 * Nb wherein the elements contents are expressed in weight percent.
• the cold rolled and annealed steel sheet is brought to a temperature range from 350 to 550°C and kept there during 5 to 500 seconds to ensure the formation of an adequate amount of Bainite, as well as to temper the Martensite to impart the steel of present invention with targeted mechanical properties.
• the cold rolled and annealed steel sheet is cooled down to room temperature with a cooling rate of at least 1 °C/s to obtain a cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet.
• the cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet then may be optionally coated by any of the known industrial processes such as Electro-galvanization, JVD, PVD, Hot dip(GI/GA) etc... Electro-galvanization is exemplified merely for proper understanding of the present invention.
• the Electro-galvanization does not alter or modify any of the mechanical properties or microstructure of the cold rolled heat treated steel sheet claimed.
• Electro-glavanization can be done by any conventional industrial process for instance by Electroplating.
• Table 1 Steel sheets made of steels with different compositions are gathered in Table 1 , where the steel sheets are produced according to process parameters as stipulated in Table 2, respectively. Thereafter Table 3 gathers the microstructures of the steel sheets obtained during the trials and table 4 gathers the result of evaluations of obtained properties.
• Table 2 gathers the annealing process parameters implemented on steels of Table 1 .
• the Steel compositions 11 to I5 serve for the manufacture of sheets according to the invention.
• This table also specifies the reference steel which are designated in table from R1 to R5.
• Table 2 also shows tabulation of Tc m i n and Tc max . These Tc max and TCmin are defined for the inventive steels and reference steels as follows:
• Tc max 565 - 601 * (1 - Exp(-0.868 * C)) - 34 * Mn - 13 * Si - 10 * Cr + 13 * AI - 361 * Nb
• Tc min 565 - 601 * (1 - Exp(-1.736 * C)) - 34 * Mn - 13 * Si - 10 * Cr + 13 * AI - 361 * Nb
• the Steels were heated to a temperature between 1000° C and 1280°C and then subjected to hot rolling with finish temperature above 850° C and thereafter were coiled at a temperature below 600°C.
• the Hot rolled coils were then processed as claimed and thereafter cold rolled with a thickness reduction between 30 to 95%.
• These cold rolled steel sheets were subjected to heat treatments wherein heating rate for second annealing is 6°C/s for all the steels enumerated in Table 2 and the cooling rate after the soaking of second annealing is 70°C/s for all the steels demonstrated in Table 2.
• Table 3 exemplifies the results of the tests conducted in accordance with the standards on different microscopes such as Scanning Electron Microscope for determining the microstructures of both the inventive and reference steels. The results are stipulated herein:
• Table 4 exemplifies the mechanical properties of both the inventive steel and reference steels.
• tensile tests are conducted in accordance of JIS Z2241 standards.

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