Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/26—Oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/28—Sulfur atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel and inventive pharmacologically active benzimidazole derivative compounds, which have affinity for melatonergic receptors, specially MT1 and MT2, showing high bioavailability and decreased drug-drug interaction potential. Novel and inventive routes of synthesis are also described for these compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and their use in the treatment of individuals affected by psychiatric disorders and/or sleep disorders related to such receptors, such as depression, anxiety, insomnia and circadian cycle disorders .
• the present invention is in the field of pharmacy, medicine and chemistry.
• melatonin is a natural hormone widely present in a variety of organisms, such as bacteria, unicellular algae, fungi, plants, vertebrates and mammals, including humans . In mammals, melatonin is mainly produced by the pineal gland and released into the blood stream following the circadian rhythm, reaching a high plasma concentration at night (Zlotos, D. P. , Jockers, R. , Cecon, E. , Rivara, S. , & Nitt-Enderby, P. A. (2014) . MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors: Kenya, models, oligomers r and therapeutic potential. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 57(8) , 3161-3185.) .
• melatonin The physiological effects of melatonin are mediated by the activation of G protein-coupled melatonergic receptors, which have been named MT 1 and MT 2 . Both receptors are present in mammals, including humans .
• Melatonin has a variety of activities, including chronobiotic, hypnotic, antioxidative, oncostatic, immunoregulatory activities and it is also linked to the reproductive cycle management, controlling the onset of puberty. Its contribution in the regulation of human mood and behavior has arisen significant clinical attention.
• melatonin production or in the expression of its receptors have shown importance in breast cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and in Parkinson's and Alzheimer * s diseases, in addition to some neurological disorders in children, conditions such as chronic insomnia and sleep disorders related to the circadian cycle.
• commercial melatonin has an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile due to its high first pass metabolism, very short half-life and high pharmacokinetic inter-individual variability.
• Agomelatine and ramelteon are two examples of commercially available melatonergic compounds; although considered effective, present non optimal pharmacokinetics for oral drugs, as explained below.
• Agomelatine described in the document ⁇ 0 447 285 by Andrieux et al. describes compounds of general formula:
• Rl is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, an optionally substituted amino group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group
• R2 represents a hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group
• X represents CHR4, NR4, 0 or S, wherein R4 represents a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group
• Y is C, CH or N, provided that when X is CH2, Y is C or CH; the dashed line represents a single or double bond
• A represents an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclic ring
• ring B represents an optionally substituted benzene ring
• m represents a full figure from. 1 to 4.
• Agomelatine and ramelteon have appropriate oral absorption .
• both compounds undergo extensive hepatic (or first pass) metabolism, resulting in low absolute bioavailabilities, which are estimated to be 1% for agomelatine and 1.8% for ramelteon (respectively: Valdoxan - Product Information - Australia, and Pandi- Perumal et al. , Pharmacotherapy of insomnia with ramelteon: safety, efficacy and clinical applications, Journal of Central Nervous System Disease 2011, 3, 51-65) .
• the low bioavailability due to extensive metabolism leads to highly variable pharmacokinetic profiles for both drugs among individuals.
• the main metabolite of ramelteon which is characterized by hydroxylation of the secondary carbon in the Rl group, is also active and, therefore, the action of the drug depends on its metabolism, which compromises drug efficacy due to the population heterogeneity.
• Bioavailability is one of the most important properties in oral drugs .
• a high oral bioavailability allows a reduction in dose, enough to achieve proper pharmacological effect, reducing the risk of side effects and toxicity.
• a low bioavailability may result in low efficacy and high inter-individual variability, which may trigger unpredictable responses to the drug.
• Agomelatine tends to interact with proteins naturally involved with the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, such as liver cytochrome enzymes (CYP450) .
• CYP450 liver cytochrome enzymes
• Around 90% of agomelatine is metabolized in the liver by the P450 cytochrome 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme and 10% by cytochromes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, with a high first pass metabolism, as previously mentioned.
• One possible metabolite of agomelatine is 3, 4-epoxide, which is highly reactive and can covalently modify important proteins, probably being responsible for liver toxicity.
• agomelatine As it is a CYP1A2 substrate, the concomitant administration of agomelatine with other drugs that interact with this isoform (such as fluvoxamine and ciprofloxacin) is not recommended, as described in the package leaflet for the reference drug for agomelatine, Valdoxan. Since these drugs are potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, their concomitant administration with agomelatine inhibits its metabolism and may lead to elevated plasma concentrations .
• drugs that interact with this isoform such as fluvoxamine and ciprofloxacin
• CYP1A2 drugs that are moderate inhibitors of CYP1A2, such as propranolol, and CYP1A2 inducers, such as rifampicin, also should not be administered concomitantly with agomelatine since they alter its metabolism, which may lead to liver toxicity (specially in the case of inducers) .
• agomelatine metabolism is dependent on CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, two highly polymorphic proteins in the population, makes the metabolism of this drug highly variable in patients, which leads to an additional risk.
• melatonin receptor ligands from different structural classes are described and will be mentioned here only as reference of the state of the art, since none of them show the advantages of the present invention.
• Several of these ligands have been designed comprising the bicyclic indole ring substitution present in melatonin with other bicyclic or non-bicyclic bioisosteric rings, such as naphthalene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, indane, tetralin, quinoline, phenyl, among many others, without considerable detriment to the high affinity to receptors .
• the wide variety of the bioisosteric indole nuclei described in the state of the art seems to indicate that the nature of the aromatic ring type of different ligands is less relevant for the affinity with melatonin receptors.
• melatonin agonist compounds comprising various types of bicyclic rings, among them, indole, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoisoxazole, benzoisothiazole and indazole.
• the compound shown in example 57 is N- [2- (6- methoxybenzimidazol-l-yi) -ethyl] acetamide, corresponding to the melatonin analogue in which the indole nucleus is substituted by benzimidazole .
• affinity of the compound in example 57 was published in a later study, where different melatonin analogs were analyzed for their affinities .
• affinity of this benzimidazole derivative was found to be approximately 3,200 times lower than melatonin affinity (Depreux, P. , Lesieur, D. , Mansour, H. A., Morgan, P., Howell, H. E., Renard, P., et a.l .
• the disclosed compounds are benzimidazoles with anticonvulsive properties.
• melatonergic compounds that do not contain benzimidazole nuclei and therefore are not relevant to the present invention, are mentioned as state of the art and can be found in: EP 0 506 539, WO 1997/11056, W099/62515, WO95/17405, US5856529, US 6211225.
• the present invention addresses this gap with novel compounds comprising benzimidazole nucleus with novel and inventive substituents .
• the carbon between the nitrogen of the benzimidazole ring is bonded to an oxygen or sulfur atom, followed by an alkyl chain.
• These compounds have high affinity for the melatonergic receptors MT1 and MT2 and have low affinity for the CYP450 complex enzymes .
• these compounds show a promising pharmacokinetic profile, with high bioavailability; additionally, it is possible to avoid liver problems, including those resulting from, drug interactions .
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of subjects affected with psychiatric disorders and/or sleep disorders mediated by or associated with these receptors, such as disorders related to sleep and circadian cycle, jet lag, chronic insomnia and/or psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, seasonal depression, and anxiety.
• the present invention relates to novel and inventive pharmacologically active benzimidazole derivative compounds with high bioavailability and reduced drug-drug interaction effects. More specifically, they have high affinity for melatonin MTl and MT2 receptors and have no affinity for CYP enzymes, specially CYP1A2. The method for obtaining the route of synthesis for these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and their use in the treatment of individuals affected with psychiatric disorders and/or sleep disorders are also described.
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl is a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2-6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• R3 represents a hydrogen or a halogen atom
• R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1.
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl is a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2-6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1
• p 1 or 2.
• a further object of the present invention is a process of obtaining the compound of general formula (I ⁇ , comprising the following steps :
• step (b) reacting the compound (VI) obtained in step (a) with a reducing agent to obtain the compound of formula (VII)
• step (c) reacting the compound (VII) obtained in step (b) with a tetraalkylorthocarbonate selected from, the group comprising the tetramethylorthocarbonate and tetraethyl orthocarbonate, to obtain the compound of formula (la)
• the process for obtaining the compound of general formula (I) can further comprise the step of :
• step (d) reacting the compound of formula (la) obtained in step (c) with a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, to obtain the compound of formula (la) , wherein R3 represents a halogen selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and iodine .
• the process of obtaining the compound of general formula (I) of the present invention comprises the steps of :
• step (b) reacting the compound (VI) obtained in step (a) with a reducing agent to obtain the compound of formula (VII)
• step (e) reacting the compound (VII) obtained in step (b) with thiourea in order to obtain the compound (VIII)
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom
• step (f) reacting the compound (VIII) obtained in step (e) with an alkylating agent to obtain the compound of formula (lb)
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom and *n" represents zero or one
• step (g) reacting the compound of formula (lb) obtained in step (f) with a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, to obtain the compound of general formula (lb) wherein R3 represents a halogen selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and. iodine.
• a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide
• Another object of the present invention is the process for obtaining the compound of general formula (II) comprising the following steps :
• Rl is as described for the compound of formula (II) and XI represents a bromine or chlorine atom;
• step (e) reacting the compound of formula (XII) obtained in step (d) with an alkylating agent to obtain the compound of formula (XIII)
• a further object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition characterized for comprising a compound of general formula (I) :
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3 ⁇ 6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• R3 represents a hydrogen or a halogen atom
• R4 represents a C1-6 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1
• a further object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition characterized for comprising a compound of general formula (II) : (a)
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear C2-4 alkyl group which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl is a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2-6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• n Q or 1
• p 1 or 2;
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• R3 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom
• R4 represents a C1-6 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C 2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1
• p 1 or 2
• Another object of the present invention is a method of treating psychiatric disorders and/or sleep disorders, which comprises in administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of general formula (I) :
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from, methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• R3 represents a hydrogen or a halogen atom
• R4 represents a C1-6 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1.
• Another object of the present invention is a method of treating psychiatric disorders and/or sleep disorders, which comprises administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of general formula (II) : 1
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear alkyl group of C 2-4 which may have one or more hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyi;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• n Q or 1
• p 1 or 2.
• the substituted derivative would have an electron withdrawal caused by inductive effect in the benzimidazole ring, thus causing a greater destabilization of the protonated form and a greater population of molecules in the neutral form.
• This factor would lower the pKa value of the benzimidazole derivatives substituted with an electron withdrawing group.
• calculation of the pKa values for the conjugated acids of the benzimidazole ring and its derivative substituted with a methoxy at the 2-position of the ring demonstrated a lower pKa for the latter.
• the values were obtained using the programs Epik (J. Comput . Aided Mol. Des. , 2010, 24, 591-604) and Jaguar (Int. J. Quantum Chem. , 2013, 113 (18) , 2110-2142) , as shown in Figure 1.
• benzimidazole compounds of the present invention are represented by the general formula
• X is an oxygen or sulfur atom
• A represents a linear C2-4 alkyl group which may have one or more of its hydrogens substituted by an alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl;
• Rl represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C2-6 alkenyl, or C2- 6 alkynyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, or C1-2 alkyl-C3-6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 represents a hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group
• R3 represents a hydrogen or a halogen atom
• R4 represents a C1-6 alkyl group
• n 0 or 1
• alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl include both branched and unbranched derivatives .
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon which is fully saturated.
• alkyls are: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and isomers thereof.
• alkenyl and alkynyl correspond to straight or branched chain hydrocarbons containing unsaturation, alkenyls having at least one double bond and the alkynyls having at least one triple bond.
• alkenyls and alkynyls are: ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and isomers thereof.
• haloalkyl corresponds to an alkyl group containing at least one of its hydrogens substituted by a halogen selected from the group comprising fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine .
• haloalkyls are: chloromethyl, chloroethyl, chloropropyl, chlorobutyl, bromomethyl, bromoethyl, bromopropyl, bromobutyl, fluorobutyl, fluoroethyl, fluoropropyl, fluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, tribromomethyl, iodomethyl, iodoethyl, iodopropyl and isomers thereof.
• cycloalkyl corresponds to fully saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons .
• Non-limiting examples are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl .
• alkyl-cycloalkyl corresponds to a C3-6 cycloalkyl which is attached to a compound by an alkyl group comprising at least one carbon atom.
• halogens preferably selected for use in the present invention correspond to fluorine, bromine, chlorine and iodine.
• the starting compound (III) obtained from a similar procedure to that described by Depreux ⁇ Synthetic Communications 1994, 24 (15) , 2123- 2132) , is acylated using anhydrides or carboxylic acids halides for the introduction of the Rl substituent, resulting in the intermediate compound (VI) . Then, the compound (VI) is reduced to the intermediate (VII) .
• the intermediate (VII) is cyclized using tetraalkyl orthocarbonates, such as tetramethylorthocarbonate and tetraethyl orthocarbonate, resulting in the compound of formula (la), wherein the substituent R3 corresponds to a hydrogen.
• the introduction of the halogen as substituent R3 is performed in a subsequent step, by reacting the compound (la) with an N-haiosuccinimide selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, resulting in the compound of formula (la) wherein R3 is bromide, chlorine or iodine .
• intermediate (VII) cyclization of intermediate (VII) with thiourea results in the formation of intermediate (VIII) , which is alkylated using an alkylating agent for the formation of the compound of formula (lb) where R3 corresponds to a hydrogen.
• introduction of the halogen as substituent R3 is performed in a subsequent step by reacting the compound (lb) with an N ⁇ halosuccinimide selected from the group comprising N- bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, resulting in the compound of formula (lb) wherein R3 is bromide, chlorine or iodine .
• Figure 3 describes the obtainment of the compound of general formula (II) .
• the intermediate (IX) obtained from a similar procedure to that described by Koike et al. (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2011, 54 (12) , 4207-4218) , is cyclized using tetraalkylorthocarbonates, such as tetramethylorthocarbonate and tetraethyl orthocarbonate, resulting in the intermediate (X) .
• This intermediate is deprotected to result in the intermediate (XI) , which is acylated using carboxylic acid anhydrides or halides for the introduction of the Rl substituent, thereby obtaining the compound of formula (Ila) .
• intermediate (IX) cyclization of intermediate (IX) with thiourea results in the formation of intermediate (XII) , which is alkylated using an alkylating agent resulting in the intermediate (XIII) .
• the intermediate (XIII) is deprotected and acylated with carboxylic acid anhydrides or halides for the introduction of the Rl substituent, thereby obtaining the compound of formula (lib) .
• a further object of the present invention is the process to obtain the compound of general formula (I), comprising the following steps :
• step (b) reacting of the compound (VI) obtained in step (a) with a reducing agent to obtain the compound of formula
• step (c) reacting of the compound (VII) obtained in step (b) with a tetraalkylorthocarbonate selected from the group comprising tetramethylorthocarbonate and tetraethyl orthocarbonate, to obtain the compound of formula (la)
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom and "n" represents zero or one
• step (c) reacting of the compound of formula (la) obtained in step (c) with a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-broniosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, to obtain the compound of formula (la) , wherein R3 represents a halogen selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and iodine;
• a further object of the present invention is the process to obtain the compound of general formula (I) , comprising the following steps :
• step (b) reacting of the compound (VI) obtained in step (a) with a reducing agent to obtain the compound of formula (V TIIT *)
• step (e) reacting of the compound (VII) obtained in step (b) with thiourea in order to obtain the compound (VIII)
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom
• step (f) reacting the compound (VIII) obtained in step (e) with an alkylating agent to obtain the compound of formula (lb) a,-
• step (g) reacting the compound of formula (lb) obtained in step (f) with a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide, to obtain the compound of general formula (lb) wherein R3 represents a halogen selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and. iodine.
• a halogenating agent selected from the group comprising N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and N- iodosuccinimide
• Another object of the present invention is the process to obtain the compound of general formula (II) comprising the following steps:
• Rl is as described for the compound of formula (I) and XI represents a bromine or chlorine atom.
• the process of obtaining the compound of general formula (II) comprises the following steps:
• step (e) reacting the compound of formula (XII) obtained in step (d) with an alkylating agent resulting in the compound of formula (XIII)
• carboxylic acid anhydrides used in the process of obtaining the compound of formulae (I) or (II) comprise commercially available compounds or those synthetically produced.
• Non-limiting examples of carboxylic acid anhydrides which may be used in. this invention include acetic, propionic, butyric, crotonic, valeric anhydrides, among others.
• the carboxylic acid halides employed in the process of obtaining the compound of formula (I) or (II), comprise both the commercially available and the synthetically prepared compounds .
• Non-limiting examples of carboxylic acid halides include the chlorides and bromides of acetic, propanoic, butanoic, valeric, cyclopropanecarboxylic, cyclobutanecarboxylic, cyclopentanecarboxylic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, alpha-bromoacetic, alpha- chloroacetic acids, among others .
• Alkylating agents are substances that transfer alkyl groups between molecules. There are several alkylating agents available in the market, as well as a variety of reactions used for this purpose . Non-limiting examples of alkylating agents used in the process described in this invention correspond to alkyl halides, such as methyl and ethyl bromides or iodides .
• Deprotection agents are chemicals used to remove protecting groups.
• Protecting groups in. turn, are chemical groups used to protect specific functions which, when unmodified, are likely to react or undergo alteration with reagents used for structural modifications directed to other positions of the molecule.
• deprotection agent capable of removing the tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group from the intermediates (X) and (XIII) corresponds to trifluoroacetic acid.
• a reducing agent has the role of promoting the transformation of an aromatic rtitro group into an amino group.
• Several reagents may be used to promote this reduction.
• Non-limiting examples of typical reducing agents of aromatic nitro groups include iron or tin in hydrochloric acid medium, zinc, several metal catalysts, among others .
• the present invention also comprises isomers, tautomers, pure enantiomers, racemic mixtures and diastereomers of the compound of general formulae (I) or (II) , as well as mixtures thereof at any ratios .
• the compound of formulae ⁇ I) or (II) may show different aspects.
• the present invention also comprises the amorphous form, the solvates, hydrates and polymorphs of the compound of formulae (I) or (II) .
• the compound of formulae (I) or (II) should be administered to an animal, mammal, particularly a human, preferably as a pharmaceutical composition, i.e. , associated o pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles which are acceptable to each route of administration.
• compositions of the present invention contain one or more compounds herein proposed, as active ingredient, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles .
• the active ingredient is commonly mixed, diluted or encapsulated with at least one vehicle.
• the final composition may be a capsule, sachet, paper or other way of containment .
• the vehicle is a diluent, it may be in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form, acting as a carrier, excipient or medium, for the active ingredient.
• the composition may be tablets, pills, powders, sachets, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, aerosols (in solid or liquid medium) , creams, hard or soft capsules, suppositories, injections .
• a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle any substance other than the compound of general formulae (I) or (II) , which has been intentionally added thereto to produce a pharmaceutical dosage form suitable to a route of administration.
• pharmaceutical acceptable vehicle (excipients) suitable for pharmaceutical compositions are described in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations - Vol. 1 to 6 - 2004 - Sarfaraz K. Niazi - CRCPress and Remington ' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing.
• Non-limiting examples of routes of administration of the composition comprising the compound of general formulae (I) or (II) are oral, parenteral, nasal, rectal, transmucosal and transdermal routes, oral administration being particularly preferred.
• the therapeutic dose to be used with respect to the compounds of the present invention should be planned and calculated according to route of administration chosen, age, weight and condition of the patient and disorder severity. Overall, the compounds of the present invention are administered in therapeutically effective doses ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg per day. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves obtained from in vitro or animal models . Typically, the physician will administer the compound to a suitable dose in order to achieve the expected effect.
• Example 1 The examples described in the experimental section are intended to exemplify one of the several ways of carrying out the invention, but without limiting the scope thereof.
• Example 1 The examples described in the experimental section are intended to exemplify one of the several ways of carrying out the invention, but without limiting the scope thereof.
• N- (2- ( (5-methoxy-2- nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) acetamide (3. Og, 11.8mmol) and methanol (300ml) were added.
• the mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45 °C under stirring to dissolve the solid.
• the solution was cooled to room temperature and zinc powder (11.55g, 176mmol) and ammonium formate (5.61g, 89. Ommol) were added under vigorous stirring.
• the mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered.
• the filtrate was roto-evaporated and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane (3x300ml) .
• Nl- (5- methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (Ig, 4.73rrano.l) , dichloromethane (50ml) and triethylamine (0.67ml, 4.81iranol) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of propionyl chloride (0.42ml, 4.80mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel .
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours . After the completion of the reaction, 20ml of 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (20ml) were added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml ) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• N- (2- ( (5-methoxy-2- nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) propionamide (0.56g, 2. lOmmol) and methanol (50ml) were added to a 100ml reactor. The mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45°C under stirring to dissolve the solid. Then the solution was cooled to room, temperature and zinc powder (2.04g, 31.2mmol) and ammonium formate (0.99g, 15.7mmol) were added under vigorous stirring. The mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered. The filtrate was roto-evaporated and dichloromethane (300ml) was added to the residue.
• Nl- (5- methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (lg, 4.73mmol) , dichloromethane (50ml) and triethylamine (0.67ml, 4.80mmol) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of butanoyl chloride (0.49mi, 4.73mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel .
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours . After the completion of the reaction, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10ml) was added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution. (100ml) .
• NTM (2- ( (5-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) butyramide (0.51g, 1.8lmmol) and methanol (50ml) were added to a 100ml reactor.
• the mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45°C under stirring to dissolve the solid.
• the solution was cooled to room temperature and powdered zinc (1.76g, 26.9mmol) and ammonium formate (G.86g, 13.6mmol) were added under vigorous stirring.
• the mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered.
• Nl- (5- methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (lg, 4.73mmol) , dichloromethane (50ml) and triethylamine (0.67ml, 4.80mmol) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (0.43ml, 4.73mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel .
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, After the completion of the reaction, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10ml) was added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• N- (2- ( (5-methoxy-2- nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) cyclopropane carboxamide (0.79g, 2.83mmol) and methanol (70ml) were added.
• the mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45°C under stirring to dissolve the solid.
• the solution was cooled to room temperature and powdered zinc (2.78g, 42.5mmol) and ammonium formate (1.34, 22.3mmol) were added under vigorous stirring.
• the mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered.
• the filtrate was roto-evaporated and dichloromethane (300ml) was added to the residue.
• Nl- ⁇ 5- methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) ethane-l f 2-diamine Ig, 4.73mmol
• dichloromethane 50ml
• triethylamine 0.67ml, 4.80mmol
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (0.54ml, 4.73mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, After the completion of the reaction, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10ml) was added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• N- (2- ( (5-methoxy-2- nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) cyclobutanecarboxamide (0.785g, 2.68mmol) and methanol (60ml) were added.
• the mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45°C under stirring to dissolve the solid.
• the solution was cooled to room temperature and 2.60g of powdered zinc (2.60g, 39.8ramol) and 1.26g of ammonium formate (1.26g, 20.0mmol) were added under vigorous stirring.
• the mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered.
• the filtrate was roto-evaporated and dichloromethane (300ml) was added to the residue.
• Nl- (5-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl ) ethane-1, 2-diamine (lg, 4.73mmol) , dichloromethane (50ml) and triethylamine (0.67ml, 4.80mmol) were added to a 100mlreactor with magnetic stirring.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of cyclopentanecarbonyl chloride (0.585ml, 4.73mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel .
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10ml) was added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichlororaethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• N- (2- ( (5-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) cyclopentane carboxamide Q.lOGg, 0.325mmol
• methanol 20ml
• the mixture was heated to a temperature of approximately 45°C under stirring to dissolve the solid. Then the solution was cooled to room temperature and zinc powder (0.317g, 4.85mmol) and ammonium formate (0.153g, 2.43mmol) were added under vigorous stirring. The mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered. The filtrate was roto-evaporated and dichloromethane (100ml) was added to the residue.
• Nl- (5 ⁇ methoxy ⁇ 2-nitrophenyl) ethane-i, 2--diamine (lg, 4.73mmol) , dichloromethane (50ml) and triethylamine (0.67ml, 4.80mmol) were added to a lOOmlreactor with magnetic stirring.
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring and a solution of 0.64ml of cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride (0.64ml, 4.73mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml) was slowly added through an addition funnel .
• the reaction medium was kept under stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10ml) was added.
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• the mixture was kept under vigorous stirring and powdered zinc (3.65g, 55.8mmol) and ammonium formate (1.77g, 28. lmmol) were added.
• the mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 1 hour and then gravity filtered. The filtrate was roto-evaporated and dichloromethane (300ml) was added to the residue.
• N- (1- ( (5-methoxy-2 ⁇ nitrophenyl) amino) propan-2-yl) acetamide (0.55g, 2.06mmol) and methanol (35ml) were added.
• the system was kept under stirring with heating between 40 and 50°C until complete dissolution of the solid.
• the reaction medium was cooled to room temperature and powdered zinc (2. Og, 30.6mmol) and ammonium formate (0.97g, 15.4mmol) were added under vigorous stirring.
• the resulting mixture was kept under stirring for approximately 30 minutes and then gravity filtered.
• the filtrate was roto-evaporated and the resulting residue was extracted with dichloromethane (300ml) .
• the dichloromethane was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane (2x20ml) .
• the organic phase was washed with 5% aqueous bicarbonate solution (100ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (100ml) .
• N- (2- ( (2 ⁇ amino-5 ⁇ methoxyphenyl) amino) ethyl) acetamide (1.340g, 6. OOmmol) and thiourea (0.457g, 6. OOmmol) were added.
• the mixture was initially heated to 120 °C for 10 min with intense vapor release and then heated to 160 °C for 5 min, with second vapor release. The temperature was reduced to 80 °C and ethanol (15ml) was added.
• N- (2- (2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-lH- benzimidazole-l-yl) ethyl) acetamide (Example 1) (lOOmg, 0.360mmol) , chloroform (5ml) and N-bromosuccinimide (64mg, 360mmol) were added.
• the reaction medium was under reflux and kept under stirring for 8 hours.
• N- (2- ⁇ 2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-lH- benzimidazole-l-yl) ethyl) acetamide (Example 1) (0.5g, 1.80mmol)
• isopropanol 25ml
• N-chlorosuccinimide 0.241g, 1.80mmol
• the reaction medium was under reflux and kept under heating and stirring for 24 hours. After the reaction was complete, the reaction medium, was roto-evaporated to dryness and diluted with chloroform (200ml) .
• N- (3- (2 ⁇ ethoxy-6-methoxy-lHTM benzimidazole-l-yl) propyl) acetamide (Example 8) (50mg, 0 practitioner172mmol), N ⁇ chlorosuccin.imide (23mg, 0.172mmoi) and isopropanol (2ml) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under reflux and stirred for 1.8 hours, then poured into chloroform (40ml) .
• N- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxy-lH- benzimidazole-l-yl) propyl) acetamide (Example 9) (48.5mg, 0.175mmol) , N-chlorosuccinimide (24. lmg, 0.180mmol) and isopropanol (2ml) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under reflux and stirred for 6 hours, then poured into chloroform (40rol) .
• N- (2- (2, 6-dimethoxy-lH- benzimidazole-l-yl) ethyl) acetamide (Example 10) (60mg, 0.228mmol) , N-chlorosuccinimide (30.4mg, 0.228mmol) and isopropanol (3ml) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under reflux and stirred for 96 hours, then poured into chloroform (40ml) .
• N- (2- (2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-lH- benzimidazole-l-yl) ethyl) cyclopropane carboxamide (Example 4) (92mg, 0.329mmol), N-Chlorosuccinimide (45mg, 0.337mmol) and isopropanol (4ml) were added.
• the reaction medium was kept under reflux and stirred for 24 hours, then poured into chloroform (60ml) .
• Table 1 Binding and functional assays results on melatonergic receptors MTl and MT2 for selected compounds .
• Table 2 Permeability study results onCaco-2 cells (10-6 cm/s) .
• Table 3 Water solubility study results, expressed as uM.
• Table 4 Intrinsic clearance study results on cryopreserved human hepatocytes, expressed as half-life (minutes) .
• Table 6 Pharmacokinetic profile study results in CD-I mice and Wistar-Han mice after oral (lOmg/kg) and intravenous (lmg/kg) administration of the compounds.
• the binding assay was performed in melatonergic MTi and MT2 receptors in order to check the receptor affinity for the ligand, i.e. , the ability of the molecule to bind to the respective receptors .
• the Ki described in the results is the dissociation constant and measures the affinity of a non-radioactive test compound for the receptor.
• the IC50 shows the concentration of the substance required for achieving 50% inhibition of the receptors.
• Kd shows the affinity of the radio ligand to the receptor.
• Receptor inhibition is measured by the % of inhibition a binding specific control.
• agomelatine showed high affinity to the melatonergic receptor MTI (Ki 0.2nM) and MT2 (Ki 0.042nM) .
• the inventive compounds also showed high affinity for both MTI and MT2 receptors, as demonstrated in Table 1.
• the affinity of compounds 120, 121, 140, 142 and 143, expressed as affinity constant (Ki) values by the MTl receptor was 1.1, 0.88, 2.2, 1.3 and 2. InM.
• the affinity for the MT2 receptor was 4.5, 0.93, 11, 1.6 and 0.8 nM, respectively.
• Functional results are assays that allow the determination of the intrinsic activity of drugs, indicating whether a compound is an agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist .
• the EC50 shows the drug concentration required to induce half the maximal effect, after a specific exposure time, and is usually used as way to measure the potency of a drug.
• HEK-293 as a recombinant cell in which a specific stimulus was performed (according to the drug/compound in study) , followed by incubation.
• the detection of the result was carried out by Cellular Dielectric Spectroscopy for impedances or by HTRF (Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence) to detect IPl (myo-Inositol 1 phosphate) , a protein related to intracellular signaling.
• HTRF Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence
• agomelatine behaves as an agonist and showed high potency for the MT1 receptors (EC50 0.15nM) and MT2 (EC50 0.019nM) .
• the inventive compounds also behave as agonists and demonstrated high potency to the melatonergic receptors MT1 and MT2, as shown in Table 1.
• Permeability tests were performed using Caco-2 cells, a colorectal epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line. These cells resemble intestinal epithelial cells in some aspects, such as the formation of a polarized monolayer, a well- defined brush border on the apical surface, and intercellular junctions .
• the test is performed in both directions [apical to basolateral (A-B) and basolateral to apical (B-A) ] through the cell monolayer, allowing an efflux ratio that provides an indicator as to whether a compound undergoes active efflux.
• Particle detection was performed with HPLC-MS/MS (mass spectrometry) according to the calculation of the peak area of the result. MS/MS was performed by combining two mass detectors in a single instrument .
• A-B permeability was performed at pH 6.5/7.4 with incubation time of 0 and 60 minutes at 37°C and B-A permeability was performed at pH 6.5/7.4 with incubation time of 0 and 40 minutes at 37°C.
• Water solubility of the present invention was determined by comparing the peak area calculation in a calibration standard (200uM) containing organic solvent (methanol/water, 60/40, v/v) with the area calculation of the corresponding peak in a buffer sample.
• chromatographic purity % was defined as the calculation of the main peak area relative to the calculation of the peak area integrate of the standard HPLC calibration chromatogram.
• a standard calibration chromatogram was then generated for each compound tested along with a UV/VIS spectrum with maximal labeled absorbance .
• the shake-flash technique was used with constant stirring during incubation to keep a uniform medium for 24 hours in PBS at pH 7.4. The results showed that the solubility of the test compounds was similar to that of agomelatine, as shown in Table 3.
• Cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats (Sprague- Dawley males) and from mice (CD-I males) were used for incubation at different times ⁇ 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 hours) at 37°C followed by HPLC-MS/MS detection.
• the aim was to verify the clearance time of the test substance on hepatocytes.
• the experiment was performed on a 96-well plate and the cryopreserved hepatocytes were thawed and resuspended in Krebs-Heinslet buffer (pH 7.3).
• the reaction was started by adding each test compound to each cell suspension and performing the incubation at the times indicated above .
• the reaction was quenched with addition of acetonitrile in the wells and detection by HPLC-MS/MS (mass spectrometry) .
• MS/MS is performed by combining two mass detectors into a single instrument .
• the CYP inhibition test used fluorogenic substrates specific to each CYP to check for inhibition thereof by detection of the expected metabolite using a fluorimetric method.
• Recombinant CYPs CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 ) from specific humans for each cytochrome family, subfamily and polypeptide were used.
• CEC ⁇ 3-Cyano-7 ⁇ Ethoxycoumarin which forms as metabolite CKC (3-Cyano-7- Hydroxycoumarin)
• EFC (7-Ethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin) , forming the metabolite HFC (7- Hydroxytrifluoromethylcoumarin)
• DBF Dibenzylfluorescein
• MFC (7-Methoxy- 4-trifluoromethylcoumarin) which forms the metabolite HFC (7-Hydroxytrifluoromethylcoumarin)
• BFC (7-Benzyloxy- Trifluoromethylcoumarin) and its metabolite HFC
• BzRes (benzyloxyresorufin) to form resofurine.
• the detection of the metabolite was done with a fluorimetric method: analytical technique to identify and characterize the amount of substance by excitation using a beam of ultraviolet light and measurement of the emitted fluorescence .
• a fluorimetric method analytical technique to identify and characterize the amount of substance by excitation using a beam of ultraviolet light and measurement of the emitted fluorescence .
• PK tests were performed with CD-I mice, using 4 animals per molecule tested, 2 animals for pharmacokinetic analysis by intravenous (IV) administration and 2 animals for oral administration.
• the treatment was carried out in a single dose: I . V. group with dose of lmg/kg and Oral group with dose of 10 mg/kg.
• the vehicle consisted of 5% DMSO, 30% PEG400 and 65% water. Blood collection was performed after euthanasia at 08 defined time points and at 24 hours post-dose.
• the pharmacokinetic analysis parameters detected for Group IV were: half-life (tl/2), drug concentration at time zero (CO) , last measurable plasma concentration (AUClast) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation percentage (AUC%ext) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity (AUCinf) , volume of distribution (Vz) , steady state volume of distribution (Vss) , clearance (CL) and mean residence time (MRT) .
• the parameters evaluated for the Oral group were: bioavailability (F%) , maximum concentration reached (Cmax) , time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) , last measurable plasma concentration (AUC1ast) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation percentage (AUC% ext) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity (AUCinf) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity versus dose (AUCinf/Dose) , half-Life (tl/2), and mean residence time (MRT) .
• inventive molecules 120, 121, 140, 142, 143 and agomelatine presented higher CO and lower C1earance than agomelatine, highlighting the improved pharmacokinetics of the inventive molecules .
• the compounds and agomelatine showed a Tmax of 0.25h, except compound 140 (0.375h).
• all the inventive compounds showed a Cmax higher than agomelatine, being 3405, 6490, 5010, 7550, 8915ng/ml for compounds 120, 121, 140, 142 and 143, respectively, in comparison to 21.9ng/ml for agomelatine .
• the last measurable plasma concentration (AUC1ast) of the compounds was also higher in comparison to agomelatine .
• PK tests were performed on Wistar-Han mice, using 4 animals per molecule tested, 2 animals for analysis of I.V. pharmacokinetics and 2 animals for analysis of oral PK. The study lasted for 2 weeks ⁇ including acclimation time and study) , in which the route of administration was made by injection into the caudal vein and oral gavage .
• the treatment was carried out in a single dose: I .V. group with dose of lmg/kg and Oral group with dose of lOmg/kg.
• the vehicle consisted of 5% DMSO, 30% PEG400 and 65% water. C1inical observations were made twice a day (morning and afternoon) in the pre-dose at the 08 time points defined in the protocol.
• Blood collection was performed after euthanasia in the pre-dose animals at 08 defined time points and at 24 hours post-dose.
• the pharmacokinetic analysis parameters detected for Group IV were: half-life (tl/2) , drug concentration at time zero (CO) , last measurable plasma concentration (AUC1ast) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation percentage (AUC%ext) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity ⁇ AUCinf ⁇ , volume of distribution (Vz) , steady state volume of distribution (Vss) , clearance (CL) and mean residence time (MRT) .
• the parameters evaluated for the Oral group were: bioavailability (F%) , maximum concentration reached (Cmax) , time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) , last measurable plasma concentration (AUC1ast) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation percentage (AUC% ext) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity (AUCinf) , area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolation to infinity versus dose (AUCinf/Dose) , half-Life (tl/2), and mean residence time (MRT).

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