WO2019047107A1 - 锂金属电池 - Google Patents

锂金属电池 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019047107A1
WO2019047107A1 PCT/CN2017/100918 CN2017100918W WO2019047107A1 WO 2019047107 A1 WO2019047107 A1 WO 2019047107A1 CN 2017100918 W CN2017100918 W CN 2017100918W WO 2019047107 A1 WO2019047107 A1 WO 2019047107A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lithium metal
casing
battery core
lithium
battery
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2017/100918
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
许柏皋
赵涛
Original Assignee
深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司 filed Critical 深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司
Priority to CN201780017742.7A priority Critical patent/CN109041584A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2017/100918 priority patent/WO2019047107A1/zh
Publication of WO2019047107A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019047107A1/zh
Priority to US16/721,130 priority patent/US20200127320A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H01M10/0422—Cells or battery with cylindrical casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H01M4/382—Lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/107—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by their shape or physical structure having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
    • H01M50/116—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by the material
    • H01M50/117—Inorganic material
    • H01M50/119—Metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
    • H01M50/131—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by physical properties, e.g. gas-permeability or size
    • H01M50/134—Hardness
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of batteries, and more particularly to a lithium metal battery.
  • lithium metal batteries use lithium metal or lithium alloy as the electrode material of the battery, and have higher energy density, and thus have been more and more widely used.
  • lithium metal batteries are usually made of square soft lithium metal batteries. Since lithium metal batteries will precipitate and deposit a small amount of lithium metal during each cycle, the lithium metal battery will expand, thereby affecting the cycle performance of the lithium metal battery.
  • two aluminum plates are usually disposed on both sides of the outer surface of the lithium metal battery, and the lithium metal battery is sandwiched between the two aluminum plates to utilize the pressure of the aluminum plate to avoid expansion deformation of the lithium metal battery.
  • the lithium metal battery needs to be provided with two aluminum plates, the aluminum plate itself has a large weight and volume, which greatly reduces the overall energy density of the lithium metal battery.
  • the invention provides a lithium metal battery having a high energy density.
  • the invention provides a lithium metal battery comprising a rigid casing, a rigid support column located in the rigid casing, and a battery core wound between the casing and the support column, the casing having an opening at one end
  • the cylinder, the battery core includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing lithium, and an electrolyte between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the housing and the support column together form a space for restraining the battery core.
  • the lithium metal battery of the present invention comprises a rigid casing, a rigid support column located in the rigid casing, and a battery core wound between the casing and the support column, the casing being a cylinder having an opening at one end
  • the battery core includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing lithium, and an electrolyte between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the housing and the support column together form a space for restraining the battery core.
  • the inner wall and the support column of the cylindrical casing can be used to respectively press and restrain the inner and outer sides of the battery core, thereby limiting
  • the space of the battery core prevents the battery core from expanding outward, and the housing and the support column are of small mass, which enables the battery to have a higher energy density.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a lithium metal battery according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lithium metal battery according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • a lithium metal battery is a battery using a lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
  • Lithium metal batteries have a high energy density, and thus can provide power energy for mobile electronic devices with small volume and weight. Among them, since lithium has a low density (0.54 g/cm 3 ), it is possible to store more energy at a lower mass, thereby achieving a higher energy density.
  • a lithium metal battery is a secondary battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged. Charging the battery When lithium ions are deintercalated from the positive electrode and are inserted into the negative electrode through the transport of the electrolyte, after the charging is completed, the negative electrode is in a lithium-rich state, and the positive electrode is in a lithium-depleted state. When a lithium metal battery is discharged, the movement path of lithium ions is opposite to that at the time of charging. In order to maintain charge balance, when lithium ions move through the electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, electrons having the same amount of charge as the lithium ions are transferred in a circuit external to the battery, thereby supplying electric power to the external circuit.
  • the lithium metal battery provided in this embodiment includes a rigid casing 1, a rigid support column 2 located in the rigid casing 1, and a coiled body 1 and a support.
  • a battery core 3 between the columns 2 the casing 1 is a cylinder having an opening 11 at one end, and the battery core 3 includes a positive electrode 31, a negative electrode 32 containing lithium, and an electrolyte between the negative electrode and the positive electrode (not shown)
  • the housing 1 and the support column 2 together form a space for restraining the battery core 3.
  • the battery core 3 in the lithium metal battery includes a positive electrode 31 and a negative electrode 32.
  • the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are generally in the form of a pole piece, and the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are generally stacked in sequence and wound to form a circular coil.
  • the battery core 3 is formed, and the electrolyte is filled in the roll-shaped battery core 3 to form a conductive circuit between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32, and participate in the reaction of the positive electrode 31 or the negative electrode 32 to ensure the lithium metal battery. normal work.
  • a structure such as a separator is generally provided between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 to avoid direct contact between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32.
  • the pole piece of the positive electrode 31 and the pole piece of the negative electrode 32 may be stacked first and then wound into the battery core 3, or may be stacked on one side.
  • the wound form is made into a battery core.
  • the winding process usually adopted is to fix the pole piece of the positive electrode 31, the pole piece of the negative electrode 32, the separator, the protective tape, the termination tape and the like on the device, and the device completes the production of the battery core 3 by unwinding.
  • the negative electrode 32 of the battery core 3 contains a lithium element.
  • the negative electrode 32 may contain a lithium metal or a compound containing lithium.
  • lithium ions will repeatedly move back and forth between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 of the battery, and chemically react with the material of the positive electrode 31 or the negative electrode 32 to transfer charges, thereby realizing chemical energy and electric energy. Conversion between. Since the anode 32 passes lithium as an energy carrier, the anode 32 has high reactivity and can achieve a high energy density.
  • the lithium metal battery has an energy density greater than or equal to 350 W ⁇ h/kg.
  • the active lithium ions may cause uneven deposition on the surface of the negative electrode 32 of the battery. Since the lithium intercalation potential of the negative electrode is very close to the potential of the metallic lithium, the potential of the negative electrode 32 may become a negative potential in the case of, for example, a large magnification and low-temperature charging, thereby causing metal lithium to precipitate on the surface of the negative electrode 32.
  • the continuous deposition of lithium onto the negative electrode 32 causes a decrease in the capacity of the lithium metal battery, which seriously affects the performance of the battery, and the lithium metal battery is inflated and exploded due to the increasing amount of lithium on the negative electrode 32. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a pressing force on the outer side of the battery core 3 by an external force to prevent the lithium metal battery from expanding by restricting and squeezing the battery core 3, affecting the battery performance and ensuring the safe use of the battery.
  • the lithium metal battery further includes a support and fixing structure capable of restraining the battery core 3 within a certain space and restricting the battery core 3 from expanding outward.
  • the support and fixing structure specifically includes a rigid housing 1 and a rigid support column 2.
  • the rigid casing 1 has a hollow cylindrical shape and has an opening 11 at one end, so that the battery core 3 can be inserted from the opening after being wound into a coil, and is accommodated in the cylindrical cavity of the casing 1. Therefore, the outer side of the battery core 3 is tightly wrapped by the inner wall of the casing 1.
  • the inner wall of the casing 1 can be formed on the battery core 3.
  • the battery core 3 is restrained in the inner cavity of the casing 1 by the inward pressing force.
  • the opening 11 of the casing 1 allows the positive and negative poles of the battery core 3 to extend to achieve conduction between the battery core 3 and the outside.
  • the battery core 3 accommodated inside the housing 1 is also placed and arranged in a cylindrical shape.
  • the battery core 3 also forms a cylindrical shape after the winding is completed, so that after the winding of the battery core 3 is completed, it can be smoothly placed inside the cylindrical casing 1, and the surface of the battery core 3 can be It is in close contact with the inner wall of the casing 1 so that the casing 1 is tightly wrapped and bound to the outside of the battery core 3.
  • the casing 1 is cylindrical, compared with the prior art in which a square casing or two flat aluminum plates are used to sandwich the battery core, the cylindrical casing 1 has a smaller volume when the volume is the same. The surface area so that the housing 1 requires less material.
  • the pressure bearing property of the cylindrical casing can withstand the pressure to the other parts due to the circular shape, so the bearing capacity of the cylindrical casing is stronger than that of the flat aluminum plate or the square casing under the same conditions.
  • the cylindrical housing has a wall thickness that is thinner than the square housing.
  • the cylindrical casing has a smaller surface area and a smaller wall thickness than the conventional method of arranging a battery or a square casing to restrain the battery core by a flat aluminum plate, when the casing 1 is made of the same material.
  • the quality of the cylindrical housing is also small, so the cylindrical housing will have a smaller mass proportion in the entire lithium metal battery, thereby ensuring a higher energy density of the lithium metal battery.
  • the battery core 3 Since the battery core 3 is inflated during the charging and discharging process due to the deposition of lithium on the negative electrode 32 of the battery, the battery core 3 is squeezed inwardly in cooperation with the expansion of the battery core 3 and the inward pressing force of the casing 1. The pressure is collapsed, and the inner portion of the battery core 3 is crushed, and a rigid support column 2 is further provided in the casing 1.
  • the length direction of the support post 2 is generally the same as or close to the longitudinal direction of the casing 1, so that an annular cavity for accommodating the battery core 3 is formed inside the casing 1.
  • the support post 2 can support the inner portion of the battery core 3 to prevent deformation or even collapse of the inner side of the battery core 3 due to expansion of the battery core 3.
  • the battery core 3 when the battery core 3 is wound, it can be wound on the support column 2 as an axis. Since the support column 2 is made of a hard material, it can reliably form a support inside the battery core 3, when When the battery core 3 is deformed inward by the internal stress generated by its own expansion, the rigid support column 2 can prevent deformation and collapse of the battery core 3, and ensure the normal use of the lithium metal battery.
  • the lithium metal battery can be squeezed and restrained by the inner wall of the casing 1 and the support column 2 by the inner wall of the casing 1 and the support column 2, respectively, by providing the cylindrical casing 1 and the support column 2 located inside the casing 1.
  • the space of the battery core 3 can be restricted, so that the battery core 3 cannot expand outward, which is dangerous; on the other hand, both the inner and outer sides of the battery core 3 are pressed against the inner wall of the casing 1 and the support column.
  • the casing 1 and the support post 2 can force the inside of the battery core 3 by squeezing the both sides of the battery core 3.
  • the bonding between the pole pieces is more tight, thereby improving the pole piece interface of the lithium metal battery and improving the performance of the lithium metal battery.
  • the support column 2 and the housing 1 are generally of a detachable design.
  • the battery core 3 is generally wound around the outer side of the support column 2. After the battery core 3 is wound, the battery core 3 and the support column 2 are placed together in the casing 1. Subsequent assembly.
  • the support column 2 can be a solid column. Since the battery core 3 is expanded due to deposition of lithium, the battery core 3 forms a large pressing force to the outside. For The support column 2 is prevented from being deformed or even damaged under the action of a large pressing force, and the support column 2 is generally a solid cylindrical structure with relatively stable structure and good bearing performance. Since the solid cylinder has a large cross-sectional area, the support column 2 is made into a solid column, and the effect of the lateral shearing force and the pressing force is also good, and the support column 2 can be effectively avoided in the battery roll. The core 3 is bent or broken under pressure.
  • the battery core 3 is tightly wound around the outer side of the support column 2 along the circumferential direction of the support column 2, and the battery roll The outermost portion of the core 3 is in close contact with the inner wall of the casing 1.
  • the portion near the inner side of the battery core 3 is tightly wound around the outer edge of the support column 2, and good support of the support column 2 can be obtained, and the outermost portion of the battery core 3 is also covered by the inner wall of the casing 1. It is compacted.
  • the casing 1 and the support column 2 respectively sandwich the battery core 3 from the inner and outer sides of the battery core 3, and apply resistance to expansion to the battery core 3
  • the deformed pressing force prevents the battery core 3 from being expanded and deformed due to lithium deposition.
  • the pitch between the pole pieces is smaller, and the pole piece interface of the battery core 3 can be effectively improved.
  • the support post 2 and the housing 1 can generally be coaxially disposed.
  • the housing 1 is cylindrical
  • the support column 2 can be disposed in the same direction as the housing 1, and the support column 2 is located at the cylindrical axis position of the housing 1, that is, the support column 2 and the inner wall of the housing 1 are circumferentially upward. The distance between the directions is equal.
  • the cylindrical shape formed by the battery core 3 is just right.
  • the inner chambers of the housing 1 are shaped to match so as to be smoothly disposed inside the housing 1, and the outer side of the battery core 3 can be closely abutted and attached to the inner wall of the housing 1.
  • the support column 2 is located at the axial center of the casing 1, the thickness of the battery core 3 in each direction around the support column 2 is equal or nearly uniform, so that the support column 2 can provide good battery core 3 in all directions. Support effect.
  • the size of the pole piece in the axial direction of the casing 1 is generally the same as that of the casing 1.
  • the size is close, so in order to enable the battery core 3 to be pressed and supported at various portions along the axial direction of the casing 1, it is necessary to make the length of the support column 2 close to the length of the battery core 3 in this direction. Take The length of the battery core 3 is prevented from passing over the end of the support column 2, and bending, breakage, and the like are caused by the pressing.
  • the support column 2 is further ensured for the support of the battery core 3, and the length of the support column 2 and the housing 1 can be The length of the lumen matches.
  • the support post 2 may be as long as the inner cavity of the housing 1 or slightly shorter than the inner cavity of the housing 1. Since the battery cores 3 are all located in the inner cavity of the housing 1, when the length of the support post 2 matches the length of the inner cavity of the housing 1, the size of the battery core 3 in the longitudinal direction of the housing 1 can be ensured. How can the support column 2 be supported on the inner side of the battery core 3 to prevent the battery core 3 from being deformed by external compression or internal stress due to insufficient support, or even collapse and damage.
  • the deposition of lithium may cause a tendency to expand, in order to avoid the internal stress under the expansion.
  • the support column 2 is pressed, the battery core 3 is scratched or crushed, and the surface of the support column 2 should be prevented from having sharp edges or other protruding structures.
  • the cross section of the support column 2 may be circular or elliptical.
  • the cross section of the support column 2 is generally a section perpendicular to the axial direction of the support column 2.
  • the cross section of the support column 2 is circular or elliptical, since the side wall surface of the support column 2 side is a smooth curved surface, when the battery core 3 and the support column 2 are relatively pressed, the surface of the support column 2 is not Excessive pressure will be generated, so that the battery core 3 can be prevented from being broken, and the lithium metal battery can be prevented from being damaged or leaked, and the safety is good.
  • the distance between the support post 2 and the inner wall of the housing 1 in each direction in the circumferential direction is close to or equal, and both sides of the battery core 3 can be secured.
  • the close contact with the support post 2 and the inner wall of the housing 1 respectively improves the pole piece interface of the battery core 3.
  • the support column 2 is generally composed of a material having sufficient hardness.
  • the support column 2 may generally be a steel column, an aluminum alloy column, or a rigid plastic column or the like. Since the battery core 3 is generally sealed from the outside by an aluminum plastic film or the like, the battery core 3 and the support post 2 or the casing 1 are generally also insulated. At this time, various alloy steels or aluminum alloys can be selected as the support columns with high hardness and good mechanical properties to ensure that the support columns 2 can still form better under the internal stress of the battery core 3. Support.
  • the support column 2 It can also be made of a hard plastic which has high hardness and is not easily deformed, such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) or Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). .
  • ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
  • PVC Polyvinyl chloride
  • the material forming the support column 2 may also be other alloys having sufficient hardness and mechanical properties, hard plastics or other common structural materials well known to those skilled in the art, and will not be described herein.
  • the casing 1 Since the casing 1 needs to withstand the deformation expansion caused by the deposition of lithium on the negative electrode 32 in the battery core 3, the casing 1 also needs to be made of a hard material having a certain mechanical property.
  • the housing 1 may be a steel housing or an aluminum alloy housing.
  • the casing 1 can be made of alloy steel having good hardness and toughness, so that the casing 1 has a strong resistance to deformation, and can suppress the expansion tendency of the battery when the lithium metal battery undergoes deformation and expansion.
  • the casing 1 has better toughness, so as to improve the ease of use and life of the casing 1, and avoid damage or chipping due to the brittleness of the casing 1 when the lithium metal battery is bumped or dropped.
  • the housing 1 occupies a large volume and space in the lithium metal battery, in order to reduce the mass of the housing 1 and increase the energy density of the battery, the housing 1 can generally be made of a lower density aluminum alloy. This ensures that the housing 1 can withstand the expansion of the battery while also allowing the housing 1 to have as small a mass as possible to further increase the overall energy density of the lithium metal battery.
  • the lithium metal battery may further include a battery cover 4, and the battery cover 4 is disposed on the opening 11 of the casing 1.
  • the battery cover 4 of the lithium metal battery may be made of plastic or a metal material.
  • the edge of the battery cover 4 or the opening edge of the casing may be crimped to form a relatively tight connection between the battery cover 4 and the casing 1, and the sealing performance is obtained. better.
  • the battery cover 4 is generally provided with an opening or a through hole for extending the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab of the battery core 3. Further, a structure for electrically conducting the battery cover 4 may be provided, and the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 of the battery core 3 may be electrically connected to the outside by electrical conduction.
  • the negative electrode 32 of the lithium metal battery may generally include a compound of lithium metal or lithium.
  • a lithium metal battery in which a lithium element is mainly used as an active material in a negative electrode can achieve a high energy density because a large amount of lithium element can directly participate in a reaction.
  • the negative electrode 32 of the lithium metal battery may be provided with lithium metal in the form of coating or the like, and directly provide lithium ions for participating in the internal reaction of the battery through lithium metal, or may pass lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) or the like. The lithium-containing compound exchanges lithium ions, enabling the battery to properly perform a charging or discharging reaction.
  • the negative electrode 32 of the lithium metal battery may be a copper foil coated with lithium metal.
  • the copper foil has good electrical conductivity and thus can serve as a main structure of the negative electrode 32, ensuring that electrons can be well transferred.
  • Lithium metal can be directly coated on the surface of the copper foil in a coating manner, thereby being used for internal reaction of the lithium metal battery to provide energy storage.
  • the negative electrode containing lithium metal can increase the weight energy density and the volume energy density by about one time.
  • the positive electrode 31 of the lithium metal battery may also be made of a compound containing lithium.
  • the positive electrode 31 of lithium metal may be lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) or lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi x Co y Mn 1 -x-yO 2 ) or one of lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ).
  • the material of the positive electrode 31 forming the lithium metal battery may also be other common electrode materials having sufficient energy density, which will not be described herein.
  • the electrolyte in the battery core 3 may be a liquid electrolyte or a solid electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte in the battery core 3 may generally be a solid electrolyte.
  • the solid electrolyte has a high ionic conductivity, and thus has a higher energy density than a general liquid electrolyte, and satisfies the functional requirements of the battery; at the same time, the solid electrolyte also has a certain mechanical strength compared with the liquid electrolyte. To a large extent, it can improve the safety of lithium metal batteries and reduce the chance of damage to the battery core.
  • the solid electrolyte also has a long cycle life, which can improve the stability of the battery.
  • the solid electrolyte commonly used in lithium metal batteries may mainly include a polymer solid electrolyte or an inorganic solid electrolyte such as an oxide electrolyte, or a sulfide electrolyte or the like.
  • a polymer solid electrolyte or an inorganic solid electrolyte such as an oxide electrolyte, or a sulfide electrolyte or the like.
  • other electrolyte materials well known to those skilled in the art may be used.
  • the lithium metal battery includes a rigid casing, a rigid support column located in the rigid casing, and a battery core wound between the casing and the support column, the casing having an opening at one end
  • the battery core includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing lithium, and an electrolyte between the negative electrode and the positive electrode
  • the housing and the support column together form a space for restraining the battery core.
  • the inner wall and the support column of the cylindrical casing can be used to respectively press and restrain the inner and outer sides of the battery core, thereby limiting the space of the battery core, avoiding the outward expansion of the battery core, and the quality of the shell and the support column. Smaller, the battery can have a higher energy density.

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Abstract

一种锂金属电池，包括硬质的壳体(1)、位于所述硬质的壳体(1)内的硬质的支撑柱(2)和卷绕在所述壳体(1)和所述支撑柱(2)之间的电池卷芯(3)，所述壳体(1)为一端具有开口的圆柱体，所述电池卷芯(3)包括正极(31)、含有锂的负极(32)和位于所述负极(32)和所述正极(31)之间的电解质，所述壳体(1)和所述支撑柱(2)共同形成用于约束所述电池卷芯(3)的空间。能够实现较高的能量密度。

Description

锂金属电池 技术领域
本发明涉及电池领域，尤其涉及一种锂金属电池。
背景技术
随着无人飞行器等自动装置的广泛应用，对高性能、小体积的可充电电池的需求也越来越多。其中，锂金属电池利用锂金属或者锂合金等作为电池的电极材料，具有较高的能量密度，因而得到了越来越广泛的应用。
当前，锂金属电池通常制成方形软包锂金属电池。由于锂金属电池在每次循环过程中，均会有少量锂金属析出并沉积，会使锂金属电池发生膨胀，从而影响到锂金属电池的循环性能。为了抑制锂金属电池的膨胀，通常采取在锂金属电池外表面两侧设置两个铝板，并将锂金属电池夹在两个铝板之中，以利用铝板的压力来避免锂金属电池发生膨胀变形。
然而，由于锂金属电池需要增设两个铝板，铝板自身具有较大的重量和体积，会大大降低锂金属电池总体的能量密度。
发明内容
本发明提供一种锂金属电池，具有较高的能量密度。
本发明提供一种锂金属电池，包括硬质的壳体、位于硬质的壳体内的硬质的支撑柱和卷绕在壳体和支撑柱之间的电池卷芯，壳体为一端具有开口的圆柱体，电池卷芯包括正极、含有锂的负极和位于负极和正极之间的电解质，壳体和支撑柱共同形成用于约束电池卷芯的空间。
本发明的锂金属电池包括硬质的壳体、位于硬质的壳体内的硬质的支撑柱和卷绕在壳体和支撑柱之间的电池卷芯，壳体为一端具有开口的圆柱体，电池卷芯包括正极、含有锂的负极和位于负极和正极之间的电解质，壳体和支撑柱共同形成用于约束电池卷芯的空间。这样能够利用圆柱形壳体的内壁与支撑柱分别对电池卷芯的内外两侧进行挤压和约束，从而限制 电池卷芯的空间，避免电池卷芯向外膨胀，且壳体和支撑柱质量较小，能够使电池具有更高的能量密度。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本发明实施例一提供的一种锂金属电池的结构示意图；
图2是本发明实施例一提供的锂金属电池的截面示意图。
附图标记说明：
1—壳体；
2—支撑柱；
3—电池卷芯；
4—电池盖；
31—正极；
32—负极。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
锂金属电池是以锂金属或者是锂合金作为负极材料，使用非水电解质溶液的电池。锂金属电池具有较高的能量密度，因而可以为体积重量均较小的移动式电子装置提供电力能源。其中，由于锂具有较低的密度(0.54g/cm3)，因而可以以较低的质量储存较多的能量，从而达到较高的能量密度。
通常的，锂金属电池为能够重复进行充放电的二次电池。在电池充电 时，锂离子从正极脱嵌，并通过电解质的传输嵌入至负极，充电完成后，负极处于富锂态，而正极处于贫锂态。在锂金属电池放电时，锂离子的运动路线与充电时相反。为了保持电荷平衡，当锂离子在电池的正负极之间通过电解质移动时，和锂离子具有相同数量电荷的电子在电池外部的电路进行传递，从而为外部电路提供电能。
图1是本发明实施例一提供的一种锂金属电池的结构示意图。图2是本发明实施例一提供的锂金属电池的截面示意图。如图1和图2所示，本实施例提供的锂金属电池，包括硬质的壳体1、位于硬质的壳体1内的硬质的支撑柱2和卷绕在壳体1和支撑柱2之间的电池卷芯3，壳体1为一端具有开口11的圆柱体，电池卷芯3中包括正极31、含有锂的负极32和位于负极和正极之间的电解质(图中未示出)，壳体1和支撑柱2共同形成了用于约束电池卷芯3的空间。
具体的，锂金属电池中的电池卷芯3包括有正极31和负极32，正极31和负极32一般均为极片形式，且正极31和负极32一般依序叠放，并卷绕形成圆卷状的电池卷芯3，而电解质填充在卷状的电池卷芯3内，以使正极31和负极32之间形成导通的回路，并参与正极31或负极32的反应，保证锂金属电池的正常工作。此外，在正极31和负极32之间一般还设置有隔离膜等结构，以避免正极31和负极32之间直接接触。
在实现电池卷芯3的卷绕时，正极31的极片和负极32的极片在卷绕时，可以先叠放，再卷绕成电池卷芯3，也可以是以一边叠放，一边卷绕的形式制成电池卷芯。目前，通常采取的卷绕工艺是将正极31的极片、负极32的极片、隔离膜、保护胶带、终止胶带等物料固定在设备上，设备通过放卷完成电池卷芯3的制作。
其中，电池卷芯3的负极32含有锂元素，具体的，负极32中可以包含有锂金属，也可以包含有锂的化合物。在锂金属电池进行充电或放电时，锂离子会周而复始的在电池的正极31和负极32之间来回移动，并与正极31或者负极32材料发生化学反应并转移电荷，从而实现化学能和电能之间的转换。而由于负极32通过锂元素作为能量载体，所以负极32具有较高的反应活性，并能够实现较高的能量密度。一般的，锂金属电池的能量密度大于或等于350W·h/kg。
当锂金属电池在充电过程中，具有活性的锂离子会在电池的负极32表面发生不均匀沉积现象。由于负极的嵌锂电势与金属锂的电势非常接近，因此在例如大倍率和低温充电等情况下，负极32的电势可能会成为负电势，从而导致金属锂在负极32表面析出。锂不断沉积到负极32上，会导致锂金属电池的容量降低，严重影响电池性能，并由于负极32上锂不断增多，从而使得锂金属电池发生膨胀和爆炸的风险。因此，需要通过外力在电池卷芯3的外侧施加压迫作用力，以通过对电池卷芯3的限制和挤压，避免锂金属电池发生膨胀，影响电池性能并保证电池的安全使用。
为了避免电池卷芯3发生膨胀，锂金属电池还包括有能够对电池卷芯3限制在一定空间内，并限制电池卷芯3向外膨胀的支撑和固定结构。具体的，该支撑和固定结构具体包括有硬质的壳体1和硬质的支撑柱2。硬质的壳体1为空心圆柱形状，且一端具有开口11，这样电池卷芯3在卷绕成圆卷后，可以从开口进入，并被容置在壳体1的圆柱形内腔之中，这样电池卷芯3的外侧会受到壳体1内壁的紧密包裹，当电池卷芯3因锂沉积在负极32而产生向外膨胀的趋势时，壳体1的内壁可以对电池卷芯3形成束缚，从而对电池卷芯3向内挤压，让电池卷芯3在向内的挤压力作用下被约束在壳体1的内腔之中。而壳体1的开口11可以让电池卷芯3的正极极耳和负极极耳伸出，以实现电池卷芯3与外部的导通。
由于壳体1以及壳体1的内腔均为圆柱形，所以被容置在壳体1内部的电池卷芯3也呈圆柱状摆放和排布。而电池卷芯3在卷绕完成后也会形成类似于圆柱形的形状，因而电池卷芯3卷绕完成后，可以顺利放入圆柱形的壳体1内部，且电池卷芯3的表面可以与壳体1的内壁之间紧密贴合，让壳体1紧密的包裹并束缚在电池卷芯3外侧。同时，由于壳体1为圆柱形，和现有技术中采用方形壳体或者是两个平面铝板夹设电池卷芯的方式相比较，在容积相同时，圆柱形的壳体1会具有更小的表面积，因而壳体1所需的材料较少。而且圆柱形壳体的承压性能在承受压力时，由于圆形可以将压力向其它部位扩散，所以圆柱形壳体的承压能力也要比相同条件下的平面铝板或者方形壳体更强。这样在用于约束相同体积的电池卷芯，且所需的束缚力一定时，圆柱形壳体的壳体壁厚也会比方形壳体的壁厚更薄。
这样，和常规的采用平面铝板夹设电池或者方形壳体来约束电池卷芯的方式相比，圆柱形的壳体无论是表面积还是壳体壁厚均较小，在壳体1采用相同材料时，圆柱形的壳体的质量也会较小，所以圆柱形的壳体在整个锂金属电池中会具有更小的质量占比，从而可保证锂金属电池具有更高的能量密度。
而由于电池卷芯3在充放电过程中会因锂在电池的负极32沉积而产生膨胀现象，为了避免电池卷芯3在自身膨胀和壳体1向内挤压力的共同作用下向内挤压而产生塌陷，压坏电池卷芯3的内侧部分，在壳体1中还设置有硬质的支撑柱2。支撑柱2的长度方向一般和壳体1的长度方向相同或者接近，从而在壳体1内部形成了用于容置电池卷芯3的环状空腔。支撑柱2可以支撑住电池卷芯3的内侧部分，避免电池卷芯3内侧因电池卷芯3膨胀而造成变形甚至塌陷等现象。具体的，电池卷芯3在卷绕时，可以以支撑柱2为轴心缠绕于其上，由于支撑柱2为硬质材料制成，所以能够可靠的在电池卷芯3内侧形成支撑，当电池卷芯3因自身膨胀而产生的内应力作用下向内挤压形变时，硬质的支撑柱2即可阻止电池卷芯3产生变形和塌陷，保证锂金属电池的正常使用。
这样，锂金属电池通过设置圆柱形的壳体1与位于壳体1内部的支撑柱2，能够利用壳体1的内壁与支撑柱2分别对电池卷芯3的内外两侧进行挤压和约束，一方面这样可以限制电池卷芯3的空间，使电池卷芯3无法向外膨胀，产生危险；另一方面，电池卷芯3的内外两侧都被压在在壳体1内壁和支撑柱2之间，这样在电池卷芯3因为锂在负极32的沉积而具有膨胀的趋势时，壳体1和支撑柱2能够通过对电池卷芯3两侧的挤压而迫使电池卷芯3内部各极片之间贴合的更为紧密，从而改善锂金属电池的极片界面，提高锂金属电池的使用性能。
其中，为了便于实现电池卷芯3的卷绕，一般支撑柱2和壳体1为分离式可拆卸设计。在制作锂金属电池时，一般先将电池卷芯3绕设在支撑柱2的外侧，待电池卷芯3缠绕完成后，再将电池卷芯3和支撑柱2一同放入壳体1内部进行后续的装配。
作为一种可选的实施方式，支撑柱2可以为实心柱。由于电池卷芯3在因锂的沉积而造成膨胀时，电池卷芯3对外界会形成较大的挤压力。为 了避免支撑柱2在较大的挤压力作用下产生形变甚至破损，支撑柱2一般为结构较为稳固、承力性能较好的实心柱体结构。由于实心的柱体具有较大的横截面积，因而支撑柱2制成实心柱后，其抗侧向的剪切力和挤压力的效果也较好，能够有效避免支撑柱2在电池卷芯3的压迫下产生弯曲或断裂。
可选的，为了保证对锂金属电池的电池卷芯3的内外两侧均实现压紧和约束，电池卷芯3沿支撑柱2的周向紧密卷绕在支撑柱2的外侧，且电池卷芯3的最外侧部位和壳体1的内壁紧密贴合。这样电池卷芯3的靠近内侧的部分均紧密的绕设在支撑柱2的外缘，并能够得到支撑柱2的良好支撑，而电池卷芯3的最外侧部位也会被壳体1的内壁所压紧。当锂金属电池在充放电过程中产生锂沉积现象时，壳体1和支撑柱2会分别从电池卷芯3的内外两侧将电池卷芯3夹住，并向电池卷芯3施加抵抗膨胀变形的挤压作用力，避免电池卷芯3因锂沉积而发生膨胀变形。此外，由于电池卷芯3内部的各极片会在外部的挤压力作用下相互靠紧，所以极片之间的间距更小，电池卷芯3的极片界面能够得到有效改善。
为了使支撑柱2对电池卷芯3的内侧实现有效的支撑，支撑柱2和壳体1之间通常可以为同轴设置。具体的，由于壳体1为圆柱形，所以支撑柱2可以和壳体1同向设置，且支撑柱2位于壳体1的圆柱轴心位置，即支撑柱2与壳体1内壁周向上各个方向之间的距离均相等。这样，电池卷芯3逐层卷绕在支撑柱2外侧后，由于电池卷芯3相对于支撑柱2周向上各个方向的厚度均大致相等，所以电池卷芯3所形成的圆柱形状会刚好和壳体1的内腔形状相匹配，从而可以顺利的设置在壳体1内部，且电池卷芯3的外侧可以与壳体1的内壁紧密抵接并贴合在一起。且支撑柱2位于壳体1的轴心位置时，支撑柱2周围各个方向上的电池卷芯3厚度均相等或者接近一致，因而支撑柱2在各个方向上均能够为电池卷芯3提供良好的支撑效果。
此外，由于电池卷芯3在卷绕时，是将层状的极片进行层叠和卷绕而制成，而极片在沿壳体1轴向方向上的尺寸一般和壳体1的内腔尺寸接近，所以为了使电池卷芯3在沿壳体1轴向方向上的各个部位均能够得到压紧和支撑，需要让支撑柱2的长度与电池卷芯3在该方向上的长度接近，以 避免电池卷芯3的长度越过支撑柱2的端部，而在挤压作用下产生弯折、破损等情况。为了让电池卷芯3的沿壳体1轴向的各个部位均能够得到支撑柱2的支撑，进一步保证支撑柱2对于电池卷芯3的支撑效果，支撑柱2的长度可以和壳体1的内腔的长度相匹配。
具体的，支撑柱2可以和壳体1的内腔等长，或者是略短于壳体1内腔的长度。由于电池卷芯3均位于壳体1的内腔中，所以支撑柱2的长度与壳体1内腔的长度相匹配时，可以保证无论电池卷芯3的在壳体1长度方向上的尺寸如何，支撑柱2均能够支撑在电池卷芯3的内侧，避免电池卷芯3因支撑不到位而在外部压迫或者内应力作用下产生形变，甚至是塌陷和破损现象。
由于电池卷芯3沿着支撑柱2的周向环绕支撑柱2实现卷绕，且锂金属电池在充放电过程中，由于锂的沉积会产生膨胀的趋势，为了避免在膨胀的内应力作用下向支撑柱2挤压时，电池卷芯3被划伤或挤破，支撑柱2表面应避免具有尖锐的棱角或者其它凸出结构。具体的，支撑柱2的横截面可以为圆形或者椭圆形。其中，支撑柱2的横截面一般为垂直于支撑柱2轴向的截面。当支撑柱2的横截面为圆形或者椭圆形时，由于支撑柱2侧的侧壁表面均为平滑的弧面，因而电池卷芯3和支撑柱2相对挤压时，支撑柱2表面不会产生过大的压强，从而可以较好的避免电池卷芯3出现破裂，防止锂金属电池产生破损、漏液等情况，安全性较好。
此外，当支撑柱2的横截面为圆形或者椭圆形时，支撑柱2与壳体1内壁在沿周向的各个方向上的间距均接近或相等，也能够保证电池卷芯3的两侧分别和支撑柱2以及壳体1内壁紧密的贴合，改善电池卷芯3的极片界面。
为了使支撑柱2提供足够的支撑能力，避免支撑柱2因电池卷芯3的内应力而产生形变甚至断裂，支撑柱2一般由具有足够硬度的材料构成。例如，支撑柱2通常可以为钢柱、铝合金柱或者硬质塑料柱等。由于电池卷芯3一般会通过铝塑膜等与外界之间隔离密封，所以电池卷芯3和支撑柱2或者壳体1之间一般也为绝缘状态。此时，即可选用各类合金钢或者铝合金等硬度较大、力学性能较好的金属材料做成支撑柱，以保证支撑柱2在电池卷芯3的内应力作用下仍能够形成较好的支撑。此外，支撑柱2 也可以采用具有较高硬度，不易发生变形的硬质塑料制成，例如丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene，简称ABS)或者聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl chloride，简称PVC)等。此外，形成支撑柱2的材料也可以为其它具有足够硬度和力学性能的合金、硬质塑料或者其它本领域技术人员所熟知的常用结构材料，此处不再赘述。
由于壳体1需要承受电池卷芯3中锂在负极32上沉积时所产生的变形膨胀，所以壳体1也需要利用具有一定力学性能的硬质材料制成。具体的，壳体1可以为钢制壳体或者铝合金壳体。例如，壳体1可以由硬度和韧性均较好的合金钢制成，这样壳体1具有较强的抵御形变的能力，可以在锂金属电池发生变形膨胀时，抑制电池的膨胀趋势。同时壳体1具有较好的韧性，以提高壳体1的易用性和寿命，避免在锂金属电池发生磕碰或者掉落时，因壳体1较脆而产生损坏或碎裂现象。
由于壳体1在锂金属电池中占用的体积和空间较大，为了减少壳体1的质量，提高电池的能量密度，壳体1一般可以由密度较小的铝合金制成。这样在保证壳体1能够抵御电池膨胀的同时，还能够让壳体1具有尽量小的质量，以进一步提高锂金属电池的整体能量密度。
而作为锂金属电池的一种可选的结构实施方式，锂金属电池还可以包括电池盖4，电池盖4盖设在壳体1的开口11上。这样锂金属电池的壳体1和电池盖4可以一同构成一个密闭的空间，并将电池卷芯3封闭在该空间内。此时电池卷芯3能够与外界环境隔绝，有效避免了电池卷芯3因外界杂质或水汽而产生电池卷芯3内部受潮、短路或者锂金属电池容量降低等现象，提高了锂金属电池的环境适应性。
一般的，锂金属电池的电池盖4可以由塑料制成，也可以由金属材料制成。当锂金属电池的电池盖4由金属材料制成时，电池盖4的边缘或者壳体的开口边缘可以设置卷边，以使电池盖4和壳体1之间形成较为紧密的连接，密封性能较好。
为了使锂金属电池能够和外界保持电接触导通，电池盖4上一般设置有用于使电池卷芯3的正极极耳以及负极极耳伸出的开孔或者通槽。此外，电池盖4上也可以设置可以实现电传导的结构，并通过电传导让电池卷芯3的正极31以及负极32和外界导通。
此外，需要说明的是，本实施例中，为了以锂元素作为电池负极，实现较高的能量密度，锂金属电池的负极32通常可以包括锂金属或者锂的化合物。和一般负极为石墨的锂金属电池相比，负极以锂元素为主作为活性物质的锂金属电池，由于锂元素能够较多的直接参与反应，所以能够实现较高的能量密度。具体的，锂金属电池的负极32可以以涂覆等形式设置锂金属，并通过锂金属直接提供用于参与电池内部反应的锂离子，也可以通过钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)等含有锂的化合物实现锂离子的交换，使电池能够正常实现充电或者放电反应。
而作为其中一种可选的实施方式，锂金属电池的负极32可以为表面涂覆有锂金属的铜箔。铜箔具有良好的导电性，因而能够作为负极32的主体结构，保证电子可以进行良好的传递。而锂金属可以直接以涂覆的方式覆盖在铜箔的表面，从而用于进行锂金属电池的内部反应，提供能量的存储。相比于石墨制成的负极，含有锂金属的负极，其重量能量密度以及体积能量密度可提高一倍左右。
与负极相对应，锂金属电池的正极31也可以由含有锂的化合物制成，例如，锂金属的正极31可以为钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、镍钴锰酸锂(LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2)或锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)中的一种。此外，形成锂金属电池的正极31的材料也可以为其它具有足够能量密度的常用电极材料，此处不再赘述。
此外，为了在正极31和负极32之间输送锂离子，电池卷芯3中的电解质可以为液态电解质，也可以为固态电解质。可选的，为了提供足够高的能量密度，同时避免锂金属电池的电池卷芯3发生电解质泄漏等现象，电池卷芯3中的电解质一般可以为固态电解质。固态电解质具有较高的离子电导率，因而和一般液态电解质相比，其具有较高的能量密度，满足电池的功能要求；同时，和液态电解质相比，固态电解质也具有一定的机械强度，因而在很大程度上可提高锂金属电池的安全性，减少电池卷芯发生破损的几率。此外，固态电解质也具有较长的循环寿命，能够提高电池的稳定性。
具体的，锂金属电池中常用的固态电解质主要可以包括有聚合物固态电解质或者是无机固态电解质，例如氧化物电解质，或者硫化物电解质等。 或者，也可以使用其它本领域技术人员所熟知的电解质材料。
本实施例中，锂金属电池包括硬质的壳体、位于硬质的壳体内的硬质的支撑柱和卷绕在壳体和支撑柱之间的电池卷芯，壳体为一端具有开口的圆柱体，电池卷芯包括正极、含有锂的负极和位于负极和正极之间的电解质，壳体和支撑柱共同形成用于约束电池卷芯的空间。这样能够利用圆柱形壳体的内壁与支撑柱分别对电池卷芯的内外两侧进行挤压和约束，从而限制电池卷芯的空间，避免电池卷芯向外膨胀，且壳体和支撑柱质量较小，能够使电池具有更高的能量密度。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的范围。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种锂金属电池，其特征在于，包括硬质的壳体、位于所述硬质的壳体内的硬质的支撑柱和卷绕在所述壳体和所述支撑柱之间的电池卷芯，所述壳体为一端具有开口的圆柱体，所述电池卷芯包括正极、含有锂的负极和位于所述负极和所述正极之间的电解质，所述壳体和所述支撑柱共同形成用于约束所述电池卷芯的空间。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述支撑柱为实心柱。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述电池卷芯沿周向紧密卷绕在所述支撑柱外侧，且所述电池卷芯的最外侧部位和所述壳体的内壁紧密贴合。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述支撑柱和所述壳体同轴设置。
  5. 根据权利要求3或4所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述支撑柱的长度和所述壳体的内腔的长度相匹配。
  6. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述支撑柱的横截面为圆形或者椭圆形。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述支撑柱为钢柱、铝合金柱或者硬质塑料柱。
  8. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述壳体为钢制壳体或者铝合金壳体。
  9. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，还包括电池盖，所述电池盖盖设在所述壳体的开口上。
  10. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述负极包括锂金属或者锂的化合物。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述负极为表面涂覆有锂金属的铜箔。
  12. 根据权利要求10所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述正极为钴酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂或锰酸锂中的一种。
  13. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述电解 质为固态电解质。
  14. 根据权利要求1或2所述的锂金属电池，其特征在于，所述锂金属电池的能量密度大于或等于350W·h/kg。
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