WO2018218644A1 - 一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法 - Google Patents

一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法 Download PDF

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WO2018218644A1
WO2018218644A1 PCT/CN2017/086957 CN2017086957W WO2018218644A1 WO 2018218644 A1 WO2018218644 A1 WO 2018218644A1 CN 2017086957 W CN2017086957 W CN 2017086957W WO 2018218644 A1 WO2018218644 A1 WO 2018218644A1
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separation membrane
solvent
porous graphene
etchant
foil
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全燮
魏高亮
陈硕
于洪涛
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Dalian University of Technology
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0053—Inorganic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes
    • B01D67/006—Inorganic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by elimination of segments of the precursor, e.g. nucleation-track membranes, lithography or laser methods
    • B01D67/0062—Inorganic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by elimination of segments of the precursor, e.g. nucleation-track membranes, lithography or laser methods by micromachining techniques, e.g. using masking and etching steps, photolithography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0067—Inorganic membrane manufacture by carbonisation or pyrolysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
    • B01D67/0011—Casting solutions therefor
    • B01D67/00111—Polymer pretreatment in the casting solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/122—Separate manufacturing of ultra-thin membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/021—Carbon
    • B01D71/0211—Graphene or derivates thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/184—Preparation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/04—Characteristic thickness
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2204/00—Structure or properties of graphene
    • C01B2204/02—Single layer graphene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2204/00—Structure or properties of graphene
    • C01B2204/04—Specific amount of layers or specific thickness

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of membranes, and in particular relates to a method for directly growing an ultra-thin porous graphene separation membrane having an atomic or molecular thickness.
  • Membrane separation technology has been widely used in food, medicine, biology, environmental protection, chemical, metallurgy, energy, petroleum, water treatment and other fields, and has become one of the most important means in today's separation science.
  • Water flux is the evaluation of separation membrane properties A very important indicator parameter that can be. Generally, the higher the water flux of the membrane, the higher the efficiency of the separation process and the lower the energy consumption. According to Hagen - The Boeing Leaf equation, for ultrafiltration membranes and microfiltration membranes, membrane flux is inversely proportional to its thickness and pore tortuosity. It can be seen that the ultra-thin separation membrane having a vertically penetrating regular pore structure is expected to increase in water quantity in comparison with the conventional separation membrane.
  • Graphene is composed of a single layer of carbon atoms in a closely packed two-dimensional hexagonal honeycomb lattice structure, and is the thinnest and most robust material currently known. Both computational and experimental measurements confirm that the separation membrane made from single or small layers of graphene has an ultra-high water flux, mainly due to its atomic-level thickness, which greatly reduces the dynamic resistance of water molecules across the membrane. . To the best of our knowledge, there are currently only 2 papers (K. Celebi, J. Buchheim, RM Wyss, A. Droudian, P. Gasser, I. Shorubalko, J.-I. Kye, C. Lee, HG Park. Ultimate Permeation Across Atomically Thin Porous Graphene.
  • GL Wei uses the principle of carbothermal reaction to perform secondary perforation of graphene to obtain a porous graphene separation membrane.
  • the process is relatively simple, but two high temperature processes are still needed, and the energy consumption is high.
  • this ultra-thin porous graphene film it is of great significance to explore its low cost, simple and efficient, large-area preparation technology.
  • the invention mainly aims at the shortcomings of the existing porous graphene film preparation technology, that is, the preparation process is high in cost, the steps are cumbersome and the efficiency is low, and a low-cost, simple and efficient preparation method is proposed.
  • the basic idea of the present invention is to coat a high molecular polymer and an etchant on a metal substrate.
  • the carbon atoms generated by the cracking of the high molecular polymer are rearranged on the metal substrate to form graphene.
  • the etchant will occupy some sites on the metal substrate, and the occupied sites cannot generate graphene; on the other hand, at a certain temperature, the etchant can react with the carbon atoms on the graphene.
  • the generated carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide is detached from the graphene in the form of a gas.
  • the reason for the two aspects is that the produced graphene has a porous structure, that is, a porous graphene film.
  • a method for directly growing an ultrathin porous graphene separation membrane the steps are as follows:
  • the solvent B or the dispersant B is used to dissolve or disperse the etchant
  • the ultra-thin porous graphene separation membrane is a single layer, a double layer or a plurality of layers.
  • the etchant is one or a mixture of two or more of a metal oxyacid salt, a metal nitrate, and a metal oxide;
  • the metal oxyacid salt is potassium permanganate, lithium permanganate, sodium permanganate, potassium manganate, lithium manganate, sodium manganate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, lithium dichromate, potassium chromate , one or more of sodium chromate, lithium chromate, lithium molybdate, potassium molybdate, sodium molybdate;
  • the metal nitrate is copper nitrate, iron nitrate, One or more kinds of cobalt nitrate, manganese nitrate, cadmium nitrate, and chromium nitrate Preferred as copper nitrate and ferric nitrate;
  • the metal oxide is copper oxide, cuprous oxide, ferric oxide, ferric oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, cadmium oxide
  • the high molecular polymer is polyvinyl butyral and/or polymethyl methacrylate or a mixture of the two.
  • the solvent A is one or a mixture of two or more of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and chloroform.
  • the metal foil is a copper foil or a nickel foil.
  • the anaerobic condition is inert gas protection or vacuum;
  • the inert gas is a mixture of one or more of nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, xenon, xenon, and xenon, and is preferably nitrogen and argon in consideration of economic cost;
  • the pressure is no more than 50 Pa.
  • the etchant solution or dispersion has a mass concentration of 0.1%-20%.
  • the method of removing the metal foil and the reaction product is to float the sample in a liquid solution of 0.5 to 5 mol/L FeCl 3 /0.1 to 1 mol/L HCl solution or a mass fraction of 0.1 to 10% ammonium persulfate solution.
  • the coating method is preferably a spin coating film and immersion pulling.
  • the step of disposing the solution or dispersion of the etchant dissolving or dispersing the etchant into the solvent B or the dispersant B under ultrasonication and stirring;
  • the solvent B or the dispersant B is preferably ethanol and water.
  • the drying method is preferably room temperature drying.
  • the organic polymer polymer film is a polyvinyl butyral film, a polymethyl methacrylate film, a polyethylene film or a polytetrafluoroethylene film.
  • it is a polyethylene wrap film for household use.
  • the Invention of the Invention The method is simple, no expensive equipment and medicine are needed, and the cost is low; the porous graphene separation membrane can be directly grown, and the graphene raw material is not required to be prepared in advance; the prepared graphene separation membrane has an adjustable pore size and has an ultrahigh water flux. And the ability to resist irreversible pollution.
  • Example 1 is a Raman spectrum of a porous graphene sample prepared in Example 1.
  • Example 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a sample of porous graphene prepared in Example 1.
  • Example 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of a sample of porous graphene prepared in Example 2.
  • Example 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a sample of porous graphene prepared in Example 5.
  • the porous graphene film prepared by the above method was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and the results are shown in Fig. 1.
  • the spectrum of Figure 1 has obvious G and 2D peaks, which are typical peaks of graphene, indicating that the sample material is graphene.
  • the porous graphene film prepared by the above method was characterized by a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in Fig. 2. There are many black spots in the picture, which are holes in graphene with an average size of 20 nm.
  • the measured pure water flux is about 48000 L m -2 h -1 bar -1 .
  • the porous graphene film prepared by the above method was characterized by a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in Fig. 3.
  • the present invention obtained a graphene separation membrane having a porous structure with an average pore diameter of 35 nm.
  • the measured pure water flux is about 105000 L m -2 h -1 bar -1 .
  • the porous graphene film prepared by the above method was characterized by a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in Fig. 4.
  • Figure 4 It can be seen that the present invention obtains a graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite separation membrane having a porous structure with an average pore diameter of 50 nm.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法，该方法包括：（1）把刻蚀剂、有机溶剂和高分子聚合物涂覆在金属箔上，在无氧条件下高温煅烧，去掉金属基底和反应产物，即可得到单层或多层的多孔石墨烯分离膜；或（2）将刻蚀剂的溶液或分散液涂覆在金属箔上，再覆盖一层有机高分子聚合物薄膜，在无氧条件下高温煅烧，去掉金属基底和反应产物，即可得到单层或多层的多孔石墨烯分离膜。该方法可以直接生长出多孔石墨烯分离膜，不需要事先制备石墨烯原材料，且制备出的石墨烯膜孔径可调，具有超高的水通量和和抗不可逆污染的能力。

Description

一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法
技术领域
本发明属于膜技术领域，特别涉及一种直接生长具有原子级或分子级厚度的超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法。
背景技术
膜分离技术已广泛应用于食品、医药、生物、环保、化工、冶金、能源、石油、水处理等领域，已成为当今分离科学中最重要的手段之一。水通量是评价分离膜性 能的一个非常重要的指标参数。一般地，膜的水通量越高，则分离过程的效率越高，耗能就越低。根据哈根 - 泊谡叶方程，对超滤膜和微滤膜而言，膜通量与其厚度和孔道曲折度成反比。由此可见，具有垂直贯通规则孔道结构的超薄分离膜相比较于传统分离膜，其水通量有望数量级别地提高。
石墨烯是由紧密堆积成的二维六方蜂窝状晶格结构的单层碳原子组成，是目 前已知最薄、最坚固的材料。计算模拟和实验测定都证实,由单层或少层石墨烯制得的分离膜具有超高的水通量，主要是由于它原子级别的厚度，可以大大减弱水分子过膜时的动力学阻力。据我们所知，目前仅有 2 篇论文（ K. Celebi, J. Buchheim, R. M. Wyss, A. Droudian, P. Gasser, I. Shorubalko, J.-I. Kye, C. Lee, H. G. Park. Ultimate Permeation Across Atomically Thin Porous Graphene. Science 2014, 344, 289 ； G. L. Wei, X. Quan, S. Chen, H. T. Yu. Superpermeable Atomic-Thin Graphene Membranes with High Selectivity. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(2), 1920-1926. ）报道了厚度只有若干个碳原子层的多孔石墨烯超滤膜，并考察了气体分子或水分子的过膜通量。 在 K. Celebi 的论文里，多孔石墨烯膜的制备用到了光刻技术，活性氧刻蚀技术和聚焦离子束钻孔技术，步骤较为复杂，并依赖昂贵的仪器，成本较高。而 G. L. Wei 利用碳热反应原理对石墨烯进行二次打孔处理得到多孔石墨烯分离膜，过程相对简单，但仍然需要两次高温过程，耗能较高。 鉴于这种超薄多孔石墨烯膜优异的性能和良好的应用前景，探索其的低成本、简单高效、大面积制备技术具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明主要是针对现有多孔石墨烯膜制备技术存在的缺点，即制备过程成本高，步骤较为繁琐，效率低，而提出一种低成本，简单高效的制备方法。
本发明的基本构思是将高分子聚合物和刻蚀剂涂覆在金属基底上。高温下，高分子聚合物裂解产生的碳原子在金属基底上发生重排生成石墨烯。一方面，刻蚀剂会占有金属基底上的某些位点，而被占有的位点无法生成石墨烯；另一方面，在一定温度下，刻蚀剂可以和石墨烯上的碳原子发生反应 ， 生成的一氧化碳或二氧化碳以气体的形式从石墨烯上脱离。两方面的原因使得生成的石墨烯具有多孔结构，即多孔石墨烯膜。
本发明的技术方案：
一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法，步骤如下：
(1) 将刻蚀剂、溶剂 A 和高分子聚合物的混合物涂覆在金属箔上，在无氧条件下高温煅烧，其中，刻蚀剂、有机高分子聚合物和溶剂 A 的质量比为 1:0.5-50:100-1000 ；或将刻蚀剂的溶液或分散液涂覆在金属箔上，再覆盖一层 有机高分子聚合物薄膜， 在无氧条件下高温煅烧，其中，刻蚀剂、有机高分子聚合物和溶剂 B 或分散剂 B 的质量比为 1:0.5-50:100-1000 ；所述的 高温煅烧为在 400-1200 oC 温度条件下煅烧 10 分钟到 4 小时；
其中，所述的溶剂 B 或分散剂B 用于溶解或分散刻蚀剂；
(2) 去掉金属箔和反应产物，即得到超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜 ；所述的超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜为单层、双层或多层。
所述的刻蚀剂为金属氧酸盐、金属硝酸盐和金属氧化物的一种或两种以上混合 ； 所述 金属氧酸盐为高锰酸钾、高锰酸锂、高锰酸钠、锰酸钾、锰酸锂、锰酸钠、重铬酸钾、重铬酸钠、重铬酸锂、铬酸钾、铬酸钠、铬酸锂、钼酸锂、钼酸钾、钼酸钠中的一种或两种以上混合；所述的金属硝酸盐为硝酸铜、硝酸铁、 硝酸钴、硝酸锰、硝酸镉、硝酸铬的一种或两种以上混合 ，优选地为硝酸铜和硝酸铁；所述的金属氧化物为氧化铜、氧化亚铜、四氧化三铁、三氧化二铁、氧化铝、氧化铬、二氧化钛、氧化钴、氧化镉、氧化锡的一种或两种以上混合。
所述的高分子聚合物为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和 / 或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或二者的混合。
所述的溶剂 A 为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、氯仿的一种或两种以上混合。
所述的金属箔为铜箔或镍箔。
所述的无氧条件为惰性气体保护或真空； 所述的惰性气体为氮气、氩气、氦气、氖气、氪气、氙气、氡气的一种或几种的混合，考虑到经济成本，优选地为氮气和氩气；所述的真空为压力不大于50帕。
所述的刻蚀剂溶液或分散液的质量浓度为 0.1%-20% 。
去掉金属箔和反应产物的方法为把样品漂浮在 0.5~5mol/L FeCl3/0.1~1mol/L HCl 溶液或质量分数为 0.1~10% 的过硫酸铵溶液液面上。
配置刻蚀剂、有机高分子聚合物和溶剂A的溶液或分散液的步骤：在搅拌条件下，聚乙烯醇缩丁醛或 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 溶解在相对应的有机溶剂内，再溶解金属氧酸盐或金属硝酸盐；也可优选地，在搅拌条件下，聚乙烯醇缩丁醛或 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 溶解在相对应的有机溶剂内，再在超声辅助下，金属氧化物分散到上述溶液中。
所述的涂覆方式 优选旋转涂膜和浸渍提拉。
配置刻蚀剂的溶液或分散液的步骤： 在超声和搅拌条件下，把刻蚀剂溶解或分散到 溶剂B或分散剂B 中； 所述溶剂B或分散剂B优选乙醇和水。
所述的干燥方式 优选室温干燥。
有机高分子聚合物薄膜为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛薄膜、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯薄膜、聚乙烯薄膜或聚四氟乙烯薄膜 ，优选为家庭用聚乙烯保鲜膜。
本发明的有益效果： 本发明的 方法简单，无需昂贵的设备和药品，成本较低；可以直接生长出多孔石墨烯分离膜，不需要事先制备石墨烯原材料；制备的石墨烯分离膜孔径可调，并具有超高的水通量和抗不可逆污染的能力。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备得到的多孔石墨烯样品的拉曼图谱。
图2为实施例1制备得到的多孔石墨烯样品的扫描电镜照片。
图3为实施例2制备得到的多孔石墨烯样品的扫描电镜照片。
图4为实施例5制备得到的多孔石墨烯样品的扫描电镜照片。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和技术方案，进一步说明本发明的具体实施方式。
实施例1
（ 1 ）配制质量比为 1:5:200 的硝酸铜 / 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 / 丙酮溶液。
（ 2 ）利用旋转涂膜机，把 10 μL 上述溶液以 1500 r/min 的转速旋涂在 1cm×1cm 的铜箔上。所得样品在总压力为 100 Pa ，氩气流量为 400 sccm 的条件下，以 8 oC/min 升温到 800 oC 并保温 1 h 。随后引入 10 sccm 氢气，总压力和温度保持不变的情况下继续升温到 1000 oC ，再保温 30 min 。最后样品冷却到室温。
（ 3 ）用 2.5M FeCl3/0.5 M HCl 刻蚀掉铜基底后，生成的多孔石墨烯转移到其它目标基底上。
用拉曼光谱仪对上述方法制备的多孔石墨烯膜进行了表征，结果如图 1 所示。图 1 的谱图中有明显的 G 峰和 2D 峰，这些峰是石墨烯典型的特征峰，表明制得的样品材质是石墨烯。用扫描电子显微镜对上述方法制备的多孔石墨烯膜进行了表征，结果如图 2 所示。图片中有很多黑色斑点，为石墨烯上的孔，平均大小为 20 nm 。测得的纯水通量为约 48000 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 。
实施例 2
（ 1 ）配制质量比为 1:2.5:100 的硝酸铜 / 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 / 丙酮溶液。
（ 2 ）把 10 μL 上述溶液以 1500 r/min 的转速旋涂在 1cm×1cm 的铜箔上。所得样品在常压，氩气流量为 400 sccm 的条件下，以 8 oC/min 升温到 800 oC 并保温 1 h 。最后样品冷却到室温。
（ 3 ）用 2.5M FeCl3/0.5 M HCl 刻蚀掉铜基底后，生成的多孔石墨烯转移到其它目标基底上。
对上述方法制备的多孔石墨烯膜用扫描电子显微镜表征，结果如图 3 所示。由图 3 可知，本发明得到了具有多孔结构的石墨烯分离膜，平均孔径为 35 nm 。测得的纯水通量为约 105000 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 。
实施例 3
（ 1 ）配制质量比为 1:25:1000 的硝酸铁 / 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛 / 乙醇溶液。
（ 2 ）把 20 μL 上述溶液以 1000 r/min 的转速旋涂在 2cm×2cm 的镍箔上。所得样品在总压力为 50 Pa ，氩气流量为 400 sccm 的条件下，以 8 oC/min 升温到 800 oC 并保温 1 h 。随后引入 10 sccm 氢气，总压力和温度保持不变的情况下再煅烧 30 min 。最后样品冷却到室温。
（ 3 ）用质量分数为 2% 的过硫酸铵溶液刻蚀掉铜基底后，生成的多孔石墨烯膜转移到其它目标基底上。
实施例 4
（ 1 ）配制质量比为 1:2.5:100 的硝酸铜 / 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 / 丙酮溶液。
（ 2 ）把 10 cm × 5 cm 的铜箔浸没在上述溶液中，然后以 1 mm/min 的速度向上提拉。所得样品在常压，氩气流量为 400 sccm ，温度为 1000 oC 的条件下煅烧 10 min 。随后引入 10 sccm 氢气，总压力和温度保持不变的情况下再煅烧 30 min 。最后样品冷却到室温。
（ 3 ）把有石墨烯的一面朝上，并在此面上用刮刀制出一层厚度大概为 50 μm 、 质量分数为 15% 的聚醚砜 /N,N- 二甲基甲酰胺溶液，随后迅速浸泡到水浴中。用 2.5M FeCl3/0.5 M HCl 刻蚀掉铜基底后，可得到多孔石墨烯 / 聚醚砜复合膜。
实施例 5
（ 1 ）配制质量比为 1: 50 的硝酸铁 / 乙醇溶液。
（ 2 ）把 20 cm × 10 cm 的铜箔平铺到热压设备上，在其上均匀地滴加上述配好的溶液并形成一层薄厚均匀的液膜，随后再覆盖一层家庭用聚乙烯保鲜膜。通过热压工艺，铜箔、硝酸铁和聚乙烯就形成了具有三明治结构的一个整体。所得样品在常压下，氩气流量为 800 sccm ，温度为 900 oC 下煅烧 30 min 。最后样品冷却到室温。
（ 3 ）把有石墨烯的一面朝上，并在此面上用刮刀制出一层厚度大概为 50 μm 质量分数为 15% 的聚偏氟乙烯 / 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 /N,N- 二甲基甲酰胺溶液，随后迅速浸泡到水浴中。用 2.5M FeCl3/0.5 M HCl 刻蚀掉铜基底后，可得到多孔石墨烯 / 聚偏氟乙烯复合膜。
对上述方法制备的多孔石墨烯膜用扫描电子显微镜表征，结果如图 4 所示。由图 4 可知，本发明得到了具有多孔结构的石墨烯 / 聚偏氟乙烯复合分离膜，平均孔径 50 nm 。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种直接生长超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜的方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    (1) 将刻蚀剂、溶剂 A 和高分子聚合物的混合物涂覆在金属箔上，在无氧条件下高温煅烧，其中，刻蚀剂、有机高分子聚合物和溶剂 A 的质量比为 1:0.5-50:100-1000 ；或将刻蚀剂的溶液或分散液涂覆在金属箔上，再覆盖一层 有机高分子聚合物薄膜， 在无氧条件下高温煅烧，其中，刻蚀剂、有机高分子聚合物和溶剂 B 或分散剂 B 的质量比为 1:0.5-50:100-1000 ；所述的 高温煅烧为在 400-1200 oC 温度条件下煅烧 10 分钟到 4 小时；
    其中，所述的溶剂 B 或分散剂B 用于溶解或分散刻蚀剂；
    (2) 去掉金属箔和反应产物，即得到超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜；所述的超薄多孔石墨烯分离膜为单层、双层或多层。
  2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的刻蚀剂为金属氧酸盐、金属硝酸盐和、金属氧化物中的一种或两种以上的混合，刻蚀剂溶液或分散液的质量浓度为 0.1%-20% 。
  3. 根据权利要求 1 或 2 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的高分子聚合物为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和 / 或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
  4. 根据权利要求 1 或 2 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的溶剂 A 为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、氯仿的一种或两种以上混合；所述的溶剂 B 或分散剂 B 为 乙醇和/或水。
  5. 根据权利要求 3 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的溶剂 A 为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、氯仿的一种或两种以上混合；所述的溶剂 B 或分散剂 B 为 乙醇和/或水。
  6. 根据权利要求 1 、 2 或 5 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的金属箔为铜箔或镍箔。
  7. 根据权利要求 3 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的金属箔为铜箔或镍箔。
  8. 根据权利要求 4 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的金属箔为铜箔或镍箔。
  9. 根据权利要求 1 、 2 、 5 、 7 或 8 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的无氧条件为惰性气体保护或真空。
  10. 根据权利要求 6 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 所述的无氧条件为惰性气体保护或真空。
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