WO2018042707A1 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018042707A1 WO2018042707A1 PCT/JP2017/006776 JP2017006776W WO2018042707A1 WO 2018042707 A1 WO2018042707 A1 WO 2018042707A1 JP 2017006776 W JP2017006776 W JP 2017006776W WO 2018042707 A1 WO2018042707 A1 WO 2018042707A1
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- SCCCLDWUZODEKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanide Chemical compound [GeH3-] SCCCLDWUZODEKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract description 30
- 230000005428 wave function Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002291 germanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005036 potential barrier Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention (with low Schottky barrier phi B) n type conductivity type having ohmic highly contact provided on the surface of the semiconductor crystal relates to a contact structure.
- Electrodes are indispensable for semiconductor devices (devices), and it is necessary to reduce the contact resistance as much as possible by realizing ohmic contact with the semiconductor surface.
- the first method is to increase the impurity concentration on the semiconductor side and construct a situation where electrons in the metal enter and exit the semiconductor side through the tunnel effect.
- a material having a work function capable of making ohmic contact with the surface of the semiconductor material is selected as a material for the electrode.
- the Schottky barrier ⁇ B generated at the contact surface (junction surface) between the n-type semiconductor and the metal is the difference between the metal work function ⁇ M and the electron affinity ⁇ X of the n-type semiconductor ( ⁇ M - ⁇ X ).
- the energy barrier according to Schottky theory does not match the actual Schottky barrier.
- Fermi level pinning because it seems to be the effect of Fermi level being “pinned”.
- This Fermi level pinning is a phenomenon observed at the junction of most semiconductors such as Ge as well as Si and metals.
- each unit of ⁇ M , ⁇ ⁇ , and ⁇ B is [V].
- contact resistivity [rho C at a joint interface between the n-type semiconductor and the electrode material comprises a donor concentration N D per unit volume of the Schottky barrier phi B and the bonding interface region, a relation of the following formula 1.
- ⁇ is a constant.
- the contact area becomes smaller.
- the actual contact resistance Rc is ⁇ C / S, and the same ⁇ C is used. Even if it is, it will rise rapidly with miniaturization, effectively hampering the original performance improvement of the semiconductor element. That is, in order not to increase the ratio of the contact resistance to the total resistance between the drain electrode and the source electrode even if the semiconductor element is miniaturized, it is strongly required to reduce ⁇ C itself.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2012-124483
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2014-41987).
- a barrier ⁇ B is generated for electrons flowing in the n-type Ge direction from the metal due to the Fermi level pinning phenomenon between the n-type Ge and the metal electrode, and as a result, the contact resistance increases.
- carrier concentration carrier concentration
- the depletion layer will be extremely narrowed, and electrons will tunnel, resulting in ohmic contact.
- ohmic contact structures are electron density characterized in that the thickness was formed over the n + -type Ge layer 2nm at 10 19 cm -3 or more To have.
- a semiconductor device has an electron concentration of less than 1 ⁇ 10 22 cm ⁇ 3 on the surface of an n-type semiconductor crystal having a band gap of 1.2 eV or less at room temperature.
- a contact structure directly provided with a contact layer made of the above material.
- the semiconductor crystal is any one of Si, Ge, or a compound of Si and Ge (Si x Ge y ).
- the semiconductor crystal is Ge
- the contact layer is made of a germanide of any of Gd, Y, Ho, Er, and Yb or a material mainly containing Bi.
- the semiconductor crystal is Si
- the contact layer is made of a material containing Bi as a main component.
- a material that can make a highly ohmic contact when the donor concentration of the surface region of the semiconductor crystal is 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less can be selected.
- the donor concentration was as low as 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, whereas in the structure of the present invention, the above-mentioned low Ohmic contact can be obtained even in the case of donor concentration.
- the contact structure provided in the semiconductor device according to the present invention may be an aspect in which a metal layer is provided on the contact layer.
- the semiconductor device according to the present invention is an n-channel MOSFET in which the semiconductor crystal is Si or Ge.
- a contact layer made of a material having an electron concentration of less than 1 ⁇ 10 22 cm ⁇ 3 is directly provided on the surface of a semiconductor crystal having an n-type conductivity type with a band gap of 1.2 eV or less at room temperature. Therefore, the seepage of the wave function from the contact layer side to the semiconductor surface side is suppressed, and as a result, the generation of the barrier ⁇ B due to the Fermi level pinning phenomenon is suppressed, and a highly ohmic contact is realized. Can do.
- the present inventors can remarkably suppress the influence of Fermi level pinning by suppressing the leaching of electrons (wave function) from the contact layer side to the semiconductor crystal side.
- the present invention has been accomplished.
- the problem is the consistency of the wave function (the Fermi surface consistency) at the interface between the metal and semiconductor with different band structures. Since a band gap incompatibility occurs at the interface between the metal and the semiconductor, the metal wave function attenuates in the band gap. Specifically, the wave function (sinusoidal wave) decays exponentially in the potential barrier at the junction interface, in other words, the metal wave function oozes into the semiconductor band gap. It becomes a state. The Fermi level pinning phenomenon becomes more prominent as the degree of the wave function oozes out.
- the inventors of the present invention are able to significantly suppress the Fermi level pinning phenomenon if the degree of the above-mentioned wave function oozing is remarkably reduced, and easily make contact with high ohmic properties. Thought it would be possible to get.
- the inventors have found that it is effective to design the electron concentration in the material used as the contact layer to be low in order to keep the wave function oozing out significantly low.
- the amount of wave function leaching from the contact layer side to the semiconductor crystal side is proportional to the 1/3 to 2/3 power of the free electron concentration (n) in the material used for the contact layer ( ⁇ n transfer ⁇ n 1/3 to 2/3 ). Since the electron concentration in a general metal material is 10 22 to 10 23 cm ⁇ 3 , the wave function from the contact layer side to the semiconductor crystal side can be achieved by designing the electron concentration in the material used as the contact layer low. It is possible to significantly suppress the amount of ooze out.
- the present inventors as a material satisfying such conditions, are not conventional metals, but a compound of the semiconductor and metal (germanide in the case of Ge, silicide in the case of Si), a semimetal, He decided to focus on conductive materials such as conductive oxides.
- an electron concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 22 cm ⁇ is used as a material for a contact layer directly provided on the surface of a semiconductor crystal having an n-type conductivity having a band gap of 1.2 eV or less at room temperature.
- Examples of the semiconductor crystal having a band gap of 1.2 eV or less at room temperature include Si, Ge, a compound of Si and Ge (Si x Ge y ).
- the semiconductor crystal is Ge
- the contact layer is made of a germanium compound of any of Gd, Y, Ho, Er, Yb or a conductive material mainly composed of Bi. It can be illustrated.
- the semiconductor crystal is Si and the contact layer is a material mainly containing Bi can also be exemplified.
- the donor concentration in the surface region of the semiconductor crystal is high and the electron concentration at the junction interface with the contact layer is sufficiently high, ohmic contact can be obtained in the first place.
- concentration is as low as 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, it is difficult to obtain ohmic contact.
- contact with high ohmic property can be obtained even when the donor concentration is as low as 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less. It becomes a very important technology. In particular, the fact that this effect can be obtained even when it is difficult to realize a high-concentration layer greatly expands the range of application to devices.
- such a contact structure may have a metal layer on the contact layer.
- the semiconductor device having such a contact structure may be, for example, an n-channel MOSFET in a C-MOS in which the semiconductor crystal is Si or Ge.
- FLP relaxation at the metal germanide / n-Ge junction interface As mentioned above, there is a lot of discussion about the origin of Fermi level pinning (FLP). In any case, an interfacial dipole layer is formed, and its size is determined by the dipole density and the strength of each dipole. Conceivable.
- a metal with a low electron concentration is formed by forming a compound of metal and Ge, and by changing the amount of seepage, the strength and density of the dipole are changed, and the junction interface with n-Ge Systematically examined for FLP occurring during the period.
- a film of various metals having a thickness of 30 nm is deposited on an n-type (100) Ge substrate having a donor concentration of 10 16 / cm 3 , An amorphous Ge film was deposited thereon with a thickness of 20 nm. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes in a vacuum (approximately 10 ⁇ 5 Pa) to form a metal-Ge compound / n-Ge junction. In each of these samples, it has been confirmed that polycrystalline germanide is formed by the heat treatment by X-ray diffraction. For comparison, a sample in which only the above metal films were formed and heat treatment was not performed was also prepared. And about these samples, the Schottky characteristic of the joining interface was evaluated.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram (FIG. 1B) for conceptually explaining the stacked state after film formation (FIG. 1A) and the stacked state after heat treatment.
- the metal film 20 and the amorphous Ge film 30 were laminated on the surface of the n-type (100) Ge substrate 10, but after the heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes, The metal film 20 and the amorphous Ge film 30 become the metal germanide film 40, and the metal germanide film 40 is directly bonded onto the surface of the Ge substrate 10.
- FIG. 2 also shows the JV characteristics at room temperature of the elemental metal / n-Ge junction (FIG. 2A) and the JV characteristics at room temperature of the metal germanide / n-Ge junction (FIG. 2B).
- FIG. 2A shows the JV characteristics at room temperature of the elemental metal / n-Ge junction
- FIG. 2B shows the JV characteristics at room temperature of the metal germanide / n-Ge junction
- the Schottky barrier (q ⁇ ⁇ b ) is 0.42 eV for the Gd germanide / n-Ge junction and 0.43 eV for the Ho germanide / n-Ge junction.
- the Richardson constant estimated from the intercept of this straight line substantially matches the value 143 A / cm 2 / K 2 in Non-Patent Document 2. This fact shows that the Schottky barrier is uniformly formed, not the leak due to local barrier lowering.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of examining the dependence of the above-mentioned FLP relaxation on the crystal plane orientation of n-Ge.
- a Gd germanide / n-Ge junction was formed by providing a Gd germanide on an n-Ge substrate having (111), (100), and (110) as main surfaces.
- the Schottky barrier (q ⁇ ⁇ b ) of this example is 0.32 eV per Gd germanide / (111) n-Ge junction. It is estimated that 0.42 eV per Gd germanide / (100) n-Ge junction and 0.53 eV per Gd germanide / (110) n-Ge junction, indicating that a Schottky barrier is uniformly formed.
- the material dependence of the contact layer provided on the n-Ge substrate in the height of the Schottky barrier is arranged.
- the left side of the figure shows the height of the Schottky barrier when a contact layer of pure single element metal material is provided on the n-type Ge (100) surface.
- the right side of the figure shows the height of the single element metal.
- the Schottky barrier height is shown when contact layers made of germanide (metal-Ge compound) are provided on the n-type Ge (100) surface and the n-type Ge (111) surface.
- the contact layer made of the germanide material is provided, the tendency of the Schottky barrier to be lowered can be clearly read as compared with the case where the contact layer is provided using a metal material.
- the Schottky barrier tends to be lower than when the main surface is (100).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of examining the relaxation of FLP at the Bi-based material / n-Si junction interface when the semiconductor crystal is n-Si instead of n-Ge.
- the plane orientation of n-Si shown in this figure is (100).
- Bi was provided as a contact layer on this Si substrate to form a Bi / n-Si junction.
- samples were also prepared for a Gd / n-Si junction and an Al / n-Si junction.
- the FLP relaxation at the junction interface increases in the order of the Al contact layer, the Gd contact layer, and the Bi contact layer.
- the Bi contact layer (Bi / n-Si In the case of bonding), almost perfect ohmic property is obtained.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of investigating the thickness dependence of a Gd germanide (GdGe x ) as a contact layer of a Schottky barrier (barrier height) in a Gd germanide / n-Ge junction.
- the substrate is made of Ge having a (111) plane as the main surface.
- the Schottky barrier height shows a substantially constant low value when the thickness of the contact layer exceeds approximately 4 nm, and good ohmic contact is obtained.
- a contact layer made of a material having an electron concentration of less than 1 ⁇ 10 22 cm ⁇ 3 is formed on the surface of an n-type semiconductor crystal having a band gap of 1.2 eV or less at room temperature. Is directly provided, so that the seepage of the wave function from the contact layer side to the semiconductor surface side is suppressed. As a result, the generation of the barrier ⁇ B due to the Fermi level pinning phenomenon is suppressed, and the ohmic property is high. Contact can be achieved.
- the contact structure according to the present invention is extremely useful in semiconductor devices including C-MOS.
- the leaching of the wave function from the contact layer side to the n-type semiconductor surface side is suppressed.
- the generation of the barrier ⁇ B due to the Fermi level pinning phenomenon is suppressed, and the ohmic property is high. Contact can be achieved.
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Abstract
Description
上述のとおり、フェルミレベルピンニング(FLP)の起源に関しては多くの議論があるが、いずれの場合においても界面ダイポール層が形成され、その大きさはダイポール密度と各ダイポールの強さによって決定されると考えられる。
図4は、上述のFLP緩和の程度の、n-Geの結晶面方位依存性を調べた結果を示す図である。試料として、(111)、(100)、(110)を主面とするn-Ge基板の上にGdジャーマナイドを設け、Gdジャーマナイド/n-Ge接合を形成した。
図6は、半導体結晶をn-Geに代えてn-Siとした場合の、Bi系材料/n-Si接合界面におけるFLPの緩和について調べた結果を示す図である。この図で示したn-Siの面方位は(100)で、このSi基板の上にコンタクト層としてBiを設け、Bi/n-Si接合を形成した。なお、比較のために、Gd/n-Si接合およびAl/n-Si接合についても試料作製した。
図7は、Gdジャーマナイド/n-Ge接合におけるショットキー障壁(バリア高さ)の、コンタクト層としてのGdジャーマナイド(GdGex)の厚み依存性を調べた結果を示す図である。なお、この図に示した例では、基板は主面が(111)面のGeである。ショットキー障壁高さは、コンタクト層の厚みが概ね4nmを超えると略一定の低い値を示しており、良好なオーミック接触が得られている。
20 金属膜
30 アモルファスGeの膜
40 金属ジャーマナイド膜
Claims (7)
- 室温におけるバンドギャップが1.2eV以下のn型導電型を有する半導体結晶の表面に、電子濃度が1×1022cm-3未満の材料から成るコンタクト層が直接設けられているコンタクト構造を備えている、半導体装置。
- 前記半導体結晶は、Si、Ge、もしくはSiとGeの化合物(SixGey)の何れかである、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体結晶はGeであり、前記コンタクト層はGd、Y、Ho、Er、Ybの何れかのゲルマニウム化物もしくはBiを主成分とする材料から成る、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体結晶はSiであり、前記コンタクト層はBiを主成分とする材料から成る、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体結晶の表面領域のドナー濃度が1×1018cm-3以下である、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記コンタクト層の上に金属層を備えている、請求項1~5の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体装置は、前記半導体結晶がSiもしくはGeである、nチャネルMOSFETである、請求項1~6の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
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