WO2018101435A1 - 鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018101435A1 WO2018101435A1 PCT/JP2017/043148 JP2017043148W WO2018101435A1 WO 2018101435 A1 WO2018101435 A1 WO 2018101435A1 JP 2017043148 W JP2017043148 W JP 2017043148W WO 2018101435 A1 WO2018101435 A1 WO 2018101435A1
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- friction material
- sintered friction
- sintered
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- green compact
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- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910001309 Ferromolybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910001145 Ferrotungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 31
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 30
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001105 martensitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016036 BaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006501 ZrSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0005—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with at least one oxide and at least one of carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
- C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0021—Matrix based on noble metals, Cu or alloys thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0084—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ carbon or graphite as the main non-metallic constituent
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/006—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles
- F16D2200/0073—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles having lubricating properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sintered friction material and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly, to a sintered friction material for railway vehicles used for railways and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Sintered friction materials formed by sintering metal particles are used for brake linings and disc brake pads for railway vehicles. These sintered friction materials for railway vehicles are required to have excellent wear resistance as well as excellent friction characteristics.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-86359
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-226842
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-207289
- the dry friction material disclosed in Patent Document 1 includes Cu or Cu and one or more selected from Sn, Zn, Ni, Fe and Co together with Cu as a matrix component, and a metal oxide, metal One or more selected from complex oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal carbonitrides, metal borides, intermetallic compounds and various minerals with a Mohs hardness of 3.5 or more are used as hard particle components, and graphite , Coke, BN, metal sulfide, CaF 2 , BaF 2 , PbO, Pb and B 2 O 3 as a lubricating component, selected from W, Mo, Nb, Ta, and Zr One or two or more of these components are added, and these components are 0.5 to 30 vol%, hard particle components are 2 to 30 vol%, lubricating components are 10 to 70 vol%, and the remainder is 10 to 70 vol%. Component.
- the metallic friction material disclosed in Patent Document 2 is a sintered friction material obtained by solid phase sintering using a metal material as a matrix and adding at least a friction adjusting material and a solid lubricant.
- the metal material forming the matrix contains Cu and Ni as main components, and the friction modifier and the solid lubricant are powder particles having a particle size of 10 to 300 ⁇ m, and sintered friction. It is contained in a total amount of 15 to 50% (% by weight, the same shall apply hereinafter) with respect to the whole material.
- the sintered friction material for high-speed railway disclosed in Patent Document 3 is 7.5% Fe, 50% Cu, 5-15% graphite, 0.3-7% disulfide in mass%. It contains molybdenum and 0.5-10% silica, and Fe / Cu is 0.15-0.40.
- JP-A-5-86359 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-226842 JP 2012-207289 A
- the running speed of high-speed railway vehicles such as the Japanese Shinkansen, German ICE (Intercity-Express), and French TGV (Traina Grande Visese) are low speeds of 0 to 70 km / hour, medium speeds of over 70 to 170 km / hour. Not only the area, but also exceeds 170 km / hour and further reaches a high speed area of 280 km / hour or more. Accordingly, sintered friction materials for railway vehicles are required to have excellent frictional characteristics and wear resistance not only at low to medium speeds but also at high speeds.
- the initial braking speed in the brake test is 220 km / hour or less, and no investigation is made at an initial braking speed of 280 km / hour or more. Therefore, the sintered friction materials disclosed in these documents may have low friction characteristics and wear resistance at high speeds.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a sintered friction material for railway vehicles that has excellent wear resistance and sufficient friction characteristics not only in a low speed range and a medium speed range but also in a high speed range of 280 km / hour or more. Is to provide.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present disclosure is, by mass%, Cu: 50.0-75.0%, graphite: 5.0-15.0%, magnesia, zircon sand, silica, zirconia, mullite, and nitriding.
- a manufacturing method of a sintered friction material for a railway vehicle according to the present disclosure includes a molding step of cold-molding the above-described mixed powder to produce a green compact, and a sintering temperature of 800 to 1000 ° C. with respect to the green compact.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present disclosure has excellent wear resistance and sufficient friction characteristics not only in a low speed region and a medium speed region but also in a high speed region of 280 km / hour or more.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a bench testing machine used for a brake test.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the initial braking speed (km / hour) and the average friction coefficient ( ⁇ ) of the sintered friction material in the example.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the initial braking speed (km / hour) and the average wear amount (g / single side) in the example.
- the present inventors investigated and examined not only the low speed range and the medium speed range but also the friction characteristics and the wear resistance in a high speed range of 280 km / hour or more.
- the matrix component is Cu, Ni, Sn, Zn is not contained, and (2) one or more selected from the group consisting of ferrochrome, ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, and stainless steel, 3) Sintered friction material obtained by sintering a green compact containing at least one selected from the group consisting of W and Mo under known manufacturing conditions using a known manufacturing method (pressure sintering method). Then, it discovered that the outstanding friction characteristic and abrasion resistance were acquired not only in a low speed area and a medium speed area but in a high speed area of 280 km / h or more.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles is, in mass%, Cu: 50.0-75.0%, graphite: 5.0-15.0%, magnesia, zircon.
- One or more selected from the group consisting of sand, silica, zirconia, mullite and silicon nitride 1.5 to 15.0%
- one or more selected from the group consisting of W and Mo 3.0 to 30.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles of the present embodiment is, for example, a sintered material formed by pressure-sintering a green compact at 800 to 1000 ° C.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles of this embodiment has a chemical composition corresponding to SCM440 defined in JIS G 4053 (2016), for example, having a diameter of 400 mm and a thickness of 20 mm, and a tensile strength of about 1000 MPa.
- a brake disc having a width of caliper and a caliper that brakes the brake disc are prepared.
- Four sintered friction materials having a width of 38 mm, a length of 55 mm, and a height of 15 mm are provided on each of the left and right inner surfaces of the caliper.
- the sintered friction material attached to the left and right inner surfaces of the caliper is fixed to the rotating brake disc.
- the initial braking speed is 365k.
- the average friction coefficient of the sintered friction material at 0.280 / hour is 0.280 or more, and the average friction amount of the sintered friction material per one surface of the brake disk is 6.30 g / single surface at a braking initial speed of 300 km / hour.
- the initial braking speed is 6.50 g / single side or less at 325 km / hour, and the initial braking speed is 9.00 g / single side or less at 365 km / hour.
- “about 1000 MPa” which is the tensile strength of the brake disc means a range of 1000 ⁇ 20 MPa.
- the railway vehicle sintered friction material according to the present embodiment is a sintered material.
- Chemical composition of the sintered material such as component analysis of the sintered material itself, neck thickness, bonding state between powder particles (fused body), dispersion of pores inside the sintered material, etc. It is extremely difficult to define the physical configuration by limiting the numerical value by the current measurement technique and analysis technique. Therefore, as described above, the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present embodiment includes the configuration of the green compact, the sintering temperature during pressure sintering, and the mechanical properties of the sintered friction material (average friction coefficient, average friction amount). ) Etc.
- the manufacturing method of the sintered friction material for railway vehicles in this embodiment is a well-known method. That is, the sintered friction material for railway vehicles of this embodiment is characterized by the composition of the green compact.
- the green compact is replaced with a part of Cu, hexagonal boron nitride: 3.0% or less, molybdenum disulfide: 3.0% or less, mica: The group consisting of 3.0% or less, one or more selected from iron sulfide, copper sulfide, and copper mat: 10.0% or less, vanadium carbide: 5.0% or less, and Fe: 20.0% or less You may contain 1 type, or 2 or more types selected from these.
- the method for producing a sintered friction material for railway vehicles includes a molding step of cold-molding the above-mentioned mixed powder to produce a green compact, and a sintering temperature of 800 to 1000 ° C. for the green compact. And a pressure sintering step of manufacturing a sintered friction material for a railway vehicle by performing pressure sintering.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present invention is used for brake linings and disc brake pads for railway vehicles.
- the green compact before sintering the sintered friction material contains the following composition (matrix granular material, dispersant).
- the green compact is formed by cold forming the mixed powder with a press.
- the particle size of each particle of the mixed powder that is the raw material of the green compact is not particularly limited, but an example is 1 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the composition of the mixed powder constituting the green compact will be described.
- "%" regarding the composition of the mixed powder constituting the green compact means mass%.
- Copper (Cu) functions as a matrix (base material) of the sintered friction material for railway vehicles.
- Cu has high thermal conductivity. Therefore, an increase in the interface temperature between the brake target member (brake disk or the like) and the sintered friction material during braking (at the time of friction) can be suppressed, and excessive seizure is suppressed. Therefore, the wear resistance of the sintered friction material is increased.
- Cu which is a matrix further holds a dispersant (lubricant, hard particles) described later contained in the matrix. If the Cu content in the mixed powder group is less than 50.0%, the above effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the Cu content exceeds 75.0%, the friction coefficient becomes excessively large.
- the Cu content is 50.0-75.0%.
- the minimum with preferable Cu content is 52.0%, More preferably, it is 53.0%.
- the upper limit with preferable Cu content is 70.0%, More preferably, it is 67.0%.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present invention does not contain Ni, Zn and Sn in principle as a matrix.
- “does not contain in principle” means that Ni, Zr, and Sn are not positively added, and that Ni, Zn, and Sn are impurities.
- Ni dissolves in Cu, and the matrix of sintered friction material tends to adhere to the sliding surface of the brake target (brake disc, etc.), resulting in reduced wear resistance.
- Zn and Sn reduce the heat resistance of the matrix and facilitate fading. Therefore, Ni, Zn and Sn are not contained in principle in the matrix of the sintered friction material.
- the green compact further contains the following dispersants (1) to (4).
- the graphite as used herein includes natural graphite and / or artificial graphite.
- graphite In the sintered friction material after pressure sintering, graphite is contained in the matrix as particles. Graphite functions as a lubricant, stabilizes the coefficient of friction of the sintered friction material, and reduces the amount of wear of the sintered friction material. If the graphite content is less than 5.0%, the above effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the graphite content exceeds 15.0%, the mixed powder is not sufficiently sintered during pressure sintering, and as a result, the wear resistance of the sintered friction material is lowered. Therefore, the graphite content is 5.0 to 15.0%.
- the minimum with preferable graphite content is 8.0%, More preferably, it is 9.0%.
- the upper limit with preferable graphite content is 13.0%, More preferably, it is 12.0%.
- magnesia, zircon sand, silica, zirconia, mullite and silicon nitride 1.5 to 15.0% Magnesia (MgO), zircon sand (ZrSiO 4), silica (SiO 2), zirconia (ZrO 2), mullite (3Al 2 0 3 ⁇ 2SiO 2 ⁇ 2Al 2 0 3 ⁇ SiO 2), and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) All function as hard particles. In the sintered friction material after pressure sintering, these ceramics are contained in the matrix as particles.
- All of these ceramics remove the oxide film formed on the sliding surface by scratching the sliding surface of the brake target (brake disc or the like), and stably generate adhesion. Thereby, the fall of the friction coefficient with respect to the braking object (brake disc etc.) of a sintered friction material can be suppressed, and the outstanding friction characteristic is acquired. If the total content of one or more selected from the group consisting of these ceramics is less than 1.5%, excellent friction characteristics cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the total content of one or more selected from the group consisting of these ceramics exceeds 15.0%, the sinterability of the sintered friction material is lowered. In this case, the wear resistance of the sintered friction material is reduced.
- the total content of one or more selected from the group consisting of these ceramics is 1.5 to 15.0%.
- the minimum with preferable 1 or more types of total content selected from these ceramic groups is 2.0%, More preferably, it is 4.0%.
- the upper limit with preferable 1 or more types of total content selected from these ceramic groups is 12.0%, More preferably, it is 10.0%.
- the total content of one or more selected from the group consisting of W and Mo is 3.0 to 30.0%.
- the minimum with preferable 1 or more types of total content selected from the group which consists of W and Mo is 3.5%, More preferably, it is 4.0%.
- the upper limit with preferable 1 or more types of total content selected from the group which consists of W and Mo is 25.0%, More preferably, it is 20.0%.
- ferrochrome ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, and stainless steel: 2.0 to 20.0% Ferrochrome (FeCr), ferrotungsten (FeW), ferromolybdenum (FeMo), and stainless steel are all not contained in the matrix but contained as particles in the matrix.
- Ferrochrome FeCr
- FeW ferrotungsten
- FeMo ferromolybdenum
- stainless steel are collectively referred to as Fe-based alloy particles. Any of these Fe-based alloy particles enhances the wear resistance of the sintered friction material. The reason is not clear, but the following reasons are possible.
- the hardness of the Fe-based alloy particles is higher than that of the matrix (Cu). Further, the Fe-based alloy particles have a high affinity with the matrix and are difficult to peel from the matrix as compared with the above-mentioned ceramics (magnesia, zircon sand, silica, zirconia, mullite and silicon nitride). Therefore, the Fe-based alloy particles enhance the wear resistance of the sintered friction material. This effect is further enhanced by being contained in the matrix together with one or more selected from the group consisting of W and Mo. It is considered that the Fe-based alloy particles increase the wear resistance particularly in the low speed range to the medium speed range, and W and Mo increase the wear resistance particularly in the high speed range.
- the wear resistance of the sintered friction material decreases.
- the total content of the Fe-based alloy particles exceeds 20.0%, the sinterability of the sintered friction material decreases. In this case, the wear resistance of the sintered friction material is reduced. Therefore, the total content of Fe-based alloy particles is 2.0 to 20.0%.
- the minimum with preferable Fe type alloy particle is 3.0%, More preferably, it is 4.0%.
- the upper limit with preferable Fe type alloy particle is 18.0%, More preferably, it is 16.0%.
- ferrochrome is a high carbon ferrochrome (FCrH0, FCrH1, FCrH2, FCrH3, FCrH4, and FCrH5), medium carbon ferrochrome (FCrM3, FCrM4), and low carbon ferrochrome specified in JIS G 2303 (1998).
- FCrH0, FCrH1, FCrH2, FCrH3, FCrH4, and FCrH5 high carbon ferrochrome
- FCrM3, FCrM4 medium carbon ferrochrome
- low carbon ferrochrome specified in JIS G 2303 (1998).
- 1 type or more selected from the group which consists of (FCrL1, FCrL2, FCrL3, and FCrL4) is included.
- ferrotungsten means ferrotungsten (FW) having a chemical composition defined in JIS G 2306 (1998).
- ferromolybdenum includes one or more selected from the group consisting of high carbon ferromolybdenum (FMoH) and low carbon ferromolybdenum (FMoL) as defined in JIS G 2307 (1998).
- FMoH high carbon ferromolybdenum
- FMoL low carbon ferromolybdenum
- stainless steel means an alloy steel containing 50% by mass or more of Fe and 10.5% or more of chromium. More preferably, the stainless steel in this specification is JIS G 4303 (2012), JIS G 4304 (2012), JIS G 4304 (2015), JIS G 4305 (2012), JIS G 4305 (2015), JIS G 4308. (2013) and JIS G 4309 (2013).
- the stainless steel in this specification may be, for example, a martensitic stainless steel defined in the above JIS G 4304 (2012), a ferritic stainless steel, or an austenitic stainless steel. Alternatively, it may be a two-phase (austenite / ferrite) stainless steel or a precipitation hardening stainless steel.
- the martensitic stainless steel is, for example, SUS403, SUS410, SUS410S, SUS420 (SUS420J1, SUS420J2), SUS440A or the like defined in the JIS standard.
- the ferritic stainless steel is, for example, SUS405, SUS410L, SUS429, SUS430, SUS430LX, SUS430J1L, SUS434, SUS436L, SUS436J1L, SUS443J1, SUS444, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445J1, SUS445
- Examples of the austenitic stainless steel include SUS301, SUS301L, SUS301J1, SUS302B, SUS303, SUS304, SUS304Cu, SUS304L, SUS304N1, SUS304N2, SUS304LN, SUS304J1, SUS304J2, SUS305, SUS309S, SUS309, SUS305, SUS310 SUS315J2, SUS316, SUS316L, SUS316N, SUS316LN, SUS316Ti, SUS316J1, SUS316J1L, SUS317, SUS317L, SUS317LN, SUS317J1, SUS317J, SUS83US7L, SUS830S34 M15J1 is like.
- duplex (austenite / ferritic) stainless steel is, for example, SUS821L1, SUS323L, SUS329J1, SUS329J3L, SUS329J4L, SUS327L1, or the like specified in the JIS standard.
- the precipitation hardening stainless steel is, for example, SUS630, SU631, or the like defined in the JIS standard.
- the balance of the green compact for the sintered friction material is impurities.
- the impurities are mixed from the raw materials or the manufacturing environment when the green compact is manufactured industrially, and are allowed within a range that does not adversely affect the sintered friction material of the present embodiment. Means something.
- the green compact may further contain one or more dispersants selected from the group consisting of the following (5) to (7) instead of a part of Cu.
- lubricants like graphite, stabilize the friction coefficient of the sintered friction material and provide excellent friction characteristics.
- the content of each of these lubricants exceeds 3.0%, the sinterability of the sintered friction material is lowered and the wear resistance is lowered. Therefore, the content of hexagonal boron nitride is 3.0% or less, the content of molybdenum disulfide is 3.0% or less, the content of mica is 3.0% or less, iron sulfide, sulfide
- the total content of one or more selected from copper and copper mat is 10.0% or less.
- the copper mat is described in the JIS H 0500 (1998) copper product term number 5400, and is mainly composed of iron sulfide and copper sulfide. Iron sulfide and copper sulfide each act alone as a lubricant. Further, iron sulfide and copper sulfide may be mixed and used.
- the above-described copper mat can be used as a mixture of iron sulfide and copper sulfide, and is advantageous from an economical viewpoint because it is inexpensive.
- Vanadium carbide 5.0% or less Vanadium carbide (VC) is hard particles and is contained as particles in the matrix. Vanadium carbide further enhances the wear resistance of the sintered friction material due to a synergistic effect with W. However, if the vanadium carbide content is too high, the sinterability of the sintered friction material is lowered and the wear resistance is lowered. Therefore, the content of vanadium carbide is 5.0% or less.
- the minimum with preferable content of vanadium carbide is 0.2%, More preferably, it is 0.5%.
- the upper limit with preferable vanadium carbide content is 4.0%, More preferably, it is 3.0%.
- Fe 20.0% or less Iron (Fe) is contained in the sintered friction material as particles or aggregates in the matrix of the sintered friction material. Fe increases the strength of the matrix and increases the wear resistance of the sintered friction material. Fe further increases the friction coefficient of the sintered friction material by seizure. However, if the Fe content is too high, adhesion tends to occur, and the wear resistance of the sintered friction material decreases. Therefore, the Fe content is 20.0% or less. The minimum with preferable Fe content is 0.5%, More preferably, it is 4.0%. The upper limit with preferable Fe content is 15.0%, More preferably, it is 12.0%.
- the sintered friction material according to the present embodiment is formed by pressure-sintering the above-mentioned green compact by a known pressure sintering method under known pressure sintering conditions. More specifically, the sintered friction material according to the present embodiment is formed by pressure-sintering the above-mentioned green compact at 800 to 1000 ° C.
- the sintered friction material according to the present embodiment contains, in particular, the above (1) to (4) in the matrix made of Cu, and optionally contains at least one or more of (5) to (7). Therefore, it has excellent wear resistance while having sufficient friction characteristics, and in particular, wear resistance in a high speed region of 280 km / hour or more.
- the sintered friction material according to the present embodiment has a diameter of 400 mm, a thickness of 20 mm, a chemical composition corresponding to SCM440 defined in JIS G 4053 (2016), and about 1000 MPa.
- a brake disk having a tensile strength and a caliper that brakes the brake disk are prepared, and four sintered friction materials having a width of 38 mm, a length of 55 mm, and a height of 15 mm are provided on each of the left and right inner surfaces of the caliper.
- Sintered friction materials attached to the left and right inner surfaces of the caliper with respect to the rotating brake disc are arranged in a row, shifted by 25 ° around the central axis of the brake disc 10 on a virtual circle having a radius of 170 mm from the center of
- the initial braking speed is 36
- the average friction coefficient of the sintered friction material at km / hour is 0.280 or more
- the average friction amount of the sintered friction material per one surface of the brake disk is 6.30 g / hour when the initial braking speed is 300 km / hour.
- the initial braking speed is 6.50 g / one side or less at 325 km / hour
- the braking initial speed is 9.00 g / one side or less at 365 km / hour.
- a preferable average friction coefficient when the initial braking speed is 365 km / hour is 0.285 or more, and more preferably 0.290 or more. More preferably, it is 0.300 or more.
- a preferable average friction amount at a braking initial speed of 300 km / hour is 5.50 g / single side or less, more preferably 5.00 g / single side. It is as follows.
- a preferable average friction amount when the initial braking speed is 325 km / hour is 5.70 g / one side or less, and more preferably 5.20 g / one side or less.
- a preferable average friction amount at a braking initial speed of 365 km / hour is 8.50 g / single side or less, more preferably 8.00 g / single side or less.
- An example of the manufacturing method of the sintered friction material of this invention is demonstrated.
- An example of the manufacturing method of the sintered friction material of the present invention includes a mixed powder manufacturing process, a molding process, and a pressure sintering process. Hereinafter, each step will be described.
- the produced mixed powder is cold-molded into a predetermined shape to produce a green compact.
- a well-known forming method may be applied for forming the mixed powder.
- the green compact is manufactured by a press molding method. Specifically, a mold (die) for forming a predetermined shape is prepared. Fill the mold with the mixed powder. The granular material filled in the mold is pressed with a known pressure by a press machine and cold-formed into a green compact. Since it is cold forming, the green compact is usually formed at room temperature.
- the pressure in the press machine is, for example, 180 N / mm 2 or more, preferably 196 N / mm 2 or more.
- the upper limit of the pressure in the press machine is, for example, 1000 N / mm 2 . It is sufficient to perform the molding in the atmosphere.
- a well-known pressure sintering method is implemented with respect to the manufactured green compact, and a sintered friction material is manufactured.
- a green compact is disposed on a graphite plate in a pressure sintering apparatus.
- the graphite plates on which the green compacts are arranged are stacked and stored in a housing-like frame in which high-frequency heating coils are arranged on the inner peripheral surface.
- the uppermost graphite plate is sintered at a predetermined sintering temperature in a sintering atmosphere while applying pressure to the green compact.
- the sintering temperature during pressure sintering is, for example, 800 to 1000 ° C.
- the minimum with a preferable sintering temperature is 820 degreeC, More preferably, it is 830 degreeC, More preferably, it is 840 degreeC.
- the upper limit with a preferable sintering temperature is 980 degreeC, More preferably, it is 970 degreeC, More preferably, it is 960 degreeC.
- the pressure applied to the green compact during pressure sintering is, for example, 0.2 to 5.0 N / mm 2 .
- a preferred lower limit of the pressure applied to the green compact during sintering under pressure is 0.3 N / mm 2, more preferably from 0.4 N / mm 2, more preferably from 0.5 N / mm 2.
- a preferred upper limit of the pressure applied to the green compact during sintering under pressure is 4.0 N / mm 2, more preferably from 3.0 N / mm 2, more preferably from 1.5 N / mm 2.
- Holding time at the above sintering temperature during pressure sintering is 10 to 120 minutes.
- the lower limit of the preferable holding time is 20 minutes, more preferably 60 minutes.
- the upper limit of the preferable holding time is 110 minutes, more preferably 100 minutes.
- the atmosphere during the pressure sintering is made of, for example, an inert gas and impurities, or contains an inert gas and H 2 gas, and the remainder is made of impurities.
- H 2 gas is contained, the preferred H 2 gas content is 5 to 20%.
- the inert gas is, for example, N 2 gas or Ar gas.
- a preferable atmosphere at the time of pressure sintering contains 5 to 20% of H 2 gas, and the balance consists of N 2 and impurities.
- the preferable atmosphere at the time of pressure sintering consists of Ar gas and an impurity.
- the manufacturing process may further include a known coining process and / or a known cutting process.
- the coining process may be performed after the pressure sintering process.
- the sintered friction material after the pressure sintering process is pressed in a cold state to adjust the shape of the sintered friction material.
- the cutting process may be performed after the pressure sintering process or after the coining process. In the cutting process, the sintered friction material is cut into a desired shape.
- the sintered friction material for railway vehicles according to the present invention is manufactured by the above manufacturing process.
- the sintered friction material for a railway vehicle is a brake line
- one or a plurality of sintered friction materials are fixed to the mounting plate member and attached to the railway vehicle.
- a green compact was produced by cold forming using the mixed powder of each test number.
- the mixed powder was filled in a mold made of a cemented carbide, and then pressed at 196 to 588 N / mm 2 to form a green compact at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the green compact was pressure sintered by the pressure sintering method to form a sintered friction material. Specifically, a green compact was placed on a graphite plate. Thereafter, the graphite plates on which the green compacts were arranged were stacked and stored in a casing-like frame in which high-frequency heating coils were arranged on the inner peripheral surface. The green compact was heated at 850 to 950 ° C. for 60 minutes, and the green compact was pressed at 0.5 to 1.0 N / mm 2 to sinter the green compact to produce a sintered friction material. The atmosphere in the frame during pressure sintering was a mixed gas composed of 5 to 10% H 2 gas and N 2 gas. The sintered friction material was manufactured by the above manufacturing process.
- a brake test was performed using the manufactured sintered friction material. Specifically, a bench testing machine 1 shown in FIG. 1 was prepared. The bench testing machine 1 was provided with a brake disk 10 that is a material to be braked, a flywheel 11, a motor 12, and a caliper 13. The brake disc 10 was connected to the flywheel 11 and the motor 12 via the shaft 14. The brake disc 10 was half the size of a brake disc used on the Shinkansen, and had a diameter of 400 mm and a thickness of 20 mm.
- the chemical composition of the brake disk, which is a material to be braked corresponds to SCM440 defined in JIS G 4053 (2016). The brake disc was quenched and tempered to adjust the tensile strength of the brake disc to 1000 MPa.
- Each sintered friction material 15 was a rectangular parallelepiped, and had a width of 38 mm, a length of 55 mm, and a height of 15 mm.
- Each of the four sintered friction materials was arranged in a row on a virtual circle having a radius of 170 mm from the center of the brake disc 10 and shifted by 25 ° around the central axis of the brake disc 10.
- the disc brake speed (braking initial speed) when starting to apply the brake was set to 160, 240, 300, 325, 365 km / hour, and the friction coefficient was determined at each braking initial speed.
- the friction coefficient was determined by applying brakes three times at each initial braking speed, and the average value of the three friction coefficients was defined as the average friction coefficient at the initial braking speed.
- Test results The test results of test numbers 1 to 8 are shown in Table 2.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the braking initial speed (km / hour) and the friction coefficient ( ⁇ ) in test numbers 1 to 3.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the initial braking speed (km / hour) and the average wear amount (g / single side) in Test Nos. 1 to 3.
- test numbers 2 to 8 containing both Fe-based alloy particles and W as compared with test number 1 not containing both W- and Fe-based alloy particles, any braking Even at the initial speed, the average amount of wear (g / single side) was low.
- test number 3 having a high W content has a relatively high coefficient of friction compared to other test numbers having a lower W content than test number 3, and Average wear was relatively low.
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Abstract
Description
本発明による鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材は、上述のとおり、鉄道車両用のブレーキライニングやディスクブレーキパッドに利用される。焼結摩擦材の焼結前の圧粉体は、次の組成(マトリクス用粉粒体、分散剤)を含有する。ここで、圧粉体は、混合粉末をプレス機により冷間成形して形成されたものである。圧粉体の原料となる混合粉末の各粒子の粒径は特に限定されないが、一例としては1~1000μmである。以下、圧粉体を構成する混合粉末の組成について説明する。なお、圧粉体を構成する混合粉末の組成に関する「%」は質量%を意味する。
Cu:50.0~75.0%
銅(Cu)は、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材のマトリクス(基材)として機能する。Cuは高い熱伝導性を有する。そのため、ブレーキ時(摩擦時)における制動対象部材(ブレーキディスク等)と焼結摩擦材との界面温度の上昇を抑えることができ、過度の焼付き発生を抑制する。そのため、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が高まる。マトリクスであるCuはさらに、マトリクス中に含有される後述の分散剤(潤滑材、硬質粒子)を保持する。混合粉末群中のCu含有量が50.0%未満であれば、上記効果が得られない。一方、Cu含有量が75.0%を超えれば、摩擦係数が過剰に大きくなる。この場合、制動対象(たとえばブレーキディスク等)の摺動面に対する凝着による摩擦が過剰に発生して、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、Cu含有量は50.0~75.0%である。Cu含有量の好ましい下限は52.0%であり、さらに好ましくは53.0%である。Cu含有量の好ましい上限は70.0%であり、さらに好ましくは、67.0%である。
上記圧粉体はさらに、次の(1)~(4)の分散剤を含有する。
本明細書でいう黒鉛は、天然黒鉛及び/又は人工黒鉛を含む。加圧焼結後の焼結摩擦材において、黒鉛は粒子としてマトリクス中に含有される。黒鉛は、潤滑材として機能し、焼結摩擦材の摩擦係数を安定化し、焼結摩擦材の摩耗量を低減する。黒鉛含有量が5.0%未満であれば、上記効果が得られない。一方、黒鉛含有量が15.0%を超えれば、加圧焼結時に混合粉末が十分に焼結されず、その結果、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、黒鉛含有量は5.0~15.0%である。黒鉛含有量の好ましい下限は8.0%であり、さらに好ましくは9.0%である。黒鉛含有量の好ましい上限は13.0%であり、さらに好ましくは12.0%である。
マグネシア(MgO)、ジルコンサンド(ZrSiO4)、シリカ(SiO2)、ジルコニア(ZrO2)、ムライト(3Al203・2SiO2~2Al203・SiO2)、及び窒化珪素(Si3N4)はいずれも、硬質粒子として機能する。加圧焼結後の焼結摩擦材において、これらのセラミックスは、粒子としてマトリクス中に含有される。これらのセラミックスはいずれも、制動対象(ブレーキディスク等)の摺動面を引掻くことにより、摺動面に生成される酸化膜を除去し、凝着を安定的に発生させる。これにより、焼結摩擦材の制動対象(ブレーキディスク等)に対する摩擦係数の低下を抑制でき、優れた摩擦特性が得られる。これらのセラミックスからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量が1.5%未満であれば、優れた摩擦特性が得られない。一方、これらのセラミックスからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量が15.0%を超えれば、焼結摩擦材の焼結性が低下する。この場合、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、これらのセラミックスからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量は1.5~15.0%である。これらのセラミックス群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量の好ましい下限は2.0%であり、さらに好ましくは4.0%である。これらのセラミックス群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量の好ましい上限は12.0%であり、さらに好ましくは10.0%である。
タングステン(W)及びモリブデン(Mo)はいずれも、硬質粒子として機能する。W及びMoは、マトリクスのCuに固溶せずに、粒子としてマトリクス中に含有される。W及びMoはいずれも、後述のFe系合金粒子とともに含有されることにより、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性を高める。W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量が3.0%未満であれば、この効果が得られない。一方、W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量が30.0%を超えれば、焼結摩擦材の焼結性が低下する。この場合、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量は3.0~30.0%である。W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量の好ましい下限は3.5%であり、さらに好ましくは4.0%である。W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上の合計含有量の好ましい上限は25.0%であり、さらに好ましくは20.0%である。
フェロクロム(FeCr)、フェロタングステン(FeW)、フェロモリブデン(FeMo)及びステンレス鋼はいずれも、マトリクス中に固溶せずに、粒子としてマトリクス中に含有される。本明細書において、フェロクロム、フェロタングステン、フェロモリブデン、及び、ステンレス鋼を総称してFe系合金粒子という。これらのFe系合金粒子はいずれも、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性を高める。その理由は定かではないが、次の理由が考えられる。
上記圧粉体はさらに、Cuの一部に代えて、次の(5)~(7)からなる群から選択される1種以上の分散剤を含有してもよい。
(a)六方晶窒化硼素:3.0%以下、
(b)二硫化モリブデン:3.0%以下、
(c)マイカ:3.0%以下、及び、
(d)硫化鉄、硫化銅及び銅マットから選択される1種以上:10.0%以下
六方晶窒化硼素(h-BN)、二硫化モリブデン(MoS2)、マイカ(雲母)及び、硫化鉄、硫化銅及び銅マットから選択される1種以上はいずれも、潤滑材として機能する。これらの潤滑材は、黒鉛と同様に、焼結摩擦材の摩擦係数を安定化し、優れた摩擦特性が得られる。しかしながら、これらの各潤滑材の含有量が3.0%を超えれば、焼結摩擦材の焼結性が低下して、耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、六方晶窒化硼素の含有量は3.0%以下であり、二硫化モリブデンの含有量は3.0%以下であり、マイカの含有量は3.0%以下であり、硫化鉄、硫化銅及び銅マットから選択される1種以上の合計含有量は10.0%以下である。
バナジウム炭化物(VC)は、硬質粒子であり、マトリクス中に粒子として含有される。バナジウム炭化物は、Wとの相乗効果により、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性をさらに高める。しかしながら、バナジウム炭化物の含有量が高すぎれば、焼結摩擦材の焼結性が低下して、耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、バナジウム炭化物の含有量は5.0%以下である。バナジウム炭化物の含有量の好ましい下限は0.2%であり、さらに好ましくは0.5%である。バナジウム炭化物の含有量の好ましい上限は4.0%であり、さらに好ましくは3.0%である。
鉄(Fe)は、焼結摩擦材のマトリクス中に粒子又は凝集体として焼結摩擦材に含有される。Feはマトリクスの強度を高め、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性を高める。Feはさらに、焼付きにより焼結摩擦材の摩擦係数を高める。しかしながら、Fe含有量が高すぎれば、凝着が発生しやすくなり、焼結摩擦材の耐摩耗性が低下する。したがって、Fe含有量は20.0%以下である。Fe含有量の好ましい下限は0.5%であり、さらに好ましくは4.0%である。Fe含有量の好ましい上限は15.0%であり、さらに好ましくは12.0%である。
本実施形態による焼結摩擦材は、上述の圧粉体を周知の加圧焼結法により周知の加圧焼結条件で加圧焼結して形成される。より具体的には、本実施形態による焼結摩擦材は、上述の圧粉体を800~1000℃で加圧焼結して形成される。本実施形態による焼結摩擦材は、Cuからなるマトリクスに、特に上記(1)~(4)を含有し、任意で(5)~(7)の少なくとも1種又は2種以上を含有することにより、十分な摩擦特性を有しつつ、優れた耐摩耗性を有し、特に、280km/時以上の高速域での耐摩耗性に優れる。
本発明の焼結摩擦材の製造方法の一例を説明する。本発明の焼結摩擦材の製造方法の一例は、混合粉末製造工程と、成形工程と、加圧焼結工程とを含む。以下、各工程について説明する。
上述の(1)~(4)の粉粒体、さらに、必要に応じて(5)~(7)の粉粒体を準備する。準備された粉粒体を、周知の混合機を用いて混合(ミキシング)して、混合粉末を製造する。周知の混合機はたとえば、ボールミルやV型混合機である。
製造された混合粉末を所定の形状に冷間成形して圧粉体を製造する。混合粉末の成形には、周知の成形法を適用すればよい。たとえば、プレス成形法により、上記圧粉体を製造する。具体的には、所定の形状を成形するための金型(ダイ)を準備する。金型内に混合粉末を充填する。金型に充填された粉粒体はプレス機により周知の圧力で加圧され、圧粉体に冷間成形される。冷間成形であるため、圧粉体は通常、常温で成形される。プレス機での圧力はたとえば、180N/mm2以上であり、好ましくは、196N/mm2以上である。プレス機での圧力の上限はたとえば、1000N/mm2である。成形は大気中で行えば足りる。
製造された圧粉体に対して周知の加圧焼結法を実施して、焼結摩擦材を製造する。たとえば、加圧焼結装置内の黒鉛板上に圧粉体を配置する。その後、内周面に高周波加熱コイルが配置された筐体状のフレーム内に、圧粉体が配置された黒鉛板を段積みにして格納する。その後、最上段の黒鉛板に圧力を付与して圧粉体を加圧しながら、焼結雰囲気中で所定の焼結温度で焼結する。
上記製造工程はさらに、周知のコイニング工程及び/又は周知の切削加工工程を含んでもよい。
コイニング工程を加圧焼結工程後に実施してもよい。コイニング工程では、加圧焼結工程後の焼結摩擦材を冷間で加圧して、焼結摩擦材の形状を整える。
切削加工工程を、加圧焼結工程後又はコイニング工程後に実施してもよい。切削加工工程では、焼結摩擦材を切削加工して、所望の形状とする。
製造された焼結摩擦材を用いて、ブレーキ試験を実施した。具体的には、図1に示すベンチ試験機1を準備した。ベンチ試験機1は、制動対象材であるブレーキディスク10と、フライホイール11と、モータ12と、キャリパ13とを備えた。ブレーキディスク10は、シャフト14を介して、フライホイール11及びモータ12と連結された。ブレーキディスク10は、新幹線で用いられるブレーキディスクの1/2のサイズであり、直径が400mm、厚さが20mmであった。制動対象材であるブレーキディスクの化学組成は、JIS G 4053(2016)に規定のSCM440に相当した。ブレーキディスクは、焼入れ及び焼戻しを実施して、ブレーキディスクの引張強度を1000MPaに調整した。
焼結摩擦材15(ライニング材)が取り付けられた取付板16をキャリパ13に取り付けた後、ブレーキ試験を実施した。具体的には、回転する制動対象材であるブレーキディスクに対して、キャリパ13の左右内面に取り付けられた焼結摩擦材15を、一定の圧力2.24kNでブレーキディスクの両面に押し付けて(ブレーキをかけて)、トルクを測定し、摩擦係数(μ)を求めた。
上述の各制動初速でのブレーキ試験の前後での、焼結摩擦材の質量差を求め、得られた質量差から、1回のブレーキ試験でのブレーキディスクの片面あたりの焼結摩擦材の平均摩耗量(g/片面)を求めた。具体的には、焼結摩擦材15が取付板16に取り付けられた状態で全体の質量を試験前に測定し、3回のブレーキ後に同じ状態で全体の質量を測定し、その質量差を1セットずつ求めた。そして、左右2セットの質量差を合計した後に、ブレーキ回数の3で除し、さらにセット数の2で除した値を、その制動速度での平均摩耗量(g/片面)と定義した。
試験番号1~8の試験結果を表2に示す。また、試験番号1~3での制動初速(km/時)と摩擦係数(μ)との関係を図2に示す。さらに、試験番号1~3での制動初速(km/時)と平均摩耗量(g/片面)との関係を図3に示す。
Claims (5)
- 質量%で、
Cu:50.0~75.0%、
黒鉛:5.0~15.0%、
マグネシア、ジルコンサンド、シリカ、ジルコニア、ムライト及び窒化珪素からなる群から選択される1種以上:1.5~15.0%、
W及びMoからなる群から選択される1種以上:3.0~30.0%、及び、
フェロクロム、フェロタングステン、フェロモリブデン、及び、ステンレス鋼からなる群から選択される1種以上:2.0~20.0%、
を含有し、残部は不純物からなる圧粉体の焼結材である、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材。 - 請求項1に記載の鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材であって、
前記圧粉体を800~1000℃で加圧焼結して形成された焼結材である、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材。 - 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材であって、
直径が400mm、厚さが20mmであって、JIS G 4053(2016)に規定のSCM440に相当する化学組成を有し、約1000MPaの引張強度を有するブレーキディスクと、前記ブレーキディスクを制動するキャリパとを準備し、前記キャリパの左右の内面の各々に、幅38mm、長さ55mm、高さ15mmの4つの前記焼結摩擦材を、ブレーキディスクの中心から半径170mmの仮想円上に、前記ブレーキディスクの中心軸まわりに25°ずつずらして一列に配列して、回転する前記ブレーキディスクに対して、前記キャリパの左右内面に取り付けられた焼結摩擦材を、一定の圧力2.24kNで前記ブレーキディスクの両面に押し付けるブレーキ試験を実施した場合、制動初速が365km/時での前記焼結摩擦材の平均摩擦係数が0.280以上であり、かつ、前記ブレーキディスクの片面あたりの前記焼結摩擦材の平均摩擦量が、制動初速が300km/時において6.30g/片面以下であり、制動初速が325km/時において6.50g/片面以下であり、制動初速が365km/時において9.00g/片面以下である、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材。 - 請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材であってさらに、
前記圧粉体は、Cuの一部に代えて、
六方晶窒化硼素:3.0%以下、
二硫化モリブデン:3.0%以下、
マイカ:3.0%以下、及び、
硫化鉄、硫化銅及び銅マットから選択される1種以上:10.0%以下、
バナジウム炭化物:5.0%以下、及び、
Fe:20.0%以下、
からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を含有する、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材。 - 請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材の製造方法であって、混合粉末を冷間成形して前記圧粉体を製造する成形工程と、
前記圧粉体に対して800~1000℃の焼結温度で加圧焼結を実施して、前記鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材を製造する加圧焼結工程とを備える、鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材の製造方法。
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CN110023521A (zh) | 2019-07-16 |
US11674206B2 (en) | 2023-06-13 |
EP3550042A4 (en) | 2020-04-15 |
TW201833341A (zh) | 2018-09-16 |
EP3550042B1 (en) | 2022-02-16 |
JPWO2018101435A1 (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
JP6820943B2 (ja) | 2021-01-27 |
BR112019009851A2 (pt) | 2019-08-20 |
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