Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
  • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
  • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/01—Hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L57/00—Compositions of unspecified polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C08L57/02—Copolymers of mineral oil hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
  • Y02T10/86—Optimisation of rolling resistance, e.g. weight reduction 

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to rubber compositions for tires and, more particularly, guayule-based natural rubber compositions for use as tread for tires.
• the typical elastomer system is a mixture of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR).
• SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
• BR polybutadiene rubber
• the SBR may be a solution-based polymer or an emulsion-based polymer.
• the BR is typically of a high-cis type. SBR is usually used in a greater amount in tread compounds having SBR/BR elastomer systems, with the amount and type of the SBR selected based on performance characteristics desired for the tire end use.
• tread compounds The performance of tread compounds is dictated largely by the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the elastomer system.
• the high-cis BR has a glass transition temperature of approximately -105°C.
• the Tg of the SBR can be controlled from values ranging from -75°C (or below) to over 0°C, depending on the styrene and vinyl content.
• tread compounds have extreme flexibility for setting the Tg of the tread compound by both the ratio of the SBR to BR and the styrene/vinyl content in the SBR.
• the SBR/BR ratio can also be optimized for price within a range.
• Additives such as resins have been used in the tire industry for a number of years to improve the processability of tire compounds. These materials can act as homogenizing agents which promote the blending of elastomers, batch- to-batch uniformity, improve filler dispersion, and can improve building tack.
• These types of resins include hydrocarbon (e.g., C5, C9, mixed C5-C9, dicyclopentadiene, terpene resins, high styrene resins, and mixtures), coumarone-indene resins, rosins and their salts, pure monomer resins, and phenolic resins.
• Resins have also been used to adjust the Tg of synthetic tread compounds to maximize properties, such as wear without compromising other properties such as wet traction.
• U.S. Patent No. 7,084,228 to Labauze teaches that specific terpene-based resins can be incorporated into SBR/BR tread compounds in such a manner that higher BR levels can be achieved to improve wear, but the Tg of the tire tread compound remains the same.
• a guayule natural rubber tread compound having an additive that can raise the Tg of the guayule natural rubber, in order to provide an increase in the Tg to improve wet traction, while not adversely affecting properties such as rolling resistance or wear, and which requires only a small amount of such an additive so as to minimize cost, has been surprisingly discovered.
• a tire tread composition includes a quantity of an elastomer and a quantity of a hydrocarbon resin substantially evenly distributed throughout the elastomer.
• the elastomer includes guayule natural rubber, and in particular embodiments consists entirely of guayule natural rubber.
• the hydrocarbon resin is used in an amount greater than about 10 phr.
• the hydrocarbon resin also has a predetermined miscibility at a predetermined concentration in the guayule natural rubber as measured by a deviation of actual Tg for an elastomer-resin mixture consistent with the elastomer and hydrocarbon resin used in the tire tread composition from predicted Tg for the elastomer-resin mixture.
• an elastomer-resin mixture consistent with the elastomer and hydrocarbon resin used in the tire tread composition means that the per weight ratio of the resin to the elastomer in the elastomer-resin mixture is substantially the same as the per weight ratio of the resin to the elastomer in the tire tread composition.
• the predetermined miscibility in the elastomer-resin mixture is less than about six percent (6%) deviation in the actual Tg from the predicted Tg when 20 phr of the resin is used in the elastomer-resin mixture.
• the effects of fillers and oils on the Tg are advantageously removed from consideration, as only the elastomers that are in the tire tread composition, at their relative loadings, are considered for determining deviation of actual Tg from the predicted Tg.
• the elastomer-resin mixture employed to ascertain the effect of the hydrocarbon elastomer on the Tg may be the same or nearly the same as the tire tread composition.
• the elastomer-resin mixture may be compounded to have the same additive materials that have an effect on the Tg, at the same relative concentrations as the tire tread composition.
• the tire tread composition may include a quantity of an elastomer and a quantity of a hydrocarbon resin substantially evenly distributed throughout the elastomer.
• the elastomer includes guayule natural rubber, and in particular embodiments consists entirely of guayule natural rubber.
• the hydrocarbon resin has a predetermined miscibility at a predetermined concentration in the guayule natural rubber.
• the predetermined miscibility is measured by a deviation of actual Tg for the tire tread composition from predicted Tg for the tire tread composition.
• the predetermined miscibility in the guayule natural rubber is less than about six percent (6%) deviation in the actual Tg from the predicted Tg of the tire tread composition when 20 phr resin is used in the tire tread composition.
• the fillers and oils in the tire tread composition will have an effect on the actual Tg, which are adjusted for or otherwise taken into account in determining the deviation of actual Tg from the predicted Tg.
• the present disclosure includes a guayule natural rubber tread compound with a high softening point resin that is designed to be compatible with the guayule natural rubber.
• Compatibility of the resin with the polymer system is important in tread compounds, because as the resin/polymer system becomes incompatible, the resin has less of an effect on the Tg of the elastomer system, and can actually form a separate phase in the polymer matrix which can degrade dynamic properties.
• Some resins are compatible with guayule natural rubber to a limited extent, but the compatibility will depend on the polarity difference between the resin and the polymer, the molecular weight of the resin and any functional group the resin or polymer may contain.
• Tg is the overall glass transition of the blend
• Tg, 1 is the glass transition temperature of component 1
• Tg,2 is the glass transition of component 2
• x1 is the weight fraction of component 1 .
• a practical lower limit for resin softening point is 1 10°C, because below this level much higher levels of resin are required to achieve the desired Tg of the overall compound. Softening point and glass transition temperatures are often related for hydrocarbon resins, with softening points being approximately 45°C higher than the Tg.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• FIG. 1 An example of this incompatibility determination is graphically depicted in FIG. 1 . For grossly incompatible systems, the original Tg for both components are seen, but what is more typical are shifts in Tg of each component, depending on the degree of compatibility. The further away the mixture Tg is from the value predicted by the Fox equation, the less compatible the system should be considered. Substantially complete compatibility is desirable for tire tread compounds.
• the tire tread compound of the present disclosure relates to the use of specific resins in 98% cis-polyisoprene polymers.
• the natural rubber can be derived from any source. Hevea is the most common, but guayule and Russian dandelion can also be used.
• guayule- based natural rubber is used, in part due to the surprising and unexpected performance benefits discovered with guayule-based natural rubber, which are detailed further hereinbelow.
• Synthetic high cis polyisoprene is well known in the industry and is commercially available as Natsyn® 2200 from Goodyear Chemical, and SKI-3TM from the Joss Group.
• Limitations on the resin will include softening points between 1 10-165°C, for example, as determined by the ring and ball method described at ASTM D6493, titled" Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-Ball Apparatus”.
• Limitations on the resin will also include observed Tg values for mixtures of the resins with NR within 6% of what is predicted (for example, by the Fox equation), and in a most particular embodiment within 5% of what is predicted. It was found that resins within this range show good compounding performance, specifically for wet traction.
• FIG. 1 is a model of a first rubber compound (shown in solid line) having a resin with full compatibility, as determined by consistency between the actual Tg and the Tg predicted by the Fox equation (also shown by the solid line), and a second rubber compound (shown in dashed line) deviating from the Tg predicted by the Fox equation, and thus illustrating an incompatible resin where the curve for the second rubber compound exhibits significant deviation from the curve for the first rubber compound. Since the compatibility of the "incompatible" resin is very limited, once the elastomer is saturated with resin, the resin will not have a major effect on the Tg of the composite and thus there is a flattening of the curve. It should be appreciated that the resin may form a separate phase if it is sufficiently incompatible.
• FIGS. 2-9 show DSC test results for two different resin types at various PHR loadings in natural rubber compositions, with one of the resins being compatible as described herein, and the other of the resins being incompatible as described herein;
• FIG. 10 is a bar graph depicting comparative tire testing results for wet handling and wet braking with a natural rubber tread compound according to the present disclosure relative to an entirely synthetic rubber tread compound.
• the present disclosure includes a rubber formulation having a quantity of elastomer, and a quantity a hydrocarbon resin.
• the hydrocarbon resin is substantially evenly distributed throughout the elastomer, for example, by a mixing operation prior to an extrusion or molding operation, as nonlimiting examples. It should be understood that the substantially even distribution of the resin through the elastomer may be facilitated by a thorough mixing operation, and that the ability to perform such mixing operations is possessed by of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the rubber formulation can be compounded by methods known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent polymers with various commonly used additive materials as, for example, curatives such as sulfur, activators, retarders and accelerators, processing additives such as oils, for example, tackifying resins, silicas, plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents, and reinforcing materials such as, for example, carbon black, and the like.
• Other suitable additives for rubber formulations may also be used, as desired.
• the common additives are selected and used in conventional amounts.
• the elastomer system includes guayule natural rubber.
• the elastomer system consists entirely of guayule natural rubber. The resin type and loading is selected so as to provide a desired compatibility of the resin with the guayule natural rubber of the elastomer system.
• hydrocarbon resins which it should be appreciated are different from coumarone-indene resins, phenolic resins and alpha-methylstyrene (AMS) resins, are particularly suitable for this purpose.
• the type and loading of resin is primarily constrained by compatibility, as defined by correspondence of actual Tg with predictions for Tg at a particular resin loading level, the molecular weight (Mn) of the selected hydrocarbon resin is typically between 500-3000 g/mol, and does not typically exceed more than 4000 g/mol in order to provide sufficient compatibility with the natural rubber.
• the Fox equation is identified herein as a particularly suitable calculation for prediction of Tg at a particular resin loading level
• equations and models e.g., artificial intelligence models and the like
• the present disclosure is not limited to the application of the Fox equation to the problem of resin miscibility in polymer.
• the resin is added to the rubber formulation to a level where the total compound Tg is in a desired range, e.g., between about -50°C and -5°C.
• the loading of resin may also be maximized to as to provide the desired compound Tg and related traction performance, but not be so high as to prevent mixing under conventional mixing operations.
• the level of the resin added may be between about 5 phr and about 40 phr.
• the resin may be added to the level of at least about 10 phr, in certain examples at least about 15 phr, and in even further examples at least about 20 phr.
• One of ordinary skill in the art may select a suitable resin level within this range depending on the end application of the tire tread and the resin type selected, as desired.
• the resin employed in the tire tread composition of the present disclosure may be selected from the group consisting of cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resins, aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, polymerized pinene resins (alpha or beta), and hydrocarbon resins produced by thermal polymerization of mixed dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and aromatic styrenic monomers derived from petroleum feedstocks, and combinations thereof.
• DCPD mixed dicyclopentadiene
• ESCOREZTM 5340 resin is the cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resin known as ESCOREZTM 5340 resin, which is one of a 5300 series of resins commercially available from the ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
• the ESCOREZTM 5340 resin is a water white cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resin, originally designed to tackify a variety of adhesive polymers including ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), styrenic block copolymers such as SIS, SBS, and SEBS block copolymers, metallocene polyolefins, an amorphous polyolefins such as APP and APAO.
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
• SEBS block copolymers metallocene polyolefins
• APP and APAO amorphous polyolefins
• the ESCOREZTM 5340 resin is typically provided in pellet form, and has a typical softening point of about 283.1 °F (139.5°C) based on the ETM 22-24 testing specification.
• ETM testing specifications are published ExxonMobil Test Methods used in the Americas region, and are developed from ASTM test methods and available from ExxonMobil upon request, and are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• the ESCOREZTM 5340 resin has a melt viscosity (356°F(180°C)) of 3600 cP (3600 mPa*s) based on ETM 22-14.
• the molecular weight-number average (Mn) for the ESCOREZTM 5340 resin is about 400 g/mol, and the molecular weight-weight averages (Mw) is about 730 g/mol, both based on ETM 300-83.
• the glass transition temperature for the ESCOREZTM 5340 resin is about 187°F (86°C), based on ETM 300-90.
• ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin Another example of a compatible resin is the aliphatic hydrocarbon resin known as ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin, which is one of a 1000 series of resins commercially available from the ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
• the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin was originally designed as a binder for use in a variety of applications, including for thermoplastic road marking formulations.
• the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin is a yellow aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, typically provided in pellet form.
• the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin has a softening point of about 212.0°F (100°C) based on the ETM 22-24 testing specification, however, this resin falls outside the optimal range of softening points for material utilization and this is not considered suitable for the present application.
• the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin has a melt viscosity (320°F(160°C)) of 1650 cP (1650 mPa*s) based on ETM 22-31 .
• the molecular weight-number average (Mn) for the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin is about 1300 g/mol based on ETM 300-83.
• the molecular weight-weight average (Mw) is about 2900 g/mol based on ETM 300-83.
• the glass transition temperature for the ESCOREZTM 1 102 resin is about 126°F (52°C) based on ETM 300-90.
• a further example of a suitable resin is the polymerized alpha pinene resin known as DERCOLYTE ATM 1 15 resin, which is one of a series of polyterpenic resins commercially available from DRT (Derives Resiniques et Terpeniques), headquartered in Southwestern France.
• the DERCOLYTE ATM 1 15 resin is typically provided in the form of flakes.
• the DERCOLYTE ATM 1 15 resin is produced for the polymerization of alpha pinene, and was originally developed as a tackifying resin to improve the adhesive properties (i.e., tack and adhesion) of hot melt formulations or solvent adhesives.
• the DERCOLYTE ATM 1 15 resin has a softening point, Ring and Ball method, of about 239° F (1 15°C).
• the molecular weight-weight average (Mw) is about 900 g/mol.
• the glass transition temperature of the DERCOLYTE ATM 1 15 resin is about 158°F (70°C).
• LX®-1 144LV resin a thermoplastic, low molecular weight, hydrocarbon resin produced by thermal polymerization of DCPD and aromatic styrenic monomers derived from petroleum feedstocks, which is one of a series of hydrocarbon resins commercially available from the Neville Chemical Company, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
• the LX®-1 144LV resin is available in light yellow flakes.
• the LX®-1 144LV resin was originally developed for polyalphamethylestyrene (PAMS) concrete cure compounds.
• PAMS polyalphamethylestyrene
• the LX®-1 144LV resin has a softening point (Ring and Ball method) of about 230°F (1 10°C +/- 5°C) using the ASTM E28 test method.
• the LX®-1 144LV resin has a molecular weight-number average (Mn) of about 500 g/mol, and a molecular weight-weight average (Mw) of about 1 , 100 g/mol, both using the ASTM D3536 test method. All relevant ASTM test methods are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• the resin employed in the tire tread composition of the present disclosure may not be selected from the group consisting of and indene- coumarone resins, phenolic resins, alpha-methylstyrene (AMS) resins, and combinations thereof.
• the NovaresTM C160 resin is one of a series of coumarone-indene based resins commercially available from RUTGERS Novares GmbH in Duisburg, Germany.
• the NovaresTM C160 resin was originally developed as a tackifier for hot melt adhesives and ethylene co- terpolymers such as EVA and EMA. It is typically provided in the form of flakes, and has a softening point (Ring and Ball Method) of about 31 1 -329°F (155- 165°C).
• the DUREZ® C 160 resin is thermoplastic alkyl phenol based resin, which is one of a series of novolac or phenol-fomaldehyde thermoplastic resins obtained under acid catalyst conditions that cannot react further without the addition of a cross- linking agent, commercially available from Sumitomo Bakelite High Performance Plastics, and business unit of Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.
• the DUREZ® C 160 resin has a softening point (Ring and Ball) of about 201 °F (94°C) using DCT test method DCT 104, available from Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd and incorporated herein by reference.
• the measured Tg for the DUREZ® C 160 resin is about 120°F (49°C).
• KRATONTM AT8602 resin is one of a series of a-Methyl Styrene (AMS) resins commercially available from Kraton Corporation, and developed as aromatic tackifiers having low odor and water-white color.
• the softening point (Ring and Ball) of the KRATONTM AT8602 resin is about 239°F (1 15°C).
• the measured Tg for the KRATONTM AT8602 resin is about 160°F (71 °C).
• the rubber formulation of the present disclosure includes no natural plasticizers, such as sunflower oil, canola oil, etc. Not only are such natural plasticizers more expensive, but they are also known to affect wet traction undesirably.
• natural plasticizers is believed to be counter to an object of the present disclosure, which is to enhance wet traction through the use of suitable resin types and particular resin loadings in the rubber formulation containing natural rubber.
• the present disclosure also includes an article comprising the rubber formulation having the guayule natural rubber and the hydrocarbon resin having a predetermined miscibility at a predetermined concentration.
• the rubber formulation may be extruded, molded, or otherwise formed into a desired shape and cured through the application of at least one of heat and pressure.
• the rubber formulation may be used in a tire as a tread.
• the actual Tg of the elastomer-resin mixture present in the rubber formulation may be between about -80°C and about -15°C, with the elastomer-resin mixture consisting of natural rubber typically being between -65°C and about -15°C.
• EXAMPLE 1 EVALUATION OF RESIN IN NATURAL RUBBER TIRE
• the DSC testing was performed on a TA Instruments Discovery series DSC.
• the test method for the DSC analysis is as follows: 1 . Equilibrate at 40°C. 2. Ramp at 30 min to -100°C. 3. Maintain temperature at -100°C for 5 min. 4. Ramp at 10°C/min to 100°C.
• resin was added at 10 phr (0.5g), 20 phr (1 .0g), 30 phr (1 .5g), and 40 phr (2.0g) levels such that four samples of guayule rubber mixed with resin were prepared for each resin.
• FIGS. 2-9 depict the DSC scans of the NOVARESTM C160 resin and the DERCOLYTETM A1 15 resin at each level or loading in the guayule rubber.
• TABLE 4 which is shown and detailed further herein below, recites the measured Tg for each evaluated resin at a 20 phr level.
• the resins were ranked in terms of expected performance based on how closely the experimental data lined up with the Fox equation model.
• the resins with a higher difference from the Fox equation were deemed likely to be less miscible with natural rubber and thus have inferior performance to the more miscible resins.
• the percentage difference in actual Tg and predicted Tg discussed herein is made relative to Tg in degrees Kelvin (K) as the unit of measure.
• test tires were manufactured with the natural rubber tread compound according to the present disclosure, and identified in TABLE 3.
• Control tires used entirely synthetic rubber tread compounds.
• Conventional wet braking and wet handling testing was performed with the test and control tires, and the normalized test results are shown below in TABLE 5 and in FIG. 10.
• EXAMPLE 2 COMPARISON OF GUAYULE-BASED NATURAL RUBBER TO HEVEA- BASED NATURAL RUBBER IN TIRE TREAD COMPOSITIONS.
• the laboratory testing of the first and second compounds unexpectedly and surprisingly revealed a significant improvement in each of the winter performance, wet performance, and rolling resistance indicators associated with the guayule-based tire tread compound, in comparison to the Hevea-based tire tread compound. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that these differences in physical properties may be due to the presence of different naturally-occurring materials in guayule-based natural rubber compared to conventional Hevea-based natural rubber.

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• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
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• 2018
  • 2018-02-13 WO PCT/US2018/017999 patent/WO2018148725A1/en not_active Ceased
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