WO2019077183A1 - Reactor para el tratamiento integral del agua - Google Patents
Reactor para el tratamiento integral del agua Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019077183A1 WO2019077183A1 PCT/ES2018/070670 ES2018070670W WO2019077183A1 WO 2019077183 A1 WO2019077183 A1 WO 2019077183A1 ES 2018070670 W ES2018070670 W ES 2018070670W WO 2019077183 A1 WO2019077183 A1 WO 2019077183A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactor according
- reactor
- water
- volume
- compound
- Prior art date
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 25
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical class ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- IQDRAVRWQIIASA-VZPOTTSCSA-N phlorin Chemical compound C/1=C(N2)\C=C\C2=C\C(N2)=CC=C2CC(N2)=CC=C2\C=C2\C=CC\1=N2 IQDRAVRWQIIASA-VZPOTTSCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001902 chlorine oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004400 mucous membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
- C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H4/00—Swimming or splash baths or pools
- E04H4/12—Devices or arrangements for circulating water, i.e. devices for removal of polluted water, cleaning baths or for water treatment
- E04H4/1281—Devices for distributing chemical products in the water of swimming pools
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/42—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from bathing facilities, e.g. swimming pools
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/03—Pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/29—Chlorine compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
- F21W2131/103—Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
Definitions
- the present invention corresponds to the technical field of the integral treatments of swimming pool water, (oxidation of organic matter, disinfection and pH adjustment), both residential and public.
- the water to be treated is subjected to a continuous electrical current by introducing electrodes (cathode, anode) into it.
- the electrolysis process increases the pH of the water, which requires the controlled and continuous addition of a pH reducer (pH minus).
- pH minus a pH reducer
- small concentrations of chlorine and sodium hydroxide are generated in situ, which recombine to form hypochlorous acid, HCIO, which subsequently reduce the organic matter and the pathogens, transforming it back into salt.
- This procedure has a number of advantages, such as saving water and energy, as it does not increase the residual cyanuric acid, a reduction of chloramines, (cathodic reduction), an oxidation of organic matter and also avoids having to add chlorine, either in solid or liquid form, because the own reaction of the electrolysis, produces in situ sufficient amounts of chlorine (1-2 ppm).
- the quality of the water obtained is excellent, requires simple maintenance and guarantees a residual effect of disinfection (chlorine 1-2 ppm).
- UV radiation which is based on the use of the effect of said radiation by the use of ultraviolet light emitters, such as low or medium pressure lamps isolated from the medium by means of quartz tubes, producing disinfection at determined doses of mJ / cm 2 , elimination of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria).
- UV radiation has the capacity to eliminate chloramines present in pool water, which are limited by regulations (generally ⁇ 0,6mg / L) and are the cause of the "chlorine" suffocating odor. irritations in skin, mucous membranes, as well as respiratory tracts for bathers, companions and maintenance personnel. UV treatment does not have the capacity to oxidize organic matter, which makes it necessary to add some type of oxidant (in-situ electrolysis or exsitu chemical such as chlorine, bromine or peroxide), and therefore a continuous pH control.
- oxidant in-situ electrolysis or exsitu chemical such as chlorine, bromine or peroxide
- UV techniques electrolysis
- electrolysis a synergistic association that involves a double treatment of disinfection (electrolysis + radiation) with a double capacity of elimination of by-products (elimination of chloramines in water / air, cathodic reduction and radiation) with capacity for elimination of organic matter (anodic oxidation plus free chlorine electrogenerated) and with residual effect (electrogenerated chlorine).
- the treatment must be accompanied by a thorough control of the pH of the water, both to maximize the effectiveness of the treatment, and to minimize unwanted byproducts in water and air as well as to protect bathers from irritation and corrosion or calcareous deposition facilities.
- ph-plus carbonates.NaOH
- ph-minus inorganic acids in their gas, solid or liquid forms, such as, for example, C02-gas, NaHS04-sol, HCI-liq or sulfuric acid
- liq carbonates.NaOH
- ph-minus inorganic acids in their gas, solid or liquid forms, such as, for example, C02-gas, NaHS04-sol, HCI-liq or sulfuric acid
- the international application with publication number WO2013053971 describes the procedure of water purification, without the contribution of salts, for the treatment of pool water, which comprises the simultaneous application of the techniques of electrolysis and ultraviolet radiation on the water to be treated, as well as as a reactor to carry out the procedure that has inside the electrodes and the ultraviolet lamp, as well as a pH minus injector at the entrance of the reactor.
- This reactor does not have any element that improves the pH minus distribution.
- the present invention has developed a simplified and modular reactor, where the purification process of swimming pool water can be carried out in an integral manner that can include, a simultaneous application of the techniques of: oxidation-disinfection, ultraviolet radiation and adjustment of pH about the water to be treated.
- the invention describes a reactor for the integral treatment of water comprising:
- a perimeter chamber that has two volumes separated by a perforated surface:
- a compound that adjusts the pH comprising: an injector of the compound that adjusts the pH;
- a second volume comprising a filler to promote the absorption of the compound that adjusts the pH
- a water purification process is carried out comprising a first phase in which water enters the reactor through the inlet branch pipe reaching the first volume of the perimeter chamber where it is injected and distributed the compound that adjusts the pH.
- the water circulates in the perimeter chamber towards a second volume that presents the filling, where the compound that adjusts the pH is adequately mixed.
- the water After passing through the perimeter chamber, the water enters the central chamber (oxidation-disinfection and / or ultraviolet treatments) to find the outlet pipe of the reactor.
- Figure 1A and 1B show each sectional view of the modular integrated reactor, where it indicates the circulation of the water to be treated from inlet to outlet of the reactor through the different chambers / parts of the reactor.
- Figure 2 shows a sectional detail of the head of the integrated reactor where parts of it can be seen in detail.
- Figure 3 shows the installation in by-pass with pressure control in the integrated reactor by pump at the inlet and regulating valve at the outlet.
- the invention refers to a reactor for the integral treatment of water which comprises:
- an inlet pipe (1) a perimeter chamber (2) that has two volumes separated by a perforated surface (3):
- a compound that adjusts the pH comprising: an injector (11) of the compound that adjusts the pH;
- a second volume volume (2.2) comprising a filler (4) to promote the absorption of the compound that adjusts the pH;
- a reading of the pH and / or chlorine of the water to be treated can be carried out on the inlet branch pipe (1).
- the inlet connection (1) comprises: a pH sensor. Also preferably, the inlet branch pipe (1) comprises a chlorine sensor.
- a reading of the pH and / or chlorine and / or the flow of the water to be treated can be carried out on the outlet pipe (6).
- the outlet connection (6) comprises: a pH sensor.
- the outlet pipe (6) comprises a chlorine sensor.
- the outlet pipe (6) comprises a flow switch (10).
- the arrangement between the first volume (2.1) and the second volume (2.2) is such that the first volume (2.1) is located on the second volume (2.2) the mixture of the compound that adjusts the pH with the water is improved especially if this compound is gas.
- the first volume (2.1) is located on the second volume (2.2) separated by the perforated surface (3).
- the filling (4) is formed by a grouping of a repeating plastic body, in general with a spherical and / or cylindrical geometry with pores or voids that can be of greater water density or lower water density, ensuring in any In this case, the increase of the contact surfaces and improving the distribution in the reactor in its passage without preferential channels.
- the central chamber (5) it comprises at least two electrodes (7) to perform electrolysis. More preferably, these electrodes (7) have the shape of a plate or unfolded mesh (mesh) with monopolar, bipolar or mixed electrical configuration. These apply an anode cathode voltage between 3 and 24 Vdc and a current density between 1 and 60 mA / cm 2 , with salt concentrations between 0.3 and 6 gr / l.
- At least one ultraviolet light emitter is present inside the central chamber (5).
- an ultraviolet lamp (8) is of low or medium pressure;
- the ultraviolet lamp has a tubular shape and comprises an insulating element of the medium also of tubular shape, preferably formed by a quartz sheath. This lamp provides a dose of UV-C between 1 and 60 mJ / cm 2 .
- the injector (1 1) of the compound that reduces the pH is a CO2 injector.
- CO2 injector organochlorine byproducts are minimized in comparison with their alternatives, while minimizing the risks of handling as it is a reagent present in nature.
- the working pressure can be be the natural one obtained in the bypass installation or it can be increased by an auxiliary pump to the inlet (13) and a pressure regulating valve to the outlet (14), in this case the absorption process of the CO2 gas is maximized.
- the inlet pipe (1) and the outlet pipe (6) are joined in bypass with an auxiliary pump (13) at the inlet and a regulating valve (14) at the outlet.
- the reactor can present in the central chamber (5) an oxidant-chemical disinfectant doser in replacement of the electrolysis electrodes.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2018351746A AU2018351746B2 (en) | 2017-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reactor for integral water treatment |
ES18822413T ES2895026T3 (es) | 2017-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reactor para tratamiento integral de aguas |
EP18822413.3A EP3699147B1 (en) | 2017-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reactor for integral water treatment |
US16/755,145 US11136250B2 (en) | 2017-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reactor for integral water treatment |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES201731220U ES1197058Y (es) | 2017-10-16 | 2017-10-16 | Reactor para el tratamiento integral del agua |
ESU201731220 | 2017-10-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2019077183A1 true WO2019077183A1 (es) | 2019-04-25 |
Family
ID=60236454
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/ES2018/070670 WO2019077183A1 (es) | 2017-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reactor para el tratamiento integral del agua |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11136250B2 (es) |
EP (1) | EP3699147B1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU2018351746B2 (es) |
ES (2) | ES1197058Y (es) |
WO (1) | WO2019077183A1 (es) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001042143A2 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-14 | Gemma Industrial Ecology, Ltd. | Method and device for electrochemically disinfecting fluids |
WO2013082294A1 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | AquaMost, Inc. | Apparatus and method for treating aqueous solutions and contaminants therein |
EP2767513A1 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2014-08-20 | I.D. Electroquimica, S.L. | Method for purifying water without the use of salts, and water-purification reactor |
CH708088A2 (de) * | 2013-05-23 | 2014-11-28 | Peter A Müller | Container für Schwimmbadtechnik. |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9090490B2 (en) * | 2012-03-23 | 2015-07-28 | Jet, Inc. | System and method for wastewater disinfection |
ES2434140B1 (es) | 2013-08-07 | 2014-10-07 | Metalast S.A.U. | Sistema de suministro de dióxido de carbono para el tratamiento de agua |
-
2017
- 2017-10-16 ES ES201731220U patent/ES1197058Y/es active Active
-
2018
- 2018-10-16 ES ES18822413T patent/ES2895026T3/es active Active
- 2018-10-16 EP EP18822413.3A patent/EP3699147B1/en active Active
- 2018-10-16 WO PCT/ES2018/070670 patent/WO2019077183A1/es unknown
- 2018-10-16 US US16/755,145 patent/US11136250B2/en active Active
- 2018-10-16 AU AU2018351746A patent/AU2018351746B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001042143A2 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-14 | Gemma Industrial Ecology, Ltd. | Method and device for electrochemically disinfecting fluids |
EP2767513A1 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2014-08-20 | I.D. Electroquimica, S.L. | Method for purifying water without the use of salts, and water-purification reactor |
WO2013082294A1 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | AquaMost, Inc. | Apparatus and method for treating aqueous solutions and contaminants therein |
CH708088A2 (de) * | 2013-05-23 | 2014-11-28 | Peter A Müller | Container für Schwimmbadtechnik. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3699147A1 (en) | 2020-08-26 |
US20200299159A1 (en) | 2020-09-24 |
AU2018351746A1 (en) | 2020-05-21 |
EP3699147B1 (en) | 2021-07-21 |
ES1197058Y (es) | 2018-01-29 |
US11136250B2 (en) | 2021-10-05 |
AU2018351746B2 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
ES2895026T3 (es) | 2022-02-17 |
ES1197058U (es) | 2017-11-08 |
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