WO2018212713A1 - Underground shaft development method - Google Patents
Underground shaft development method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018212713A1 WO2018212713A1 PCT/SG2018/050236 SG2018050236W WO2018212713A1 WO 2018212713 A1 WO2018212713 A1 WO 2018212713A1 SG 2018050236 W SG2018050236 W SG 2018050236W WO 2018212713 A1 WO2018212713 A1 WO 2018212713A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- blasting
- deck
- shaft
- blastholes
- blasthole
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219357 Cactaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D1/00—Sinking shafts
- E21D1/10—Preparation of the ground
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D1/00—Sinking shafts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D1/00—Sinking shafts
- E21D1/03—Sinking shafts mechanically, e.g. by loading shovels or loading buckets, scraping devices, conveying screws
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for shaft development or shaft sinking in rock formations.
- Shafts are a core feature in many civil engineering and mining operations. Shafts are typically required for movement of personnel, equipment, materials and water, and for ventilation purposes.
- Shaft sinking (or shaft mining) refers to the process by which a shaft is developed. Shaft sinking in rock formations is typically undertaken by a process in which the shaft is lengthened in a series of stages. Each stage involves drilling rounds of blastholes in a predetermined arrangement, loading the holes with explosives, and blasting. After suitable ventilation, rock is excavated from the area blasted and ground support installed as necessary. The next stage of drilling, blasting, excavation, and ground support installation is then carried out, and so on in a repeated manner. Thus, the shaft is extended in each stage.
- This conventional process has a number of limitations and disadvantages associated with it.
- the process is very labour intensive and potentially hazardous.
- drilling of blastholes and loading of explosives into blastholes per stage is a manual process requiring personnel to work in the shaft for many hours at a time.
- the shaft is developed over relatively small distances per drilling cycle, and the drilling equipment used is relatively small and often hand-operated.
- the blastholes will have a diameter 38-64 mm and their length per drilling cycle will be restricted to between 0.5 and 3.0 m.
- the present invention seeks to provide a new approach to shaft sinking that provides benefits when compared with the conventional blasting approach discussed. Summary of the invention
- a method of sinking a shaft in a rock formation comprises: drilling blastholes extending into the formation, the blastholes having a top end and a bottom end; loading the drilled blastholes with alternating layers of explosives charges and stemming material to provide a series of blasting decks extending across and within the formation; and initiating the explosive charges in a series of blasting stages based on blasting deck and proceeding consecutively from the blasting deck located at the top of the blastholes to the blasting deck located at the bottom of the blastholes, wherein after each blasting stage, excavation takes place to progress the shaft in an intended direction.
- a method of sinking a shaft in a rock formation comprises: during a selected shaft development interval: (a) drilling blastholes extending into the formation, each blasthole drilled from a starting drilling location defining a first end of the blasthole to an ending drilling location defining a second end of the blasthole such that the blasthole has a depth between its first end and second end; (b) loading the blastholes with alternating layers of explosives charges and stemming material to provide a series of blasting decks extending across and within the formation, including at least first blasting deck corresponding to the first ends of the blastholes and a final blasting deck corresponding to the second ends of the blastholes, wherein each blasting deck includes wireless blasting devices; and (c) detonating the explosive charges in a series of blasting stages based on blasting deck by way of initiating the wireless blasting devices in each blasting deck, proceeding consecutively from the first blasting deck corresponding to the first ends of the blastholes to the final blasting
- the series of blasting decks extending across and within the formation includes at least three blasting decks, including at least one blasting deck disposed between the first blasting deck and the final blasting deck.
- the depth of each blasthole is between 10 - 80m. In other embodiments, in the selected shaft development interval the depth of each blasthole is greater than 80m.
- the final blasting deck will be deeper within the earth than the first blasting deck (shaft development having a downward directional component), or the final blasting deck will be closer to the surface of the earth than the first blasting deck (shaft development having an upward directional component).
- the shaft can be developed to intersect an underground excavation (e.g., an existing underground passage or tunnel).
- the wireless blasting devices in each blasting deck can be programmed with a unique group identifier corresponding to the blasting deck.
- the method further comprises: during an additional shaft development interval following the selected shaft development interval, repeating steps (a) through (c), wherein after each blasting stage corresponding to the additional shaft development interval, excavation takes place to progress the shaft in an intended direction.
- the depth of each blasthole can be between 10 - 80m, or longer than 80m depending upon embodiment and/or situational details.
- the wireless blasting devices in each blasting deck can also be programmed with a unique group identifier corresponding to the blasting deck.
- Figure 1 is an illustration showing the steps associated with each stage of a conventional shaft sinking technique
- Figure 2 is a schematic illustrating a conventional shaft sinking technique
- FIG. 3 is an illustration showing the steps involved with stages of the method of the present invention.
- FIGS 4-7 are schematics illustrating the shaft sinking method of the invention.
- the present invention involves drilling of blastholes and loading of blastholes with explosives charges and stemming material in a single event.
- the explosives charges and stemming material are provided in the blastholes to provide blasting decks within and across the rock formation into which shaft sinking takes place.
- the blasting decks divide the rock formation into rock volumes/regions that will be blasted in a stage-wise approach. Each blast will break rock in the immediate vicinity of the relevant explosives charges and the broken rock is then excavated before the explosive charges in the next blasting deck are initiated, and so on. Key differences between the present invention and the conventional approach can be explained with reference to Figures 1-4.
- a conventional shaft sinking technique in a rock formation involves a repeated cycling of the following steps:
- a shaft will be developed by approximately the length of the blastholes per cycle. In practice this length will be up to about 3m.
- Figure 2(a)-(g) shows steps involved in the conventional shaft sinking technique, consistent with Figure 1.
- blastholes are drilled in accordance with a predetermined pattern to define an area in which a shaft is to be formed. The blastholes are loaded with explosives and blasted (not shown).
- Figure 2(b) shows an excavator removing blasted rock thereby commencing shaft sinking.
- Figure 2(c) new blastholes are drilled and loaded with explosives, and blasted (not shown).
- Figure 2(d) shows excavation of blasted rock and extension of the shaft in a downward direction. These steps are repeated in Figure 2(e)-(g) thereby developing a shaft.
- the Figures do not show installation of any ground support, but this will invariably take place after each cycle of drilling, loading, blasting and excavating.
- the method of the present invention involves one or more shaft development time periods, intervals, iterations, or cycles, where for a given shaft development time period, interval, iteration, or cycle under consideration, the method includes drilling blastholes and loading the blastholes with multiple layers of explosive charges corresponding to multiple blasting decks in a single blasthole drilling and loading event or procedure. Thereafter, within the current shaft development time period, interval, iteration, or cycle, the method involves repeated cycling of the following steps:
- the present invention eliminates the conventional requirement to carry out blasthole drilling and explosives loading corresponding to a next shaft level or shaft depth increment to be blasted after each excavation of the most recent shaft level that was blasted. Rather, a single blasthole drilling and explosives loading event or procedure is performed that physically or spatially encompasses or defines multiple blasting decks along the depth of the blastholes, where each blasting deck (a) corresponds to a particular shaft level or shaft depth increment, and (b) includes explosive charges that have been pre-positioned at predetermined depth(s) within the blastholes during the single blasthole drilling and loading event or procedure.
- individual blasting decks across these multiple blasting decks can be sequentially or consecutively blasted and excavated to progressively extend the depth of the shaft.
- the method of the invention involves a single drilling and explosives loading stage of multiple relatively long blastholes, which means that larger scale, automated equipment may be used.
- the blasthole diameter may be 76-165 mm and the blasthole length or depth may be at least 10 - 20m, for instance, 25-30m or longer (e.g., 80m).
- the blasthole depth is between 10 - 80m, it may be possible to drill to depths more than 80m (e.g., up to 100m, 120m, 150m, 180m, 200m, 220m, or 250m) depending upon the characteristics of the rock formation and the sophistication of the drilling equipment being used. Contrast this with the conventional approach where multiple drilling stages of relatively short blastholes is necessary.
- FIG. 3(a)-(e) shows steps involved with the method of the present invention, consistent with Figure 2.
- blastholes are drilled in accordance with a predetermined pattern to define a region or area in which a shaft is to be formed.
- the blastholes extend over the full length of the proposed shaft corresponding to a particular shaft development time period, interval, iteration, or cycle.
- the blastholes are loaded with explosives charges and stemming material to provide a series of blasting decks, i.e., multiple blasting decks.
- For shaft development along a downward direction e.g., away from the surface of the earth
- explosives charges in the blasting deck at the top of the blastholes are then initiated, thereby breaking rock in the immediate vicinity.
- a key feature of the present invention is that it minimises the steps involved in sinking a shaft over a given distance. For example, using the conventional approach to extend a shaft over 30m could require 10 or more cycles of drilling and explosives loading. In contrast, using the present invention the same may be achieved in a single event of drilling and explosives loading.
- the method of the invention may be applied to sink a shaft to its target overall depth in association with a single shaft development time period, interval, or iteration. However, if this is not possible, the method of the invention may be repeated across multiple shaft development time periods, intervals, iterations, or cycles to develop the shaft to its intended target overall depth. For example, if the intended target overall shaft depth is 100m or greater, the shaft may be developed by applying the method of the invention over multiple (e.g., 2 or more) shaft development time periods, intervals, iterations, or cycles.
- the invention requires loading of blastholes with a plurality of explosive charges and the selective, sequential initiation of those charges, such that charges in a first deck (e.g., an uppermost or top deck) or a deck directly adjacent to a current excavated blasthole depth are detonated, while charges in other decks that are deeper relative to the blasthole' s depth (e.g., decks below the uppermost or top deck, correspondingly) are slept.
- first deck e.g., an uppermost or top deck
- a deck directly adjacent to a current excavated blasthole depth are detonated
- charges in other decks that are deeper relative to the blasthole' s depth e.g., decks below the uppermost or top deck, correspondingly
- reference to loading blastholes with explosive charges means that blastholes are loaded with explosive formulations and initiation systems, in a manner that will be readily comprehended by individuals having ordinary skill in the relevant art.
- the initiation systems used in a given blasting deck will need to remain operational and unaffected by the initiation of explosives formulations in previously blasted decks in the same blasthole and in adjacent blastholes. This effectively precludes the use of wired initiation systems that rely on cables for communication of command signals. Such cables will most likely be compromised by blasts within the same blasthole and/or in adjacent blastholes. This issue may be addressed in accordance with the present invention using a wireless electronic blasting system (WEBS) to initiate explosives formulations.
- WEBS wireless electronic blasting system
- the WEBS is an electronic initiation system suitable for initiation of explosive charges.
- the WEBS includes multiple wireless blasting devices (e.g., wireless explosive primers), each of which is powered by an energy source (e.g., an internal (on-board) energy supply such as a battery), and each of which receives command instructions wirelessly, for example, by way of very low frequency magnetic resonance signals that can be transmitted through rock, air and/or water.
- the WEBS does not rely on any physical (wired) connections to an external power supply or to a blasting machine for communications necessary for blasting functionality (e.g., issuing FIRE commands to WEBS blasting devices).
- blasting horizons will not be damaged by preceding blasts and communication channels to each WEBS blasting device will remain intact.
- individual blasting devices can also be programmable with respect to WEBS group / subgroup identity and/or detonation delay time, and this will enhance implementation of the invention as will be discussed.
- Suitable WEBS and corresponding WEBS blasting devices for use in the present invention are known and described for example in Applicant's own International Patent Publication No. WO2015/143501 and International Patent Publication No. WO2015/143502, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Suitable WEBS are commercially available through Orica International Pte Ltd., Singapore. Additional aspects of the invention will be elaborated upon with reference to Figures 5-7.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a series of 8 vertical blastholes.
- Each blasthole is loaded with explosives charges and stemming material (inert horizon).
- the explosives charges and stemming material are arranged in a series of blasting decks denoted Blast 1, Blast 2... Blast X+2.
- Blast 1, Blast 2... Blast X+2 the explosive charges and stemming material are at approximately the same depth, and extend over approximately the same length within the blastholes.
- a layer of stemming material covers the explosive charge(s) in any given deck, where such stemming material is intended to prevent transmission of explosives energy to an adjacent blasting deck.
- stemming material e.g., graded rock gravel
- the blasting deck denoted Blast 1 is blasted first, followed by excavation of broken rock and installation of ground support as required. Thereafter, the blasting deck denoted Blast 2 is blasted (followed by excavation of broken rock and installation of ground support as required), and so on until blasting deck denoted Blast X+2 is blasted.
- the length of rock blasted in each blasting deck may vary depending upon such things as:
- blasthole design density and pattern of holes, burden, and relief
- the initiation sequence (e.g., the inter-deck and/or intra-deck initiation sequence);
- Figure 6 shows a typical arrangement of blastholes for a shaft.
- the blastholes are arranged in concentric rings around a central relief hole.
- the use of a relief hole may not be essential, but it can be useful in providing vacant space for broken rock to move into during the various blasts that will take place.
- the outer ring of blastholes are intended to define the outer walls of the shaft. Blasts in this outer ring may take place with a lower volume of explosives and/or lower energy explosives to ensure that excessive damage does not occur in the rock that will form the outer walls of the shaft.
- the explosive charges in blastholes in the outer ring may be initiated at the same time as other explosives charges within the same blasting deck.
- the explosive charges in the outer ring of blastholes are initiated before the other explosives charges in the same blasting deck as this may lead to less overall damage to the walls of the shaft. It will be appreciated that the blastholes in the outer ring are typically pre-split blastholes.
- the remaining blastholes may be arranged in any suitable pattern to achieve suitable breakage of rock in the vicinity of the blasthole.
- the characteristics of the rock formation and the nature of the explosives formulations being used will influence the grouping and/or density of blastholes used.
- the explosives in each blasting deck are initiated completely independently of explosives in other blasting decks. Within the same blasting deck, the explosives charges may be initiated at the same time or with delay times relative to each other. The latter may be preferred in terms of blasting effectiveness.
- blastholes that are at the boundary of the shaft pre-split blastholes
- This may provide relief at the perimeter of the shaft and minimise wall damage.
- the WEBS blasting devices in the same blasting deck may bfse allocated a unique group identifier that ensures that only wireless commands (including FIRE commands) intended for those WEBS blasting devices are actioned.
- This approach allows each WEBS blasting device being used to be programmed before or on deployment in a blasthole to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of operation.
- This approach also allows a specific (predetermined) group of WEBS blasting devices to be detonated in a desired sequence, while other pre-programmed WEBS blasting devices do not initiate. Rather, those WEBS blasting devices sleep in the blastholes until they are commanded by a suitably coded signal to wake up and detonate.
- group identification features to ensure that command signals are actioned by a predetermined group of wireless devices is the subject of International Patent Publication No. WO2010/085837, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Figure 7 shows the blastholes, explosives charges and stemming material from a different perspective.
- wireless electronic primers are used as the WEBS blasting devices.
- the explosives formulations used will be of known composition and will be selected based on their suitability for the shaft sinking situation under consideration.
- the explosive formulation will be an emulsion explosive formulation.
- ground support When ground support is required, conventional components and methodologies will be used; including rock bolts, wire mesh and pre-formed concrete shaft liners. Individuals skilled in the art will be familiar with the appropriate ground support to use, depending on context.
- the present invention may be applied to "Conventional Shaft Sinking” and to "Rise Mining".
- Conventional Shaft Sinking the free or accessible surface is initially at the top of the blastholes, with shaft development extending downwards.
- the shaft produced is usually vertical or just off vertical (by up to about 15° for example).
- broken rock is excavated using conventional shaft sinking digging apparatus, such as cactus grabs and bucket excavators or manually using shovels. Each subsequent layer of rock is blasted only when enough broken rock has been removed so that the next blast remains unaffected.
- the method may also be applied to "Rise Mining," e.g., where the shaft blastholes have been designed to intersect an underground excavation such as an existing underground passage or tunnel.
- the free or accessible surface is initially at the bottom of the blastholes, and shaft development proceeds upwards.
- Rise Mining broken rock that results from blasting a given deck falls under gravity and can be removed, for example by mechanical loading machines (i.e., front end loaders). A subsequent blasting deck can be blasted when there is enough space beneath the blast to allow the newly broken rock to expand into it.
- the method of the invention may be applied to produce drawbells in a block cave mining operation.
- the free or accessible surface is again at the bottom and removal of rock proceeds upwards.
- rock is broken it falls under gravity and may be removed.
- Applying the method of the invention to produce drawbells may allow larger sized drawbells to be produced when compared with single shot production techniques. This is because in accordance with the invention, rock may be blasted and removed incrementally in controlled volumes based on blast design.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2018271218A AU2018271218A1 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2018-05-15 | Underground shaft development method |
RU2019141265A RU2019141265A (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2018-05-15 | METHOD FOR DEVELOPING UNDERGROUND STORES |
US16/614,149 US20200088030A1 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2018-05-15 | Underground shaft development method |
CA3063544A CA3063544A1 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2018-05-15 | Underground shaft development method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SG10201703958T | 2017-05-15 | ||
SG10201703958T | 2017-05-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2018212713A1 true WO2018212713A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 |
Family
ID=64274517
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SG2018/050236 WO2018212713A1 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2018-05-15 | Underground shaft development method |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200088030A1 (en) |
AR (1) | AR111797A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2018271218A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3063544A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2019141265A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018212713A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113250696B (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2023-05-12 | 中国水利水电第六工程局有限公司 | Method for arranging blasting holes in large-diameter vertical shaft excavation blasting |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU511684B2 (en) * | 1979-07-18 | 1980-08-28 | Jack Kennedy Sturgess | Shaft sinking |
JPS5774600A (en) * | 1980-10-29 | 1982-05-10 | Youichi Shiba | Blasting of rock bed or the like |
WO2005052499A1 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2005-06-09 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Method of blasting multiple layers or levels of rock |
WO2010085837A1 (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2010-08-05 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Selective control of wireless initiation devices at a blast site |
WO2011038449A1 (en) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | A method of underground rock blasting |
-
2018
- 2018-05-15 RU RU2019141265A patent/RU2019141265A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-05-15 AR ARP180101276A patent/AR111797A1/en unknown
- 2018-05-15 CA CA3063544A patent/CA3063544A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-05-15 US US16/614,149 patent/US20200088030A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-05-15 AU AU2018271218A patent/AU2018271218A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-05-15 WO PCT/SG2018/050236 patent/WO2018212713A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU511684B2 (en) * | 1979-07-18 | 1980-08-28 | Jack Kennedy Sturgess | Shaft sinking |
JPS5774600A (en) * | 1980-10-29 | 1982-05-10 | Youichi Shiba | Blasting of rock bed or the like |
WO2005052499A1 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2005-06-09 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Method of blasting multiple layers or levels of rock |
WO2010085837A1 (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2010-08-05 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Selective control of wireless initiation devices at a blast site |
WO2011038449A1 (en) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | A method of underground rock blasting |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR111797A1 (en) | 2019-08-21 |
US20200088030A1 (en) | 2020-03-19 |
RU2019141265A (en) | 2021-06-16 |
AU2018271218A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
CA3063544A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 |
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