WO2018181030A1 - 燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム - Google Patents
燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018181030A1 WO2018181030A1 PCT/JP2018/011803 JP2018011803W WO2018181030A1 WO 2018181030 A1 WO2018181030 A1 WO 2018181030A1 JP 2018011803 W JP2018011803 W JP 2018011803W WO 2018181030 A1 WO2018181030 A1 WO 2018181030A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- fuel
- compressor
- combustion
- combustion air
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
- F02C3/22—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being gaseous at standard temperature and pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D9/00—Stators
- F01D9/06—Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like
- F01D9/065—Fluid supply or removal conduits traversing the working fluid flow, e.g. for lubrication-, cooling-, or sealing fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
- F02C3/24—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being liquid at standard temperature and pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
- F02C3/30—Adding water, steam or other fluids for influencing combustion, e.g. to obtain cleaner exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/12—Cooling of plants
- F02C7/14—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/12—Cooling of plants
- F02C7/14—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel
- F02C7/141—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/12—Cooling of plants
- F02C7/14—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel
- F02C7/141—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid
- F02C7/143—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid before or between the compressor stages
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/12—Cooling of plants
- F02C7/16—Cooling of plants characterised by cooling medium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/22—Fuel supply systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/30—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply comprising fuel prevapourising devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/18—Hollow blades, i.e. blades with cooling or heating channels or cavities; Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means on blades
- F01D5/186—Film cooling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/35—Combustors or associated equipment
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/35—Combustors or associated equipment
- F05D2240/36—Fuel vaporizer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2260/00—Function
- F05D2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
- F05D2260/211—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling by intercooling, e.g. during a compression cycle
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to combustion devices and gas turbine engine systems. This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-060962 for which it applied to Japan on March 27, 2017, and uses the content here.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a configuration in which, in an apparatus such as a gas turbine provided with a compressor, the temperature of the intake air is decreased by spraying liquid during intake air supplied to the compressor. By cooling the intake air to the compressor in this way, it becomes possible to improve the efficiency of the entire system including the device including the compressor.
- the liquid sprayed during inhalation is water.
- hard water containing calcium content may cause scale in the compressor or the like due to spraying water for a long period of time, which may cause malfunction of the compressor.
- high cost is required for water treatment for removing calcium and the like, so water is sucked into the compressor. It is difficult to spray inside.
- the present disclosure has been made in view of the above-described circumstances.
- the combustion air is used for cooling or cooling the combustion air without using water.
- the purpose is to reduce the amount of water and the amount of energy used to vaporize the ammonia for fuel.
- This disclosure employs the following configuration as a means for solving the above-described problems.
- a combustion apparatus includes a compressor that compresses combustion air, a combustor that combusts the compressed combustion air and fuel ammonia, and the combustion air generated by the compressor.
- An ammonia injection unit that injects the fuel ammonia into the combustion air before or during the compression process and cools the combustion air.
- the compressor includes a stationary blade and a moving blade, the stationary blade is provided with an injection hole, and the ammonia injection unit is the injection hole of the stationary blade.
- the fuel ammonia may be injected into the combustion air.
- the compressor includes a low-pressure compressor that compresses the combustion air, and a high-pressure compressor that further compresses the combustion air compressed by the low-pressure compressor.
- a duct connecting the low-pressure compressor and the high-pressure compressor, and the ammonia injection unit may be configured to inject the fuel ammonia into the combustion air through the duct.
- the ammonia injection unit may be configured to inject the liquid ammonia for fuel.
- the ammonia injection unit adjusts the injection amount of the ammonia for fuel to adjust the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the combustion gas downstream of the combustor.
- a density adjusting unit may be provided.
- a gas turbine engine system includes the combustion apparatus according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
- combustion air used for combustion of fuel ammonia in the combustion chamber is cooled by injecting the fuel ammonia before or during the compression process. For this reason, in this indication, cooling of combustion air can be performed, without using water. Further, even when the cooling of the combustion air with water is used in combination, the amount of water used can be reduced. In addition, since the fuel ammonia is warmed by the combustion air, the amount of energy required to vaporize the fuel ammonia can be reduced. Therefore, according to the present disclosure, in a combustion apparatus and a gas turbine engine system that combusts ammonia for fuel as fuel, the amount of water used for cooling combustion air or cooling combustion air without using water is reduced. In addition, the amount of energy used to vaporize the ammonia for fuel can be reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an overall configuration of a gas turbine engine system 1 according to the present embodiment.
- a gas turbine engine system 1 includes a gas turbine engine 2, a fuel ammonia supply system 3 (ammonia injection unit), a natural gas supply system 4, a reduction catalyst chamber 5, It has.
- a compressor 2a and a combustor 2b, which will be described later, of the gas turbine engine 2, a fuel ammonia supply system 3, and a natural gas supply system 4 are included in the combustion apparatus C of the present disclosure.
- Such a gas turbine engine system 1 is a drive source for the generator G, and generates rotational power by burning fuel ammonia using compressed combustion air.
- the gas turbine engine 2 includes a compressor 2a, a combustor 2b (combustion chamber), and a turbine 2c.
- the compressor 2a compresses combustion air taken in from outside air to a predetermined pressure to generate compressed air.
- Such a compressor 2a supplies the generated compressed air to the combustor 2b.
- the compressor 2a of this embodiment is an axial flow type compressor.
- the compressor 2a and the turbine 2c are connected by a shaft portion 2g.
- the upstream side in the flow direction of the combustion air may be referred to as a front side, and the downstream side may be referred to as a rear side.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a part of the compressor 2a.
- the compressor 2a is fixed to a casing 2a4 of the compressor 2a and fixed to a plurality of stationary blades 2a1 that do not move, and a shaft portion 2g connected to a turbine 2c. And a plurality of rotor blades 2a2 that are rotationally moved about the axis.
- the stationary blades 2a1 are arranged in an annular shape along the inner wall surface (inner surface) of the casing 2a4 with the shaft portion 2g as the center (in the circumferential direction around the central axis of the shaft portion 2g) to constitute one stator blade row. ing.
- FIG. 2 shows a configuration in which four rows of such stationary blade rows are formed at intervals in a direction along the axis of the shaft portion (axial direction).
- the rotor blade 2a2 is arranged in an annular shape on the outer wall surface (outer peripheral surface) of the shaft portion 2g with the shaft portion 2g as the center (in the circumferential direction around the central axis of the shaft portion 2g), thereby forming one rotor blade row. ing.
- Such moving blade rows are respectively disposed between the stationary blade rows adjacent in the axial direction. That is, in the compressor 2a, the stationary blade rows and the moving blade rows are alternately arranged in the direction in which the shaft portion 2g extends.
- each trailing edge side of the stationary blade 2a1 constituting the stationary blade row other than the stationary blade row located on the most downstream side in the combustion air flow direction (the trailing edge or the trailing edge rather than the leading edge).
- a plurality of injection holes 2a3 for injecting fuel ammonia from the inside of the stationary blade 2a1 toward the downstream side are formed in a near portion. That is, a flow path through which fuel ammonia flows is formed inside the stationary blade 2a1.
- the combustor 2b burns the vaporized fuel ammonia supplied from the fuel ammonia supply system 3 inside (combustion chamber) using compressed air generated by the compressor 2a.
- the combustor 2b supplies the combustion gas obtained by such combustion to the turbine 2c.
- the turbine 2c generates rotational power by using the combustion gas supplied from the combustor 2b as a driving gas.
- the turbine 2c is axially coupled to the compressor 2a and the generator G, and rotationally drives the compressor 2a and the generator G with its own rotational power.
- Such a turbine 2 c exhausts the combustion gas after power recovery toward the reduction catalyst chamber 5.
- the fuel ammonia supply system 3 includes an ammonia supply unit 3a, a pipe 3b, a distribution mechanism 3c, and a vaporizer 3d.
- the ammonia supply unit 3a includes a tank (not shown) for storing liquid fuel ammonia, a pump (not shown) for sending the fuel ammonia stored in the tank, and the like. The required amount of fuel ammonia is sent out toward the combustor 2b.
- the control device may be a known computer including a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a RAM (Random Access Memory), a ROM (Read Only Memory) and the like that can perform predetermined control. The details of the control by the control device may be defined by software that can be arbitrarily changed or updated by the administrator.
- a pipe 3b of the ammonia supply system 3 for fuel is connected to an ammonia supply unit 3a, a compressor 2a, and a combustor 2b.
- the combustor is connected from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the combustor 3d.
- 2b has a path for guiding the fuel ammonia and a path for guiding the fuel ammonia from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the stationary blade 2a1 of the compressor 2a without passing through the vaporizer 3d.
- the pipe 3b branches from a path for guiding the fuel ammonia from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the combustor 2b via the vaporizer 3d, and guides the fuel ammonia to the exhaust gas pipe upstream of the reduction catalyst chamber 5. It also has a route.
- the fuel ammonia supply system 3 uses the path for guiding the fuel ammonia from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the stationary blade 2a1 of the compressor 2a without using the vaporizer 3d of the pipe 3b.
- Liquid fuel ammonia is supplied into the stationary blade 2a1, and liquid fuel ammonia is injected into the combustion air flow path from the injection hole 2a3 provided in the stationary blade 2a1. That is, the fuel ammonia supply system 3 cools the combustion air in the compression process by injecting liquid fuel ammonia into the combustion air in the compression process by the compressor 2a.
- the fuel ammonia supply system 3 injects liquid fuel ammonia into the combustion air via the stationary blade 2a1 of the compressor 2a.
- the distribution mechanism 3c includes a first valve 3e and a second valve 3f.
- the first valve 3e is located on the upstream side of the carburetor 3d in the middle of the path for guiding the fuel ammonia to the combustor 2b via the carburetor 3d in the pipe 3b.
- the opening degree of the first valve 3e is adjusted by a control device (not shown), and the supply amount of the fuel ammonia sent from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the vaporizer 3d is adjusted.
- the second valve 3f is arranged in the middle part of the path for guiding the ammonia for fuel to the stationary blade 2a1 of the compressor 2a without passing through the vaporizer 3d of the pipe 3b.
- the opening of the second valve 3f is adjusted by a control device (not shown), and the supply amount of the fuel ammonia sent from the ammonia supply unit 3a to the stationary blade 2a1 is adjusted.
- a distribution mechanism 3c distributes a part of the fuel ammonia supplied to the combustor 2b to the stationary blade 2a1 in accordance with the opening degree of the first valve 3e and the second valve 3f.
- the vaporizer 3d vaporizes the liquid fuel ammonia supplied from the ammonia supply unit 3a via the first valve 3e to generate gaseous fuel ammonia.
- the fuel ammonia generated in the vaporizer 3d is supplied to the combustor 2b and partly supplied to the reduction catalyst chamber 5 via the pipe 3b.
- the natural gas supply system 4 includes a natural gas supply unit 4a and a pipe 4b.
- the natural gas supply unit 4a includes a tank (not shown) that stores liquefied natural gas, a pump (not shown) that delivers liquefied natural gas stored in the tank, and a vaporizer (not shown) that vaporizes the liquefied natural gas. Etc.).
- the natural gas supply unit 4a sends a predetermined amount of natural gas toward the combustor 2b under the control of a control device (not shown).
- the pipe 4b is connected to the natural gas supply unit 4a and the combustor 2b, and guides the natural gas sent from the natural gas supply unit 4a to the combustor 2b.
- the reduction catalyst chamber 5 is filled with a reduction catalyst, and reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) contained in the combustion gas to nitrogen (N 2 ) by reduction treatment.
- the reduction catalyst chamber 5 reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) by cooperation of the reduction catalyst housed inside and the fuel ammonia supplied through the piping 3 b of the fuel ammonia supply system 3. Note that the ammonia for fuel supplied to the reduction catalyst chamber 5 is not used as fuel but is consumed as ammonia for reduction.
- the gas turbine engine system 1 when the gas turbine engine system 1 is started from a stopped state, natural gas is supplied from the natural gas supply system 4 to the combustor 2b.
- the natural gas supplied to the combustor 2b is mixed with the air in the combustor 2b and burned by being ignited by an ignition device (not shown).
- an ignition device not shown
- the combustion gas generated by the combustion of natural gas is supplied to the turbine 2c, rotational power is generated and the compressor 2a is driven.
- the compressor 2a When the compressor 2a is driven, compressed air is generated in the compressor 2a, and the compressed air is supplied to the combustor 2b, thereby promoting the combustion of natural gas in the combustor 2b.
- the gas turbine engine system 1 is started.
- the gas turbine engine system 1 may be started by supplying fuel ammonia to the combustor 2b from the fuel ammonia supply system 3 through the vaporizer 3d instead of or together with natural gas. good.
- a required amount of fuel ammonia is supplied to the combustor 2b from the fuel ammonia supply system 3 in place of natural gas or together with natural gas under the control of a control device (not shown).
- the A part of the liquid fuel ammonia sent out from the ammonia supply unit 3a is vaporized through the compressor 2a, and then supplied to the combustor 2b together with the compressed air.
- the remaining portion of the liquid fuel ammonia sent out from the ammonia supply unit 3a is vaporized by the vaporizer 3d and then supplied to the combustor 2b.
- the ammonia for fuel supplied to the combustor 2b burns together with the compressed air.
- combustion gas generated by the combustion of fuel ammonia is supplied to the turbine 2c, and rotational power for driving the compressor 2a and the generator G is generated by the turbine 2c. After the energy is recovered by the turbine 2c, the combustion gas is reduced by the reduction catalyst chamber 5 and then exhausted.
- liquid fuel ammonia is supplied to the combustion air in the compression process from the injection holes 2a3 provided in the stationary blades 2a1 of the compressor 2a by the fuel ammonia supply system 3. Be injected.
- the fuel ammonia thus injected has a lower temperature than the combustion air in the compression process. For this reason, combustion air is cooled by injecting fuel ammonia.
- the injected liquid fuel ammonia is vaporized by the heat of the combustion air in the compressor 2a, the combustion air can be further cooled by the latent heat of vaporization of the fuel ammonia. .
- energy required for subsequent compression can be reduced.
- the fuel ammonia injected into the combustion air is supplied to the combustor 2b together with the compressed air and consumed as fuel.
- the combustion air used for the combustion of the fuel ammonia in the combustor 2b is cooled by the fuel ammonia being injected in the compression process. For this reason, in the gas turbine engine system 1 of this embodiment, the combustion air can be cooled without using water. Further, even when the cooling of the combustion air with water is used in combination, the amount of water used can be reduced. Further, since the fuel ammonia is heated and vaporized by heat exchange with the combustion air, the amount of energy required to vaporize the fuel ammonia can be reduced.
- water is an inhibitor of combustion in the combustor 2b
- ammonia for fuel that is fuel is injected in the combustor 2b instead of water, the combustion state in the combustor 2b is stabilized. be able to. Moreover, generation
- ammonia has a slower combustion rate than natural gas. For this reason, even when compressed air mixed with fuel ammonia is supplied to the combustor 2b, there is a risk that backfire or the like may occur than when compressed air mixed with natural gas is supplied to the combustor 2b. It can be kept small.
- the fuel ammonia is injected into the combustion air by the compressor 2a, a long distance from the injection point to the combustor 2b can be secured. Therefore, before the injected fuel ammonia reaches the combustor 2b, the fuel ammonia is sufficiently mixed with the combustion air, and the region where the concentration of fuel ammonia is locally high is the combustor 2b and the combustor. It does not occur in the vicinity of 2b, and it becomes possible to further reduce the risk of backfire and the like.
- the combustion air has a high flow velocity in the compressor 2a
- the fuel 2 is sufficiently combusted until the injected fuel ammonia reaches the combustor 2b. Can be mixed with air.
- the fuel ammonia is injected into the combustion air by the compressor 2a, the injected fuel ammonia is compressed together with the combustion air by the compressor 2a. . For this reason, the fuel pump provided in the ammonia supply part 3a can be reduced in size.
- a part of the compressed air is used for cooling the shaft portion 2g and the like connecting the compressor 2a and the turbine 2c, and flows to the downstream side of the combustor 2b without being supplied to the combustor 2b. Since the fuel ammonia mixed in such compressed air is consumed for denitration in the reduction catalyst chamber 5, it can be prevented from being wasted.
- a part of the compressed air flows downstream of the combustor 2b without being supplied to the combustor 2b, and the fuel ammonia contained in the compressed air is used for denitration.
- the injection amount By adjusting the injection amount, the concentration of nitrogen oxides on the downstream side of the combustor 2b can be adjusted. That is, by causing the distribution mechanism 3c to function as the nitrogen oxide concentration adjusting unit of the present disclosure and adjusting the injection amount of fuel ammonia into the combustion air, the nitrogen oxide in the combustion gas downstream of the combustor 2b The density may be adjusted.
- the fuel ammonia supply system 3 injects fuel ammonia into the combustion air via the stationary blades 2a1 of the compressor 2a. For this reason, it is possible to inject fuel ammonia to the combustion air without separately installing a nozzle or the like for injecting fuel ammonia. For this reason, the increase in the pressure loss by installing a nozzle can be avoided.
- a large number of stationary blades 2a1 of the compressor 2a are arranged in the flow path of the combustion air. Therefore, by injecting the fuel ammonia from the plurality of stationary blades 2a1, the fuel ammonia is uniformly injected into the combustion air, and unintended temperature unevenness and fuel ammonia concentration unevenness are generated in the combustion air. Can be deterred. By suppressing the occurrence of concentration unevenness in this way, a region where the concentration of fuel ammonia is locally high does not occur, and the risk of flashback or the like can be further reduced.
- the combustion air is cooled by injecting liquid fuel ammonia, but the combustion air is cooled by injecting vaporized fuel ammonia. It is also possible to do. However, by injecting the liquid fuel ammonia into the combustion air, the combustion air can be cooled using the latent heat of the liquefied ammonia, and the overall system efficiency of the gas turbine engine system 1 can be improved. .
- all of the stationary blades 2a1 into which fuel ammonia is supplied internally injects fuel ammonia from the injection holes 2a3. That is, in the above-described embodiment, a configuration is adopted in which fuel ammonia is injected from all remaining vanes 2a1 except for the vane 2a1 to which fuel ammonia is not supplied.
- the present disclosure is not limited to this.
- only the stationary blade 2a1 constituting one stationary blade row is provided with the injection hole 2a3, and the stationary blade 2a1 disposed upstream of the stationary blade 2a1 in which the injection hole 2a3 is formed is provided. May be configured such that ammonia for fuel is supplied to the inside but recovered without being injected.
- the stationary blade 2a1 different from the stationary blade 2a1 in which the injection hole 2a3 is formed is provided with a flow path through which ammonia for fuel flows, but the injection hole may not be provided.
- the compressor 2a is disposed upstream of the combustion air flow direction to compress the combustion air, and the combustion air flow is lower than the low pressure compressor 2d. It can also be set as the structure provided with the high pressure compressor 2e which is arrange
- the pipe 3b of the fuel ammonia supply system 3 includes an injection pipe 3b1 inserted into the duct 2f, and the fuel ammonia is supplied from the nozzle hole 3b2 provided in the injection pipe 3b1 to the compressor 2a. It is also possible to adopt a configuration in which the fuel is injected into combustion air in the compression process.
- the injection pipe 3b1 of the fuel ammonia supply system 3 may be provided in the duct 2f.
- the fuel ammonia supply system 3 injects fuel ammonia into the combustion air through the duct 2f.
- the above-described injection pipe 3b1 may be arranged on the upstream side of the compressor 2a.
- the temperature immediately after injection of fuel ammonia is generally much lower than the atmospheric temperature. For this reason, even when the fuel ammonia is injected into the combustion air before being compressed by the compressor 2a, the combustion air can be cooled and the liquid fuel ammonia can be vaporized. Even when such a configuration is adopted, the configuration of the stationary blade 2a1 can be simplified because it is not necessary to form the internal flow path and the injection hole 2a3 in the stationary blade 2a1 of the compressor 2a.
- the combustion apparatus of the present disclosure can be applied to apparatuses other than the gas turbine engine system 1.
- the combustion apparatus of the present disclosure can be applied to any system (boiler, incineration facility, or the like) including a combustion apparatus that mixes and burns compressed air with ammonia for fuel.
- a configuration such as a centrifugal compressor or a reciprocating compressor
- the axial flow compressor may be adopted as the compressor included in the combustion apparatus of the present disclosure.
- the configuration in which the gas turbine engine system 1 and the combustion apparatus C include the natural gas supply system 4 has been described.
- the present disclosure is not limited to this. If the gas turbine engine system 1 or the combustion apparatus C includes the carburetor 3d, the liquid fuel ammonia can be vaporized so as to be suitable for combustion in the combustor 2b, and thus a configuration without the natural gas supply system 4 is adopted. Is possible.
- Gas Turbine Engine System Gas Turbine Engine 2a Compressor 2a1 Stator Blade 2a2 Rotor Blade 2a3 Injection Hole 2b Combustor 2c Turbine 2d Low Pressure Compressor 2e High Pressure Compressor 3 Fuel Ammonia Supply System (Ammonia Injection Unit) 3a Ammonia supply part 3b Piping 3c Distribution mechanism (nitrogen oxide concentration adjustment part) 3d carburetor 3e first valve 3f second valve 4 natural gas supply system 4a natural gas supply unit 4b pipe 5 reduction catalyst chamber G generator
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本願は、2017年3月27日に日本に出願された特願2017-060962号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
このため、本開示においては、水を用いることなく燃焼用空気の冷却を行うことができる。また、水による燃焼用空気の冷却を併用する場合であっても水の使用量を削減することができる。また、燃焼用空気により燃料用アンモニアが温められるため、燃料用アンモニアを気化させるために必要となるエネルギ量を削減することができる。したがって、本開示によれば、燃料用アンモニアを燃料として燃焼させる燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステムにおいて、水を用いることなく燃焼用空気の冷却を行うあるいは燃焼用空気の冷却に用いる水の量を削減しかつ燃料用アンモニアを気化させるために使用するエネルギ量を削減することが可能となる。
図2は、圧縮機2aの一部を模式的に示す断面図である。この図に示すように、圧縮機2aは、圧縮機2aのケーシング2a4に固定されて移動することのない複数の静翼2a1と、タービン2cに連結された軸部2gに固定されて軸部2gの軸心を中心として回転移動される複数の動翼2a2とを備えている。静翼2a1は、軸部2gを中心として(軸部2gの中心軸周りの周方向において)ケーシング2a4の内壁面(内面)に沿って環状に配列されることによって1つの静翼列を構成している。図2では、このような静翼列が軸部の軸心に沿う方向(軸方向)に間隔を空けて4列形成された構成を図示している。動翼2a2は、軸部2gを中心として(軸部2gの中心軸周りの周方向において)軸部2gの外壁面(外周面)に環状に配列されることによって1つの動翼列を構成している。このような動翼列が上記軸方向に隣り合う静翼列同士の間にそれぞれ配置されている。つまり、圧縮機2aでは、静翼列と動翼列とが軸部2gが延びる方向に交互に配列されている。また、本実施形態では、燃焼用空気の流れ方向の最も下流側に位置する静翼列以外の静翼列を構成する静翼2a1の各後縁側(後縁、又は前縁よりも後縁に近い部分)に、静翼2a1の内部から下流側に向けて燃料用アンモニアを噴射するための噴射孔2a3が複数形成されている。すなわち、静翼2a1の内部には、燃料用アンモニアが流動する流路が形成されている。
なお、上記制御装置は、所定の制御を実施できるようなCPU(Central Processing Unit)、RAM(Random Access Memory)、ROM(Read Only Memory)等を含む公知の計算機でもよい。上記制御装置による制御の詳細は、管理者が任意に変更または更新可能なソフトウェアにより定義されてもよい。
また、水による燃焼用空気の冷却を併用する場合であっても水の使用量を削減することができる。また、燃焼用空気との熱交換により燃料用アンモニアが温められて気化するため、燃料用アンモニアを気化させるために必要となるエネルギ量を削減することができる。
さらに、水は燃焼器2bにおいて燃焼の阻害物質であるが、本実施形態においては水に換えて燃焼器2bで燃料となる燃料用アンモニアを噴射するため、燃焼器2bでの燃焼状態を安定させることができる。また、水の付着が原因となるスケールの発生を防止することができる。
このため、噴射された燃料用アンモニアが燃焼器2bに到達するまでに、十分に燃料用アンモニアが燃焼用空気と混合され、局所的に燃料用アンモニアの濃度が高い領域が燃焼器2b及び燃焼器2bの近傍で発生せず、逆火等のリスクをより低減することが可能となる。また、圧縮機2aでは燃焼用空気の流速が速いことから、このような箇所で燃料用アンモニアを噴射することで、噴射された燃料用アンモニアが燃焼器2bに到達するまでに、十分に燃焼用空気と混合させることができる。
2 ガスタービンエンジン
2a 圧縮機
2a1 静翼
2a2 動翼
2a3 噴射孔
2b 燃焼器
2c タービン
2d 低圧圧縮機
2e 高圧圧縮機
3 燃料用アンモニア供給系(アンモニア噴射部)
3a アンモニア供給部
3b 配管
3c 分配機構(窒素酸化物濃度調整部)
3d 気化器
3e 第1バルブ
3f 第2バルブ
4 天然ガス供給系
4a 天然ガス供給部
4b 配管
5 還元触媒チャンバ
G 発電機
Claims (6)
- 燃焼用空気を圧縮する圧縮機と、
圧縮された前記燃焼用空気と燃料用アンモニアとを燃焼させる燃焼器と、
前記圧縮機による前記燃焼用空気の圧縮過程あるいは圧縮前に前記燃料用アンモニアを前記燃焼用空気に噴射し、前記燃焼用空気を冷却するアンモニア噴射部と、を備える燃焼装置。 - 前記圧縮機が静翼と動翼とを備え、前記静翼には噴射孔が設けられ、
前記アンモニア噴射部は、前記静翼の前記噴射孔から前記燃焼用空気に前記燃料用アンモニアを噴射するように構成されている、請求項1記載の燃焼装置。 - 前記圧縮機は、前記燃焼用空気を圧縮する低圧圧縮機と、前記低圧圧縮機で圧縮された前記燃焼用空気をさらに圧縮する高圧圧縮機と、前記低圧圧縮機と前記高圧圧縮機とを接続するダクトとを備え、
前記アンモニア噴射部は、前記ダクトにて前記燃焼用空気に前記燃料用アンモニアを噴射するように構成されている、請求項1記載の燃焼装置。 - 前記アンモニア噴射部は、液体の前記燃料用アンモニアを噴射するように構成されている、請求項1~3いずれか一項に記載の燃焼装置。
- 前記アンモニア噴射部は、前記燃料用アンモニアの噴射量を調整して前記燃焼器の下流の燃焼ガスにおける窒素酸化物の濃度を調整する窒素酸化物濃度調整部を備える、請求項1~4いずれか一項に記載の燃焼装置。
- 請求項1~5いずれか一項に記載の燃焼装置を備える、ガスタービンエンジンシステム。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2018242864A AU2018242864B2 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2018-03-23 | Combustion device and gas turbine engine system |
CN201880020662.1A CN110462183B (zh) | 2017-03-27 | 2018-03-23 | 燃烧装置及燃气涡轮发动机系统 |
KR1020197023353A KR20190102270A (ko) | 2017-03-27 | 2018-03-23 | 연소 장치 및 가스 터빈 엔진 시스템 |
EP18775481.7A EP3604769B1 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2018-03-23 | Combustion device and gas turbine engine system |
US16/580,781 US11156157B2 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2019-09-24 | Combustion device and gas turbine engine system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2017060962A JP6772925B2 (ja) | 2017-03-27 | 2017-03-27 | 燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム |
JP2017-060962 | 2017-03-27 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/580,781 Continuation US11156157B2 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2019-09-24 | Combustion device and gas turbine engine system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2018181030A1 true WO2018181030A1 (ja) | 2018-10-04 |
Family
ID=63675723
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2018/011803 WO2018181030A1 (ja) | 2017-03-27 | 2018-03-23 | 燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11156157B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3604769B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6772925B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20190102270A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN110462183B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2018242864B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2018181030A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP6880902B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-27 | 2021-06-02 | 株式会社Ihi | ガスタービン |
EP3936713A4 (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2022-10-26 | JFE Engineering Corporation | DIESEL MOTOR |
JP2020172904A (ja) * | 2019-04-11 | 2020-10-22 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | 改質システム及びエンジンシステム |
WO2021234795A1 (ja) | 2020-05-18 | 2021-11-25 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | ガスタービン |
US20220162989A1 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-26 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Engine using cracked ammonia fuel |
US11773777B2 (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2023-10-03 | New Wave Hydrogen, Inc. | Zero-emission jet engine employing a dual-fuel mix of ammonia and hydrogen using a wave |
US11859535B2 (en) | 2021-03-09 | 2024-01-02 | Rtx Corporation | Fuel-cooled engine component(s) |
US11920524B2 (en) | 2021-04-15 | 2024-03-05 | Rtx Corporation | Multi-fuel, fuel injection system for a turbine engine |
CN113357006B (zh) * | 2021-07-13 | 2023-09-26 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | 一种基于主燃区喷氨脱硝的燃气轮机系统及其脱硝方法 |
US11802508B2 (en) | 2022-03-30 | 2023-10-31 | Rtx Corporation | Efficient turbine engine using integrated ammonia fuel processing |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0255835A (ja) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 排ガス脱硝装置を内蔵した排ガスボイラを付設したガスタービン装置 |
JPH09236024A (ja) | 1995-12-28 | 1997-09-09 | Hitachi Ltd | ガスタービン,コンバインドサイクルプラント及び圧縮機 |
JP2003530501A (ja) * | 1998-07-24 | 2003-10-14 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | タービンエンジン内に水を噴射する制御装置および方法 |
WO2010082359A1 (ja) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | エンジン |
JP2012255420A (ja) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-27 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | ガスタービンシステム |
JP2017060962A (ja) | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | アンビル、ホーン、超音波接合ツール、及び蓄電素子の製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3480542B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 2003-12-22 | 株式会社荏原製作所 | ガスタービン用脱硝装置 |
JP2980095B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-28 | 1999-11-22 | 株式会社日立製作所 | ガスタービン,コンバインドサイクルプラント及び圧縮機 |
US6553753B1 (en) | 1998-07-24 | 2003-04-29 | General Electric Company | Control systems and methods for water injection in a turbine engine |
JP2000282810A (ja) * | 1999-03-30 | 2000-10-10 | Toshiba Corp | タービンプラント |
US8220268B2 (en) * | 2007-11-28 | 2012-07-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbine engine having fuel-cooled air intercooling |
US9145849B2 (en) * | 2009-01-14 | 2015-09-29 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine fueled by ammonia with selective reduction catalyst |
CN102562310A (zh) * | 2012-03-12 | 2012-07-11 | 云南大学 | 用催化氨分解反应降低燃气涡轮机高温金属件温度的方法 |
US20150000298A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2015-01-01 | Advanced Green Technologies, Llc | Fuel conditioner, combustor and gas turbine improvements |
US9371776B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 | 2016-06-21 | Darren Levine | Dual flow air injection intraturbine engine and method of operating same |
JP6520309B2 (ja) | 2015-03-31 | 2019-05-29 | 株式会社Ihi | 燃焼装置、ガスタービン及び発電装置 |
US9856768B2 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2018-01-02 | General Electric Company | Power generation system exhaust cooling |
CN105927560B (zh) * | 2016-06-28 | 2018-09-04 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | 一种具有扩稳增效装置的压气机 |
JP6880902B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-27 | 2021-06-02 | 株式会社Ihi | ガスタービン |
JP6805924B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-27 | 2020-12-23 | 株式会社Ihi | 燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム |
-
2017
- 2017-03-27 JP JP2017060962A patent/JP6772925B2/ja active Active
-
2018
- 2018-03-23 WO PCT/JP2018/011803 patent/WO2018181030A1/ja unknown
- 2018-03-23 CN CN201880020662.1A patent/CN110462183B/zh active Active
- 2018-03-23 EP EP18775481.7A patent/EP3604769B1/en active Active
- 2018-03-23 AU AU2018242864A patent/AU2018242864B2/en active Active
- 2018-03-23 KR KR1020197023353A patent/KR20190102270A/ko active IP Right Grant
-
2019
- 2019-09-24 US US16/580,781 patent/US11156157B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0255835A (ja) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 排ガス脱硝装置を内蔵した排ガスボイラを付設したガスタービン装置 |
JPH09236024A (ja) | 1995-12-28 | 1997-09-09 | Hitachi Ltd | ガスタービン,コンバインドサイクルプラント及び圧縮機 |
JP2003530501A (ja) * | 1998-07-24 | 2003-10-14 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | タービンエンジン内に水を噴射する制御装置および方法 |
WO2010082359A1 (ja) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | エンジン |
JP2012255420A (ja) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-27 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | ガスタービンシステム |
JP2017060962A (ja) | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | アンビル、ホーン、超音波接合ツール、及び蓄電素子の製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP3604769A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US11156157B2 (en) | 2021-10-26 |
EP3604769A4 (en) | 2020-12-16 |
EP3604769B1 (en) | 2022-11-09 |
CN110462183A (zh) | 2019-11-15 |
US20200032712A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
JP6772925B2 (ja) | 2020-10-21 |
EP3604769A1 (en) | 2020-02-05 |
AU2018242864B2 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
JP2018162752A (ja) | 2018-10-18 |
AU2018242864A1 (en) | 2019-10-31 |
CN110462183B (zh) | 2022-08-05 |
KR20190102270A (ko) | 2019-09-03 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2018181030A1 (ja) | 燃焼装置及びガスタービンエンジンシステム | |
US11156158B2 (en) | Combustion device and gas turbine engine system | |
JP5024460B2 (ja) | エンジン | |
WO2010082359A1 (ja) | エンジン | |
JP2011038511A (ja) | アンモニア噴射システム | |
CN110506152B (zh) | 燃烧装置以及燃气轮机 | |
JP6880902B2 (ja) | ガスタービン | |
US9169777B2 (en) | Gas turbine engine with water and steam injection | |
JP5325819B2 (ja) | 液体燃料焚きガスタービン | |
WO2019188409A1 (ja) | 燃焼装置及びガスタービン | |
JP2012013077A (ja) | タービンエンジンで使用する添加剤噴射システム及びその組立方法 | |
KR102583226B1 (ko) | 다단 연료 공급부가 구비된 마이크로 믹서 및 이를 포함하는 가스 터빈 | |
US20140298817A1 (en) | Arrangement for preparation of liquid fuel for combustion and a method of preparing liquid fuel for combustion | |
JP7434858B2 (ja) | 保炎装置及びエンジン | |
KR102011067B1 (ko) | 가스 터빈 및 가스 터빈의 구동 방법 | |
JP2012013073A (ja) | タービンエンジンに使用するための添加剤注入システム及びその組み立て方法 | |
WO2019188012A1 (ja) | 燃焼装置及びガスタービン |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 18775481 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20197023353 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2018242864 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20180323 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2018775481 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20191028 |