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  • B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
  • B01J39/08—Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
  • B01J39/16—Organic material
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  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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  • B01D71/72—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of the groups B01D71/46 - B01D71/70 and B01D71/701 - B01D71/702
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  • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/29—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C309/32—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings containing at least two non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings in the carbon skeleton
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  • C08F132/00—Homopolymers of cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic ring system
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  • C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
  • C08G61/10—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aromatic carbon atoms, e.g. polyphenylenes
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  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
  • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
  • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
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  • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
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  • C08J5/2256—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those involving carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
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  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
  • H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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  • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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  • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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  • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
  • C08G2261/14—Side-groups
  • C08G2261/145—Side-chains containing sulfur
  • C08G2261/1452—Side-chains containing sulfur containing sulfonyl or sulfonate-groups
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  • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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  • C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
  • C08G2261/31—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain
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  • C08J2365/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
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• • H—ELECTRICITY
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• Hydrocarbon-based proton exchange membranes (PEMs) and ionomers intended for electrochemical applications (e.g., fuel cells, electrolyzers, and water treatment) are actively sought after as alternatives to traditional perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers due to their ease of synthesis, low cost, low gas crossover, high T g , and fewer environmental concerns.
• PFSA perfluorosulfonic acid
• Many different ion-containing polymers have been investigated, with significant focus on those incorporating aromatic groups as part of the polymer main chain, such as sulfonated derivatives of poly(arylene ether)s, poly(arylene ether ketone)s, poly(arylene sulfone)s, poly(imide)s and poly(benzimidazole)s.
• hydrocarbon-based ionomers to date are often inhibited by a greater sensitivity to oxidative degradation either ex situ (e.g., Fenton's Reagent test) and/or in situ (e.g., in PEM fuel cells).
• ex situ e.g., Fenton's Reagent test
• in situ e.g., in PEM fuel cells
• Polyphenylenes such as those reported by Stille and Müllen, have inherent chemical stability and mechanical strength. Of more recent interest are routes to branched polyphenylenes bearing ionic functionalities. Sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes (sPPPs) have been of particular interest as PEMs due to the inherent chemical and mechanical stability of a fully aromatic backbone. Sulfonated versions of branched polyphenylenes can be prepared by post-sulfonation of polyphenylenes, for the purpose of preparing polymers for electrochemical membranes. Membranes incorporating these polymers are reported to be mechanically robust, and possess high ionic (protonic) conductivity.
• sPPPs Sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes
• Sulfonated versions of branched polyphenylenes can be prepared by post-sulfonation of polyphenylenes, for the purpose of preparing polymers for electrochemical membranes. Membranes incorporating these polymers are reported to be mechanical
• Precise control of the polymer structure and accurate placement of ionic functionality along the polymer backbone can enhance short and long range order of ionic channels and thus ionic conductivity.
• a high degree of molecular control can be achieved by spatially controlling the placement of sulfonic acid groups on the polymer– but such control is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve by post- sulfonation of polyphenylenes.
• the present disclosure features a polymer, including a repeating unit of Formula (I):
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ;
• R 1G and R 1H are independently H, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• a 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• the present disclosure features a polymer, including:
• X + is H + or a cation as defined herein; and a second repeating unit selected from
• a mole ratio of the first repeating unit to the second repeating unit ranges from 1:99 to 99:1.
• the present disclosure features a random block copolymer, including:
• X + is H + or a cation as defined herein; and a second block selected from
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100;
• a mole ratio of the first block to the second block ranges from 1:99 to 99:1.
• the present disclosure features a compound of Formula (III)
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ;
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• a 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• the present disclosure features a method of making a random block copolymer, including:
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , R 1F , R 1G , R 1H , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D , A 1 , A 2 , L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are as defined above,
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100
• A is a first reactive terminal group
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , R 3F , R 3G , R 3H , R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , R 4D , B 1 , B 2 , K 1 , K 2 , and K 3 are as defined herein,
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100
• B is a second reactive terminal group configured to react with A, and reacting A (e.g., an alkyne (reactive with a tetracyclone) or a tetracyclone (reactive with an alkyne)) and B (e.g., a tetracyclone or an alkyne) to provide a random block copolymer of Formula (VIII)
• A e.g., an alkyne (reactive with a tetracyclone) or a tetracyclone (reactive with an alkyne)
• B e.g., a tetracyclone or an alkyne
• a mole ratio of the first block to the second block ranges from 1:99 to 99:1.
• the present disclosure features a method of making a polymer described above, including:
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• heteroatom e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -
• arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• D 3 is H, R 1G , R 1H , R 3G , R 3H , or a protecting group (e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether), wherein R 1G and R 1H are as defined in the present disclosure, and wherein R 3G and R 3H are as defined in the present disclosure; and
• a protecting group e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether
• D 4 is halo
• the present disclosure features an ionomer including a polymer of the present disclosure.
• the ionomer can be incorporated into a cation exchange resin.
• FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure.
• FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of conformations of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure.
• FIGURE 3 is a graph showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP-H+) and Nafion® NR 211 at 30 °C as a function of relative humidity (RH).
• FIGURE 4 is a graph showing O 2 /H 2 fuel cell performance of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP-H+) as an ionomer in cathode catalyst layer at 80 °C for membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with Nafion® N211 as membrane. Nafion® D520 as ionomer in cathode catalyst layer is shown for comparison (anode RH maintained at 100%).
• sPPP-H+ polymer of the present disclosure
• MEAs membrane-electrode assemblies
• FIGURE 5 is a graph showing in situ membrane proton conductivity as a function of RH for MEAs where original the RH was 100% (D520) or 90% (sPPP- H + ).
• FIGURE 6 is a graph showing fuel cell performance for an embodiment of a polymer membrane of the present disclosure (sPPP-H+, 150 mm thick) and NR212 (50 mm thick) at 80 °C under O 2 /H 2 at 70% cathode and anode RH.
• sPPP-H+ cathode and anode contain sPPP-H+, 0.4 mg cm -2 Pt.
• NR212 cathode and anode contain Nafion® D520, 0.4 mg cm -2 Pt.
• FIGURE 7 is a graph showing in situ membrane proton conductivity for an embodiment of a polymer membrane of a present disclosure (sPPP-H+) and NR212 as a function of RH.
• FIGURE 8A is a graph showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of polymer membranes of the present disclosure at 30 °C and 80 °C.
• FIGURE 8B is a graph the logarithmic plot of proton conductivity of an embodiment of polymer membranes of the present disclosure at 30 °C and 80 °C.
• FIGURE 9 is a graph showing in situ polarization (left axis, solid), power density (right axis, open), of embodiments of polymer membranes of the present disclosure, under H 2 /O 2 . Conditions were 80 °C, 100% RH, 0.5/1.0 slpm anode/cathode gas flows, zero backpressure.
• FIGURE 10 is a graph showing accelerated combined chemical/mechanical stress test via an open circuit voltage hold at 30% RH, 90 °C, H 2 /Air, zero backpressure for an embodiment of polymer membranes of the present disclosure.
• the spikes represent times where the OCV stress test was interrupted to obtain polarization curves and gas cross over current densities.
• FIGURE 11 is a graph showing TGA curves for embodiments of polymers of the present disclosure (sulfonated polyphenylenes sPPN-H + and sPPB-H + ).
• FIGURE 12 is a graph showing hydrocarbon membrane polarization and resultant power density data under RH cycling for embodiments of polymer membranes of the present disclosure (sPPB-H+ and sPPN-H+ membranes).
• the distance between the horizontal lines at each point represents a 95% confidence interval, ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ , for the 13 IVs determined in succession over 25 hours in both cases.
• the total operational times under normal conditions were 72 and 74 hours for sPPB- H+ and sPPN-H+ membranes, respectively.
• FIGURE 13A is a graph showing fuel crossovers of fully conditioned MEAs including polymers of the present disclosure, from chronoamperometric data, determined after equilibration to a steady low potential using 0.25/0.5 slpm H 2 /N 2 .
• FIGURE 13B is a graph showing in situ conductivities of fully conditioned MEAs sPPB-H+ and sPPN-H+ membranes, calculated from resistance data determined by the IR-drop method in the Ohmic region of polarization data, pooling air and O 2 data. Error bars represent propagated uncertainties of measured resistance and membrane thickness.
• FIGURE 14 is a graph showing in situ polarization (left axis, solid), power density (right axis, hollow), and resistance (inset) under H 2 /Air of embodiments of polymers of the present disclosure, including N211 and N212 data. Conditions were 80 °C, 100 % RH, 0.5/1.0 slpm anode/cathode gas flows, zero backpressure.
• FIGURE 15 is a graph showing in situ polarization (left axis, solid), power density (right axis, hollow) under H 2 /O 2 of embodiments of polymers of the present disclosure, including resistance (inset) and N211 data. Conditions were 80 °C, 100 % RH, 0.5/1.0 slpm anode/cathode gas flows, zero backpressure.
• FIGURE 16 is a graph showing fuel crossovers vs. OCV AST time for an embodiment of polymers of the present disclosure (sPPB-H + ) vs. a PFSA reference.
• FIGURE 17 is a graph showing polarization (right), power density (right), and resistance (inset) data for an embodiment of polymers of the present disclosure (sPPB-H + ) before and after the 400 h OCV AST.
• FIGURE 18 is a graph showing in situ conductivity for BOL, conditioned N211 and for an embodiment of polymers of the present disclosure (sPPB-H + ) compared to s PPB-H + post-AST.
• FIGURE 19 is a scheme showing the synthesis of embodiments of the compounds of the present disclosure.
• FIGURE 20 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic constitutional units forming the blocks of an embodiment of block copolymers of the present disclosure.
• FIGURE 21 is a graph showing theoretical and experimental ion exchanges capacity (IEC) for a series of polymers of the present disclosure (sPPP(m)(H + )).
• FIGURE 22 is a graph showing electrical model of the resistance around a membrane of the present disclosure and an equation for calculating the proton conductivity of the polymer.
• FIGURE 23 is a graph showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP(m)(H + )) at 30°C at varied RH.
• FIGURE 24 is a graph showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP(m)(H + )) at 80°C at varied RH.
• FIGURE 25 is a graph showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP(0.7)(H + )) at 30 °C and 80 °C at varied RH.
• FIGURE 26 is a graph showing showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP(0.6)(H + )) at 30 °C and 80 °C at varied RH.
• FIGURE 27 is a graph showing showing proton conductivity of an embodiment of a polymer of the present disclosure (sPPP(0.5)(H + )) at 30 °C and 80 °C at varied RH.
• anionic phenylene oligomers and polymers and devices including these materials.
• the oligomers and polymers can be prepared in a convenient and well-controlled manner, and can be used in cation exchange membranes. Also described is the controlled synthesis of anionic phenylene monomers and their use in synthesizing anionic oligomers and polymers, with precise control of the position and number of anionic groups.
• substituents of compounds of the disclosure are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges.
• C l-6 alkyl is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl, C 5 alkyl, and C 6 alkyl.
• optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5" is intended to individually disclose optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4; 1, 2, or 3; 1 or 2; or 1 substituents.
• stable refers to a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture.
• divalent groups such as linking groups (e.g., alkylene, arylene, etc.) between a first and a second moieties, can be oriented in both forward and the reverse direction with respect to the first and second moieties, unless specifically described.
• Optionally substituted groups can refer to, for example, functional groups that may be substituted or unsubstituted by additional functional groups.
• groups for example, when a group is unsubstituted, it can be referred to as the group name, for example alkyl or aryl.
• groups when a group is substituted with additional functional groups, it may more generically be referred to as substituted alkyl or substituted aryl.
• substituted or “substitution” refers to the replacing of a hydrogen atom with a substituent other than H.
• an ''N-substituted piperidin-4-yl refers to replacement of the H atom from the NH of the piperidinyl with a non-hydrogen substituent such as, for example, alkyl.
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon groups. In some embodiments, alkyl has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom).
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, tert- pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, pentan-2-yl, pentan-3-yl), and hexyl (e.g., n-hexyl and isomers) groups.
• propyl e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl
• butyl e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl
• pentyl e.g., n-pentyl, tert- pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, pentan-2-y
• alkylene refers to a linking alkyl group.
• cycloalkyl refers to non-aromatic carbocycles including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.
• Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) ring systems, including spirocycles.
• cycloalkyl groups can have from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, 3 to about 14 carbon atoms, 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, or 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can further have 0, 1, 2, or 3 double bonds and/or 0, 1, or 2 triple bonds.
• cycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo derivatives of pentane, pentene, hexane, and the like.
• a cycloalkyl group having one or more fused aromatic rings can be attached though either the aromatic or non-aromatic portion.
• One or more ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be oxidized, for example, having an oxo or sulfido substituent.
• Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbomyl, norpinyl, norcamyl, adamantyl, and the like.
• cycloalkylene refers to a linking cycloalkyl group.
• perfluoroalkyl refers to straight or branched fluorocarbon chains. In some embodiments, perfluoroalkyl has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom).
• Representative alkyl groups include trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, etc.
• perfluoroalkylene refers to a linking perfluoroalkyl group.
• heteroalkyl refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl groups and where one or more of the carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom selected from O, N, or S.
• heteroalkyl alkyl has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom).
• heteroalkylene refers to a linking heteroalkyl group.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as described herein bonded to an oxygen atom. In some embodiments, alkoxy has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom). Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy groups.
• perfluoroalkoxy refers to a perfluoroalkyl or cyclic perfluoroalkyl group as described herein bonded to an oxygen atom.
• perfluoroalkoxy has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom).
• Representative perfluoroalkoxy groups include trifluoromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, etc.
• aryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative aryl groups include phenyl groups.
• aryl includes monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3, or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, and indenyl.
• arylene refers to a linking aryl group.
• phenylene refers to a linking phenyl group.
• aralkyl refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein with an aryl group as defined herein substituted for one of the alkyl hydrogen atoms.
• a representative aralkyl group is a benzyl group.
• aralkylene refers to a linking aralkyl group.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- to 10-membered aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N.
• Representative 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring groups include pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, furan, thiophene, thiazole, oxazole, and isooxazole.
• Representative 9- or 10-membered aromatic bicyclic ring groups include benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, pyranopyrrole, benzopyran, quinoline, benzocyclohexyl, and naphthyridine.
• heteroarylene refers to a linking heteroaryl group.
• heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein with an aryl or a heteroaryl group as defined herein substituted for one of the alkyl hydrogen atoms.
• a representative aralkyl group is a benzyl group.
• heteroaralkylene refers to a linking heteroaralkyl group.
• halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo groups.
• copolymer refers to a polymer that is the result of polymerization of two or more different monomers.
• the number and the nature of each constitutional unit can be separately controlled in a copolymer.
• the constitutional units can be disposed in a purely random, an alternating random, a regular alternating, a regular block, or a random block configuration unless expressly stated to be otherwise.
• a purely random configuration can, for example, be: x-x-y-z-x-y-y-z-y-z-z-z... or y-z-x-y-z-y-z-x-x....
• An alternating random configuration can be: x-y-x-z-y-x-y-z-y-x-z..., and a regular alternating configuration can be: x-y-z-x-y-z-x-y-z....
• a regular block configuration i.e., a block copolymer
• a random block configuration has the general configuration of, for example: ...x-x-x-z-z-x-x-y-y-y-y-z-z-z-x-x-z-z-z-...., or for example,...x-x-x-y-y-y-y-x-x-y- y-y-x-x-y-y-y...
• random copolymer is a copolymer having an uncontrolled mixture of two or more constitutional units.
• the distribution of the constitutional units throughout a polymer backbone (or main chain) can be a statistical distribution, or approach a statistical distribution, of the constitutional units. In some embodiments, the distribution of one or more of the constitutional units is favored.
• constitutional unit of a polymer refers to an atom or group of atoms in a polymer, comprising a part of the chain together with its pendant atoms or groups of atoms, if any.
• the constitutional unit can refer to a repeating unit.
• the constitutional unit can also refer to an end group on a polymer chain.
• the constitutional unit of polyethylene glycol can be –CH 2 CH 2 O- corresponding to a repeating unit, or–CH 2 CH 2 OH corresponding to an end group.
• repeating unit corresponds to the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule (or oligomer molecule or block).
• the term "end group" refers to a constitutional unit with only one attachment to a polymer chain, located at the end of a polymer.
• the end group can be derived from a monomer unit at the end of the polymer, once the monomer unit has been polymerized.
• the end group can be a part of a chain transfer agent or initiating agent that was used to synthesize the polymer.
• terminal of a polymer refers to a constitutional unit of the polymer that is positioned at the end of a polymer backbone.
• terminal group refers to a functional group positioned at the end of a polymer backbone.
• cationic refers to a moiety that is positively charged, or ionizable to a positively charged moiety under physiological conditions. Examples of cationic moieties include, for example, amino, ammonium, pyridinium, imino, sulfonium, quaternary phosphonium groups, etc.
• anionic refers to a functional group that is negatively charged, or ionizable to a negatively charged moiety under physiological conditions.
• anionic groups include carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, etc.
• the present disclosure features, inter alia, a polymer including a repeating unit of Formula (I):
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (e.g., as used herein, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 1, 2, or 3; 1 or 2; or 1) substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro (NO 2 ), cyano (CN), SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ;
• R 1G and R 1H are independently H, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• a 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• heteroatom e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -
• arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• the repeatin unit of Formula I is not
• R 1G and R 1H are independently H.
• the repeating unit of Formula (I) is a repeating unit of Formula (I-A):
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ;
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently selected from H, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• heteroatom e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -
• arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, SO 3 -X + , and PO 3 2- X + 2 , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + and PO 3 2- X + 2 .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO - 3 X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F can be independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F can be independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 - X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• X + is H + , or a cation selected from the group consisting of [N(R 5A )(R 5B )(R 5C )(R 5D )] + , or an alkali metal ion (e.g., Na + , Li + , and/or K + ), wherein R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 5D are independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• X + can be H + .
• X + is [N(R 5A )(R 5B )(R 5C )(R 5D )] + , wherein R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 5D are independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• X + can be [NH(C 1-6 alkyl) 3 ] + , such as [NH(ethyl) 3 ] +
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, or aralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is phenylene.
• a 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 2 is absent.
• a 2 is arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 2 is phenylene.
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently H, halo, nitro, or cyano.
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D can be independently H, halo, or nitro.
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently H or halo.
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D can each be H.
• L 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• L 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and aryl.
• L 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• L 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• L 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, or aralkylene.
• L 1 can be arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• L 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and aryl.
• L 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo. In certain embodiments, L 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. For example, L 1 can be arylene or heteroarylene. In some embodiments, L 1 is arylene optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, L 1 is arylene optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, L 1 is arylene.
• L 1 is naphthalenylene, phenylene, or C 1-6 alkyl-substituted phenylene, provided that the phenylene is not p- phenylene. In some embodiments, L 1 is phenylene, provided that the phenylene is not p-phenylene.
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo.
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• L 2 can be absent, arylene, or heteroarylene.
• L 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• L 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, L 2 is absent or arylene. In some embodiments, L 2 is absent or phenylene. In some embodiments, L 2 is absent. In some embodiments, L 2 is phenylene.
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo.
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene.
• L 3 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• L 3 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, L 3 is absent or arylene. In some embodiments, L 3 is absent or phenylene. In some embodiments, L 3 is absent. In certain embodiments, L 3 is phenylene.
• any of the polymers described above includes a repeating unit selected from:
• the polymer above is a random copolymer.
• the random copolymer can further include a hydrophobic repeating unit.
• the hydrophobic repeating unit can have Formula (II):
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl halo, nitro, and cyano;
• R 3G and R 3H are independently H, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, and cyano;
• B 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• B 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• K 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• K 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and K 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• R 3G and R 3H are independently H.
• any of the hydrophobic repeating units above having Formula (II) is a repeating unit of Formula (II-A)
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl halo, nitro, and cyano;
• R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, or heteroaryl;
• K 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• K 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
• K 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, or cyano.
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halo. In certain embodiments, R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo. In certain embodiments, R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 C 1-6 alkyl.
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halo. In some embodiments, R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo. In some embodiments, R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halo.
• B 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, or aralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• B 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• B 1 is arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• B 1 is phenylene.
• B 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• B 2 can be absent.
• B 2 can be arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• B 2 is phenylene.
• R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently H, halo, nitro, or cyano. In certain embodiments, R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently H, halo, or nitro. In some embodiments, R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently H or halo. For example, R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D can each be H.
• K 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• K 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and aryl.
• K 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• K 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• K 1 can be arylene, heteroarylene, or aralkylene.
• K 1 can be arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• K 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and aryl.
• K 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• K 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• K 1 can be arylene or heteroarylene.
• K 1 is arylene optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo.
• K 1 can be arylene optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• K 1 can be arylene, such as naphthalenylene, phenylene, or C 1-6 alkyl-substituted phenylene.
• K 1 can be phenylene.
• K 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo.
• K 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• K 2 can be absent, arylene, or heteroarylene.
• K 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• K 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, K 2 is absent or arylene. For example, K 2 can be absent or phenylene. In some embodiments, K 2 is absent. In some embodiments, K 2 is phenylene.
• K 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and halo.
• K 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl.
• K 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene.
• K 3 can be absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo.
• K 3 can be absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, K 3 is absent or arylene. For example, K 3 can be absent or phenylene. As an example, K 3 can absent. As another example, K 3 can be phenylene.
• K 3 –K 2 –K 1 – is independently selected from:
• the hydrophobic repeating unit is selected from:
• the hydrophobic repeating unit is selected from:
• the present disclosure also features, inter alia, a polymer including a first repeating unit selected from
• X + is as defined above; and a second repeating unit selected from
• a mole ratio of the first repeating unit to the second repeating unit ranges from 1 :99 to 99: 1.
• the present disclosure also features, inter alia, a random block copolymer, including a first block selected from
• X + is as defined above; and a second block selected from
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100
• m is an integer of from 3 to 100
• a mole ratio of the first block to the second block ranges from 1:99 to 99:1.
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ;
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• a 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• any of the compounds of Formula (III) above includes a compound of Formula (III-A
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + ; and
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently selected from H, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl,
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , and PO 3 2- X + 2 , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + and PO 3 2- X + 2 .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, and provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO - 3 X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F can independently be aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, and SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently aryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO - 3 X + .
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F can independently be phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO 3 -X + , wherein X + is H + or a cation, provided that at least two of R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , and R 1F are independently phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SO - 3 X + .
• X + is H + , or a cation selected from the group consisting of [N(R 5A )(R 5B )(R 5C )(R 5D )] + , alkali metal ion (e.g., Na + , Li + , and/or K + ), wherein R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 5D are independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• X + is H + .
• X + is [N(R 5A )(R 5B )(R 5C )(R 5D )] + , wherein R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 5D are independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 5D are independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• X + can be [NH(C 1-6 alkyl) 3 ] + .
• a 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, or aralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is arylene or heteroarylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 1 is phenylene.
• a 2 is absent or arylene, wherein said arylene is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 2 is absent.
• a 2 is arylene (e.g., phenylene) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• a 2 is phenylene.
• R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently H, halo, nitro, or cyano. In certain embodiments, R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D are independently H, halo, or nitro. For example, R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D can independently be H or halo. As an example, R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D can each be H.
• the present disclosure further describes a method of making any of the polymers described above, including: forming a mixture of a compound of Formula (III) and at least one compound of Formula (IV),
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• D 1 and D 2 are independently H, R 1G , R 1H , R 3G , R 3H , or a protecting group (e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether), wherein R 1G and R 1H are as defined above, and wherein R 3G and R 3H are as defined in above; and
• a protecting group e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether
• the method of making any of the polymers described above includes reacting a compound of Formula (III) and a compound of Formula (IV) by Diels Alder reaction comprises heating the mixture to a temperature of from 150 °C to 300 °C (e.g., 180 °C to 230 °C) for a duration of 5 minutes to 30 days (e.g., 60 minutes to 7 days).
• the method can further include deprotecting the compound of Formula (IV) before or during Diels Alder reaction, when at least one of D 1 and D 2 is a protecting group.
• the mixture in the methods described above further includes a compound of Formula (V):
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo, wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• B 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
• B 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• the mixture in the methods described above further includes a compound of Formula (V-A):
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo, wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• the present disclosure further describes, inter alia, a method of making a random block copolymer, including forming a mixture of a first polymer of Formula VI
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , R 1F , R 1G , R 1H , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D , A 1 , A 2 , L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are as defined above,
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100, and A is a reactive first terminal group
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , R 3F , R 3G , R 3H , R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , R 4D , B 1 , B 2 , K 1 , K 2 , and K 3 are as defined above,
• n is an integer of from 3 to 100
• B is a second reactive terminal group configured to react with A, and reacting A (e.g., an alkyne (reactive with a tetracyclone) or a tetracyclone (reactive with an alkyne)) and B (e.g., a tetracyclone or an alkyne) to provide a random block copolymer of Formula (VIII)
• A e.g., an alkyne (reactive with a tetracyclone) or a tetracyclone (reactive with an alkyne)
• B e.g., a tetracyclone or an alkyne
• a mole ratio of the first block to the second block ranges from 1:99 to 99:1.
• the present disclosure further describes, inter alia, a method of making a polymer described above, including forming a mixture of a compound of Formula (III) and at least one compound of Formula (IX), ( )
• L 1 is an optionally substituted linking heteroatom (e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -), arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, wherein said arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, and heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• heteroatom e.g., -N-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, or -SO 2 -
• arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 3 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• D 3 is H, R 1G , R 1H , R 3G , R 3H , or a protecting group (e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether), wherein R 1G and R 1H are as defined above, and wherein R 3G and R 3H are as defined above; and
• a protecting group e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether
• D 4 is halo
• the method can further include deprotecting the compound of Formula (IV) before or during Diels Alder reaction, when at least one of D 1 and D 2 is a protecting group.
• the mixture can further include a compound of Formula (V):
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo, wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• B 1 is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• B 2 is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• the mixture further includes a compound of Formula (V-A):
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , and R 3F are independently aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and halo, wherein X + is H + or a cation;
• R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , and R 4D are independently halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 3E , R 3F , R 3G , R 3H , R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , R 4D , B 1 , B 2 , K 1, K 2 , K 3 can have any of the definitions as described above.
• R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 1D , R 1E , R 1F , R 1G , R 1H , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , and R 2D , A 1 , A 2 , L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 can have any of the definitions as defined above.
• the polymers of the present disclosure are linear. In certain embodiments, the polymers of the present disclosure are branched. When the polymers are branched, the polymers include a multivalent linker M 1 that is directly bound via covalent bonds to at least 3 repeating units (e.g., an anionic repeating unit as described herein, a hydrophobic repeating unit as described herein, or any combination thereof).
• multivalent refers to trivalent moieties and above (e.g., tetravalent, pentavalent, hexavalent, etc.).
• M 1 can be a trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, or hexavalent linker.
• the multivalent linker M 1 can be a carbon atom, heteroatom (e.g., N, P, or B), multivalent aryl, multivalent heteroaryl, multivalent aralkyl, or multivalent heteroaralkyl, each of which is bound to at least 3 repeating units; wherein said carbon atom, heteroatom (e.g., P), multivalent aryl, multivalent heteroaryl, multivalent aralkyl, or multivalent heteroaralkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• heteroatom e.g., N, P, or B
• multivalent aryl, multivalent heteroaryl, multivalent aralkyl, or multivalent heteroaralkyl each of which is bound to at least 3 repeating units
• the multivalent linker is selected from trivalent nitrogen, tetravalent carbon, trivalent phenyl, trivalent pyridyl, trivalent pyrazyl, tetravalent phenyl, tetravalent pyridyl, tetravalent pyrazyl, pentavalent phenyl, pentavalent pyridyl, and hexavalent phenyl; wherein the trivalent phenyl and trivalent pyridyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; wherein the tetravalent phenyl, tetravalent pyridyl, and trivalent pyrazyl are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl; and wherein the pen
• the multivalent linker can be:
• the present disclosure further features, inter alia, an ionic membrane including any of the polymers described above.
• the ionic membrane can have a proton conductivity (e.g., ex situ conductivity, in-plane) of from 0.001 mS cm -1 to 1000 mS cm -1 (e.g., 0.001 mS cm -1 to 450 mS cm -1 ) at a relative humidity of from 30 % to 100 % when measured using AC impedance spectroscopy (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) at a temperature of from 20 °C to 90 °C; or a conductivity of 1 mS cm -1 to 1000 mS cm -1 (e.g., 50 mS cm -1 to 450 mS cm -1 ) at 80 °C in water when measured using AC impedance spectroscopy (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).
• a proton conductivity e.g., ex situ conductivity, in-plan
• the present disclosure also features, inter alia, an ionomer including any of the polymers described above.
• the ionomer can be incorporated into a catalyst layer of a fuel cell, of an electrolyzer, or of other electrochemical devices.
• the ionomer can be incorporated into a catalyst layer of a fuel cell, of an electrolyzer, or of other electrochemical devices in an amount of from 5 wt% to 45 wt% solids (e.g., from 10 wt% to 45 wt %, from 15 wt% to 45 wt %, from 30 wt% to 45 wt %, from 5 wt% to 30 wt %, from 15wt% to 45 wt %, from 30 wt% to 45 wt %, from 10 wt% to 30 wt %, from 10 wt% to 20 wt %, or from 15 wt% to 30 wt %) in the catalyst layer.
• the ionomer of the present disclosure is incorporated into a cation exchange resin.
• the polymers described herein can exhibit a mass loss of less than 20% (e.g., less than 10 %) when exposed to Fenton's reagent at a temperature of 80 °C, at 1 atm, and for a duration of from greater than 0 to 180 minutes (e.g., a duration of from greater than 0 to 90 minutes, or a duration of from greater than 0 to 60 minutes).
• the polymers described herein can have an ion exchange capacity of from 2 to 4.5 (e.g., from 3.2 to 3.8) when evaluated by acid-base titration (e.g., cation exchange of an acid form (-SO - 3 H + ) membranes to their sodium counterpart (-SO - 3Na + ) by immersing samples in pH 7, 1 M NaCl solution for 48 h; then titrating the resulting acidic solution back to pH 7 using a standardized titrant (e.g., 0.01 M NaOH solution, Sigma Aldrich).
• IEC can be calculated by using volume and molarity of titrant used, and dry mass of the sample being titrated.
• titration can also be performed with other cations, for example, KCl to exchange a polymer to (-SO - 3 K + ), and titrate thereafter.
• the titrant base can also be varied.
• a polyphenylene precursor compound of the present disclosure can be made according to Scheme 1.
• Ar is arylene, heteroarylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene, or two of these linking moieties linked to one another to form a linking moiety having two linked aromatic groups.
• Ar is arylene.
• the tetraketone of Scheme 1 can be made via the synthetic procedure below.
• Scheme 2 General synthetic scheme for a tetraketone.
• X-Ar-X compounds examples include, for example,
• Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 can be purchased, for example, from Sigma- Aldrich Co. LLC.
• compounds 3, 7, and 9 can be purchased, for example, from TCI Chemicals Industry Co., Ltd.
• Compound 8 can be purchased, for example, from Oakwood Products, Inc.
• a polymer of the present disclosure can be made via Scheme 3 (showing as an example, a naphthyl-linked polyphenylene), where a protecting group, such as TMS (tetramethylsilyl ether) is first removed from a dialkyne compound, then the resulting dialkyne is reacted via Diels-Alder reaction with a precursor compound to provide the polymer.
• a protecting group such as TMS (tetramethylsilyl ether)
• the deprotection can occur in situ, during polymerization (e.g., Scheme 4).
• the polymers of the present disclosure can be made via the following synthetic scheme.
• Some exemplary linkers useful for the organometallic catalyst-mediated coupling illustrated in Scheme 5 include:
• the polymers of the present disclosure are branched.
• branched polymers can have improved properties over their linear polymer analogues.
• the branched polymers can have a multivalent linker that is directly covalently bound to at least 3 repeating units (e.g., anionic, hydrophobic, or a combination thereof).
• the branched polymers can be synthesized through addition of multi-functional linkers (e.g., dienophiles) having 3 reactive functional groups or more, such as outlined for a tri-functional monomer in Scheme 6(b), below.
• Scheme 6(a) shows the synthesis for a linear sulfonated polymer.
• L 3 ’ at each occurrence, is an optionally substituted multivalent heteroatom (e.g., N, P, B), multivalent aryl, multivalent heteroaryl, multivalent aralkyl, or multivalent heteroaralkyl, wherein said multivalent aryl, multivalent heteroaryl, multivalent aralkyl, and multivalent heteroaralkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 2 ’ is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• L 1 ’ is absent, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein said arylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, and heteroaryl;
• D 1 ’, D 2 ’, and D 3 ’ are independently H, R 1G , R 1H , R 3G , R 3H , or a protecting group (e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether), wherein R 1G and R 1H are as defined above, and wherein R 3G and R 3H are as defined in above.
• a protecting group e.g., silyl protecting group, substituted silyl protecting group, trialkylsilyl protecting group, silyl ether protecting group, trialkyl silyl ether protecting group, trimethyl silyl ether
• the multivalent linkers can be incorporated into the polymers using multi- functional aromatic systems terminated by alkynes or protected alkynes, which are then used in conjunction with dienophile monomers, such as anionic 1c, to produce a branching point, as per Scheme 6.
• the dienophile monomer can be a mixture of anionic monomers and hydrophobic uncharged monomers.
• They multifunctional aromatic systems can be be small, such as 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene, or larger, having more than one aromatic group.
• the multifunctional aromatic systems can include heteroaromatic rings, such as pyridine (shown below) or pyrazine-containing linkers:
• the multifunctional aromatic systems can include a central heteroatom, such as nitrogen or carbon, shown below.
• the terminal acetylene groups are replaced by H.
• the branched polymers of the present disclosure can be made using monomers having 3 or more ketone moieties, such as a compound of Formula (V-B), shown below
• R 1A and R 1B at each occurrence, are as defined above, and provided that at least one (e.g., at least 2) of R 1A and R 1B is independently aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from SO 3 -X + , PO 3 2- X + 2 , and COO-X + , where X + are as defined above.
• R 1A and R 1B are absent, such that the monomer of Formula (V-B) is hydrophobic and uncharged.
• the multi-functional linker or monomers described above can be used as one of the starting materials in a reaction mixture to provide a branched polymer.
• the multifunctional linker can be present in an amount of 0.001 to 20 mole percent relative to compound III. In some embodiments, the multi-functional linker or monomers described above can be present in an amount of 0.001 to 20 mole percent relative to compound III-A.
• any of the above-mentioned polymers can be incorporated into an ionic membrane and/or an ionomer.
• the ionomer can be incorporated, for example, into a catalyst layer of a fuel cell, of an electrolyzer, or of other electrochemical devices.
• Example 1 shows the controlled synthesis of sulfonated monomers and their utility in synthesizing sulfonated, branched oligophenylenes as well as the homopolymer (sPPP-H + ), with precise control of the position and number of sulfonic acid groups.
• Example 2 shows two classes of novel sulfonated phenylated polyphenylene ionomers that can be used in as polyaromatic-based proton exchange membranes.
• Example 3 shows the stability and efficiency enhancement of a sulfonated poly(para-phenylene).
• the synthesis and characterization of structurally-defined, sulfo-phenylated, oligo- and polyphenylenes that incorporate a tetra-sulfonic acid bistetracyclone monomer is described.
• the monomer can be used in ⁇ 4+2 ⁇ Diels-Alder cycloaddition to produce well-defined, sulfonated oligophenylenes and pre-functionalized polyphenylene homopolymers. Characterization of the oligophenylenes indicates formation of the meta-meta adduct and para-para adduct in a ⁇ 1:1 ratio.
• the remaining ten protons are observed as doublets at 6.95 ppm and 7.22-7.29 ppm for the unsulfonated phenylenes as well as the multiplet between 7.22 ppm and 7.29 ppm and 6.95 ppm for the unsulfonated phenylene.
• the acidic protons in 4 were exchanged for triethylammonium cations by treatment with triethylamine to produce 5.
• the symmetrical, tetrasulfonated monomer 8 was synthesized in a similar fashion to 4.
• 1 H NMR analysis of 8 reveals two doublets at low field (7.55 and 7.50 ppm). Using COSY, these protons correlate with doublets at 7.10 ppm and 7.16 ppm, which is consistent with p-substitution of the phenyl ring adjacent to the ketone. The signal for the acidic proton appears at 7.57 ppm.
• 1 H NMR analysis indicates that 8 is symmetrical, with H core represented by a singlet peak at 6.87 ppm.
• the 1 H NMR spectrum of 14 reveals the presence of H DA at 7.38 ppm and H core of the central phenyl ring at 6.93 ppm.
• the protons on the sulfonated rings reflect the different chemical environments with signals at 7.36 ppm (H ⁇ 1 ) and 7.23 ppm (H ⁇ 2 ) correlated with the peaks at 7.14 (H ⁇ 1 ) and 6.77 (H ⁇ 2 ) ppm, respectively.
• the signals corresponding to the unsulfonated phenyl rings are observed between 6.96 and 6.83 ppm.
• the possibility of conformational isomers was investigated using 1D NOE.
• H DA at 7.38 ppm reveals the proximity of H core at 6.88 ppm (single peak) as well as H ⁇ 1 at 7.11 ppm. By irradiating H ⁇ 1 at 7.11 ppm, the proximity of H core and H DA is also confirmed. Irradiation of H ⁇ 1 , however, does not indicate the relative proximity of H DA , but a correlation does exist with the unsulfonated phenylene (6.88 ppm, 1 peak) and H core (two peaks). This suggests that compound 14 also adopts the "A" conformation in solution.
• the spectrum for compound 16 also shows signals at 7.23 and 7.11 ppm due to H ⁇ 1 , 6.57 and 6.77 ppm due to H ⁇ 1 , 7.55 and 7.46 ppm due to H ⁇ 2 , and 6.93 and 6.85 ppm due H ⁇ 2 .
• COSY was used to established the pairing of H ⁇ 1 with H ⁇ 1 , as well as H ⁇ 2 with H ⁇ 2 , wherein the downfield shift of the H ⁇ ⁇ proton correlates with the upfield shift of the H ⁇ proton (e.g., the peaks at 7.23 and 6.57 correlate) with a similar situation for the downfield pairs (e.g., the peaks at 7.46 and 6.85 ppm correlate).
• H DA protons whereby they can be either para (H DA1 ) or meta (H DA2 ) to the central phenyl ring (i.e., H core ).
• H DA protons are observed as a broad peak in the vicinity of 7.23 ppm due to their low intensity as well as being partially obscured by H ⁇ 1 situated at 7.43 ppm (assigned by COSY analysis and from 14 and 16).
• Model compound 16 shows a signal for H ⁇ 1 at 7.43 ppm, according to a COSY analysis, but according to a COSY analysis of sPPP-NHEt +
• the proton conductivity of sPPP-H + (FIGURE 3) was studied at 30 °C on water-saturated samples and partially hydrated (30– 95% RH) membranes. As is commonly observed for aromatic membranes, proton conductivity increases as a function of RH from a low of 8.65 mS cm -1 at 40% RH to 106 mS cm -1 at 95% RH. In contrast to most aromatic membranes, however, sPPP-H + exhibits conductivity competitive to NR211 at low RH. The conductivity of sPPP-H + is reduced when water-saturated (77 mS cm -1 vs.
• FIGURE 6 A preliminary FC analysis of sPPP-H + as membrane and ionomer (FIGURE 6) indicates that sPPP-H + gave a lower performance compared to N212, but this is due to its possessing a 3x greater thickness, as an in-situ membrane conductivity calculation (FIGURE 7) revealed that sPPP-H + is 6x higher than NR212 under the FC conditions operated.
• the results are unprecedented for a aromatic membrane, particularly for a fully aromatic-based MEA, in an operating fuel cell, and suggest that thinner sPPP-H + membranes would provide competitive, if not greater, performance than Nafion ® .
• Size-exclusion chromatography analyses were obtained using Water HPLC HR 5, HR 4 and HR 3 columns using HPLC grade DMF (containing 0.10 M LiBr) as eluent. Polystyrene samples, purchased from Waters Associates Inc., were used as standards for the calibration.
• Microwaves assisted reaction were carried on using microwaves reactor Biotage® initiator + with a 20 mL's size reactor equipped with a stirring bar.
• Triethylamine (99%, Anachemia Science), and 1,4-diodobenzene (98%) was bought from Combi-Blocks, Inc. Acetone, dichloromethane (DCM), diethyl ether (reagent grade) methanol (MeOH), petroleum ether (PE), potassium carbonate (reagent grade) and toluene (ACS reagent) were bought from Thermo Fisher Scientific. n-butanol, dichloroethane (DCE), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and potassium hydroxyde (KOH, reagent grade) was bought from Caledon Laboratories Ltd.
• Nitrobenzene (ACS reagent, >99%) and trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate (99%) were bought from Sigma Aldrich Canada Co.
• Dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous HPLC grade) was bought from J&K Scientific.
• Anhydrous ethanol was bought from Commercial Alcohols.
• Diphenylphosphineferrocene palladium dichloride (97%) was bought from Strem Chemicals, Inc. 1,3-(diphenyl)propan-2-one (98%), bisbenzyl (98%) and trimethylsilylethynyl (98%) were bought from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. America.
• Diphenylphosphine palladium dichloride (98%) was bought from Strem Chemicals, Inc.
• Copper iodide (99.9%) was bought from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. All the previous reagents were used without any further purification. Toluene was degased with argon for 30 min with molecular sieves before being used.
• FTIR-ATR (cm -1 ): 3060, 1709, 1494, 1444.
• reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2 h, then poured into 1.0 L of diethyl ether, filtered and washed several times with cold diethyl ether. The precipitate was recovered and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 8 h to yield 4 quantitatively (4.25 g, 7.81 mmol,) as a bright purple powder.
• FTIR-ATR (cm -1 ): 3404, 1711, 1133, 1032, 1000.
• Scheme S8 Synthesis of the 1,4-bis trimethylsilylethynyl -benzene 12.
• 1,4-diiodobenzene 10 14.54 g, 44.1 mmol, 1 eq
• 45 mL of anhydrous toluene diphenylphosphineferrocene palladium dichloride (0.180 g, 0.22 mmol, 0.5 mol%)
• trimethylsilylacetylene 11 (1.28 mL, 92.6 mmol, 2.1 eq). The solution was stirred for 10 min.
• the filtrate was washed sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride, 5.0 M hydrochloric acid and brine, dried over MgSO 4 then filtered. After concentration of the filtrate using a rotary evaporator, yellow crystals were obtained.
• the product was purified by sublimation or recrystallization in cold petroleum ether and give 12 (11.62 g, 97.6% using recrystallization, 89.0% using the sublimation technic).
• the aqueous layer was washed one time with DCM and the combined organic layers were dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator to yield white-yellowish crystals.
• the final product can be purified by sublimation to give 13 (0.66 g, 68.3%)
• sPPP-H + membranes were cast from 7 w% DMSO solutions. For example: 0.350g of sPPP-H + was dissolved in 5.0mL of DMSO at 80°C. The solution was then filtered through a glass fibre filter and poured into a 65 mm diameter flat petri dish. The solution was evaporated slowly in a sealed vacuum oven at atmospheric pressure at 80°C for two days. After two days, the membrane was soaked in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 in water for 12 hours. The membrane was soaked/washed 4x with DI H 2 O, then dried under vacuum at 100°C overnight.
• V NaOH and M NaOH are the blank-corrected volume (mL) and molar concentration (mol/L) of NaOH solution, respectively.
• W dry is the dry weight of the membrane.
• the membranes were equilibrated in deionized water overnight at room temperature and blotted with a Kim wipe to remove surface water prior to determining the "wet" weight.
• the water uptake was calculated as the percentage increase in mass over the "dry” weight according to the equation below. Water uptake is reported as the average value measured for three similar samples.
• W wet and W dry are the wet and dry weight of the membrane, respectively.
• Proton conductivity was measured by placing a membrane (10 mm x 5 mm) between two Pt electrodes of a conductivity cell, and a 100 mV sinusoidal ac voltage over a frequency range of 10 MHz-100 Hz was applied by ac impedance spectroscopy with a Solartron 1260 frequency response analyzer (FRA). The resulting Nyquist plots were fitted to standard Randles equivalent circuit to determine the membrane resistance. Proton conductivity ( ⁇ ) was calculated using Eq.1-S3:
• L (cm) is the distance between electrodes
• R H + ( ⁇ ) is the membranes ionic resistance
• a (cm 2 ) is the cross-sectional area of the membrane.
• In-plane proton conductivity was measured by ac impedance spectroscopy with a Solartron 1260 frequency response analyzer (FRA) employing a two-electrode configuration. Proton conductivities at variable RH were measured by placing a conductivity cell inside an Espec model SH-241 humidity chamber sustained at 30 °C.
• FFA frequency response analyzer
• Optimized Nafion catalyst ink was fabricated per conventional methods: water was added to Pt/C powder, and methanol added sufficient for a final ratio of 1:1 MeOH:H 2 O, with ionomer solution (Nafion ® D520) added dropwise while stirring, to a final 1 wt% solids in solution comprised of 30 wt% ionomer and 70 wt% Pt/C (TKK TEC-10E50E, 46.4 wt% Pt on graphitized C). Catalyst ink was applied via spray coater (Sono-Tek ExactaCoat SC) onto the membrane at 80 °C, to an electrode area of 5 cm 2 . To create hydrocarbon ionomer electrodes, catalyst ink was similarly fabricated with 20 wt% ionomer and a final solvent ratio of 3:1 MeOH:H 2 O, and similarly applied by spray coater.
• hydrocarbon ionomer electrodes were to a loading of 0.4 mg Pt/cm 2 onto Nafion ® NR211 with a reference Nafion ® D520 anode at a loading of 0.2 mg Pt/cm 2 .
• Nafion ® D520 electrodes were applied onto a 113 ⁇ m sPPP-H + membrane.
• hydrocarbon ionomer electrodes were applied onto a 150 ⁇ m sPPP-H + membrane.
• MEAs were mounted in fuel cell hardware; MEAs with hydrocarbon membranes were laminated to a final active area of 4 cm 2 using a standard 3-mil laminate sheet.
• Conventional GDLs (Sigracet 24BC) were used, with gasketing sufficient to compress GDLs 20-30% using a torque of 30 in ⁇ lbs.
• Fuel cell performance was evaluated using a fuel cell test station (Teledyne Medusa RD 890CL, Scribner Associates Inc.). MEAs were conditioned by slowly increasing current at 25 mA/cm 2 increments, followed by ohmic-region polarization curves until consistent function was achieved, ⁇ 6 hours.
• Polarization curves were obtained at 80 oC under 100% relative humidity (RH) conditions, 0.5/1.0 slpm H 2 /O 2 , from zero to high current densities, 5 min/pt at OCV, and 200 mA/cm 2 increments until a 0.25 V potential cutoff, including 1 min/pt at 2 mA/cm 2 increments from 2-20 mA/cm 2 and 5 min/pt at 50, 100, and 150 mA/cm 2 to resolve the kinetic region.
• Membrane conductivity was determined via Eq.
• CA was performed as a potential hold at 0 V, followed by potential holds at 0.1 V intervals from 0.1-0.5 V, 30 s at each step.
• Fuel crossover was calculated ⁇ sample standard deviation from the average current at 0.5 V after the pseudocapacitive region. Lower potential steps ⁇ 0.5 V confirm full electrode activation and the absence of electronic shorting.
• LSV was performed as a 2 mV ⁇ s -1 potential sweep from open circuit potential to 0.6 V, confirming the absence of electronic shorting and confirming fuel crossover.
• EIS was performed with a 0.45 V bias, with 10 V AC swept from 1-10 5 Hz.
• Proton conductivity in the catalyst layer was calculated via the standard method, as described, for example, in Strong et al., J. Electrochem. Soc.2015, 162, F513.
• CV was performed at 50 mV ⁇ s -1 , with initial potential 0.4 V, vertex potentials of 0.04 and 0.8 V.
• ECSA was calculated from H 2 adsorption and desorption peaks, which were integrated.
• C dl was calculated from the minimum distance between forward and reverse scans in the 0.35-0.55 V region.
• Example 2 Highly Stable, Low Gas Cross-Over, Proton-Conducting Phenylated Polyphenylenes
• two classes of novel sulfonated phenylated polyphenylene ionomers were investigated as polyaromatic-based proton exchange membranes. Both types of ionomer possessed high ion exchange capacities yet are insoluble in water at elevated temperatures. They exhibited high proton conductivity under both fully hydrated conditions and reduced relative humidity, and were markedly resilient to free radical attack. Fuel cells constructed with membrane-electrode-assemblies containing each ionomer membrane yielded high in situ proton conductivity and peak power densities that were greater than obtained using Nafion reference membranes.
• Biphenyl and naphthyl-linked small molecules SM-B and SM-N were obtained through [4 + 2] D-A cycloaddition between 3c and linkers 2b or 2c, respectively (Scheme 2-1a). Reaction conditions identical to the intended polymerization conditions were employed in order to confirm the stability of the desired spacer units at the temperatures necessary to facilitate the D-A reaction.
• Scheme 2-1a and 2-1b Sulfonated branched oligophenylenes (2-1a) and polyphenylenes (2-1b).
• Polymer acidic forms sPPB-H + and sPPN-H + were cast into membranes from DMSO solutions (5% w/w) and dried at 85 °C overnight. Water uptake and swelling ratios are summarized in Table 2-1. Both polymers were insoluble in DI H 2 O at 80 °C. sPPB-H + displayed considerably lower water uptake and swelling values than sPPN- H + , but higher than Nafion NR-211.
• Fenton's reagent is commonly employed as a preliminary ex-situ accelerated degradation test for studying PEM oxidative stability due to its ability to generate oxygen-containing free radicals in solution. After exposure to Fenton's reagent (1 h, 80 oC), membranes displayed no observable mass loss (0.69 ⁇ 0.71% and 0.09 ⁇ 0.62% for sPPB-H + and sPPN-H + respectively), and no changes in chemical structure ( 1 H NMR), indicating a markedly high chemical resilience to free radical attack.
• Proton conductivity measurements were performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) under relative humidities (RH) ranging from 30% to 95%, at both 30 °C and 80 °C (FIGURES 8A and 8B).
• EIS electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
• RH relative humidities
• FIGURES 8A and 8B relative humidities
• sPPB-H + exhibits proton conductivities of 129 mS cm -1 and 172 mS cm -1 at 30 °C and 80 °C respectively, likewise larger than previously reported sPPP-H + and NR-211. Conductivities decline, as expected, under lower RH, due to decreasing membrane water content. The high proton conductivities of sPPN-H + is likely due to its markedly high water uptake which may allow for a greater connectivity of aqueous domains throughout the material. Comparison of the acid concentrations ([SO 3 H]): 1.17, 1.43, and 1.55 mmol SO3H /cm 3
• the N211 cell showed signs of failure after 100 h, with H 2 crossover currents approaching 100 mA/cm 2 , while the sPPB-H + cell exhibited 12 mA/cm 2 crossover current after 100 h accelerated degradation.
• An OCV of 0.71 was maintained for the sPPB-H + cell after 400 h, whereas the N211 cell fell below 0.7 V after 100 h accelerated degradation, suggesting that the sPPB-H + membrane cell exhibited a 4x lifetime compared to N211.
• Size-exclusion chromatography analyses were obtained using Water HPLC HR 5, HR 4 and HR 3 columns using HPLC grade DMF (containing 0.10 M LiBr) as eluent. Polystyrene samples, purchased from Waters Associates Inc., were used as standards for the calibration.
• TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
• Triethylamine (99%, Anachemia Science), and 1,4 ⁇ dibromonaphthalene (98%) were purchased from Combi ⁇ Blocks, Inc.
• n-butanol, dichloroethane (DCE), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and potassium hydroxyde (KOH, reagent grade) were purchased from Caledon Laboratories Ltd.
• Nitrobenzene (ACS reagent, >99%), trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate (99%), and 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (technical grade, 90%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Canada Co.
• Dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous HPLC grade) was purchased from J&K Scientific.
• Anhydrous ethanol was purchased from Commercial Alcohols.
• Diphenylphosphineferrocene palladium dichloride (97%) was purchased from Strem Chemicals, Inc. 1,3 ⁇ (diphenyl)propan-2-one (98%), bisbenzyl (98%) and trimethylsilylethynyl (98%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. America. Diphenylphosphine palladium dichloride (98%) was purchased from Strem Chemicals, Inc. Copper iodide (99.9%) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. All aforementioned reagents were used without any further purification.
• the solution was filtered and the precipitate washed several times with ice cold ethanol, dried under air flow for 20 minutes and then in a vacuum oven at 50°C overnight.
• the product was obtained as a glossy black crystalline powder (6.55 g, 17.04 mmol, 85.2%).
• dichloroethane 300 mL
• dichloroethane 300 mL
• 1a 4.47 g, 11.63 mmol
• Trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate (12.54 mL, 81.38 mmol) was diluted in 15 mL degassed dichloroethane, injected into the drop funnel, and added dropwise to the flask.
• a mixture of 4,4′-diiodobiphenyl (10.09 g, 24.85 mmol) in diethylamine (320 mL) was prepared in a 500 mL 3-necked round-bottom flask with a stir bar, filled with argon.
• Catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (174.4 mg, 0.249 mmol) and CuI (47.3 mg, 0.249 mmol) were added, the flask was sealed with a septum and stirring initiated.
• Ethynyltrimethylsilane (7.43 mL, 52.19 mmol) was injected through the septum, and the resulting mixture was left to stir at 51°C for 36 h.
• a mixture of 1,4-dibromonaphthalene (2.002 g, 7 mmol) in diethylamine (70 mL) was prepared in a 100 mL round-bottom Schlenk flask with a stir bar, filled with argon. Catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (49.1 mg, 0.070 mmol) and CuI (13.3 mg, 0.070 mmol) were added, the flask was sealed with a septum and stirring initiated. Ethynyltrimethylsilane (2.08 mL, 14.7 mmol) was injected through the septum, and the resulting mixture was left to stir at 51°C for 72 h.
• 1,4- bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)naphthalene (1.93 g, 6.02 mmol) was dissolved in a THF/methanol solvent mixture (4:1, 100 mL) in a 250 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and addition funnel.
• K2CO3 (1.83 g, 13.24 mmol, in 2 mL H2O) solution was added dropwise under vigorous stirring, and reaction was further stirred for 6 h at room temperature.
• the solvent mixture was removed under reduced pressure, and the crude product was purified using column chromatography (3:1, hexanes: chloroform on silica) to afford the pure product as a beige crystalline solid (1.00 g, 5.68 mmol, 94.3%).
• the resulting black solution was stirred at reflux for an additional 1 h, then cooled to 0°C in an ice bath. The solution was filtered and the precipitate washed several times with ice cold ethanol, and dried under vacuum at 80°C for 8 h. The resulting black powder was recrystallized in dichloromethane to yield a dark purple, needle-like crystalline solid product (9.16 g, 13.26 mmol, 69.7%).
• dichloroethane 550 mL
• dichloroethane 550 mL
• Bistetracyclone 1a 6.00 g, 8.69 mmol
• Trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate 21.40 mL, 138.96 mmol
• sPPB-HNEt3 + (1.01 g, 0.647 mmol of repeating unit) was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask with vigorous stirring at room temperature, then 1 M NaOH (50 mL in methanol) was added dropwise. Upon formation of precipitate, the solution was stirred for an addition 2 h, and then filtrated and precipitate washed thrice with methanol and once with diethyl ether.
• the polymer sPPB-Na+ was dried under vacuum overnight at 80 °C, then dissolved in water (50 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask with vigorous stirring at room temperature, to which 1 M sulfuric acid solution (50 mL in water) was added dropwise. Upon formation of precipitate, the solution was stirred for an addition 2 h, and then filtrated and polymer washed thrice with water and once with diethyl ether. Drying under vacuum overnight at 80 °C yielded the pure product as a dark brown solid (0.64 g, 0.553 mmol of repeating unit, 85.5%).
• sPPN-HNEt3 + (2.80 g, 1.823 mmol of repeating unit) was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask with vigorous stirring at room temperature. The mixture was stirred until complete dissolution, then 1 M NaOH (50 mL in methanol) was added dropwise. Upon formation of precipitate, the solution was stirred for an addition 2 h, and then filtrated and precipitate washed thrice with methanol and once with diethyl ether. The polymer sPPN-Na+ was dried under vacuum overnight at 80 °C, then dissolved in water (50 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask with vigorous stirring at room temperature.
• Membranes were cast from 5 wt% DMSO solutions. A typical membrane preparation was performed as follows: 0.290 g of sPPB-H + was dissolved in 5.51 g of DMSO at 80 °C with stirring. The resulting polymer solution was filtered through a glass fiber filter into a circular 95 mm diameter flat petri casting dish. Careful drying in a sealed vacuum oven at 85 °C and ambient pressure for 48 h yielded polymer films, which were then soaked in 1 M H 2 SO 4 for 24 h, DI H 2 O for 24 h, soaked/washed thrice with DI H 2 O, and dried under vacuum overnight at 80 °C. Characterization
• Membranes were first tested for water solubility by immersion in DI H 2 O at 25 °C, and subsequently 80 °C for 1 h. In order to effectively determine the water uptake, the weight difference between a fully dried and fully hydrated piece of membrane must be obtained. A sample of membrane was placed in an oven under vacuum at 80 °C for 24 h, cooled to room temperature under vacuum, and weighed immediately following removal from the vacuum chamber. This process was repeated for a minimum of 5 measurements, the average of which afforded the completely dried mass (m dry ) of the membrane sample. The sample was then immersed in DI H 2 O for 24 h, wiped dry with a Kimwipe, and immediately reweighed to determine the hydrated mass (m wet ). Using Equation (1) below, the water uptake of a given sample can be calculated. Similarly, the swelling ratio of a sample can be calculated by comparing the surface area of a fully dried and fully hydrated membrane sample according to Equation (2) below.
• An oxidative stability test can be performed via immersion of a membrane in Fenton's reagent to determine its stability towards hydroxyl species and oxygen radicals, similar to those that may be found at fuel cell operating conditions.
• a typical trial involved submerging a 2 x 2 cm dry piece of membrane with known dry mass in 50 mL of >3.0 % H 2 O 2 solution in DI H 2 O at 80 °C with stirring. To this was added FeSO 4 solution in DI H 2 O until a total concentration of 3 ppm Fe 2+ and 3.0 % H 2 O 2 was achieved, and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 h.
• the membrane was retrieved, soaked in 1 M H 2 SO 4 for 24 h, DI H 2 O for 24 h, soaked/washed thrice with DI H 2 O, dried under vacuum overnight at 80 °C, re-weighed, and analyzed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy.
• Ion exchange capacity is used to describe sulfonic acid content, and can be determined using a standard titration technique. This procedure involves a cation exchange of the acid form (-SO3- H + ) membranes to their sodium counterpart (-SO3- Na + ) by immersing samples in pH 7, 1 M NaCl solution for 48 h. The resulting acidic solution is then titrated back to pH 7 using a standardized titrant (0.01 M NaOH solution, Sigma Aldrich) and a Metrohm 848 Titrino Plus automatic titrator. IEC can be calculated by using volume (V t ) and molarity (C t ) of titrant used, and dry mass of the sample as shown in Equation (3) below.
• Proton conductivity was measured by constructing a conductivity cell with a 0.5 x 1.0 cm piece of membrane, which was subject to AC impedance spectroscopy using a Solartron 1260 frequency response analyzer (FRA) incorporating a two electrode configuration, as previously described. A 100 mV sinusoidal AC potential operating over a frequency range of 10 MHz– 100 Hz was utilized. An Espec model SH ⁇ 241 humidity chamber was employed for conducting temperature and humidity controlled proton conductivity measurements. Data is outputted in the form of a Nyquist plot, which is fit to a Randles equivalent electrical circuit to obtain a value for membrane ionic resistance, Rp.
• Proton conductivity ( ⁇ H+ ) can be calculated given the distance between electrodes, L (cm), and cross-sectional area of the membrane, A (cm 2 ), using Equation (5) below.
• the acid concentration [-SO3H] can be used as an approximation of free proton concentration in the membrane, and is calculated using the experimental IEC (IECtitr), dry mass (mdry) and wet volume (Vwet) of a membrane sample according to equation (6) below. From this, proton mobility ( ⁇ H+) can be calculated according to equation (7) below.
• Thermal degradation data for the sulphonated polyphenylenes show a characteristic three step degradation pattern stemming from thermal dissolution, desulfonation, and decomposition of the polyphenylene backbone (FIGURE 11).
• the first weight loss was observed between 100-150 °C and corresponds to the loss of absorbed residual water within the material.
• the second weight loss occurred in the r ange of 260-400 °C for all samples as a result of the loss of –SO 3 H moieties.
• the third weight loss region, observed above 550 °C, is due to decomposition of the main polymer backbone.
• the sulphonated polyphenylenes reported display excellent thermal stabilities.
• Catalyst inks bearing PFSA reference ionomer (Nafion ® D520) and hydrocarbon ionomer (sPPB- H + , sPPN-H + ) were formed.
• PFSA reference ionomer Nafion ® D520
• sPPB- H + hydrocarbon ionomer
• sPPN-H + hydrocarbon ionomer
• Catalyst powder was Pt/C (TKK TEC-10e50e), comprising 46.4 wt% Pt on graphitized carbon support. The final ratio of water:methanol was 1:3. Total solids in solution were 1 wt%.
• inks contained 30 wt% ionomer of solids, while hydrocarbon ionomers comprised 20 wt% ionomer of solids, as optimized.
• coated catalyst membranes CCMs were formed by ultrasonic spray coating (Sono-Tek ExactaCoat SC) onto the membrane substrate atop a heated vacuum plate (85 °C), to a final electrode area of 5 cm 2 .
• PFSA substrates were Nafion 211, 25 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, or Nafion 212, 50 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m.
• substrates were sPPB-H + , 33 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m, and sPPN-H + , 80 ⁇ 4 ⁇ m. Thicknesses were measured by micrometer 8x around the perimeter.
• Catalyst loadings were 0.4 mg Pt ⁇ cm -2 PFSA ionomer cathode & anode for hydrocarbon membranes and N212 PFSA reference.
• Catalyst loadings were 0.4 mg Pt ⁇ cm -2 for hydrocarbon ionomer cathodes and ND520 PFSA reference, all with 0.2 mg Pt ⁇ cm -2 ND520 PFSA ionomer anodes on N211 PFSA reference membrane.
• GDLs gas diffusion layers with microporous layers
• Fuel cells were evaluated in situ using a fuel cell test station (Teledyne Medusa RD 890CL, Scribner Associates). FCs were conditioned by repeated slow polarization curves from 200 mA ⁇ cm -2 at 25 mA ⁇ cm -2 intervals to a cutoff of 0.35 V until consistent operation was achieved, ⁇ 12-24 h. Polarization data was obtained at 5 min ⁇ pt -1 from OCV to a potential cutoff of 0.3 V at 200 mA ⁇ cm -2 intervals, with resolution of the kinetic region achieved at 1 min ⁇ pt -1 from 2-20 mA ⁇ cm -2 in 2 mA ⁇ cm -2 intervals. These were repeated.
• Electrochemical characterization was performed after equilibration of the fuel cell under 0.25/0.5 slpm H 2 /N 2 to a steady potential ⁇ 0.15 V, using a combined potentiostat/FRA (PARSTAT, Princeton Applied Research).
• chronoamperometry was performed at 100 mV steps from 0 to 600 mV at 30 s ⁇ step -1 , with fuel crossover determined as the current density mean ⁇ sample standard deviation) at 500 mV for the latter 50% of the potential hold, i.e., 15 s.
• LSV linear sweep voltammetry
• the polarization data was consistent (FIGURE 12), particularly considering the variations in RH employed and sensitivity to these variations of the PFSA ionomer in the catalyst layer.
• the 95% confidence interval ( ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ ) was 999-1022 mW ⁇ cm -2 for the 33 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m sPPB-H + membrane and 903-927 mW ⁇ cm -2 for the 80 ⁇ 4 ⁇ m sPPN-H + membrane.
• Fuel crossovers were determined very low for sPPB-H + and low for sPPN-H + after 74 h and 72 h of operation, respectively, compared to a conditioned N211 reference MEA after 41 h operation (FIGURE 13A).
• Table 2-4 Combined chemical/mechanical accelerated stress test by high- temperature/low RH OCV hold. Representative OCVs by AST time for sPPB-H+ vs.
• Fuel crossover was measured at intervals throughout the AST, with sPPB-H + exhibiting very low crossovers compared to the PFSA reference throughout (FIGURE 15). Peak power densities were 587 and 408 mW ⁇ cm -2 and measured in situ conductivities 171 ⁇ 17 and 117 ⁇ 6 mS ⁇ cm -1 before and after the 400 h OCV hold, respectively, the latter still exceeding the 97 ⁇ 4 mS ⁇ cm -1 measured for a fully conditioned and intact high-performance PFSA reference (FIGURE 18).
• Mass spectra were recorded for on an AB Sciex 4000 Q TRAP spectrometer and a Bruker microOTOF in positive and negative mode both in (ESI mode) Size-exclusion chromatography analyses were obtained using Water HPLC HR5, HR4 an HR3 columns using HPLC grade dimethylformamide (DMF: 0.10 M of LiBr) as eluent. Polystyrene standards were purchased from Water Associates Inc. and Sigma Aldrich Canada Co. and were used for calibration with an elute rate of 1mL min -1 , internal column set at 80 °C and refractive index detector at 50 °C.
• DI water Deionized water
• Membranes were casted using a leveled glass plate using a K202 Control Coater casting table and an adjustable doctor blade (RK PrintCoat Instruments Ltd.) 0.50 to 0.75 mm thick films of polymer solution were cast. Instruments Ltd.).
• the polymer film was dried in an oven at 85 °C for 24 h, peeled off the glass plate, soaked in 5 L distilled water for 24 h, and dried under vacuum at 80 °C for 24 h, resulting in membranes with a thickness of 30 to 60 ⁇ m.
• Titrations were obtained using a Metrohm 848 Titrino plus equipped with a stirring plate 801 Stirrer Metrohm and a pH meter probe Metrohm 6.0262.100.
• Impedance measurements were carried out using a Solartron Impedance SI 1260/impedance gain-phase analyzer using Zview and Zplot as software.
• the humidification chambers are two ESPEC SH-241.
• Triethylamine (NEt 3 , 99%), activated charcoal (G-60), Hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 36.5-38% content) were bought from Anachemia Science.
• 1,4-diodobenzene (98%), phenylacetylene (98%) were bought from Combi- Blocks, Inc and use without purification.
• Acetone (Certified ACS), dichloromethane (DCM, Certified ACS stabilized), , diethylamine (97%), methanol (MeOH, reagent grade), pentane (reagent grade), ethyl acetate (Certified ACS), silica gel (S825-1, 230-400 mesh, grade 60), neutral alumina (60-325 mesh, rockman Activity I), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (Certified Powder) and CeliteTM (545 Filter aid, not Acid-washed powder) were bought from Fisher Scientific.
• Nitrobenzene (98%, reagent plus), diethylamine (reagent plus, 98%), dimethyformamide (DMF, Chromatosolv® HPCL grade), trimethylsilylchlorosulfonate (99%), lithium bromide (reagentPlus® >99%) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Canada Co. While diethylamine and nitrobenzene were degassed with argon before each use, all other compounds were used without any further purification.
• Ethanol (99%) was bought from Commercial Alcohols.
• Trimethylsilylacetylene (lot number 003013I12J) was bought from Oakwood. Diethyl ether anhydrous (reagent ACS), sodium chloride (reagent ACS), potassium carbonate Anhydrous (ACS grade), sodium thiosulfate Anhydrous (reagent grade) were bought form ACF Montreal.
• Chloroform (ACS grade), dimethylsulfoxide (ACS grade), sodium hydroxide (ACS grade) and iodine (analytical reagent) were bought from BDH.
• Petroleum ether (reagent grade), n-butanol (reagent grade), potassium hydroxide (reagent grade, min 85%), sulfuric acid (reagent grade) were bought from Caledon.
• 1,3-diphenylacetone (ACS reagent, 98%) was bought from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Argon (PP 4.8) was bought from Praxair.
• Diphenylphosphine palladium dichloride (Pd(P(phi) 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , 97%) and copper(I) iodide (>99.9%) were bought from Strem Chemicals.
• This reaction mixture is stirring for 15 min, then in a 60 mL Schlenck tube, purged three time with vacuum and argon, was introduced copper(I) iodide (0.093.5 g, 0.484 mmol, 0.002equiv.) and diethylamine (2.0 mL), after the complete solubilization of the copper iodide (purple solution), the remaining solution was transferred into the 3 L reactor using a PEEK cannula. The reaction was then slowly heat up to 56 °C using an oil bath for 6 h. After cooling down to room temperature, the solution was cautiously poured into a 4 L beaker containing a stirring 10% HCl (aq) solution.
• the precipitate was then dissolved in chloroform and filtered through a small pad of silica gel, (10 to 15 cm height) until the glowing yellow solution was observed to elute from the silica gel.
• the solution was then concentrated under vacuum and recrystallized twice from absolute ethanol (70 to 130 mL) to yield 4, 5.99 g (65.0 %), as glowing yellow needles.
• sPPP(m)(Na + ) was dissolved in water (30 mL). After complete dissolution, 2 M H 2 SO 4 (15 mL) was added dropwise to the aqueous solution, then the solution was stirred for an additional 4 h. The precipitated was recovered using a Buchner funnel equipped with glass fiber filter paper, washed three times with 10 mL of water then with 35 mL of diethyl ether. The polymer sPPP(m)(H + ) is obtained as a white-grey powder after drying overnight under vacuum at 80 °C.
• All the sPPP(m)(H + ) solutions for membrane casting were prepared at 10% w/w in hot DMSO, 50 to 80°C. After complete dissolution, each solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel equipped with a glass fiber filter paper (G8 from Fisher Scientific). The remaining solution was then coated on a glass plate at room temperature supported upon a K202 Control Coater casting table and an adjustable doctor blade (RK PrintCoat Instrument Ltd.) previously equilibrated. The solution was spread onto the glass plate using a doctor blade set at 500 ⁇ m with the blade moving using gear setting #2. The glass plate is then transfer in an oven previously equilibrated using a spirit level and heated at 86 °C for 48 h.
• the membrane was released from the glass plate by immersion in a 1.6 M HCl (aq) bath. The membrane was then soaked in a 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 bath for 1 h then soaked in Milli-Q water before drying for 1.5 h at room temperature on Kimtech ® papers. Finally, the membrane was compressed between two glass plates protected with Kimtech ® and dried overnight at 80 °C under vacuum, following by cooling to room temperature under vacuum.
• Polymer molecular weights were calculated using 1 H NMR and DMF SEC.
• 1 H NMR molecular weight of the polymer was determined using the triethylammonium cation as an internal standard.
• DMF SEC the molecular weight of the polymers sPPP(m)(H + ) and sPPP(m)(H + ) were determined relative to polystyrene standards. The results are reported in Table 3-S1.
• Ion Exchange capacity (IEC) Ion exchange capacity values for the membranes was obtained by automatic titration using 0.01 M NaOH (aq) as titrant.
• the titrant solution was calibrated using a 0.01 M potassium hydrophthalate obtained by dissolving dry (80 oC, overnight, under vaccum) potassium hydrophthalate in water.
• the membranes Prior to titration, the membranes were soaked in 0.5 M HCl for 1 h, then soaked in Milli-Q water for the same amount of time before drying at room temperature for 10 min, then dried at 80 °C overnight under vacuum. Before releasing the vacuum, the oven was cooled down to room temperature. The weights of the membrane were recorded twice for accuracy. Finally, each piece of membrane was immersed overnight in 2 M NaCl (20 mL) (pH previously adjusted to 7.00– 7.05). After removing the membrane, the remaining solution was then titrated using the calibrated NaOH solution.
• Equation 3-S1 determination of the real concentration of the sodium hydroxide for the IEC calculation. (NaOH )
• [NaOH] aq is the real concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in mol/L
• [KHP] aq is the fresh made potassium hydrophtalate solution in mol/L
• V (KHP) is the volume of the KHP solution used in L
• V (NaOH) is the titration volume obtained during the titration in L.
• the IEC can be obtained according to the following Equation 3-S2.
• Equation 3-S2 IEC calculation of the polymer sPPP(m)(H + ) ( p y ) (sPPP(m )(H ))
• IEC is the ion exchange capacity in mequiv./g
• [NaOH] aq is the previously determined aqueous concentration of sodium hydroxide in mol/L
• V eq is the titration volume obtained during the titration in L and m (polymer) or m +
• the theoretical IEC can be calculated using the molecular weight of the units in the polymer according to FIGURE 20.
• the molecular weight can be calculated for one hundred units (Table 3-S2, column 4).
• the number of sulfonic acid can then be obtained by multiplying the %hydrophilic composition by 4 (number of acid functional groups per hydrophilic block; see FIGURE 20) and yields the number of sulfonic acid groups per hundred units of polymer.
• Equation 3-S3 Determination of the IEC th
• nbSO 3 H 100u is the number of sulfonic acid per polymer of 100 units in mol (Table 3-S2, column 5), and Mn100u is the molecular weight of polymer of 100 units in g/mol (Table 3-S2, column 4).
• the membranes are soaked in 1.6 M H 2 SO 4 for 1 h then soaked 3 x 1 h in Milli-Q water.
• the wet weight (w wet ), the wet thickness (T wet ), the dimension (Length (L wet ) and width (W wet ) are then calculated.
• the polymer pieces are dried in an oven at 80 °C under vacuum overnight. The temperature is cooled down to room temperature prior to releasing the vacuum.
• the dry weight (w dry ) the dry thickness (T dry ), the dimension length (L dry ) and width (W dry ) are then determined.
• the hot water test was used to determine if the polymer remain his integrity at high temperature in water e.g. if the polymer dissolve when the temperature increase.
• a piece of polymer is immersed in water at room temperature and the temperature is increase at 80°C.
• Equation 3-S4 Water uptake equation, where WU(%) is percentage, w wet and w dry are in g.
• Water content (WC) The water content (WC) can be obtained using the following equation:
• Equation 3-S5 Water content equation, where WC(%) is in percentage, w wet and w dry are in g.
• VU Volume uptake
• Equation 3-S6 equation of the volume uptake
• VU(%) is the volume uptake in percentage
• L dry and L wet are the dry and wet lengths respectively of the membrane piece in mm
• W dry and W wet are the dry and wet widths respectively of the membrane piece in mm
• T dry and T wet are the dry and wet thicknesses respectively of the membrane in mm
• Vdry and Vwet are the dry and wet volumes respectively of the membrane in mm 3 .
• Equation 3-S7 Water sorption ⁇ equation ( H 2O )
• lambda, ⁇ is the water sorption (mol H 2 O mol -1 –SO 3 H) 10 is use to remove the percentage unit of the WU(%)
• M H2O is the molecular weight of water in g mol -1
• the IEC is the ion exchange capacity in mequiv. g -1 or mmol g -1 .
• the acid concentration or [SO 3 H] can be obtained using the following equation:
• W dry is the dry wet of the polymer in g
• V wet is the volume of the wet polymer in cm 3 and the IEC is expressed in mmol/g.
• Equation 3-S9 proton mobility equation [ 3 ]
• ⁇ is the proton conductivity of the polymer in water in S cm -1
• F is the Faraday's constant: 96485 C mol -1
• [SO 3 H] is the acid concentration in the wet membrane in mol L -1 .
• In-plane proton conductivity was measured by ac impedance spectroscopy with a Solartron 1260 frequency response analyzer (FRA) employing a two-electrode configuration.
• Proton conductivity at variable RH were measured by placing a conductivity cell inside an Espec model SH-241 humidity chamber sustained at 30 °C.
• Membrane pre-treatment the pieces were immersed in 1.6 M H 2 SO 4 for 1 h then soaked in Milli-Q® water three times. Membrane dimensions were then measured (thickness and width) before measuring the resistance. Proton conductivity was measured at 30 °C (FIGURE 23) and at 80 °C (FIGURE 24) at different relative humidity (RH): 95% RH, 90% RH, 70% RH, 50 % RH (FIGURES 23-27).
• R s is the resistance of the water and instrument part in Ohm
• C is the capacitance of the membrane in Farads
• R p is the resistance of the membrane in Ohm.
• ⁇ is the proton conductivity of the polymer membrane in S cm- 1
• L is the previously quote distance between the electrode in cm
• R p is the resistance of the membrane in Ohm
• T is the thickness in cm and w the width in cm.
• membrane pieces Prior to testing, membrane pieces were pre-treated in 1.6 M HCl for 1 h then soaked in Milli-Q water for 1 h, dried at room temperature then dried under vacuum at 80°C overnight. Prior to releasing the vacuum, the temperature of the oven was allowed to cool to room temperature. The weights of the membrane were recorded and measured twice.
• a piece of membrane sPPP(m)(H + ) was placed into a vial containing 3.0 % (w/w) of H 2 O 2 (20 mL) in DI H 2 O under stirring at 80 °C. 1.54 mL of a 3.0 ppm solution of FeSO 4 was then added. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 80 oC.

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