WO2018235823A1 - X線装置、x線検査方法、及びデータ処理装置 - Google Patents
X線装置、x線検査方法、及びデータ処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an X-ray apparatus, an X-ray inspection method, and a data processing apparatus for scanning an object with X-rays to collect X-ray transmission data, and inspecting the object based on the collected data.
- the present invention relates to an X-ray apparatus, an X-ray inspection method, and a data processing apparatus focusing on differences in X-ray transmission characteristics in each of a plurality of energy ranges (energy BIN) set on a spectrum of line energy.
- the type and / or shape of the content is inspected without opening a bag or mail at an airport, public facilities or the like.
- a foreign object for example, a metal piece
- a known object for example, food such as bread
- an inspection request for finding and specifying the presence of the foreign object and its type is also is there. That is, the need to identify the type of object (substance) and / or the shape itself by X-ray is also potentially high.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2010-091483: "Foreign material detection method and apparatus"
- This patent is based on a so-called dual energy method (or subtraction method).
- This inspection method utilizes the fact that, when X-rays of two types of energy (ie, two types of X-rays having different wavelengths) pass through a substance, there is a difference in the X-ray transmission information.
- the following processing is basic. First, two types of X-ray images of low energy and high energy are simultaneously created, and their images are mutually subtracted. Further, the component image of the foreign object is extracted from the difference image, and the component image is subjected to threshold processing to detect the foreign object.
- Patent Document 1 in addition to the above-described basic processing, it is aimed to perform highly sensitive foreign matter detection by automatically setting an optimum parameter in difference calculation. Furthermore, Patent Document 1 suggests that a detector capable of detecting the incidence of X-ray photons (photons) with their energy discriminated can also be used. That is, as means for simultaneously obtaining two types of X-rays of low energy and high energy, utilization of a conventionally known photon counting type (photon counting type) X-ray irradiation / detection system is also suggested.
- photon counting type photon counting type
- Non-Patent Document 1 a detection method described in Non-Patent Document 1 is also known as an inspection method by the dual energy method. According to this Non-Patent Document 1, even if the inspection objects overlap on the belt under the basic configuration of the dual energy method described above, the overlap and the foreign matter are not confused, A system capable of detecting foreign matter with higher sensitivity is provided.
- the detection sensitivity of the object or the foreign matter mixed therein is considered to be improved to some extent.
- “To a certain extent” means to improve the detection sensitivity when the imaging conditions and / or the image processing conditions are narrowed down to specific conditions. For this reason, since it becomes implementation under such conditions, the imaging object or imaging condition which can apply this method is limited, and the condition which can detect a foreign material is narrow.
- X-rays penetrate hard tissues such as teeth and jaws.
- the X-ray is subjected to beam hardening (linear hardening phenomenon), and the detected X-ray spectrum is relatively shifted to the high energy side. That is, since beam hardening reduces the X-ray dose (X-ray photon number) on the low energy side, it is more strongly affected by noise.
- the effective (average) energy of each X-ray energy range differs depending on the thickness of the object due to the effect of beam hardening.
- the variation due to the thickness becomes remarkable, and the quantitativity of the reconstructed image becomes lower.
- the present invention reduces the effect of beam hardening on X-ray attenuation in X-ray inspection, suppresses the increase of noise in the image, and maintains the contrast well, and the thickness of the object in the X-ray path direction.
- the purpose is to ensure the quantitativeness of the
- an X-ray apparatus for inspecting an object based on the transmission amount of the X-ray when beam-like X-rays pass through the object.
- the X-ray apparatus comprises: X-ray generating means for generating the X-ray; and X-ray generating means for each of n preset (n is a positive integer of 2 or more) energy ranges of the X-ray.
- X-ray detection means for detecting the amount of transmission of the X-ray generated by the X-ray transmitted through the object, and outputting a detection signal according to the transmission amount, and the detection signal output from the detector.
- Information acquiring means for acquiring information of thickness t of the object and average linear attenuation coefficient ⁇ along a direction in which the X-ray flux passes for each energy range, and the information acquired by the information acquiring means
- Pixel data calculating means for calculating pixel data having a pixel value obtained by multiplying the addition information of the average linear attenuation coefficients ⁇ for each of the energy ranges with the thickness t based on It features.
- the X-ray apparatus is, for example, an in-line X-ray foreign object detection apparatus, a substance that identifies (estimates and evaluates) the type and property of (the composition forming) an object using X-rays. It refers to an identification device, a medical device that performs mammography using X-rays, and a dental X-ray diagnostic device that diagnoses the condition of dentition and gums by X-rays.
- the "object” is an object of X-ray examination or a foreign object present in the object.
- the "object” is a part of a human body or an animal such as a breast, an oral cavity, a limb or the like.
- the “energy range” of X-rays refers to an energy range set in part of a continuous spectrum of energy of X-rays (so-called polychromatic X-rays). In the present invention, this energy range is preset to n (n is a positive integer of 2 or more).
- the energy range is also called energy BIN.
- the above-described information acquisition and image data calculation may be performed for each X-ray energy range (BIN) and for each pixel or for each pixel area including two or more pixels. Also, this characteristic acquisition and correction data calculation can be similarly performed on a detection signal of a detector (or sensor) with one pixel or a detection signal of an X-ray spectrometer.
- the pixel data computing means is pixel data in which the pixel value is the product of the addition information between the average linear attenuation coefficients ⁇ in each energy range and the thickness t along the X-ray path of the object.
- this pixel value is a multiplication value with the thickness t
- quantitative property with respect to the thickness t is exhibited. This reduces the effect of beam hardening on X-ray attenuation in X-ray inspection, suppresses the increase in image noise, and keeps the contrast suitable, so the thickness of the object in the X-ray path direction is reduced. It is also possible to ensure quantitativeness.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram for explaining a schematic configuration of an embodiment of an X-ray apparatus according to the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a view for explaining an obliquely disposed detector in the X-ray apparatus according to the embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a state in which a plurality of energy BINs are set in the spectrum of the incidence frequency of photons of X-rays
- Figure 4 is a block diagram that outlines the corrections to the effects of beam hardening etc. performed by the data processor
- FIG. 5 is a view for explaining the relationship between the incident amount (count) of X-ray photons and the transmission amount (count: counted value) for each X-ray energy BIN;
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram for explaining a schematic configuration of an embodiment of an X-ray apparatus according to the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a view for explaining an obliquely disposed detector in the X-ray apparatus according to the embodiment
- FIG. 3 is
- FIG. 6 is a simulation graph illustrating, for aluminum, the relationship between the thickness t and the X-ray attenuation amount ⁇ t, which indicates the influence of beam hardening and the like for each X-ray energy BIN;
- FIG. 7 is a graph for explaining creation of correction data for correcting the influence of beam hardening and the like;
- FIG. 8 is a phantom (a calibration phantom) formed in a step-like manner with a plurality of known thicknesses and formed of a known material or a material simulating the same for acquiring correction data in advance. A perspective view showing an example;
- FIG. 1 A perspective view showing an example
- FIG. 9 is a phantom (calibration phantom) formed in a step-like manner with a plurality of known thicknesses and formed of a known material or a material simulating the same for acquiring correction data in advance.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart (including the description of the first modification) illustrating an outline of processing from acquisition of correction data to correction of measurement data and use thereof.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating the concept of a three-dimensional scatter diagram;
- FIG. 12 is a schematic view illustrating the concept of an absorption vector length image;
- FIG. 13 is a schematic view illustrating the concept of an average absorption value image;
- FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing processing relating to image display;
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating the concept of a three-dimensional scatter diagram;
- FIG. 12 is a schematic view illustrating the concept of an absorption vector length image;
- FIG. 13 is a schematic view illustrating the concept of an average absorption value image;
- FIG. 15 is a schematic view illustrating image display on a display
- FIG. 16 is a graph of an X-ray energy spectrum for explaining the second modified example
- FIG. 17 is a partial flowchart illustrating part of processes executed by a processor according to a second modification
- FIG. 18 is a graph of an X-ray energy spectrum explaining the third modified example
- FIG. 19 is a graph for explaining generation of correction data for correcting the influence of beam hardening and the like, for explaining the fourth modification
- FIG. 20 is a partial flowchart illustrating some processes executed by the processor in the fourth modification
- FIG. 21 is a graph of an X-ray energy spectrum for describing designation of operation points for explaining the fifth modification
- FIG. 22 is a partial flow chart for explaining part of processing executed by the processor in the fifth modification.
- FIGS. 1-15 A first embodiment of the X-ray apparatus (and data processing apparatus) will be described with reference to FIGS. 1-15.
- FIG. 1 shows an outline of an X-ray apparatus according to the first embodiment.
- This X-ray apparatus is implemented as an apparatus for performing X-ray foreign matter inspection and X-ray mammography. These devices are intended to acquire an image such as a tomogram or a projection image of an object to be inspected, and in particular, a foreign substance (that is, foreign matter that may be adhered to or mixed with the object (for example, food)) Substances other than the target material: For example, it is also intended to identify (estimate, specify) the presence or absence of metal pieces such as aluminum, insects such as cockroaches, and / or the types and properties of the foreign matter. An apparatus for inspecting the presence or absence of foreign matter is known as an X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus. In the X-ray apparatus according to the present embodiment, when it is found that a foreign object is present in addition to the presence or absence of the foreign object, an inspection for identifying the type or property (state) of the foreign object, so-called substance identification Is also applicable
- FIG. 1 shows an X-ray apparatus 10 having the basic configuration of the various substance identification apparatuses described above (including an X-ray mammography apparatus for grasping breast lesions from the aspect of substance identification).
- the X-ray apparatus 10 is opposed to an X-ray generator 23 having an X-ray tube 21 that generates an X-ray having a continuous spectrum, as shown in FIG. And a photon counting detector 24 for counting the number of photons of X-rays.
- an X-ray apparatus using an X-ray generator that generates X-rays of continuous spectrum and a photon counting type (photon counting) detector will be described, but an X-ray apparatus that can be implemented in the present invention is It is not limited to this configuration.
- an X-ray generator and a detector that perform so-called dual energy X-ray irradiation and X-ray detection may be used.
- the detector may be a type of detector which integrates incident X-ray photons for a predetermined time and outputs the integrated signal.
- the X-ray tube 21 is supplied with a driving high voltage for X-ray irradiation from an X-ray high voltage device (not shown).
- an object OB to be inspected or inspected is located in a space OS (object space) formed between the X-ray tube 21 and the detector 24, an object OB to be inspected (or inspected) is located.
- the X-ray tube 21 and detector 24 pair and the object OB are moved relative to one another.
- the object OB is the object itself to be inspected.
- the object OB is, for example, a breast of a human body and mammography is performed.
- the X-ray examination apparatus may be a dental pararama X-ray apparatus, in which case the object OB is a human or an oral cavity of an animal.
- the object OB is placed on the transport belt 48 and passes through the object space S (see FIG. 2).
- the object OB may be fixed, and the pair of the X-ray tube 21 and the detector 24 may be moved around it.
- the focal diameter of the tube focus F of the X-ray tube 21 is, for example, 0.5 mm ⁇ .
- this tube focus F can be regarded as an almost point-like X-ray source.
- the X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube 21 are shaped like a cone beam (or fan beam) through the collimator 22.
- FIG. 1 shows a cone beam X-ray XB having a cone angle ⁇ and a fan angle ⁇ .
- orthogonal coordinates of XYZ axes are set in which the object OB moves in the object space OS, that is, the scan direction is the Z-axis direction.
- the X-ray XB spreads like a cone beam in the Y-axis direction which is the height direction, and is irradiated.
- the cone beam X-ray beam XB attenuates and transmits through the inside of the object OB, and the transmitted X-ray enters the detector 24.
- a pair of an X-ray generator provided with an X-ray tube 21 and a detector 24 rotate around a predetermined angle range around a human breast compressed by a compression plate.
- the X-ray tube 21 emits X-rays of continuous spectrum, but when the integration detector is used, the X-ray tube has dual energy. It is configured to irradiate spectrum X-rays. In this case, two X-ray tubes having different energy ranges may be provided, or the continuous spectrum of one X-ray tube may be separated into two energy range X-ray spectra using a filter or the like (for example, , Non-Patent Document 1 mentioned above).
- the detector 24 has, for example, a plurality of two-dimensional modules M (for example, having a plurality of pixels P of 0.2 mm ⁇ 0.2 mm in size by 80 ⁇ 20). Each piece (for example, 29 pieces) has a vertically long shape arranged in a column.
- an X-ray incident window MD (for example, 20 ⁇ 2348 pixels in terms of the number of pixels) of about 47 cm in the vertical direction and 0.4 cm in the horizontal direction is formed as the detection layer 24A.
- the plurality of modules M themselves are arranged in a line, but are configured as a two-dimensional elongated direct conversion detector 24 having a plurality of pixels P also in the lateral direction in terms of pixel arrangement.
- the influence of physical phenomena such as beam hardening of the measurement value is corrected. This correction can be performed also for each pixel P, but it is also possible to virtually set a plurality of pixels P as one region. An area in which the plurality of pixels are virtually set as one area is shown as a pixel area PA in FIG.
- the detector 24 is skewed so that the major axis direction is skewed by a predetermined angle (for example, about 14 degrees) in the scanning direction of the object OB (or the direction orthogonal to the scanning direction) below the transport belt 48 Is located in
- the detection layer 24A of each module M is a so-called direct conversion type X-ray detection element formed from a semiconductor material such as CdTe or CZT, which directly converts an X-ray into an electric signal.
- the charge electrode and the collection electrode are actually attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the detection layer 24A. A high bias voltage is applied between the two electrodes.
- this detector 24 considers photons as a set of photons having various energies, and can count the number of photons according to the energy BIN (energy range) of the X-rays (photon counting type ( It is configured as a detector of photon counting type).
- the energy BIN for example, as shown in FIG. 3, three energies BIN: Bin 1 to Bin 3 (corresponding to a low energy range, a medium energy range, and a high energy range) are set.
- the number of energy BIN: Bin may be two or more.
- the region below the lower threshold TH1 of the energy [keV] and the region above the upper threshold TH4 are regions that can not be measured or are not used. For this reason, the energy range between the threshold values TH1 to TH4 is divided into a plurality of energy BINs. For example, threshold values TH2 and TH3 are set as shown in FIG. 3, and three energy BINs are formed.
- a layered data acquisition circuit 25 is formed as an ASIC layer on the lower surface side of the detection layer 24A. Therefore, the X-ray intensity is detected by the data acquisition circuit 25 as the count value (cumulative value) of the digital quantity of the number of photons every fixed time for each pixel P and for each energy area BIN.
- the detector 24 and the data acquisition circuit 25 constitute a detection unit 26.
- an electrical pulse signal having a peak value corresponding to the energy value is generated in the pixel P.
- the peak value of the electrical pulse signal that is, the energy value is classified into the energy region BIN to which the value belongs, and the count value is incremented by one.
- the count value is collected by the data acquisition circuit 25 for each pixel P and for each energy region BIN as an accumulated value (digital value) for each fixed time.
- this data acquisition circuit 25 By setting the sampling frequency in this data acquisition circuit 25 to a high value, for example, as a digital quantity count value from each of 20 ⁇ 2348 pixels at a frame rate of 6600 fps, it is collected for each energy region BIN. .
- the detector 24 does not necessarily have to be the above-described direct conversion detector, and a micro column scintillator having a diameter of about several tens of ⁇ m, such as a CeLaCl 3 detector, is configured with SiPM (also called MPPC). It may be a photon counting detector.
- the count value of the digital amount for each pixel and for each energy area BIN repeatedly output from the data acquisition circuit 25 of the detection unit 26 every fixed frame as frame data is transmitted to the data processor 12 in the latter stage via the communication line LN. Sent.
- the data processing device 12 may be provided as a device or inspection system integral with the X-ray device 10. Further, when the data processing device 12 is communicably connected to the X-ray device 10 via the communication line LN as in the present embodiment, the data processing device 12 may always be connected online, or may be necessary. It may be possible to communicate only at certain times. Furthermore, the data processing device 12 may be provided in a stand-alone manner.
- the data processing apparatus 12 is configured by a computer CP as an example.
- the computer CP itself may be a computer having a known computing function, and includes an interface (I / O) 31 connected to the detection unit 26 via a communication line LN.
- the interface 31 includes a buffer memory 32, a read-only memory (ROM) 33, a random access memory (RAM) 34, a processor 35 having a central processing unit (CPU), and an image memory 36 via an internal bus B.
- the input unit 37 and the display unit 38 are communicably connected to each other, for example, via signal lines.
- the ROM 33 stores various programs for computer-readable measurement value correction and substance identification in advance. For this reason, the ROM 33 includes a program storage area (which functions as a non-transitory computer readable recording medium) 33A in which those programs are stored in advance. Furthermore, the ROM 33 also includes first and second data storage areas 33B and 33C (first and second storage means) for storing data for measurement value correction as calibration, which will be described later.
- a program storage area which functions as a non-transitory computer readable recording medium
- first and second data storage areas 33B and 33C first and second storage means
- the processor 35 reads a necessary program from its program storage area 33A of the ROM 33 into its own work area and executes it.
- the processor 35 is a CPU for image processing.
- the buffer memory 32 is used to temporarily store frame data sent from the detection unit 26.
- the RAM 34 is used to temporarily store data necessary for the operation when the processor 35 operates.
- the image memory 36 is used to store various image data and information processed by the processor 35.
- the input unit 37 and the display unit 38 function as a man-machine interface with the user, and the input unit 37 receives input information from the user.
- the display 38 can display an image or the like under the control of the data processor 35.
- continuous spectrum X-rays are obtained by accelerating electrons at a high voltage and applying them to a target material such as tungsten or molybdenum under vacuum. That is, compared to the case of obtaining monochromatic X-rays, it can be mounted relatively easily and can be configured at an overwhelmingly low cost in terms of cost. However, imaging using polychromatic X-rays having this continuous energy has been at the expense of quantification of image quality.
- beam hardening (line hardening phenomenon) is one of the factors that greatly affect the image quality.
- Beam hardening is a phenomenon in which, when continuous X-rays pass through a substance, lower energy is absorbed more, and as a result, the measured average (effective) energy shifts to the higher energy side. When this beam hardening occurs, artefacts may occur and pixel values of the reconstructed image may be inaccurate. Beam hardening depends to some extent on the thickness of the material (the thicker, the more the beam hardening).
- This beam hardening can be summarized as physically occurring as a result of the fact that the interaction between the molecule (atom) of the object and the X-ray photon is different due to the difference in the energy of the X-ray photon.
- the adverse effects due to those various physical phenomena can be collectively reduced at once.
- the correction of the measured value can also be made together with the error of the measured value derived from the difference between the circuit components and the circuit board.
- errors include variations in gain for each pixel, variations in offset, variations in linearity, variations in charge sharing, and the like. These variations may be a hindrance to performing highly accurate data processing (such as substance identification), but these are also improved.
- the present invention has found that even at each energy BIN, which has not been noticed so far, the influence of beam hardening etc. is influenced by the magnitude of X-ray energy, and a correction method has been developed to improve this problem. ⁇ It is provided.
- This correction method can be regarded as a kind of calibration if the physical phenomenon is inherent to the substance or device as an object, so that the correction data is also called calibration data.
- an X-ray foreign body inspection apparatus is mentioned as an example of the X-ray apparatus according to the present embodiment
- an object to be inspected for example, food such as green pepper
- the foreign matter to be inspected is also inspected in advance, for example, by narrowing it to metal (eg, one or more kinds of aluminum, glass, iron, etc.). Therefore, the measurement value correction method according to the present invention is implemented using the correction data by acquiring correction data of each known substance in advance.
- the X-ray apparatus according to the present invention provides a basic configuration for realizing the processing necessary for the correction. Therefore, the basic configuration of the X-ray apparatus of this embodiment can be summarized as follows.
- the data processing apparatus 12 centering on the processing of the processor 35 is software or hardware based on at least the detection signal output from the detector.
- the calculations of the information acquisition unit 51 and the pixel data calculation unit 52 described above may be performed for each X-ray energy BIN (or for each X-ray energy BIN and for each pixel P or for each pixel region). Also, those calculations may be performed on the detection signal of an X-ray detector or an X-ray sensor consisting of one pixel. Furthermore, those calculations may be performed on signals detected by an X-ray spectrometer (for example, EMF 123 X-ray spectrometer manufactured by EMF Japan Ltd.).
- the data processing device 12 generates an image data generation unit (image data generation means) 53 that generates image data having pixel data as pixel values as data of an average absorption value image, and an image And an image data storage and presentation unit (image data storage and presentation means) 54 for storing or presenting data.
- image data generation means image data generation means
- image data storage and presentation means image data storage and presentation means
- the characteristic of (computed) deviates from the straight line (target characteristic) passing through the origin on the coordinates, that is, a characteristic different from monochromatic X-rays (this is each X-ray), according to the thickness t of the X-ray transmission direction
- elements such as beam hardening in the energy BIN and the heel effect
- charge sharing of the pixel type semiconductor detector are also included. As shown in FIG.
- the linear attenuation amount ⁇ t is corrected by the multiplication factor.
- the linear characteristics exhibiting this inclination ⁇ io become target characteristics equivalent to monochromatic X-rays. This target characteristic is set, for example, for each X-ray energy BIN and for each pixel.
- the multiplication coefficient is data that functions as correction data, and is obtained using a calibration (correction) phantom that is a known material and has a plurality of known thicknesses.
- This phantom is made of the same material as the object or a material made of a material that is considered similar to the object in terms of effective atomic number.
- the effective atomic number is defined as “the average atomic number Zeff of the object when the object is composed of a plurality of substances (materials) (for example, Isotope News, 2014 8 Monthly issue No. 724, "New X-ray imaging method for visualizing effective atomic number Zeff".
- the same substance as the object refers to a substance composed of a material having the same composition (a similar material).
- a substance consisting of a material that is considered to be similar to the object in terms of effective atomic number means, for example, according to the findings of the present inventors, “the range of ⁇ 5 of the effective atomic number of the object Material having the effective atomic number of In particular, in actual imaging, when it is desired to more accurately determine the type and property of a substance (such as a foreign substance) present inside the object (for example, when it is desired to accurately determine the mammary gland content rate by mammography), such a phantom It has also been found that a substance composed of "a material having an effective atomic number within the range of ⁇ 2 of the effective atomic number of the object" is desirable as the substance for use. For example, assuming that the effective atomic number of the object is 7.2, the effective atomic number of the material used as a phantom is 7.2 ⁇ 5, preferably 7.2 ⁇ 2.
- the background of this numerical range will be described using an example of the beam hardening correction that is essential for substance identification performed in mammography, which the present inventors have performed.
- the breast is normally composed of fat and mammary gland, and the ratio of mammary gland and fat expresses the condition of the breast. Therefore, it is preferable if beam hardening correction can be made with the same composition as 50% mammary gland and 50% fat tissue, but it is actually difficult to obtain a phantom of such composition, and another general material is combined into a phantom I have no choice but to make
- the inventors of the present invention made a phantom equivalent to 50% mammary gland and 50% fat among the breast equivalent plate-like phantom XUR type manufactured by KYOTO KAGAKU Co., LTD.
- the count value of X-ray photons counted by is shown as a frequency.
- ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 are virtual mean linear attenuation coefficients at each energy BIN: Bin i (that is, linear attenuation coefficients to the effective energy of each energy BIN), and t is the X-ray transmission of the object The thickness of the pass in the direction.
- Bin i that is, linear attenuation coefficients to the effective energy of each energy BIN
- t the X-ray transmission of the object The thickness of the pass in the direction.
- the virtual average linear attenuation coefficient ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 ) of each energy BIN: Bin i does not depend on the thickness t.
- the lowest energy BIN Bin 1
- the intermediate energy BIN Bin 2
- the highest energy BIN Bin 3 in the order of attenuation value ⁇ i t
- straight lines are calculated values (theoretical values) of the attenuation value ⁇ i t when a monochromatic X-ray corresponding to an intermediate energy of each energy BIN: Bin i is irradiated.
- the characteristic indicating the attenuation value ⁇ i t deviates from the linear characteristic, and curves more greatly as it becomes BIN on the lower energy side. Both curves can be approximately approximated by a quadratic curve. This is obviously due to the influence of various factors mainly on beam hardening, and the degree of the influence is larger as the thickness t is larger.
- correction data is determined in advance so that a curve of the shifted attenuation value corresponds to a straight line passing through the coordinate origin (linear target characteristic) corresponding to the specific monochromatic X-ray irradiation at each energy BIN.
- the correction data is a multiplication coefficient that corrects such a curve to be a straight line passing through the coordinate origin.
- the correction data is acquired in advance before actual X-ray examination and X-ray imaging, and is stored and saved in the ROM 33, that is, storage means.
- the correction data is read from the ROM 33, and the count value collected as frame data by the scan is corrected for each pixel P or for each pixel area PA.
- FIG. 7 The vertical and horizontal axes in FIG. 7 are the same as those in FIGS. 6A to 6C, and these figures are representatively shown. Now, it is assumed that the material is formed of aluminum (Al).
- This straight line passes through the origin of the two-dimensional coordinates with a slope ⁇ io .
- This straight line is obtained by approximation calculation from a curved curve described later.
- a curved curve is a characteristic example when X-rays (multicolor X-rays) having a continuous spectrum are irradiated to a material formed of aluminum while changing the thickness t in the X-ray transmission direction.
- X-rays multicolor X-rays
- it curves not along a straight line under the influence of beam hardening etc. as described above.
- Characteristics of the attenuation value mu i t of multicolor X-ray irradiation, for example, the thickness t is obtained by using the phantom having a plurality of different parts to one another in known.
- ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t Attenuation value calculated by thickness t at each X-ray energy BIN i (where, ⁇ im is a virtual linear attenuation coefficient, t is the thickness of the object along the X-ray path) ), ⁇ io ⁇ t: linear attenuation coefficient ⁇ io (not a function of t) corresponding to monochromatic x-ray corresponding to thickness t at each X-ray energy BIN i
- C i (t) Multiplication correction coefficient for replacing the linear attenuation coefficient ⁇ io so as not to depend on thickness t,
- the correction data C i (t) minimizes, for example, the following equation (5) from the characteristics of the X-ray attenuation amount ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t with respect to the acquired one or more thickness t It can be calculated as a value.
- tmin and tmax are values set to be wider including the lower limit value and the upper limit value of the thickness of the object in the transmission direction of the X-ray flux assumed when the object is inspected is there.
- the above equation (5) may be modified as the following equation (5 ′), and the correction data C i (t) may be calculated as a value that minimizes the equation (5 ′).
- the correction data C i (t) calculated for each thickness t in this manner is stored in the first data storage area 33 B of the ROM 33. Further, approximate data indicating the above-mentioned function form (for example, a quadratic function) obtained in the middle of this calculation is also stored in the second data storage area 33C of the ROM 33. (phantom)
- the advance measurement of the attenuation value ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t shown in FIG. 7 is performed for each pixel using various phantoms, and as described above, the correction data C i (t) It is obtained for each pixel.
- the kind of substance is known (for example, the water phantom which imitated a green pepper, the aluminum phantom which imitated aluminum) is used.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows a green pepper phantom FM1 at the time of performing an X-ray foreign substance inspection to inspect mixing of a metal foreign substance such as aluminum into green pepper as a food.
- the phantom FM1 is a container in which water is contained in a container with high X-ray transparency since most of the components of green pepper are water, and the partial height, that is, the thickness in the X-ray transmission direction
- the thickness t is set so as to cover the material thickness of the green pepper to be actually subjected to the foreign substance inspection.
- a phantom imitating a foreign substance contained in an object such as food it is usually smaller than the object, so in the case of an aluminum phantom, for example, it has a plurality of known thicknesses of extremely thin steps. And, the minimum thickness and the maximum thickness may be small.
- FIG. 9 shows an example of the phantom FM2.
- This phantom FM2 is a phantom of a mixture of human body muscle and Adipose 70%, and has a configuration in which the thickness is changed in 4 mm steps as an example to 4 to 40 mm so as to include the thickness actually assumed at the examination. ing. (An example of the whole process)
- the processor 35 of the data processing apparatus 12 executes the process shown in FIG. 10 as an example.
- the processor 35 instructs the operator to place the phantom FM1 (FM2) of the desired substance at a predetermined position of the inspection position of the X-ray apparatus 10 (step S1), and when this arrangement is completed, the X-ray apparatus 10 is operated.
- X-ray scan the phantom FM1 and collect the measured values (step S2).
- the correction data C i (t) is calculated (step S3), and it is stored in the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33 (step S4).
- the equation (5) or the equation (5 ') described above is used to calculate the correction data C i (t).
- the processor 35 interactively confirms with the operator whether or not the same operation is to be performed on another phantom (step S5), and if it is to be performed, the process returns to step S1 and the next phantom FM2 (FM1) Repeat the process described above.
- the number of phantoms is not limited to two, and more phantoms can be used depending on the types and properties of the target and foreign matter to be examined, and for that, correction for more types of substances Data is prepared.
- step S6 YES
- step S6: NO the processing of the examination after S7 is executed.
- the processor 35 interactively performs inspection preparation such as selection of an object to be inspected and setting of imaging conditions with an operator (step S7), activates the X-ray apparatus 10, and performs X-ray scanning (for example, Foreign substance inspection: Step S8).
- inspection preparation such as selection of an object to be inspected and setting of imaging conditions with an operator (step S7)
- activates the X-ray apparatus 10 and performs X-ray scanning (for example, Foreign substance inspection: Step S8).
- the processor 35 reads the correction data C i (t) of the object (for example, food (green pepper)) stored in the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33 (step S9), and obtains it from the measurement value.
- the attenuation value ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t is multiplied by the correction data C i (t) to calculate a linear attenuation value ⁇ io ⁇ t equivalent to a monochromatic X-ray (step S10). That is, the attenuation value ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t along the curved curve is corrected without being along the straight line due to the influence of beam hardening and the like.
- This can be regarded as a calibration that comprehensively calibrates after measurement, as if it were known in advance, that an error factor peculiar to X-rays, such as beam hardening, can not be grasped unless X-ray detection is performed. it can. Note that this correction (calibration) may be performed in units of the pixel area PA.
- the processor 35 interactively processes the measurement values with the operator, checks the presence or absence of foreign matter that may be present in the object to be inspected, identifies the type of foreign matter, etc. (Steps S11).
- correction data C i (t) created by an aluminum phantom or a phantom of another substance is used in the same manner as described above.
- the processor 35 presents the processing results of the measurement values, for example, by displaying or printing various aspects (step S12). After this, the process ends.
- linear attenuation value ⁇ 1 t has three degrees of freedom. Therefore, three-dimensional vectors ( ⁇ 1 t, ⁇ 2 t, ⁇ 3 t) , And the length of the three-dimensional linear attenuation coefficient vector ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 ), ie, linear attenuation coefficient vector length ( ⁇ 1 2 + ⁇ 2 2 + ⁇ 3 2 ) 1/2
- the normalized three-dimensional linear attenuation value vector (hereinafter referred to as linear attenuation vector) having denominator as ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 ) / ( ⁇ 1 2 + ⁇ 2 2 + ⁇ 3 2 ) 1/2.
- the component of thickness t disappears from this linear attenuation vector.
- the start point of this three-dimensional line attenuation vector is located at the origin of that three-dimensional coordinate For example, one is located on the surface of a sphere.
- the end points thereof are points indicating statistical errors distributed in a certain range around the predetermined one point on the surface of the sphere.
- This spherical surface that is, the distribution of the end points of the line attenuation vectors in the three-dimensional scattergram, is unique to the type of substance that constitutes the object itself. That is, if the type of substance is different, the distribution position is theoretically different, so that the type of substance can be identified.
- the vector length at each pixel is t ( ⁇ 1 2 + ⁇ 2 2 + ⁇ 3 2 ) 1/2 (7)
- the present inventors call this scalar quantity the absorption vector length (or pseudo absorption value).
- a two-dimensional image can be created with this absorption vector length as a pixel value, and the present inventors call this two-dimensional image an absorption vector length image (or a pseudo absorption image).
- An example of this absorption vector length image is schematically shown in FIG. ⁇ About the average absorption value image>
- Bin 1 to Bin 3 that is, linear attenuation coefficients to the effective energy of each energy BIN
- t the thickness of the pass
- pixel value t ⁇ ( ⁇ 1 + ⁇ 2 + ⁇ 3 ) / 3
- pixel value t ⁇ (a 1 ⁇ ⁇ 1 + a 2 ⁇ ⁇ 2 + a 3 ⁇ ⁇ 3 ) / 3 ...
- the reason that 3 is allocated to the denominator is to calculate an average value over three energy BINs: Bin 1 to Bin 3 , that is, all energy BINs.
- coefficients a 1 , a 2 , and a 3 may be values fixed in advance by default, or may be variable while the user or the like interprets an image.
- Condition of coefficient: a 1 + a 2 + a 3 3 is the case of taking a weighted average, and the condition of this coefficient may be removed when handling as a pixel value of real number multiple of weighted average value.
- the present inventors defined an image having the pixel value calculated in this manner in each pixel as an average absorption value image.
- This average absorption value image is schematically shown in FIG.
- Each pixel has a pixel value calculated by the equation (8) or (9) described above.
- the pixel value may be a value calculated by bundling a predetermined number of pixels around a certain pixel.
- the average absorption value image which concerns on this invention is not necessarily limited to what is produced when three X-ray energy BIN is cut out from a continuous X-ray spectrum.
- the number of the plurality of X-ray energy ranges (BIN) may be two, which is a low energy range and a high energy range obtained by dividing the continuous X-ray spectrum according to the magnitude of the X-ray energy.
- the information acquisition unit 51 illustrated in FIG. 5 is configured to acquire the values of the linear attenuation coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 in the low energy range and the high energy range.
- FIG. 14 An example of the process of presenting the processing result executed in step S12 described above will be described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15.
- the program of the process shown in FIG. 14 is stored in advance in the program storage area 33A of the ROM 33. Therefore, when commanded to execute the process of FIG. 14, the processor 35 calls the program from the program storage area 33A to its own work area, and performs the process sequentially according to the procedure.
- the processor 35 first determines whether to perform an interactive presentation process with the operator (FIG. 14, step S121). Accordingly, when it is determined that the presentation process is to be executed (YES in step S121), the processor 35 again inputs information of the processing content interactively with the operator (step S122). This information includes, for example, information indicating which of the above-described three-dimensional scattergram, absorption vector length image, and average absorption value image is to be displayed and how to be displayed. Next, it is determined whether or not this information includes information for specifying an average absorption value image (step S123). If the average absorption value image is specified (YES in step S123), then the processor 35 interactively determines default values or specified values of the weighting factors a 1 , a 2 , and a 3 with the user.
- the processor 35 sets one or more types of image data of the three-dimensional scatter diagram, the absorption vector length image, and the average absorption value image according to the equation (6), 7) and / or (8) (or (9)) to calculate and store in the image memory 36 (step S125).
- the calculated image data is displayed on the display 38 for each type (step S126).
- FIG. 1 An example of this display is schematically shown in FIG.
- the example which displayed three types of images of a three-dimensional scatter diagram, absorption vector length image, and an average absorption value image by screen division is shown.
- the processor 35 inquires the image interpretation person whether or not there is a change in the display image (step S127), and when an image change is instructed, displays the image data of the changed image (step S128) .
- the processor 35 inquires the image interpretation person whether or not there is a change in the display image (step S127), and when an image change is instructed, displays the image data of the changed image (step S128) .
- the processor 35 inquires the image interpretation person whether or not there is a change in the display image (step S127), and when an image change is instructed, displays the image data of the changed image (step S128) .
- the processor 35 inquires the image interpretation person whether or not there is a change in the display image (step S127), and when an image change is instructed, displays the image data of the changed image (step S128) .
- the processor 35 inquires the image interpretation person whether or not there is a change in the display image (step S127), and when an image change is instructed, displays the image data of the changed image (step S128) .
- the processor 35 inquires the image reader whether or not to change the weighting coefficients a 1 , a 2 and a 3 when creating the average absorption value image (step S129). This determination is YES, i.e., if the change of weighting coefficients a 1, a 2, a 3 is commanded, the weighting coefficients a 1 to the changed again in a 2, a 3, the image data of the mean absorbance value image Operation is performed and stored in the image memory 36 (step S130).
- low-energy BIN Bin1 weighting coefficients a 1 up and down
- its low energy BIN can be mentioned that Bin1 adjusting the involvement in the total energy BIN of X-ray photons number of.
- the updated average absorption value image is displayed on the display 38 (step S131).
- beam hardening is performed in an X-ray apparatus that scans an object with X-rays having a continuous spectrum while using a detector that counts X-ray photons at each of a plurality of energy BINs.
- the error can be greatly reduced from the measurement value including the error due to the X-ray attenuation such as the heel effect and the circuit factor such as charge sharing at the beginning.
- the measurement value is corrected as if it had been calibrated from the beginning, and its reliability is enhanced. This means that when performing image reconstruction and object analysis based on the measured values, the processing becomes more stable and more reliable. In the case of identifying the type or property of a substance based on the measured value, the identification accuracy becomes high.
- the characteristic is not obtained as one representative monochromatic X-ray is assigned to each energy BIN.
- pixel data is calculated using a multiplication value of the addition information between the average linear attenuation coefficients ⁇ in each energy range and the thickness t along the X-ray path of the object as a pixel value.
- this pixel value is a multiplication value with the thickness t
- quantitative property with respect to the thickness t is exhibited. This reduces the effect of beam hardening on X-ray attenuation in X-ray inspection, suppresses the increase in image noise, and keeps the contrast suitable, so the thickness of the object in the X-ray path direction is reduced. It is also possible to ensure quantitativeness.
- correction data may be created with a material close to a certain main constituent material, instead of preparing a plurality of sets of correction data.
- another material may be able to perform highly accurate substance identification without preparing data for correction.
- material composition such as mammary gland, fat, malignant mass, calcification, etc. in mammography
- correction data is made of materials close to effective atomic number of average composition such as normal tissue mammary gland, fat etc. It is possible to perform high substance identification.
- Such a correction can also be applied to an X-ray detector (or an X-ray sensor) having one pixel or a system that detects transmitted X-rays of an object with an X-ray spectrometer. It is needless to say that even in such a system, effective substance identification is possible if sufficiently statistically accurate and highly accurate count information can be obtained.
- the configuration of the present invention can be applied to detection of the weight and thickness of a substance. That is, in the above-mentioned embodiment, correction is performed so that the thickness of the substance and the X-ray source weak value become a straight line passing through the origin. From this, when the object is configured around a single type of substance, the weight and thickness of the substance can also be accurately calculated if the source weak coefficient is known. Weight measurement using X-rays has been partially realized by the X-ray IN-LINE inspection system used for food foreign matter inspection. However, this can be realized only in the field such as inspection of articles having a relatively simple composition such as vegetables having a relatively limited application range (thickness and type).
- the straight line connecting the intersection point and the origin of the X-ray attenuation amount Myuti r which may be set as a linear target characteristic.
- the target characteristic may be calculated in advance by the processor 35 or an external processing device and stored in the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33.
- information on the target characteristic can be read out from the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33 and used for calculation of correction data.
- This second modification also relates to another setting method of the target characteristic, as described above.
- a source weak coefficient calculated from theoretical values of effective energy or fixed energy of each X-ray energy Bin is used as a slope, and a straight line passing through the origin is set as a target characteristic.
- FIG. 16 schematically shows an example of the X-ray energy spectrum.
- three energies Bin1 to Bin3 are set as in FIG. In this case, it calculates the effective energy E i from the following equation in each energy Bin1 ( ⁇ Bin3).
- the processor 35 performs the process as shown in FIG. In other words, similar to the embodiment processor 35 described above (see FIG. 17, step S201, S202) in the energy spectrum of the material that mimics the imaged object in terms of the linear attenuation coefficient (phantom), the effective energy E i Is calculated based on the above-mentioned equation (S203). Further, a mass attenuation coefficient ( ⁇ / ⁇ : ⁇ is a linear attenuation coefficient, ⁇ is a density) at each effective energy E i is multiplied by a density ⁇ to calculate a value ⁇ (linear attenuation coefficient), and the value ⁇ is inclined Is adopted (step S204).
- the processor 35 sets a straight line having the inclination ⁇ and passing through the origin 0 as a target characteristic, and calculates correction data (calibration data) based on the target characteristic (S205, S206). Further, the correction data is stored in the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33 (S207).
- the target characteristic is set for each pixel or for each region consisting of a predetermined number of pixels at each X-ray energy Bin, and correction data is calculated. After this calculation, the process is performed in the same manner as the process after step S5 in FIG. Also in this case, a more accurate target characteristic can be set with less calculation amount at each X-ray energy Bin, and beam hardening correction can be easily performed.
- a target energy may be set by adopting a fixed energy value such as the center position of the energy width instead of the effective energy.
- the third modification relates to a method of changing the thickness step ⁇ t for acquiring correction data according to the large and small portions of the thickness t exhibited by the calibration phantom. This is because the beam hardening correction generally needs to be performed more accurately as the thickness t is thinner. Therefore, as schematically shown in FIG. 18, as the thickness t of the calibration phantom is thinner, the thickness step ⁇ t is set to a smaller value (for example, ⁇ t1 ⁇ t2).
- the change setting of the thickness step ⁇ t is executed by the processor 35 in step S3 of FIG. 10 (see step S3A). As a result, it is possible to acquire more detailed correction data (multiplication correction coefficient C i (t): calibration data) according to the thickness t. (The 4th modification)
- the characteristics of the X-ray attenuation amount ⁇ t are approximated by a quadratic function or the like, with the entire assumed thickness t of the substance as one section, and this approximate expression shows Correction data was acquired to correct the curve to the target characteristic of the slope ⁇ io .
- This can be implemented in various manners. For example, as shown in FIG. 19, the thickness of the object is divided into a plurality of sections, for example, a thin section ta, a medium thickness section tb, and a thick section tc, and the calculation of the approximation formula described above for each section And calculation of correction data calculation can also be performed.
- the processor 35 performs function approximation on each of the sections ta, tb and tc of the X-ray attenuation amount ⁇ t measured from the phantom as shown in FIG. 20 in step S3 of FIG. ). Then, the processor 35, the interval ta, tb, relative tc each slope curves indicated an approximate equation to correct the target characteristic of mu io (Komu combined) calculates the correction data (step S32). Finally, the processor 35 connects the correction data of each section and stores it as one correction data in the first data storage area 33B of the ROM 33 (step S33).
- any one or two of the three sections ta, tb, and tc may be selected as the emphasis correction section and processed in the same manner as described above.
- the third modified example is similar to the method of the second modified example in that the division section is set, but the difference is that the correction data is calculated while shifting this division section in the direction of thickness t Do.
- the method of the fifth modified example will be conceptually described with reference to FIG.
- the curve shown in FIG. 21 conceptually illustrates the curve of the virtual attenuation value ⁇ im (t) ⁇ t measured using the calibration phantom described in FIG.
- a curve that passes through the origin 0 at the first (first time) point for example, a 3-point 0, A, B is approximated by a quadratic curve, and the first 2 points of the 3-point 0, A, B Correction data for thickness division ⁇ t (which may be variable or fixed in the thickness direction) divided into 0, A or between two points 0-A is created.
- the calculation target point is moved to the thick side of thickness t, and a curve passing through three points A, B, and C is approximated by a quadratic curve, for example.
- Correction data for the thickness step ⁇ t is created by dividing the first two points A, B or the two points AB.
- the calculation target point is moved to the thick side of thickness t, and the process is similarly performed on three points B, C, and D. The same process is performed for the fourth and subsequent times.
- the calculation target points A, B, C, D,... I may be set wider as the thickness t becomes thicker, or may be set at a constant interval. In the case of the constant interval, the thickness step ⁇ t may be set larger as the thickness t becomes thicker.
- the processor 35 performs the process shown in FIG. 22 as a part of the process of steps S3 and S4 described above.
- the processor 35 sets a plurality of operation points 0 including an origin 0, A, B, C, D,... Based on I predetermined information (step S310).
- the processor 35 designates the first three points 0, A, B including the origin 0 (step S311), and further corrects at the position of the two points 0, A or the thickness step ⁇ t among them. Data for calculation and storage (step S312).
- step S313 After shifting the operation point in the direction of thickness t by, for example, one point and designating the next three points A, B and C (step S313), two points A or B of them are between them
- the correction data is calculated and stored at the position of the thickness step ⁇ t (step S314). These processes are repeated until all the predetermined number of operation points are finished (step S315).
- the processor 35 reads out and combines correction data calculated in each section and applies smoothing (step S316), and the combined whole correction data is stored again in the first data storage of the ROM 33. It is stored in the area 33B (step S317).
- the subsequent processing is the same as, for example, the processing after step S5 in FIG. 10 described above.
- X-ray apparatus 10
- data processing apparatus 12
- X-ray tube part of X-ray generator
- detector 25
- data acquisition circuit 26
- detection unit X-ray detection means
- ROM 33A program storage area 33B first data storage area 33C second data storage area
- processor (constitutes main part of various processing means: CPU is mounted)
- Image memory part of image data storage and presentation means
- Input unit 38
- Display unit (corresponds to part of the presentation means)
- Information acquisition unit corresponds to information acquisition means
- Pixel data operation unit corresponds to pixel data operation means
- Image data creation unit corresponds to image data creation means
- Image data storage and presentation unit image data storage and presentation means
- P pixel PA pixel area OB object
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Abstract
Description
[第1の実施形態]
<補正処理>
まず、この計測値の補正の背景を説明する。
<補正の概要>
<計測値の補正>
ブレーションデータ)を作り、そのデータでビームハードニング補正を行うことが重要であることがわかる。
Co1=Cl1・e(-μ1t) ‥‥(1)
Co2=Cl2・e(-μ2t) ‥‥(2)
Co3=Cl3・e(-μ3t) ‥‥(3)
で表される。ここで、μ1、μ2、μ3は各エネルギーBIN:Biniにおける仮想の平均線減弱係数(即ち、各エネルギーBINの実効エネルギーに対する線減弱係数)であり、tは対象物のX線透過方向のパスの厚さである。ここで、各エネルギーBIN:Biniの仮想の平均線減弱係数μ1(μ2、μ3)は厚さtには依存しないという条件が前提になっている。
<補正用データの取得>
ここで、
μim(t)・t: 各X線エネルギーBINiにおいて厚さtで演算される減弱値(ここで、μimは仮想の線減弱係数、tはX線パスに沿った対象物の厚さ)、
μio・t: 各X線エネルギーBINiにおける厚さtに対応する単色X線相当の線減弱係数μio(tの関数ではない)、
Ci(t): 線減弱係数μioを厚さtに依存しないように置換するための乗算補正係数、とすると、
乗算補正係数Ci(t)は、
μio・t=Ci(t)・μim(t)・t‥‥(4)
の式から演算される。この乗算補正係数Ci(t)は補正用データを成す。
(ファントム)
(全体の処理の一例)
<3次元散布図について>
(μ1t、μ2t、μ3t)
を設定し、3次元の線減弱係数ベクトル(μ1、μ2、μ3)の長さ、即ち、線減弱係数ベクトル長
(μ1 2+μ2 2+μ3 2)1/2
を分母とする正規化された3次元線減弱値ベクトル(以下、線減弱ベクトルと呼ぶ)を
(μ1,μ2,μ3)/(μ1 2+μ2 2+μ3 2)1/2 ‥‥(6)
として演算すると、この線減弱ベクトルから厚みtの成分が消える。互いに直交する3つの軸がμ1t、μ2t、μ3tをそれぞれ表す3次元座標を設定すると、この3次元線減弱ベクトルの始点はその3次元座標の原点に位置し、終点が半径1の例えば球体表面に位置する。この3次元線減弱ベクトルを各画素について演算し、上記3次元座標にマッピングすると、それらの終点はかかる球体表面の所定の一点を中心に、その周辺の一定範囲に分布する、統計誤差を示す点の集合として散布点される。このような散布点を描いた3次元マッピング図を、本発明者等は3次元散布図と呼んでいる。この3次元散布図の例を図11に示す。同図において、参照符号Vrが3次元線減弱ベクトルを示し、参照符号DPが散布点を示す。
<吸収ベクトル長画像について>
t(μ1 2+μ2 2+μ3 2)1/2 ‥‥(7)
で演算でき、本発明者等は、このスカラー量を吸収ベクトル長(absorption vector length)(又は擬似吸収値)と呼んでいる。この吸収ベクトル長を画素値として2次元画像を作成でき、本発明者等は、この2次元画像を吸収ベクトル長画像(又は擬似的な吸収画像)と呼んでいる。この吸収ベクトル長画像の例を図12に模式的に示す。
<平均吸収値画像について>
画素値=t・(μ1+μ2+μ3)/3 ‥‥(8)
又は
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+a2・μ2+a3・μ3)/3 ‥‥(9)
ここで、
a1,a2,a3: 0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、
a1+a2+a3=3とする
の式に基づいて演算できる。即ち、厚さtに依存したスカラー量としての画素値を得ることができる。ここで、分母に3を充てているのは、3つのエネルギーBIN:Bin1~Bin3、即ち全エネルギーBINに渡る平均値を演算するためである。
画素値=t・(μ1+μ2)/2 ‥‥(8´)
又は
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+a2・μ2)/2 ‥‥(9´)
ここで、
a1,a2:0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、
a1+a2=2とする
の式に基づいて演算するように構成されている。
画素値=t・(μ1+・・・+μn)/n ‥‥(8´´)
又は
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+・・・+an・μn)/n ‥‥(9´´)
ここで、
a1,・・・,an:0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、
a1+・・・+an=nとする
の式に基づいて演算するように構成される。
<画像表示処理の例>
<シミュレーション>
[変形例]
(第1の変形例)
(第2の変形例)
(第3の変形例)
(第4の変形例)
(第5の変形例)
12 データ処理装置(コンピュータ)
21 X線管(X線発生手段の一部を成す)
24 検出器
25 データ収集回路
26 検出ユニット(X線検出手段)
33 ROM
33A プログラム記憶領域
33B 第1のデータ記憶領域
33C 第2のデータ記憶領域
35 プロセッサ(各種の処理手段の要部を構成:CPUを搭載)
36 画像メモリ(画像データ保管・提示手段の一部を成す)
37 入力器
38 表示器(提示手段の一部に相当)
51 情報取得部(情報取得手段に相当)
52 画素データ演算部(画素データ演算手段に相当)
53 画像データ作成部(画像データ作成手段に相当)
54 画像データ保管・提示部(画像データ保管・提示手段)
P 画素
PA 画素領域
OB 対象物
Claims (17)
- ビーム状のX線が対象物を透過したときの当該X線の透過量に基づいて当該対象物を検査するX線装置において、
前記X線を発生するX線発生手段と、
前記X線の予め設定したn個(nは2以上の正の整数)のエネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に、前記X線発生手段により発生された前記X線の前記対象物を透過した透過量を検出し、当該透過量に応じた検出信号を出力するX線検出手段と、
前記検出器が出力した前記検出信号に基づき、前記エネルギー範囲毎に、前記X線の線束が透過する方向に沿った前記対象物の厚さtと平均線減弱係数μの情報を取得する情報取得手段と、
前記情報取得手段により取得された前記情報に基づいて前記エネルギー範囲毎の前記平均線減弱係数μの相互間の加算情報と前記厚さtとの乗算値を画素値とする画素データを演算する画素データ演算手段と、
を備えたことを特徴とするX線装置。 - 前記画素データ演算手段は、前記画素値を、
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+a2・μ2+a3・μ3)
(ここで、a1,a2,a3:0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、この重み付け係数はa1+a2+a3=1で規定される)
の式に基づいて演算するように構成されている、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のX線装置。 - 前記n個のエネルギー範囲は、前記連続X線スペクトラムをX線エネルギーの大小によって分割した低エネルギー範囲:BIN1、中位エネルギー範囲:BIN2,及び高エネルギー範囲:BIN3からなる3つのエネルギー範囲であり(n=1,2,3)、
前記情報取得手段は、前記低エネルギー範囲:BIN1、前記中位エネルギー範囲:BIN2,及び高エネルギー範囲:BIN3のそれぞれの前記平均線減弱係数μの値を取得するように構成され、
前記画素データ演算手段は、前記画素値を、
画素値=t・(μ1+μ2+μ3)/3
μ1:BIN1の平均線減弱係数
μ2:BIN2の平均線減弱係数
μ3:BIN3の平均線減弱係数
の式に基づいて演算するように構成されている、ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のX線装置。 - 前記重み付け係数は可変可能であって、a1+a2+a3=1の式に従うことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のX線装置。
- 前記画素データを画素値とする画像データを平均吸収値(average absorption value)画像のデータとして作成する画像データ作成手段と、
前記画像データを保管または提示する画像データ保管・提示手段と、を
備えたことを特徴とする請求項1~4の何れか一項に記載のX線装置。 - 前記情報取得手段は、
前記検出信号に基づいて、前記対象物を透過した前記X線の前記2つ以上のエネルギー範囲に渡る減弱に関するベクトル情報を画素毎に演算する対象物情報演算手段と、
前記ベクトル情報を提示する提示手段と、を備え、
前記対象物情報演算手段は、
前記エネルギー範囲それぞれの平均線減弱係数μi(i=1~n:nは2以上の正の整数)、
X線投影方向で見たときの前記対象物の厚さt、及び、
平均線減弱係数μi(i=1,…,n)及び厚さtで定義されるn次元ベクトル(μ1t,…,μnt)を定義したときに、
このn次元ベクトルの下記計算によって導出される規格化された線減弱ベクトル
(μ1,…,μn)/(μ1 2+…+μn 2)1/2
を前記ベクトル情報として演算するように構成されている請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載のX線装置。 - 前記情報取得手段は、
前記検出信号に基づいて、前記対象物を透過した前記X線の減弱に関する吸収ベクトル長を画素毎に演算する対象物情報演算手段と、
前記吸収ベクトル長を提示する提示手段と、を備え、
前記対象物情報演算手段は、
前記n個(nは2以上の正の整数)の前記X線エネルギー範囲の平均線減弱係数μi(i=1,…,n)、
X線投影方向で見たときの前記対象物の厚さt、及び、
平均線減弱係数μi(i=1,…,n)及び厚さtで定義されるn次元ベクトル(μ1t,…,μnt)を定義したときに、ベクトル長さ
t×(μ1 2+…+μn 2)1/2
を前記吸収ベクトル長として演算するように構成された
ことを特徴とする請求項1~6の何れか一項に記載のX線装置。 - 前記複数のX線エネルギー範囲の数は、前記連続X線スペクトラムを当該X線エネルギーの大小によって分割した低エネルギー範囲及び高エネルギー範囲からなる2つであり、
前記情報取得手段は、低エネルギー範囲及び高エネルギー範囲のそれぞれの前記線減弱係数μ1、μ2の値を取得するように構成され、
前記画素データ演算手段は、前記画素値を、
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+a2・μ2)/2
(ここで、a1,a2:0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、この重み付け係数はa1+a2=2で規定される)
の式に基づいて演算するように構成されている、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のX線装置。 - 前記複数のX線エネルギー範囲の数である前記n個は4個以上であり、前記n個それぞれの前記エネルギー範囲の線減弱係数をμ1、・・・、μnとすると、前記画素データ演算手段は、前記画素値を、
画素値=t・(μ1+・・・+μn)/n
又は
画素値=t・(a1・μ1+・・・+an・μn)/n
ここで、
a1,・・・,an:0以上の正の実数からなる重み付け係数であり、
a1+・・・+an=nとする
の式に基づいて演算するように構成されている、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のX線装置。 - 前記提示手段は、前記平均吸収値画像及び前記ベクトル長さ画像を何れか一方を選択的に切り替えて表示する切替表示手段を備える請求項7に記載のX線装置。
- 前記係数のデフォルト値又は変更された値を入力する入力手段と、このデフォルト値又は変更された値に応じて前記画素値を演算する演算手段と、この演算された画素値に基づく前記平均吸収値画像を表示する表示手段と、を備えたことを特徴とする請求項5に記載のX線装置。
- 前記X線発生手段は、前記n個の前記X線のエネルギー範囲を含む連続X線スペクトラムを有するビーム状のX線を発生するX線発生器を備え、
前記X線検出手段は、前記対象物を透過してきた前記X線を検出し、前記エネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に当該X線の光子数を、前記透過量に対応する情報として計数して、その計数値を、前記検出信号として出力する光子計数型の検出器を備える、
ことを特徴とする請求項1~11の何れか一項に記載のX線装置。 - 前記X線発生手段は、前記n個の前記X線のエネルギー範囲のX線スペクトラムを有するビーム状のX線を発生する1個又は複数個のX線発生器を備え、
前記X線検出手段は、前記対象物を透過してきた前記X線を検出し、前記エネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に前記透過量を積分した前記検出信号を出力する積分型の1個又は複数個のX線検出器を備える、
ことを特徴とする請求項1~11の何れか一項に記載のX線装置。 - ビーム状のX線が対象物を透過したときの当該X線の透過量に基づいて当該対象物を検査するX線検査方法において、
前記X線を発生させ、
前記X線の予め設定したn個(nは2以上の正の整数)のエネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に、前記発生されたX線の前記対象物を透過した透過量に応じた検出信号を収集し、
前記検出信号に基づき、前記エネルギー範囲毎に、前記X線の線束が透過する方向に沿った前記対象物の厚さtと平均線減弱係数μの情報を取得し、
前記取得された情報に基づいて前記エネルギー範囲毎の前記平均線減弱係数μの相互間の加算情報と前記厚さtとの乗算値を画素値とする画素データを演算する、
を備えたことを特徴とするX線検査方法。 - ビーム状のX線が対象物を透過したときの当該X線の透過量に基づいて当該対象物を検査するためのデータ処理装置において、
前記X線の予め設定したn個(nは2以上の正の整数)のエネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に、発生された前記X線の前記対象物を透過した透過量を検出し、当該透過量に応じた検出信号を出力するX線検出手段と、
前記検出器が出力した前記検出信号に基づき、前記エネルギー範囲毎に、前記X線の線束が透過する方向に沿った前記対象物の厚さtと平均線減弱係数μの情報を取得する情報取得手段と、
前記情報取得手段により取得された前記情報に基づいて前記エネルギー範囲毎の前記平均線減弱係数μの相互間の加算情報と前記厚さtとの乗算値を画素値とする画素データを演算する画素データ演算手段と、
を備えたことを特徴とするデータ処理装置。 - ビーム状のX線が対象物を透過したときの当該X線の透過量に基づいて当該対象物を検査するためのデータ処理方法において、
前記X線の予め設定したn個(nは2以上の正の整数)のエネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に、発生された前記X線の前記対象物を透過した透過量に応じた検出信号を収集し、
前記検出信号に基づき、前記エネルギー範囲毎に、前記X線の線束が透過する方向に沿った前記対象物の厚さtと平均線減弱係数μの情報を取得し、
前記取得された情報に基づいて前記エネルギー範囲毎の前記平均線減弱係数μの相互間の加算情報と前記厚さtとの乗算値を画素値とする画素データを演算する、
を備えたことを特徴とするデータ処理方法。 - 予めコンピュータ読み取り可能な非一過性の記録媒体に保存されている、ビーム状のX線が対象物を透過したときの当該X線の透過量に基づいて当該対象物を検査するためのデータ処理の手順を読み出し、コンピュータにその読み出した手順を実行させることにより、
前記X線の予め設定したn個(nは2以上の正の整数)のエネルギー範囲のそれぞれ毎に、発生された前記X線の前記対象物を透過した透過量に応じた検出信号を収集し、
前記検出信号に基づき、前記エネルギー範囲毎に、前記X線の線束が透過する方向に沿った前記対象物の厚さtと平均線減弱係数μの情報を取得し、
前記取得された情報に基づいて前記エネルギー範囲毎の前記平均線減弱係数μの相互間の加算情報と前記厚さtとの乗算値を画素値とする画素データを演算する、
を備えたことを特徴とするコンピュータプログラム。
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