Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/385—Haptens or antigens, bound to carriers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
  • A61K39/092—Streptococcus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/095—Neisseria
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/102—Pasteurellales, e.g. Actinobacillus, Pasteurella; Haemophilus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
  • A61K39/295—Polyvalent viral antigens; Mixtures of viral and bacterial antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
  • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
  • A61K2039/6037—Bacterial toxins, e.g. diphteria toxoid [DT], tetanus toxoid [TT]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
  • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
  • A61K2039/6068—Other bacterial proteins, e.g. OMP
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
  • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
  • A61K2039/6075—Viral proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/64—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the architecture of the carrier-antigen complex, e.g. repetition of carrier-antigen units
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine

Definitions

• compositions of the invention comprise monovalent and multivalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide -protein conjugates, wherein the bacterial capsular polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are derived from serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• the carrier protein is conjugated to bacterial capsular polysaccharides through mono functional as well as bi-functional linkers, preferably of defined lengths and the mono-functional or bi-functional linkers may be homo-mono-functional, homo-bi-functional, hetero-mono-functional, or hetero- bifunctional.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) such as pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and acute Otitis media.
• IPDs invasive pneumococcal diseases
• Pneumonia is the most common manifestation of invasive pneumococcal disease, whereas bacterial spread within the respiratory tract may result in middle-ear infection, sinusitis or recurrent bronchitis.
• Pneumococcus is encapsulated with a chemically linked polysaccharide which results in serotype specificity. At least 90 pneumococcal serotypes are known of which about 23 account for 90% of invasive diseases and capsular polysaccharide is a poor immunogen.
• a capsular polysaccharide is a key virulence determinant and generally insufficiently immunogenic to induce a T cell-dependent immune response in infants and children.
• Conjugation of a carrier protein to CPS can induce an immune response that undergoes class switching.
• a 7-valent (PCV-7, Pfizer Inc., USA) a 10-valent (Synflorox-10, GSK Vaccines) and a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13, Pfizer Inc., USA) have been developed to efficiently prevent the incidence of IPDs.
• Reductive amination chemistry and cyanylation chemistry has been widely used to prepare the conjugate vaccines.
• U.S. Patent No. 9,492,559 discloses immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular polysaccharide antigens and uses thereof.
• the immunogenic compositions disclosed include an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20- valent pneumococcal conjugate composition. Also disclosed is a 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.
• WO 2014/097099 A2 discloses a glycoconjugation process directed to several_serotypes in addition to Preevnar-13 valent conjugates. New polysaccharide conjugates are added to formulation to increase efficacy of the vaccine.
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 201 1/023526 discloses a 15-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine composition. This patent is directed to 15-valent conjugate vaccines made by adding two or more serotypes with currently available 1-3 vaccines.
• WO 2014/092378 discloses an immunogenic composition having 13 different polysaccharide-protein conjugates wherein each conjugate contained a capsular polysaccharide isolated from 12 serotypes selected from the group consisting of serotypes 1,3,4,5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F, and serotypes 22F or 33F.
• Cisokawa, a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine containing serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F.
• Chinese Application Publication No. 104069488 discloses 14 valent polysaccharide protein conjugate wherein the 14 serotypes were 1,4,5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine comprising conjugates of CRM 197 and at least 14 capsular polysaccharides selected from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.
• Patent 8,192,746 disclosed a 15 valent immunogenic composition comprising capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 1,3,4,5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F,22F, 23F, and 33F conjugated to CRM197.
• Chinese Application Publication No. 103656632 discloses multi valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide composition containing serotype 6A and at least one extra serotype selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F which provided protection against 24 different pneumococci serotypes.
• Chinese Application Publication No. 103656631 discloses a multivalent pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition comprising capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcus of 24 different serotypes viz. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B,7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F.
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0324950 discloses immunogenic polysaccharide-protein conjugates comprising a capsular polysaccharide (CP) from Streptococcus agalactiae, also referred to as group B streptococcus (GBS), and a carrier protein, wherein the CP is selected from the group consisting of serotypes la, lb, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX. This was meant for treatment of chronic diabetes mellitus, cancer, heart failure, neurologic, and urologic conditions.
• the carrier protein capsular polysaccharide conjugates varied.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,360,897 discloses immunogenic conjugate comprising reductive amination product of an intact capsular polymer of the bacterial pathogen S. pneumoniae having at least two carbonyl groups and a bacterial toxin or toxoid, said conjugate comprising a cross-linked conjugate in which there is a direct covalent linkage between the capsular polymer and the toxin or toxoid.
• U.S. Patent No. 7,862,823 describes a multivalent conjugate vaccine composition with at least two different carrier proteins.
• U.S. Patent No. 8,808,708 discloses a 13-valent immunogenic composition consisting of Polysaccharide-protein conjugates where serotypes consist of 1,3,4,5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V,14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F, and wherein the carrier protein is CRMI97.
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0017059 discloses an immunogenic composition where serotypes 19A and 19F were conjugated to different bacterial toxoids.
• Patent No. 7,955,605 discloses a process of making carrier protein polysaccharide conjugate consisting serotype 19A where the activated serotype 19A polysaccharide and carrier protein are resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to form a conjugate.
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0074922 discloses immunogenic composition containing 10 or more serotypes wherein 19F capsular saccharide was conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (DT), serotype 18C capsular saccharide is conjugated to tetanus toxoid and serotypes 1,4,5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14 and 23F capsular saccharides are conjugated to Protein D from Haemophilus influenza.
• DT diphtheria toxoid
• serotype 18C capsular saccharide is conjugated to tetanus toxoid
• serotypes 1,4,5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14 and 23F capsular saccharides are conjugated to Protein D from Haemophilus influenza.
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0239604 discloses a composition comprising multivalent S. pneumoniae capsular saccharide conjugates wherein serotype 19A was conjugated to a first bacterial toxoid and 19F is conjugated to a second bacterial toxoid and 2-9 of the S. pneumoniae capsular saccharides are conjugated to protein D.
• serotype 19A was conjugated to a first bacterial toxoid
• 19F is conjugated to a second bacterial toxoid
• 2-9 of the S. pneumoniae capsular saccharides are conjugated to protein D.
• U.S. Patent No. 7,709,001 describes a method of synthesis of carrier protein conjugate of capsular polysaccharide which consists of 1) reacting purified polysaccharide with a mild acid resulting in size reduction 2) reacting the polysaccharide of step 1 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of bivalent cations resulting in an activated polysaccharide; 3) compounding the activated polysaccharide with a carrier protein 4) reacting activated polysaccharide of step 3 and carrier protein with a reducing agent to form a polysaccharide - carrier protein conjugate; and 5) capping unreacted aldehydes in product of step 4 to yield an immunogenic polysaccharide - carrier protein conjugate.
• WO 2014/097099 discloses a method of synthesizing a carrier protein conjugate, which involves a) reacting a saccharide with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in an aqueous solvent to produce an activated saccharide; and b) reacting the activated saccharide with a carrier protein comprising one or more amine groups.
• TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy
• NCS N-chlorosuccinimide
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/321658 discloses an immunogenic composition wherein serotypes 1,3, 19A and 19F linked to protein carriers either directly or indirectly through a chemistry other than reductive amination, and one or more different saccharides is/are selected from a second group consisting of serotypes 4, 5, 6A, 6B,7F, 9V, 14, 18C and 23F which is/are linked to a protein carriers) by reductive amination.
• Pneumococcal vaccines are based on 1) pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and 2) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
• PNEUMOVAX® marketed by Merck comprises of unconjugated polysaccharides belonging to serotypes 1,2,3,4,5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18e, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F. Infants and young children respond poorly to most pneumococcal polysaccharides. Immunogenicity of poor immunogens is enhanced by conjugating with carrier proteins. Polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines are made using capsular polysaccharides linked to protein carriers. The conjugate induces T cell dependent enhanced immune response against the specific serotype.
• Conjugates are synthesized using various reagents, such as homo bifunctional, hetero bifunctional linkers of varying lengths.
• Three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are available in market, PREVNAR®, SYNFLORIX®, and PREVNAR-13®.
• PREVNAR® is a heptavalent vaccine that contains the capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 4, 6B, 9Y, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F, each conjugated to a carrier protein designated CRM197.
• SYNFLORIX® is a deca-valent vaccine from GSK Biologicals that incorporates ten capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D from NTHi offering coverage against three additional pneumococcal strains, serotypes 1, 5 and 7F.
• PREVNAR-13® is a tri-deca- valent vaccine containing 13 capsular polysaccharide prepared from thirteen serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9Y, 14, 18C, 19 A, 19F, and 23F) conjugated to a carrier protein designated CRM 197.
• Each conjugate consists of a capsular polysaccharide prepared from serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9 ⁇ 1, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, or 33F) conjugated to a carrier protein CRM 197.
• a carrier protein CRM 197 conjugated to a carrier protein CRM 197.
• the carrier protein content increases. This increase leads to an increase of immune response to the carrier protein which can cause a systemic overload.
• the present invention overcomes the problems and disadvantages associated with current strategies and designs and provides new immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharides and uses thereof.
• One embodiment of the invention is directed to multivalent S. Pneumoniae conjugate vaccines comprising two groups of conjugates, wherein group one comprises monovalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide conjugates and group two comprises multivalent conjugates containing conjugates of bivalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide having cross reactivity.
• group one conjugates are composed of monovalent capsular polysaccharide conjugates of one or more S. Pneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 7F, 8, 10A, 11 A, 12F, 14, 17F, 18C, 20, 22F, 23F, 24F, 33F and 35B.
• group two conjugates are composed of a bivalent or multivalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate of cross reactive serotypes of one, two or more of S. Pneumoniae serotypes 6A/6B/6C/6D, one, two or more of S. Pneumoniae serotypes 9V/9N/9A/9B, one, two or more of S. Pneumoniae serotypes 15B/15A/15C, or S. Pneumoniae serotypes 19A/19F; and carrier proteins.
• the second group constituting the multivalent S. Pneumoniae conjugate vaccine comprises multivalent conjugates of S.
• the vaccine comprises capsular polysaccharide of two immunologically cross-reactive serotypes conjugated to the same carrier protein sequentially or concurrently.
• monovalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide conjugates of the first or second group are synthesized from native bacterial capsular polysaccharides with molecular weight ranges of 10 KDa to 50 KDa, 30 KDa-100 KDa, or 100 KDa-300 KDa.
• the bivalent capsular polysaccharide of two immunologically cross- reactive serotypes is represented by the formula PS l-Carrier Protein-PS2 and, also preferably, the conjugate comprises 6APS-CRM197-6BPS.
• the carrier protein comprises Tetanus Toxoid, Diphtheria Toxoid, CRM197, Tetanus Toxoid fragments (TTHc), N. meningitidis protein PorB, RSV virus proteins, B.
• Pertussis proteins Pertussis toxoid (PT), Adenylate cyclase Toxin (ACT), 69 KDa protein, Human Papilloma viral protein antigens, Human Papilloma virus VLP forms, Hepatitis B virus core antigen, Hepatitis B virus VLP forms, derivatives of HBsAg, or combinations thereof.
• a single dose of bivalent cross -reactive polysaccharide conjugates comprises less than 4 micrograms in comparison to monovalent conjugates of the same two polysaccharide vaccines which are 4 micrograms or more.
• total carrier protein quantity in the multivalent conjugate vaccine is significantly less than the quantity used in the mono conjugates of the individual polysaccharides of the same cross -reactive serotypes.
• the vaccines of the present invention the carrier protein amount being conjugated to a bivalent cross-reactive polysaccharide has less protein per serotype in comparison to that of the monovalent conjugates of the same two polysaccharides thereby the carrier protein immune response generated by the vaccine is lower than the response to the carrier protein of vaccines made by others containing the mono conjugates of the individual polysaccharides.
• total carrier protein content in the multivalent conjugate vaccine is from 0.5 to 0.7 % by weight of the mono conjugates of the individual polysaccharides of the same cross-reactive serotypes (which is 1: 1 ratio between PS: Carrier Protein).
• the conjugate vaccine further comprises at least one adjuvant selected from the group consisting of aluminum or an aluminum salt, calcium phosphate, a liposome of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), saponin QS-21, and/or a potent TLR7/8 agonist.
• the at least one adjuvant comprises an aluminum adjuvant selected from the group consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum hydroxide.
• the bacterial polysaccharides are selected from the group consisting of cross reacting two or more serotypes from different bacterial capsular polysaccharides and/or the bacterial polysaccharides comprise: S. pneumoniae and H. influenza type a, b serotypes; S. pneumoniae and Group B Streptococcus serotypes, H. influenza type a, b serotypes, or N. meningitis serotypes.
• the capsular polysaccharides comprise polysaccharides derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, N. meningitis, Group B Streptococcus, or Moraxella catarrhalis lipo-oligo saccharides (LOS).
• the S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide is immunochemically cross-reactive with serotypes selected from the group consisting of 6A/6B/6C/6D; 9V/9A/9B.9N; 15A/15B; 19A/19F and similar types of cross reactive polysaccharides.
• the capsular polysaccharide is derived from Haemophilus influenza serotypes a/b/c/d/e/f, non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) polysaccharides, or Moraxella catarrhalis Lipooligosaccharides(LOS), or N.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to conjugate vaccines for the treatment or prevention of infection by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate vaccine of the invention and, optionally, a pharmacologically acceptable carrier.
• the capsular polysaccharides are derived from Haemophilus influenza, N. meningitis, Group B Streptococcus, N. meningitis, H. influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS), and combination thereof.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods for coupling polysaccharides with carrier protein comprising: activating the polysaccharide; attaching a define length spacer arm of about 2.0-40A to the activated polysaccharide; and attaching the activated polysaccharide attached spacer arm to a carrier protein.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods coupling a carrier protein with polysaccharides comprising: activating the said carrier protein, reducing the carrier proteins disulfide to create sulfhydryl groups, preferably creating a sulfhydryl group using 2-iminothiolane (2-IT), SMPH like bi-functional linker; attaching a defined length spacer arm of 4-40A to the activated carrier protein; and attaching the polysaccharide to a spacer arm attached to activated carrier protein.
• the activated carrier protein is selected from the group consisting of cross-reactive material (CRM197) obtained or derived from C. diphtheria, or recombinant CRM 197 obtained or derived from P. fluorescens or E. coli.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to bifunctional linkers that are is homo-bifunctional or hetero-bifunctional.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to multivalent S. Pneumoniae conjugate vaccine wherein carrier protein is cross -reactive material (CRM197) obtained from C. diphtheria, recombinant CRM197 obtained from P. fluorescens, or recombinant CRM 197 obtained from E. coli.
• carrier protein is cross -reactive material (CRM197) obtained from C. diphtheria
• recombinant CRM197 obtained from P. fluorescens
• E. coli E. coli
• Figure 1A Size reduced capsular polysaccharide of serotype 6A 1H-NMR spectra (500MHz)-NMR data shows no loss of structural integrity compared to native PS.
• Figure IB Size reduced capsular polysaccharide of serotype 6B 1H-NMR spectra (500MHz)-NMR data shows no loss of structural integrity compared to native PS.
• Figure 2A Capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies (total IgG) using multiplex bead based assay procedure (Polysaccharides used for these conjugates are in the range of 10- 50KDa).
• Figure 2B Capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies (total IgG) using multiplex bead based assay procedure wherein polysaccharides are in the range of 200-300 KDa or more.
• Figure 2C Bi-valent conjugates of 6A and 6B capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies (total IgG) using multiplex bead based assay procedure wherein polysaccharides are in the range of 10-50 KDa and 200-400KDa.
• Figure 3B Flow chart of PS 1 and PS2 activation with linkers.
• FIG. 4A Bivalent unimolecular conjugates and bi-valent conjugates synthesis workflow chart.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium which can cause diseases such as pneumonia, bacteraemia, meningitis, and acute Otitis media.
• Pneumococcus is encapsulated with a chemically linked polysaccharide which results in serotype specificity.
• At least 90 pneumococcal serotypes are known of which about 23 account for 90% of invasive diseases.
• the protection against invasive pneumococci disease is related to the antibody specific to the capsular polysaccharide, the protection is therefore serotype specific.
• multivalent S. Pneumoniae conjugate vaccine comprising of a linker between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide to form two groups of conjugates, wherein group one comprises monovalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide conjugates and the other group comprises multivalent carrier protein conjugates provides substantially improved results.
• the bivalent conjugates and bivalent uni- molecular conjugates are preferably synthesized by the reaction between carrier protein and bifunctional linkers attached to cross reactive S. Pneumoniae serotypes. Results achieved are substantially improved compared to vaccines containing multivalent S. Pneumoniae conjugate vaccine containing monovalent bacterial capsular polysaccharide conjugates with the same number of serotypes with a direct conjugation between the two instead of a linker.
• One embodiment of the invention is directed to multivalent conjugate vaccines comprised of bivalent-polysaccharide protein conjugates with enhanced immunogenicity.
• Bivalent conjugates with general structure PS l-carrier protein-PS2 have higher immunogenicity compared to similar monovalent conjugates wherein PS1 and PS2 are two different serotype polysaccharides from gram-negative and gram- positive bacterial pathogens.
• PS1 and PS2 are two different serotype polysaccharides from gram-negative and gram- positive bacterial pathogens.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to vaccines with lower molecular weight polysaccharides and longer arm bifunctional linkers preferably with enhanced immunogenicity. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to providing higher immunogenicity and avidity of bivalent conjugates as well as lower carrier protein immunogenicity. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to reducing conjugate vaccine dose with higher immunogenicity.
• Polysaccharide size is preferably 10-50KDa.
• a long hetero- or homo-bifunctional spacer arm preferably of from 2-40A (also 2-40A, 4-40A, 10-40A, 20-40A, 9-20A, 5-20A, 5-30A).
• the present invention is directed to polys accharide-protein conjugates with enhanced immunogenicity displaying significantly high antibody titers.
• the carrier protein is obtained from, for example, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, CRM197, tetanus toxoid fragments (TTHc), N. meningitidis protein PorB, RSV virus proteins, B. Pertussis proteins like pertussis toxoid (PT), adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), 69KDa protein and Human Papilloma viral protein antigens or its VLP form, Hepatitis B core antigen or its VLP form or derivatives of HBsAg, and other conventional carriers.
• Polysaccharide fragment is obtained from group of group of gram positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, preferably from immunochemically cross -reactive polysaccharides of S. Pneumoniae.
• the present invention is also directed to a process of preparing the polysaccharide-protein conjugates in which carrier protein reacts with cleaved and depolymerized polysaccharide fragments of optimum chain length.
• Immunogenic compositions of the present invention provide for appropriate level and improved protection against S. pneumoniae serotypes not found in PREVNAR-13®, and SYNFLORIX-10®.
• Bivalent conjugates with cross -reactive polysaccharides of S Pneumoniae serotypes (6A/6B, 9V/9N, 15A/15B and 19A/19F and similar cross-reactive serotypes) with short chain molecular size (10-50KDa) was used to prepare 16-26-valent pneumococcal CPS conjugate vaccine in the present study.
• Pneumococcus type 6A and 6B polysaccharide was used as the model cross -reactive CPSs.
• CRM197 was used as the carrier protein for its clinical acceptance.
• Multivalent monoconjugates have also been prepared using shorter PS chain length (0-50KDa), long spacer arm (9-40A) with homo or hetero-bifunctional PEG or non-PEG linker with carrier protein CRM 197.
• CPS was activated either by oxidation or by cyanylation chemistry and oxidized by sodium periodate and introduced with either -reactive aldehyde or isothiocyanate (-OCN) groups in CPS.
• Example 1 Polysaccharide size reduction, activation and conjugation process for multiple S. pneumoniae serotypes -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15A, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, 33F and 35B
• each of capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae 6A and 6B is dissolved in 10ml of aqueous solution containing lOmM of Acetic acid or 0.1 M HC1 at pH 2.5-3.0 and hydrolysis is carried out by maintaining the solution at a temperature of 60-85°C for a period of 60-120 mins.
• the oligosaccharides formed show no loss of structural integrity or loss of epitope or repeat unit structure.
• Polysaccharides were measured using Anthrone assay and molecular size distributions (KDa) obtained are in the range of 10-50KDa, 30-100KDa, and 100-300KDa.
• CPS (50 mg) moiety (native polysaccharides of size between >200-500KDa or size- reduced polysaccharides of size between 10-50KDa) were activated cyanylation reagents commonly used in activation process (Table 1). Polysaccharide molecular size distributions were determined using SEC-HPLC (Shodex SB-405 and SB-406 SEC columns) with analysis using (10-lOOOKDa) Pollulan mixture as reference standard (Pollulan standards from Shodex, USA).
• Short spacer arm was introduced to PS by reaction with 5-8-fold molar excess of ADH (Sigma) at pH 5.6-6.0 for 3-5 hr.
• Long spacer arm (bifunctional linker or long 4-arm linker) was introduced into PS by reaction with 5-10-fold molar excess of at pH 5.6-6.0 for 3-5 h.
• Activated PS is further derivatized with short arm linker (adipic acid di-hydrazide, ADH, 174.2g/mole), one more spacer arm linkers with varying size from 2-4A to 8-20A (600g/mol-3.5g/mole).
• short arm linker adipic acid di-hydrazide, ADH, 174.2g/mole
• spacer arm linkers with varying size from 2-4A to 8-20A (600g/mol-3.5g/mole).
• Homo or hetero-bifunctional PEG linkers with diamine functional groups attached e.g. NH2-PEGO.6K-NH2, NH 2 -PEG3.5K-COOH (Table 2).
• Short and long chain linker used for polysaccharide or carrier protein derivatization
• Example 2 Activation of size reduced polysaccharides of different molecular weights Oligosaccharides of different molecular weights synthesized as described in example 1 were activated. Cyanylation reagents commonly used in activation process.
• CDAP (1 -Cyano-4-diradehylaniinopyridiiiium tetrafj.uorobora.ie (Sigma Aklrich, USA)) cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-l,3,5-triazine) or cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and coupling carrier protein (see Figures 5 and 6).
• Polysaccharide solution (10 mg/ml) was incubated with lOmg/ml CDAP (lOOmg/ml in acetonitrile) in 2M NaCl or 200-300mM bicarbonate buffer at RT for 4-6 minutes. pH was maintained at 10-10.5 using either IN NaOH or IN HC1. Then, pH was adjusted to 8.1- 8.2, pegylated linkers (Hz-PEG-HZ) were allowed to react with CDAP treated PS. For 8-12 hrs at RT. The reaction mixtures were depth filtered followed by 100-300KDa cutoff centricon fiters 5-8 times using 150 mM NaCl.
• Activated oligosaccharides were further derivatized with short chain homo- bifunctional hydrazide linker.
• Typical reagent was adipic Acid di-hydrazide, ADH, Molecular weight 174.2 g/mole).
• Homo or hetero-bifunctional PEG linkers bearing diamine, di-hydrazide, or amine or hydrazide-carboxylic acid/aldehyde functional groups, e.g. NH2-PEG(1K-3.5K)-NH2, HZ-PEG(1-3.5K)-HZ, NH2-PEG3.5K-COOH were used.
• Table 2 Several other homo-or hetero-bifunctional spacer arms can also be used for derivatization (Table 2).
• Short spacer arm was introduced to oligosaccharide by reaction with 5-8fold molar excess of adipic acid di-hydrazide (Sigma) at pH 5.8-6.0 for 3-5 hr.
• long chain linker bifunctional linker or long tetra functional linker (Table 2), No. 12 four arm linker) was introduced into Polysaccharide by reaction with 5-10-fold molar excess of the linker to the oligosaccharide at pH 5.8-6.0 for 3-5 hrs. at RT.
• Carrier protein CRM 197 was further derivatized with short chain homo-bifunctional hydrazide linker.
• Typical reagent was adipic Acid di-hydrazide, ADH, molecular weight 174.2 g/mole).
• Homo or hetero-bifunctional PEG linkers bearing di-amine, di-hydrazide, or amine or hydrazide-carboxylic acid/aldehyde functional groups, e.g., NH2-PEG(1K-3.5K)- NH2, HZ-PEG(1-3.5K)-HZ, NH2-PEG3.5K-COOH were used. (Table 2).
• Short spacer arm was introduced to carrier protein CRM197 by reaction with 5-8 fold molar excess of adipic Acid di-hydrazide (Sigma) at pH 5.8-6.2 in 300-600 mM MES buffer for 3-5 hr at RT.
• Long chain linker (bifunctional linker or long tetra functional linker (Table 2, No. 12 four arm linker) was introduced into carrier protein by reaction with 5-10- fold molar excess of the linker to the oligosaccharide at pH 5.8-6.2 in 300-600mM MES buffer for 3-5 hr at RT (room temperature).
• Example 3 Cross-reactive Polysaccharide serotypes activation and attachment of short or long-spacer arm linkers (serotypes of interest are 6A/6B, 9V/9N, 15A/15B and 19A/19F or any other cross-reactive serotypes).
• the oligosaccharides mixture thus obtained as reported in Example 1 are dissolved in WFI, to an end concentration of 10 mg/ml. At the end of the reaction, the Oligosaccharide are purified by diafiltration using 3-10 KDa Centricon filters.
• the Oligosaccharides into which the amino groups have been introduced are diluted to a concentration of 10 mg/ml in an aqueous solution of DMSO (at 20-30% v/v) to DMSO containing ADH short linker or long spacer arm linkers in molar excess relatively to the amino groups introduced into the oligosaccharide (usually 5-10: 1).
• the reaction was carried out by keeping the solutions at RT for a time of 4-12 hours. At the end of the period, oligosaccharide was again purified using 3-10 KDa Centricon filters.
• Example 4 Synthesis of Pneumococcal polysaccharide monovalent conjugates Two separate aliquots of same or differently size reduced and derivatized size reduced Polysaccharides (with short spacer arm ADH and Long spacer arm HZ-PEG-HZ) as synthesized in example 3 (10 mg/ml) were mixed with 1 ml aliquot of the CRM 197 protein sample (10 mg/ml) at 4 °C for 8-12hrs. The conjugates containing both long and short chain linkers were purified using 100-300KDa centricon filters (EMD Millipore).
• EMD Millipore 100-300KDa centricon filters
• Pneumo Polysaccharide -CRM197 conjugates for serotypes containing 1, 3, 5, 7F, 14, 15B, 18C, 22F, 23F, 33F, 35B and cross-reactive polysaccharide conjugates 6A, 6B, 9V, 9N, 15 A, 15B, 19 A, and 19F were combined to yield final antigen concentration of 4.0 ⁇ g PS/mL.
• Sodium chloride (150 mM) solution, 10-20 mM Histidine, Succinic acid and 0.001% Tween-20 was also used during the formulation process as diluent, and aluminum phosphate (Adju-Phos, Brenntag, USA) was used as investigational adjuvant.
• NZW New Zealand white rabbit model
• Reference serum and rabbit serum were diluted and pre-adsorbed for cross- reacting antibodies by treatment with pneumococcal CWPS and either 22F PS or 25PS.
• Human monoclonal anti-polysaccharide antibodies (Pamlico Biopharma, USA) were used for total IgG estimation.
• Bio-Plex 200 Bio-Rad). Multiplex reader was used as per manufacturer's instructions (see Figures 2 A, 2B and 2C).
• Example 5 Pneumoniae Cross-reactive capsular Polysaccharide serotypes activation and attachment of short and long-spacer linkers
• Serotypes of 6A/6B, 9V/9N, 15A/15B and 19A/19F which are cross -reactive serotypes are used for the synthesis of bi-valent conjugates containing capsular poly saccharides and carrier protein.
• Bivalent conjugates by definition contain two capsular polysaccharide attached to CRM 197 simultaneously or concurrently.
• the size reduced polysaccharides mixtures thus obtained were dissolved in water for injection, so that the final concentration was 10 mg/ml.
• the size reduced polysaccharides into which the amino or hydrazide groups were introduced were diluted to a concentration of 10 mg/ml in an aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) so the percentage of DMSO was in the range of 20-30% (v/v).
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• reaction was carried out at room temperature for a duration of 4-12 hours. At the end of the reaction period, the reaction product was again purified using 3-10KDa Centricon filters.
• Example 6 Simultaneous or concurrent Conjugation of 5. pneumoniae oligosaccharides of Type 6A and Type 6B with CRM197 carrier Protein as bivalent conjugates manufacturing.
• the aqueous solution containing 15 mg/ml of CRM197 was added to DMSO containing the linker attached oligosaccharide (20-30% in water) derived from the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae Type 6A.
• the ratio of linker attached oligosaccharide to CRM 197 was selected from 1: 1,2: 1,1:2.
• the mixture so obtained was kept, under mild stirring, at room temperature for 8-12hrs.
• the solution containing the derivatized oligosaccharide derived from the capsular polysaccharide of S. Pneumoniae 6B was added.
• Pneumoniae 6B to the CRM197 was selected from 1: 1,2: 1,1:2).
• the resulting mixture was kept for 8-12hrs at room temperature (Table 5).
• the conjugation reaction can also be carried out by adding, at the same time (concurrently), to the CRM197-containing solution, the two-activated oligosaccharide respectively derived from the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae Type 6A and from the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae Type 6B.
• 18-valent or higher valent (>20V-24V) conjugate was aseptically filled in 2mL sterile vials.
• PNEUMOVAX® Merck, USA
• PREVNAR- 13® Pfizer, USA
• NZW New Zealand white rabbit model
• Reference serum and Rabbit serum were diluted and pre-adsorbed for cross-reacting antibodies by treatment with Pneumococcal CWPS and non-vaccine serotype 25PS.
• Human/rabbit/mouse monoclonal anti-polysaccharide antibodies were used for total IgG estimation.
• Bio-Plex 200 (Bio-Rad) reader were used as per the manufacturer's instructions.
• Immunogenicity of the conjugates i.e. capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies (total IgG) were measured using bead-based ELISA assay method were given in Table 6.
• Total IgG values were compared head to head with PREVNAR-13® in rabbit immunogenicity data. 14- day data shows significant increase in titer in IVT-18V-1 vaccine compared to PREVNAR-13® vaccine. Similarly, IVT-18V-1 data has significant booster on IgG values as compared to PREVNAR-13® (Table 6).
• capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies were measured using bead-based ELISA assay method were given in Table 7.
• Total IgG values were compared head to head with PREVNAR-13® in rabbit immunogenicity data. 14-day data shows significant increase in titer in IVT-18V-2 vaccine compared to PREVNAR-13® vaccine.
• IVT-18V-2 total IgG data for bivalent conjugates serotypes has significant booster on IgG values as compared to IVT-18V-1 formulation with monovalent conjugates.
• IVT-18V-2 conjugate vaccine formulation has superior immunogenicity not only against PREVNAR-13® but also against IVT-18V-1 formulation.
• Polysaccharide conjugated with either 1-3.5K linker (HZ-PEG-HZ) elicits much higher immunogenicity in compared to short linker (ADH) or no linker conjugates as in PREVNAR-13®.
• 18-V conjugate vaccine formulation (IVT-18V-3): 10-V formulation as monovalent conjugates used as 2.2 ⁇ g/dose and remaining 8-V added as bivalent-conjugates which includes 6A/6B, 9V/9N, 15A/15B and 19A/19F used as 1.1 ⁇ g/dose, except 6B 2.2 ⁇ g/dose.
• Immunogenicity of the conjugates i.e. capsular polysaccharide specific antibodies (total IgG) were measured using Multiplex bead-based ELISA assay method were given in Table 8.
• Total IgG values were compared head to head with PREVNAR-13® in rabbit immunogenicity data. 14-day data shows significant increase in titer in IVT-18V-3 vaccine compared to PREVNAR-13® vaccine.
• IVT-18V-3 formulations with lower dose 2.2 vs l. lug dose
• total IgG data for bivalent conjugates serotypes for example.
• IVT-18V-2 conjugate vaccine formulation has superior immunogenicity not only against PREVNAR-13® but also against IVT-18V-1 formulation.
• Polysaccharide conjugated with either 1-3.5K linker (HZ-PEG-HZ) elicits much higher immunogenicity in compared to short linker (ADH) or no linker conjugates as in PREVNAR-13® (Table 8).

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