WO2018044192A1 - Суперконденсатор и способ его изготовления - Google Patents
Суперконденсатор и способ его изготовления Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018044192A1 WO2018044192A1 PCT/RU2016/000593 RU2016000593W WO2018044192A1 WO 2018044192 A1 WO2018044192 A1 WO 2018044192A1 RU 2016000593 W RU2016000593 W RU 2016000593W WO 2018044192 A1 WO2018044192 A1 WO 2018044192A1
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- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- electrodes
- supercapacitor
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
- G21H1/00—Arrangements for obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources, e.g. from radioactive isotopes, nuclear or atomic batteries
- G21H1/02—Cells charged directly by beta radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
- H01G11/68—Current collectors characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/74—Terminals, e.g. extensions of current collectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/78—Cases; Housings; Encapsulations; Mountings
- H01G11/82—Fixing or assembling a capacitive element in a housing, e.g. mounting electrodes, current collectors or terminals in containers or encapsulations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/78—Cases; Housings; Encapsulations; Mountings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the invention relates to electrical engineering, is intended for the accumulation and storage of electrical energy, can be used for generation, conversion, storage and long-term storage of electrical energy, in particular, as microelectronic power sources and autonomous electronic devices.
- a device (battery) for the accumulation of electricity which operates on the principle of a secondary source of electrical energy, where electrical energy is converted into chemical energy (when charged) and back when discharged when chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
- the most common type of lead battery It consists of a housing, inside of which are placed positive electrodes of lead dioxide and negative electrodes of sponge lead. The space between the electrodes is filled with an electrolyte from an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. During the discharge, the active mass of both the positive and negative electrodes is converted to lead sulfate. When the battery is operating, a chemical process is realized, which is called double sulfization [Khrustalyov D. A. Batteries.
- the simplest capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a dielectric layer, a material that does not conduct electric current. If you connect the capacitor plates to a source of electrical energy, then the charging current will flow and positive and negative charges will accumulate on the metal plates. As soon as the capacitor is charged, the current in the circuit becomes equal to zero. If the capacitor is disconnected from the energy source, the accumulated charge will remain. When a capacitor is connected to a resistor, the capacitor discharge current flows through it until it is completely discharged. This cycle of charging - discharging can be repeated several times.
- capacitors as electric charge storage devices are their simplicity of manufacture, relatively short charging time, higher capacity and a greater number of charging cycles — discharging before failure, than with batteries.
- the supercapacitor in the basic design has two electrodes in the form of plates of conductive material, between which is an organic or inorganic electrolyte. To improve the electrical parameters of the plate supercapacitor additionally coated with a porous material (most often activated carbon). According to the principle of operation, a supercapacitor combines two devices - a capacitor and a battery.
- the energy is stored in a supercapacitor by two mechanisms:
- Capacity in this case is defined as
- ⁇ is the relative permeability of the double layer medium
- ⁇ is the vacuum permeability
- A is the specific area of the electrode
- d is the effective thickness of the double electric layer.
- n is the number of electrons released as a result of the oxidation reaction
- F is the Faraday constant
- M is the molar mass of metal oxide
- V is the window of operating voltages.
- hybrid supercapacitors can achieve higher capacitance and power densities, while maintaining good stability characteristics during cycling.
- CNTs have both the capacity of a double electric layer and pseudocapacitance.
- specific capacitance of the supercapacitor can reach 350 f / g [Chongfu Zhou. // Carbon Nanotube Based Electrochemical Supercapacitors - 2006, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.-P-18].
- functionalization of CNTs is carried out, which consists in their special processing with the introduction of atoms, radicals and functional groups in the structure of CNTs.
- the functionalization of CNTs by the COOH group leads to an increase in the specific electric capacitance of the capacitor from 0.25 to 91.25 F / g [Christopher M. Anton, Matthew N. Ervin // Carbon Nanotube Based Flexible Supercapacitors - Army Research Laboratory, 2011. -P 7].
- CNTs have higher electronic conductivity compared to activated carbon.
- Carbon-based supercapacitors have cyclic stability and long life, as neither on the surface nor in the volume of the material of the electrode during the charge / discharge chemical reactions occur, and the accumulation and storage of charge is due to the double electric layer. Advantages of a supercapacitor with CNTs:
- the well-known radioisotope source of electrical energy (Beta Cell), created in 1913 by the British physicist G. Moseley. It was a glass flask silvered from the inside, in the center of which radium salt was placed on an insulated electrode. Beta decay electrons created a potential difference between the silver layer of the glass sphere and the electrode with radium salt.
- the Moseley cell was charged to a high voltage, limited by the voltage of the gas breakdown, which could be increased by evacuating the flask.
- a device for generating electricity from intra-atomic due to radioactive alpha or beta decay, containing two closed metal shells cooled by water or air (emitter and collector), located one in another with a gap with a vacuum of 10-5 - 10-6 mm.
- the radioactive material is deposited on the emitter in the form of a metal layer with a thickness of 25-100 microns, facing the gap and collector.
- the device works as a constantly recharged capacitor, the charging current of which is determined by the flow of particles from the emitter to the collector.
- the working electrode of the prototype was made by uniformly applying powder from nanotubes synthesized by the electric arc method onto a substrate of non-porous graphite. A solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 35 wt% (density 1.26 g / cm3) was used as an electrolyte.
- the CNTs were hydrophilized by soaking in an electrolyte with polarization at a potential of 1.1 V.
- the prototype has a wide range of working potentials (over 1.4 V), specific power of about 20 kW / kg and specific energy of ⁇ 1 Wh / kg.
- the disadvantage of the prototype, as with the previously described analogues, is the need for an external source of electricity to charge the supercapacitor.
- the supercapacitor includes a sealed protective case, the first (working) and second (auxiliary) electrodes made of silicon, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, or alloys based on them, or corrosion-resistant steel, placed inside the case.
- the electrodes are electrically isolated from each other by a separator, preventing the mechanical contact of the electrodes and the mixing of the cathode and anode electrolytes, one of which or both are also electrically isolated from the housing.
- the electrolyte which is used as an acid solution, for example, H2S04 or HN03, alkali, for example, NaOH or KOH, or a solution of salts, for example, KC1, NaCl, KN03, Na2S04 fills the free volume of the cell and the space between the electrodes.
- Carbon-containing materials are deposited on the surface of the first electrode in the form of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, graphene, soot, graphite, or their mixtures containing the C-14 isotope.
- CNTs carbon nanotubes
- N-3, nickel-63 radionuclides can be on the surface or inside the CNT , Sr-90, Kg-85, At-241, Ac-227, Th-229.
- the manufacture of a supercapacitor includes the following steps: preparation of the first (working) and second (auxiliary) electrodes, with the application of a surface layer of carbon-containing materials on the first electrode, for example, in the form of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of fullerenes, graphene, soot, graphite, or a mixture thereof containing the C-14 isotope or consisting of the natural C-12 isotope and impregnated with a chemical compound containing the C-14 isotope, placement of the first and second electrodes in the sealed housing and their electrical isolation from each other , and filling the housing with electrolyte.
- the C-14 isotope is introduced into the layer of carbon-containing materials on the surface of the first electrode.
- An alcohol solution of aniline hydrochloride containing the C-14 isotope is used as a chemical compound to impregnate an array of carbon-containing materials on the surface of the first electrode.
- the technical result of the invention is to provide a device for the accumulation of electric charge that does not require charging from an external source of electricity and increase the duration of the device without using an external charging energy source.
- FIG. 1 shows the design of a self-charging supercapacitor.
- FIG. 2 presents the Design (a) and the appearance (b) of the investigated cell.
- FIG. Figure 3 shows a graph of the dynamics of the charge of a cell with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 1.74 and 6.0 mCi.
- FIG. Figure 4 shows the dynamics of the discharge of a cell with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 1.74 mCi.
- FIG. Figure 5 shows the dynamics of the charge (a) and discharge (b) of a cell with a CNT array on a substrate, impregnated with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 1.74 mCi in a cell filled with distilled water.
- FIG. Figures 6 (a, b) show the dynamics of the charge of a cell with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 6 mCi, with an electrolyte of 0.1 n H2S04 (a), and a change in the discharge current in a stationary mode at a load of 10 kOhm (b).
- FIG. Figure 7 shows a graph of the voltage and load current in the charge-discharge mode on a cell with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 6 mCi, with an electrolyte of 0.1 n H2S04.
- FIG. Figure 8 shows the dynamics of the charge of a cell with aniline hydrochloride with an activity of C-14 equal to 6 mCi, with an electrolyte of 0.01 n NaOH (a), and a change in the discharge current in a stationary mode at a load of 10 kOhm (b).
- one of the electrodes of the capacitor is made with carbon nanotubes of CNTs containing radioisotopes with beta radiation.
- CNTs are made from the C-14 radioisotope, or a mixture of C-14 radioactive isotopes with stable carbon isotopes.
- the introduction of carbon-14 into CNTs can be carried out in three ways: a) directly at the stage of synthesis of CNTs by using liquid, solid or gaseous carbon-containing materials as raw materials, in which C-14 is present (for example, volatile organic compounds, methane, CO or CO2, and others); b) by impregnating CNTs made from natural stable carbon with solutions or volatile gaseous compounds containing the C-14 isotope; c) the functionalization of CNTs using electrochemical, thermal, electrospark, laser, magnetic, ion-beam or other treatment, introducing atoms, radicals, functional groups containing the ⁇ -14 isotope into CNTs.
- beta-decay radioisotopes can also be deposited on the CNT surface, for example, H-3, Ni-63, Sr-90, Kr-85, Am-241, Ac-227, Th-229 radionuclides, which can significantly increase the electron yield and supercapacitor charge.
- a self-charging supercapacitor in which charging is performed not from an external source of electricity, but by converting the energy of the electrons of the beta sources during their decay.
- Figure 1 shows the design of a self-charging supercapacitor. It consists of a metal substrate (item 1), on which an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is grown that contain the C-14 radioactive isotope (item 2).
- the substrate is placed in a PTFE housing (pos. 3), where it is in contact with the lower electrode (pos. 4), which has an external terminal (pos. 5).
- a separator (pos. 6) is placed on top of the active substrate, which prevents the mechanical contact of unlike electrodes and makes it difficult to mix cathode and anode electrolytes.
- the cell body is filled with electrolyte (pos. 7) and closed with a plastic cover (pos. 8).
- a second electrode (pos. 9) in contact with the electrolyte is inserted into the lid.
- the cap (key 8) seals the cell.
- FIG. 26 shows the design and appearance of the mockups of the investigated supercapacitor cells.
- the cell consists of a housing 1 and a cover 2 made of stainless steel, inside of which a fluoroplastic housing 3 is placed, and a collector electrode 4, isolated from the cover by a fluoroplastic gasket 5.
- the test working electrode 8, in the form of a substrate, is placed upside down on the rubber ring 6, pressed thereto a fluoroplastic insert 7.
- an electric wire with a connector is supplied by a spring contact with a screw.
- the cell is filled with electrolyte through a hole in the electrode 4.
- the open visible area of the substrate was 0.5 cm2, and the electrical capacitance of the dry cell was 82 pF.
- the preparation of substrates with CNTs was carried out by repeatedly applying to the nanotubes an alcohol solution of aniline hydrochloride containing the C-14 isotope.
- the activity of the deposited isotope was determined by calculation by measuring the mass of the substrates before and after impregnation with the reagent, using the specific activity characteristics measured by the calorimetric method.
- the carbon-14 isotope activity thus determined was 1.74 and 6 mCi for two different substrates of the same type. Additionally measured ( ⁇ - ⁇ from the substrate, equal to 0.8 105 and 2.25 x 105 min-1 cm-2).
- Substrates with pre-formed one-sided coatings in the form of an array of CNTs with a thickness of -10 ⁇ m are impregnated with an alcohol solution of aniline hydrochloride, in which about half of the carbon atoms are represented by the C-14 isotope.
- the total activity of C-14 determined by the increase in the mass of the substrates after drying, was 1.74 and 6.0 mCi, respectively, for the first and second substrates.
- the substrates were placed in cells with the construction described above, and the voltage on the cell, determined by its charge due to beta decay of the C-14 isotope, was recorded. The charge kinetics of the dry cells is shown in FIG. 3.
- the charge of the cells proceeds with the emission of negatively charged electrons, as a result of which the substrate with CNTs acquires a positive charge.
- the cells were discharged on the load resistor with the voltage recorded on it.
- the cell discharge on the 10 k ⁇ resistor proceeded for fractions of a second, and on the 47 MOhm resistor, for several minutes.
- the discharge dynamics in the latter case is represented by the diagram in FIG. four.
- a cell with a substrate with an activity of C-14 equal to 1.74 mCi after experiments with the charge and discharge of a dry cell, was filled with distilled water. The characteristics of the charge and discharge of the cell were measured. The dynamics of the voltage on the cell and the discharge current on the load resistor 10 kOhm is shown in Fig.5.
- the cell efficiency is low due to the low ionic conductivity of pure water.
- the cell voltage at this stage for the most part did not exceed 50 mV.
- the voltage on the cell gradually increases over the next 10-12 hours.
- the voltage on the cell stabilizes, approaching a constant value of -300 mV, and is maintained at this level, while water is present in the cell.
- the load current of the cell on the 10 k ⁇ resistor (Fig. 5 b) is stabilized, amounting to about 1 ⁇ A / cm2.
- Example 3 A cell with a substrate prepared as described in Example 1 with an array of CNTs impregnated with an aniline hydrochloride alcohol solution with an activity of C-14 equal to 6 mCi, after experiments with charge and discharge in a cell with distilled water, was dried, and then filled with electrolyte 0.1 n H2S04.
- the change in cell voltage is characterized by the time diagram shown in FIG. 6a, and the dynamics of the discharge current in stationary mode at a load of 10 kOhm is shown in FIG. 6 b
- the discharge current in the peak mode reaches 4 ⁇ A / cm2, after which it decreases to 1 ⁇ A / cm2, reaching the maximum values of 1.5 ⁇ A / cm2 in the intermediate period.
- the diagram also shows the finish portion of the discharge curve with a decrease in current to zero, corresponding to the evaporation (or radiolysis) of water from an unpressurized cell.
- the change in the cell voltage was characterized by the time diagram shown in FIG. 8a, and the dynamics of the discharge current in stationary mode at a load of 10 kOhm is shown in FIG. 86.
- the double layer of a supercapacitor is self-charged due to beta decay energy, reaching a steady state level of -300 mV.
- Discharge current at a load of 10 kOhm in the initial time reaches 18 ⁇ A / cm2, then gradually decreases, assuming a value of ⁇ 40 ⁇ A / cm2 in steady state.
- the inventive device for charging a supercapacitor uses beta decay of the C-14 isotope, whose half-life is 5700 years.
- the consumption of electrode materials and the cell body made of corrosion-resistant alloys is minimal, there is no electrolyte consumption.
- the efficiency of converting beta decay energy into electrical energy increases, which is expressed in an increase in the generated current and energy compared to analogues.
- the cost of manufacturing a power source made in the form of a supercapacitor is reduced due to the use of the C-14 isotope, one of the cheapest (per unit of activity) and available on the market isotopes, as well as by simplifying the design and manufacturing technology of the device.
- the proposed device can be implemented taking into account already existing experience in the manufacture of power devices for mobile devices using supercapacitor technology with electrodes that use coatings on the electrodes in the form of an array of carbon nanotubes. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the condition of "industrial applicability".
- a feature of N ° 1 is that in the device that converts the energy of radioactive beta decay into electrical energy, a supercapacitor is used, the working electrode (s) of which is made in the form of a substrate with an array of carbon nanotubes.
- a feature of N ° 2 is that the substrate with an array of carbon nanotubes is impregnated with a solution of a chemical compound that contains the C-14 isotope, or carbon nanotubes are made using the C-14 isotope.
- a feature of ⁇ ° 3 is that the substrate with an array of carbon nanotubes is placed in an electrolyte in which a double layer is formed at the interface between each individual nanotube in the array and the electrolyte, being an asymmetric potential barrier to the charges generated during the decay, performs the role of an effective charge separator and at the same time an electric energy storage device.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP16905688.4A EP3509080A4 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | SUPERCAPACITOR AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THEREOF |
US15/741,095 US11302490B2 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | Supercapacitor and method of its construction |
KR1020177037944A KR102320946B1 (ko) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | 슈퍼 커패시터 및 제조 방법 |
PCT/RU2016/000593 WO2018044192A1 (ru) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | Суперконденсатор и способ его изготовления |
CN201680038673.3A CN108028135A (zh) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | 超级电容器和制造方法 |
CA2990454A CA2990454A1 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | Supercapacitor and method of its construction |
RU2016150696A RU2668533C1 (ru) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | Суперконденсатор и способ его изготовления |
JP2018506372A JP6830950B2 (ja) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | 電気二重層キャパシタおよびその製造方法 |
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PCT/RU2016/000593 WO2018044192A1 (ru) | 2016-08-31 | 2016-08-31 | Суперконденсатор и способ его изготовления |
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US (1) | US11302490B2 (ru) |
EP (1) | EP3509080A4 (ru) |
JP (1) | JP6830950B2 (ru) |
KR (1) | KR102320946B1 (ru) |
CN (1) | CN108028135A (ru) |
CA (1) | CA2990454A1 (ru) |
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Cited By (3)
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CN111659416A (zh) * | 2020-05-21 | 2020-09-15 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 一种含锶或其化合物的铂基催化剂 |
EP3758027A1 (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2020-12-30 | The Boeing Company | Radioisotope power source |
US11393664B2 (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2022-07-19 | Spp Technologies Co., Ltd. | Substrate placing table, plasma processing apparatus provided with same, and plasma processing method |
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US11393664B2 (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2022-07-19 | Spp Technologies Co., Ltd. | Substrate placing table, plasma processing apparatus provided with same, and plasma processing method |
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US11217356B2 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2022-01-04 | The Boeing Company | Radioisotope power source |
CN111659416A (zh) * | 2020-05-21 | 2020-09-15 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 一种含锶或其化合物的铂基催化剂 |
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JP6830950B2 (ja) | 2021-02-17 |
EP3509080A4 (en) | 2020-08-12 |
US20200035421A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
CA2990454A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
RU2668533C1 (ru) | 2018-10-01 |
US11302490B2 (en) | 2022-04-12 |
JP2019536256A (ja) | 2019-12-12 |
EP3509080A1 (en) | 2019-07-10 |
KR102320946B1 (ko) | 2021-11-05 |
CN108028135A (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
KR20190042416A (ko) | 2019-04-24 |
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