WO2018033041A1 - 高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法 - Google Patents

高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法 Download PDF

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WO2018033041A1
WO2018033041A1 PCT/CN2017/097346 CN2017097346W WO2018033041A1 WO 2018033041 A1 WO2018033041 A1 WO 2018033041A1 CN 2017097346 W CN2017097346 W CN 2017097346W WO 2018033041 A1 WO2018033041 A1 WO 2018033041A1
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Prior art keywords
fiber
foam composite
rigid foam
reinforced polyurethane
polyurethane rigid
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PCT/CN2017/097346
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
牛斌
曾志斌
苏永华
赵体波
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中国铁道科学研究院铁道建筑研究所
中国铁道科学研究院
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Application filed by 中国铁道科学研究院铁道建筑研究所, 中国铁道科学研究院 filed Critical 中国铁道科学研究院铁道建筑研究所
Priority to US16/326,219 priority Critical patent/US10538615B2/en
Priority to EP17841013.0A priority patent/EP3502349B1/en
Publication of WO2018033041A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018033041A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
    • B29C44/322—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements the preformed parts being elongated inserts, e.g. cables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
    • B29C70/081—Combinations of fibres of continuous or substantial length and short fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
    • B29C70/16—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
    • B29C70/18—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length in the form of a mat, e.g. sheet moulding compound [SMC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/08—Processes
    • C08G18/14—Manufacture of cellular products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C08G18/4829—Polyethers containing at least three hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
    • C08J5/041—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with metal fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
    • C08J5/042—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with carbon fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
    • C08J5/043—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with glass fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/046—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with synthetic macromolecular fibrous material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
    • E01B3/44—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from other materials only if the material is essential
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2075/00—Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2110/00—Foam properties
    • C08G2110/0025—Foam properties rigid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/0085—Use of fibrous compounding ingredients

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of polymer composite materials, in particular to a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper which is applied in the fields of heavy-duty railway, high-speed railway, ordinary railway, light rail subway and ordinary plank road and the like thereof. method.
  • Sleepers are a type of railway accessory that plays a vital role in railway construction.
  • the function of the sleeper is to withstand the train load, lateral and longitudinal horizontal forces transmitted from the rail, and transmit it evenly to the track bed or steel beam; at the same time, the sleeper also plays the direction, gauge and position of the rail. effect. Therefore, the sleeper is required to have sufficient strength, rigidity and durability, and the size of the sleeper is required to be convenient for fixing the rail, and has the ability to resist longitudinal and lateral displacement of the line.
  • railway sleepers are mainly divided into reinforced concrete sleepers and wooden sleepers.
  • the quality of reinforced concrete sleepers is prefabricated in the factory.
  • Plastic sleeves need to be embedded in the factory, and it is impossible to achieve on-site drilling installation. Due to the high precision requirements of the embedded plastic sleeves, it is difficult to achieve close cooperation between the fastener system and the rails, especially In the track area, due to the error of the embedded plastic sleeve in the sleeper, it is easy to waste product, manpower and material resources.
  • the reinforced concrete sleeper is too rigid, not only does not have the shock absorption effect, after the long-term operation of the train, it is prone to cracks and other diseases, threatening the safety of driving, and requires regular maintenance and replacement, thereby increasing the management cost.
  • Wooden pillows are prone to corrosion in the natural environment such as sun, rain and rain, and cracks, defects and holes appear.
  • the fasteners are easy to loosen and need to be maintained and repaired regularly. After about 5 to 10 years, they must be replaced, which greatly increases the management cost of the sleepers.
  • the supply of high-quality wood for railway sleepers continues to decline.
  • the cost of maintenance and replacement of wooden pillows is increasing.
  • FRP hollow sleepers although their strength meets the requirements, but the ball nail pull-out strength is less than 3t, far less than the technical requirements of the ball nail pull-out strength greater than 6t, and cracks appear in the fatigue test.
  • the fiber-reinforced polyurethane composite sleepers produced in Japan and China have experienced serious collapse during the fatigue performance test. They are not suitable for use in ordinary railways and heavy-duty railways in China, and are only suitable for use in light rail and subway at home and abroad. The above composite sleepers can not achieve all the performance requirements of the railway sleepers.
  • Japan and domestic fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleepers the polyurethane used is made of polyether polyol and isocyanate reaction, the polyether polyol has higher functionality, polyurethane reaction time and curing rate is very fast, basically It can be cured in about 3 minutes, and the selected polyether polyol has high viscosity and poor fluidity. It is difficult to solve the problem of uniform polyurethane and fiber impregnation before the polyurethane is cured. Therefore, the fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper currently made at home and abroad.
  • the medium fiber content is low, and the polyurethane and fiber are impregnated unevenly, the local polyurethane content is large, the cells are large, the local fiber content is high, and the dry yarn phenomenon occurs, resulting in low strength, uneven strength and unstable quality. Due to its low fiber content and high resin content, in the production, the resin foam expansion produces a large amount of flash, which not only causes waste of the product, increases the production cost, but also causes great damage to the equipment and the mold.
  • Bubble composite sleeper At present, no reports have been reported and no fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleepers having a density higher than 840 kg/m 3 and a fiber content higher than 60% have been observed on the market.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • the overall performance is better than the sleeper of the above materials.
  • a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper the sleeper is composed of a plurality of high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheets through a binder
  • the outer surface of the sleeper is provided with an anticorrosive paint film
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is made of a polyurethane resin as a matrix material and a fiber as a reinforcing material.
  • the mass ratio of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows:
  • the present invention can also be improved as follows.
  • the reinforcing fiber is a mixture of any one or more of glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, and steel fiber.
  • the reinforcing fibers are mainly composed of long fibers, and further include chopped fibers and fiber mats.
  • the coupling agent is a silane coupling agent.
  • the anti-UV agent is a UV-based anti-UV agent.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is produced by a continuous molding process, and the continuous forming process comprises unwinding long fibers and fiber mats, injecting polyurethane resin, adding chopped fibers, uniformly impregnating, and crawling layers. The process of curing, cooling and fixed length cutting in the main machine is carried out.
  • the uniform impregnation is specifically to uniformly impregnate the polyurethane resin on the surface and inside of the reinforcing fiber through a high pressure foaming machine, a moving casting device and a corresponding tooling.
  • the crawler laminating machine is composed of a crawler laminating machine and a side stopper, and the side stopper is fixed on the crawler laminator, and the height and the width of the cavity are adjusted according to the size of the stopper. .
  • the high-fiber content fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet after the fixed length cutting has a thickness of 10 mm to 120 mm, a width of 100 mm to 600 mm, and a density of 200 kg/m 3 to 2000 kg/m 3 .
  • the interior of the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is provided along the length To the extended long fiber, the outer portion of the long fiber is wrapped with a polyurethane resin.
  • the interior of the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is further provided with chopped fibers extending in the longitudinal direction, and the outer portion of the chopped fibers is wrapped with a polyurethane resin.
  • the outer surface of the urethane resin encasing the long fibers and the short fibers is provided with a fiber mat.
  • the bonding manner of a plurality of high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheets is vertical bonding, lateral bonding or cross bonding.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is provided with at least two pieces which are vertically arranged side by side and vertically bonded by an adhesive.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet is provided with at least two pieces which are stacked one on top of the other and are laterally bonded by an adhesive.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite board is provided with at least four pieces, wherein two pieces of plates are disposed laterally at the upper and lower ends of the other plates, and the other plates are vertically arranged side by side and vertically bonded by the adhesive.
  • the two sheets are laterally bonded to the other sheets by an adhesive.
  • the binder is any one of a vinyl resin binder, an epoxy resin binder, a urethane resin binder, an o-phenyl resin binder, a meta-phenyl resin binder or a phenol resin binder.
  • a vinyl resin binder an epoxy resin binder, a urethane resin binder, an o-phenyl resin binder, a meta-phenyl resin binder or a phenol resin binder.
  • the anticorrosive paint film is any one of a polyurethane paint film, a fluorocarbon paint film, an acrylic paint film, an epoxy resin paint film, and a vinyl resin paint film.
  • the invention also relates to a method for preparing a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper, which firstly manufactures a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite board, and then processes the same, and the processing process comprises a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam.
  • the obtained high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper has a thickness of 100 mm to 400 mm, a width of 200 mm to 400 mm, and a density of 200 kg/m 3 to 2000 kg/m 3 .
  • the activity of the polyurethane reaction is reduced, the curing time of the polyurethane is prolonged, the immersion time with the fiber is increased, and the viscosity of the polyether polyol used is low.
  • the fluidity is good, and its impregnation ability with the fiber is increased to make the impregnation with the fiber more uniform.
  • the wettability and dispersibility of the filler in the polyurethane are greatly improved, the impregnation ability and the bonding ability of the polyurethane and the fiber are increased, the resin and the fiber are impregnated more thoroughly, and the polyurethane is improved.
  • the impregnation speed of the impregnated fiber solves the problem that the reinforcing fiber is too difficult to be impregnated, so that the material strength is greatly improved and the strength uniformity is more stable; in addition, the electrical property of the material can be greatly improved by adding a coupling agent.
  • the fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper with /m 3 and fiber content greater than 60% compensates for the technical blank of the fiber reinforced polyurethane foam composite sleeper, and diversifies its product specifications and performance to meet different technical requirements.
  • the mass ratio of the reinforcing fibers is more than 60%, which not only reduces the manufacturing cost, but also greatly increases the strength of the fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper at the same density, and the product is more compact, and the water absorption amount is greatly increased. Reduced, improved water resistance of the product;
  • the resistance to moist heat aging of the material is enhanced by the addition of an antioxidant.
  • the anti-ultraviolet aging properties of the material are further enhanced by the addition of an anti-UV agent.
  • the strength of the product is further improved; by increasing the fiber mat, the bending strength of the product is further improved.
  • high-fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet By making high-fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet, it is formed by bonding, so that the production method and process of the composite sleeper are simplified, and the specification and model of the composite sleeper are increased without increasing the input of the mold; Due to the excessive fiber in the integral molding, the problem of polyurethane impregnation is too difficult.
  • composite sheets of different densities can be made to diversify the density of the composite sleepers, thereby diversifying the strength and satisfying different axle load trains in railway transportation. Requirements for composite sleepers.
  • the invention has a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper, and the comprehensive performance is far superior to the wooden pillow, and the strength, the fatigue resistance, the spike strength and the shear strength are far superior to the current research at home and abroad.
  • Composite sleeper
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane composite sleeper provided by the invention can effectively replace the current high quality wooden pillow and other material composite sleepers researched at home and abroad, and can be widely applied to heavy-duty railways, high-speed railways, ordinary railways, light rails and subways.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a production process of a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet vertically bonded into a sleeper according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet laterally bonded into a sleeper according to the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a structural schematic view of a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet cross-bonded sleeper pillow according to the present invention.
  • the invention relates to a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper, wherein the sleeper is made of a plurality of high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheets 10 bonded by an adhesive 11, and the outer surface of the sleeper An anticorrosive paint film 12 is provided.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite board 10 is made of a polyurethane resin 8 as a matrix material and a fiber as a reinforcing material.
  • the mass ratio of the polyurethane resin 8 and the mass ratio of the urethane resin 8 to the reinforcing fibers are as follows:
  • the reinforcing fiber is a mixture of any one or more of glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, and steel fiber.
  • the reinforcing fibers are mainly composed of long fibers 6, and further include chopped fibers 7 and fiber mats.
  • the coupling agent is a silane coupling agent.
  • the anti-UV agent is a UV-based anti-UV agent.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 is produced by a continuous molding process, and the continuous molding process comprises unwinding long fibers 6 and fiber mats, injecting polyurethane resin 8, adding chopped fibers 7, uniformly impregnating, and crawling belts.
  • the laminating main assembly 4 has seven steps of solidification, cooling, and fixed length cutting.
  • the uniform impregnation is performed by uniformly immersing the urethane resin 8 on the surface and inside of the reinforcing fiber through the high pressure foaming machine 2, the moving pouring equipment 3, and the corresponding tooling.
  • the crawler laminating machine 4 is composed of a crawler laminating machine and a side stopper, and the side stopper is fixed on the crawler laminating machine, and the height and width of the cavity are adjusted according to the size of the stopper.
  • the fixed length cutting is performed by the cutting machine 5, and the cut high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 has a thickness of 10 mm to 120 mm, a width of 100 mm to 600 mm, and a density of 200 kg/m 3 to 2000 kg/ m 3 .
  • the inside of the high fiber content fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 is provided with long fibers 6 extending in the longitudinal direction, and the outer portion of the long fibers 6 is wrapped with a polyurethane resin 8.
  • the inside of the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 is further provided with chopped fibers 7 extending in the longitudinal direction, and the outer portion of the chopped fibers 7 is wrapped with a urethane resin 8.
  • the outer surface of the urethane resin 8 enclosing the long fibers 6 and the short fibers 7 is provided with a fiber mat.
  • the plurality of high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheets 10 are bonded by vertical bonding, lateral bonding or cross bonding.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 is provided with at least two pieces which are vertically juxtaposed and vertically bonded by an adhesive 11.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 is provided with at least two pieces which are stacked one on top of the other and are laterally bonded by an adhesive 11.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite board 10 is provided with at least four pieces. Two of the plates are disposed laterally at the upper and lower ends of the other plates, and the other plates are vertically juxtaposed and vertically bonded by the adhesive 11, and the two plates are laterally bonded to the other plates by the adhesive 11 (while having Vertical bonding and lateral bonding are cross-bonding).
  • a plate may be provided at the upper or lower end, that is, at least three pieces are provided, one of which is disposed laterally at the upper or lower end of the other plates, and the other plates are vertically juxtaposed and passed through
  • the adhesive 11 is vertically bonded, and the one sheet is laterally bonded to the other sheets by the adhesive 11.
  • the binder 11 is any one of a vinyl resin binder, an epoxy resin binder, a urethane resin binder, an o-phenyl resin binder, a meta-phenyl resin binder, or a phenol resin binder.
  • a vinyl resin binder an epoxy resin binder, a urethane resin binder, an o-phenyl resin binder, a meta-phenyl resin binder, or a phenol resin binder.
  • the anticorrosive paint film 12 is any one of a polyurethane paint film, a fluorocarbon paint film, an acrylic paint film, an epoxy resin paint film, and a vinyl resin paint film.
  • the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper 10, which first manufactures a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10, and then processes the same, and the processing process comprises a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane.
  • Hard foam composite sheet 10 surface grinding, adhesive 11 bonding, molding curing, surface grinding after curing, fixed length cutting, coating six processes.
  • the obtained high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper 10 has a thickness of 100 mm to 400 mm, a width of 200 mm to 400 mm, and a density of 200 kg/m 3 to 2000 kg/m 3 , and preferably, the apparent total density is 800kg/m 3 to 1800kg/m 3 .
  • the continuous molding process of the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet 10 of the present invention is carried out by means of the apparatus shown in the drawing, firstly unwinding long fibers and fiber mats in the creel 1, injecting polyurethane resin, and adding The chopped fibers are uniformly impregnated by the high pressure foaming device 2, the mobile casting device 3 and the corresponding tooling, and then solidified in the crawler laminating machine 4, and after cooling, the cured plate is cut by the cutter 5.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: the polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, 90 parts, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2 10 parts of polyether polyol B, 10 parts of flame retardant, 5 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 15 parts of coupling agent, 0.3 parts of catalyst, 0.1 part of foaming agent, 0.3 part of antioxidant, 0.3 part of anti-UV agent, 120 parts of isocyanate; long fiber: 430 parts, chopped fiber 10 parts, fiber mat 5 parts.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 64%
  • the production density is 1400 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 260mm ⁇ 50mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • Track type laminating host parameter setting running speed: 0.4m/min, temperature: 90°C/60°C.
  • the surface of the composite sheet was polished, and a vinyl resin was used as a binder.
  • Four composite sheets were bonded by vertical bonding, and the composite sleeper was made to have a specification of 260 mm ⁇ 200 mm ⁇ 3000 mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 1.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: the polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, 95 parts, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2 5 parts of polyether polyol B, 10 parts of flame retardant, 3 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 5 parts of coupling agent, 0.3 parts of catalyst, 0.1 part of foaming agent, 0.3 part of antioxidant, 0.3 part of anti-UV agent, 110 parts of isocyanate; long fiber: 410 parts, chopped fiber 10 parts, fiber mat 0 parts.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 65%
  • the production density is 1200 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 240mm ⁇ 50mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • Track type laminating host parameter setting running speed: 0.6m/min, temperature: 90°C/60°C.
  • One of the composite sheets was mechanically ground to a thickness of 40 mm, and five composite sheets of 50 mm thickness and a thickness of 40 mm were used, and epoxy resin was used as a binder to form a composite sleeper by cross-bonding. It is 240mm ⁇ 290mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 2.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: the polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, 90 parts, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2 5 parts of polyether polyol B, 15 parts of flame retardant, 5 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 10 parts of coupling agent, 0.2 parts of catalyst, 0.3 part of foaming agent, 0.5 part of antioxidant, 0.5 part of anti-UV agent, 115 parts of isocyanate; long fiber: 520 parts, chopped fiber 5 parts, 1 part of fiber mat.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 68.5%
  • the production density is 1000 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 500mm ⁇ 30mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • Track type laminating host parameter setting running speed: 0.5m/min, temperature: 90°C/70°C.
  • the composite sheet of 500mm ⁇ 30mm is first machined into a composite sheet of 250mm ⁇ 30mm, and six pieces are used for surface grinding.
  • the vinyl resin is used as the binder and bonded by transverse bonding to make the composite sleeper specifications. It is 250mm ⁇ 180mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 3.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: the polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, 95 parts, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2 10 parts of polyether polyol B, 5 parts of flame retardant, 5 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 10 parts of coupling agent, 0.1 part of catalyst, 0.1 part of foaming agent, 0.25 part of antioxidant, 0.25 part of anti-UV agent, 125 parts of isocyanate; long fiber: 460 parts, chopped fiber 10 parts, fiber mat 0 parts.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 65%
  • the production density is 800 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 200mm ⁇ 60mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • the surface of the three composite sheets was polished, and the vinyl resin was used as the binder, and the joint molding was carried out by means of lateral bonding.
  • the composite sleeper was made into a size of 200 mm ⁇ 180 mm ⁇ 3000 mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 4.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: the polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, 92 parts, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2 8 parts of polyether polyol B, 10 parts of flame retardant, 2.5 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 15 parts of coupling agent, 1 part of catalyst, 1 part of foaming agent, 1 part of antioxidant, 1 part of anti-UV agent, 100 parts of isocyanate; long fiber: 1330 parts, 30 pieces of chopped fibers, 10 parts of fiber mat.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 85%, the production density is 1500 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 600mm ⁇ 10mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • Track type laminating host parameter setting running speed: 0.4m/min, temperature: 90°C/60°C.
  • the composite plate of 600mm ⁇ 10mm is first machined into a composite plate of 300mm ⁇ 10mm, and the surface of ten composite plates is polished.
  • the epoxy resin is used as the binder, and the bond is formed by transverse bonding.
  • the sleeper specification is 300mm ⁇ 100mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 5.
  • the proportion of the polyurethane resin and the ratio of the polyurethane resin to the reinforcing fiber are as follows: a polyether polyol A having a hydroxyl value of 400 to 480 and a functionality of 1 to 3, a hydroxyl value of 60 to 160, and a functionality of 1 to 2. 7 parts of polyether polyol B, 10 parts of flame retardant, 2.5 parts of hard foam stabilizer, 15 parts of coupling agent, 0.8 parts of catalyst, 0.6 part of foaming agent, 0.7 part of antioxidant, 0.5 part of anti-UV agent, 135 parts of isocyanate; 1940 parts of long fiber, 40 parts of chopped fiber, 20 parts of fiber mat.
  • the reinforcing fiber content is 88%
  • the production density is 1800 ⁇ 50kg/m 3 fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet specification: 100mm ⁇ 100mm ⁇ 3000mm.
  • Track type laminating host parameter setting running speed: 0.4m/min, temperature: 90°C/60°C. 16 plates were taken, epoxy resin was used as the adhesive, and the bond was formed by cross-bonding, which was formed into a 4 ⁇ 4 structure, and the composite sleeper was made into a size of 400 mm ⁇ 400 mm ⁇ 3000 mm.
  • the performance of the composite sleeper produced in accordance with this embodiment is shown in Table 6.
  • the invention discloses a high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper, which solves the problem of insufficient polyurethane and fiber impregnation by adopting various technical means such as a low polyhydroxyl value low functional mixed polyether polyol and a coupling agent.
  • the problem thereby increasing the fiber content, enables the production of fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite products having a density higher than 840 kg/m 3 and a fiber content of more than 60%, making up for the technical blank of the fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet, and making the product Diversified specifications and performance to meet different technical requirements.
  • the mass ratio of the reinforcing fibers is more than 60%, which not only reduces the manufacturing cost, but also greatly increases the strength of the fiber-reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper at the same density, and at the same time, the product is more compact, the water absorption amount and the like.
  • the drastic reduction of the product improves the water resistance of the product.
  • high-fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet By making high-fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sheet, it is formed by bonding, so that the production method and process of the composite sleeper are simplified, and the specification and model of the composite sleeper are increased without increasing the input of the mold; Due to the excessive fiber in the integral molding, the problem of polyurethane impregnation is too difficult.
  • composite sheets of different densities can be made to diversify the density of the composite sleepers, thereby diversifying the strength and satisfying different axle load trains in railway transportation. Requirements for composite sleepers.
  • the high fiber content fiber reinforced polyurethane rigid foam composite sleeper has a fiber content of more than 60%, and the manufactured product has mechanical properties, ultraviolet aging resistance, electrical properties under the condition that the density is almost the same. Performance, water resistance and other aspects, especially the composite sleeper's anti-bending performance, thread spike strength and anti-fatigue performance are far superior to the composite sleeper products of well-known manufacturers at home and abroad.

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Abstract

一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法，由多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材（10）通过粘结剂（11）粘接而成，且轨枕的外表面设有防腐漆膜（12），高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材（10）以聚氨酯树脂为基体材料，以纤维为增强材料。通过采用低羟值低官能度的混合型聚醚多元醇、使用偶联剂等多种技术手段，解决了聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维浸渍不充分的问题，从而提高了增强纤维含量，能够制作出密度高于840kg/m3且增强纤维含量大于60％的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡材料制品，弥补了纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫复合板材的技术空白，使其产品规格及性能多元化，满足不同的技术指标要求。

Description

高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法 技术领域
本发明属于高分子复合材料技术领域，尤其是涉及一种应用在重载铁路、高速铁路、普通铁路、轻轨地铁、普通栈道等领域的一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法。
背景技术
轨枕是铁路配件的一种，在铁路建设中起着至关重要的作用。在轨道结构中，轨枕的作用是承受由钢轨传来的列车荷载、横向和纵向水平力，将其均匀地传递给道床或钢梁；同时，轨枕还起着保持钢轨方向、轨距和位置等作用。因此，要求轨枕要有足够的强度、刚度和耐久性，并要求轨枕规格尺寸便于固定钢轨，具有抵抗线路纵、横向位移的能力。
目前，铁路轨枕主要分为钢筋混凝土轨枕和木枕。钢筋混凝土轨枕质量大，在工厂预制，需在工厂预埋塑料套筒，无法实现现场钻孔安装，由于预埋塑料套筒的精度要求较高，难以实现扣件系统与钢轨的紧密配合，尤其在道岔区间，由于轨枕内预埋塑料套筒的误差，容易造成产品、人力和物力的浪费。另外，钢筋混凝土轨枕刚性太大，不仅不具备减震效果，在列车长期运营后，容易出现裂纹等病害，威胁行车安全，需要定期维修和更换，从而增加了管理成本。制作木枕需要使用大量优质硬质木材，木枕采用杂酚油进行浸渍，以提高其耐腐蚀性能，但使用化学防腐剂处理木枕对环境和工人的健康都带来了不良的影响。木枕长期处于日晒雨淋等自然环境中，很容易腐蚀，出现裂纹、缺陷和孔洞。在运行过程中，扣件道钉容易松弛，需要定期进行养护维修，大约使用5～10年后就必须更换，大大增加了轨枕的管理成本。一方面用于制作铁路轨枕的优质木材供应量持续下降，另一方面，随着运输量的逐渐增大，以及时间和人力成本的增加，木枕养护和更换的成本越来越高。
随着人们环保意识的提高、建设成本的控制以及对出行的快速、安全、舒适的要求，复合材料轨枕将逐步取代木枕，甚至会在线路道砟区间广泛使用。
目前，国内外陆续开始了对复合轨枕的研究，如美国采用回收废旧塑料制作轨枕，韩国以废旧轮胎为主要材料制作轨枕，俄罗斯以木屑为主开展了轨枕的研 究，印度及国内开展了空心玻璃钢轨枕的研究，日本及国内由聚氨酯泡沫和玻璃纤维制作复合轨枕，虽然这些复合轨枕的耐腐蚀性能等都比木枕优异，但是其强度、耐疲劳性能、道钉抗拔强度、道钉握裹能力、抗剪切性能等综合性能不能满足我国铁路对复合轨枕的要求。如采用回收废旧塑料制作的复合轨枕，虽然强度能满足要求，但其在抗疲劳性能测试中，出现了脆性断裂。玻璃钢空心轨枕，虽然其强度满足要求，但其道钉抗拔强度不足3t，远远小于道钉抗拔强度大于6t的技术指标要求，而且抗疲劳测试出现裂纹。日本及国内生产的纤维增强聚氨酯复合轨枕在疲劳性能试验过程中出现了严重塌陷，不适合应用在我国普通铁路和重载铁路，仅适合应用在国内外的轻轨及地铁中。以上复合轨枕均不能做到全部性能达到铁路轨枕的技术指标要求。
日本及国内的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，所用的聚氨酯均由聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯反应而成，其采用的聚醚多元醇官能度较高，聚氨酯反应时间及固化速率很快，基本上3分钟左右的时间即可固化，并且其选用的聚醚多元醇粘度大，流动性差，很难在聚氨酯固化前解决聚氨酯与纤维浸渍均匀的问题，故国内外目前制作的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕中纤维含量低，且聚氨酯与纤维浸渍不均匀，局部聚氨酯含量多，泡孔大，局部纤维含量多，出现干纱现象，致使制作的产品强度低，且强度不均匀，质量不稳定。由于其纤维含量低，树脂含量高，在生产中，树脂发泡膨胀产生大量的飞边，不仅造成了产品的浪费，增加了制作成本，也对设备及模具造成了极大的损伤。不仅如此，还由于其无法解决聚氨酯与增强纤维的浸渍问题，故不能制作出较高纤维含量的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，更不能制作出较高纤维含量、较高密度的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕。目前，尚未见报道并且市场上未见到密度高于840kg/m3且纤维含量高于60％的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕。
发明内容
针对目前钢筋混凝土轨枕、木枕、玻璃钢轨枕以及低纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕技术上的不足，本发明的目的是提供一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕及其制作方法，其综合性能优于以上材质的轨枕。
本发明解决上述问题的技术方案如下：一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，所述轨枕由多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材通过粘结剂 粘接而成，且所述轨枕的外表面设有防腐漆膜，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材以聚氨酯树脂为基体材料，以纤维为增强材料。以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的质量比例如下：
在上述技术方案的基础上，本发明还可以做如下改进。
进一步，所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维、钢纤维中的任意一种或多种混合。
进一步，所述增强纤维以长纤维为主体，还包括短切纤维和纤维毡。
进一步，所述偶联剂为硅烷偶联剂。
进一步，所述抗紫外剂为UV类抗紫外剂。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材采用连续成型工艺制作而成，其连续成型工艺包括放卷长纤维及纤维毡、注射聚氨酯树脂、加入短切纤维、均匀浸渍、履带式层压主机内固化、冷却、定长切割七个工序。
进一步，所述均匀浸渍具体是将聚氨酯树脂通过高压发泡机、移动浇注设备及对应的工装均匀浸渍在增强纤维的表面及内部。
进一步，所述履带式层压主机是由履带式层压机及侧边挡块共同组成，侧边挡块固定在履带式层压机上，模腔的高度及宽度依据挡块的尺寸进行调整。
进一步，定长切割后的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，其厚度为10mm～120mm，其宽度为100mm～600mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的内部设有沿长度方 向延伸的长纤维，所述长纤维的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的内部还设有沿长度方向延伸的短切纤维，所述短切纤维的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂。
进一步，包裹住长纤维和短纤维的聚氨酯树脂的外侧表面设有纤维毡。
进一步，多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的粘结方式为竖向粘结、横向粘结或交叉粘结。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少两块，其竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂竖向粘结。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少两块，其上下依次叠置，并通过粘结剂横向粘结。
进一步，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少四块，其中两块板材横向设置在其他板材上下两端，其他板材竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂竖向粘结，所述两块板材与其他板材通过粘结剂横向粘结。
进一步，所述粘结剂为乙烯基树脂粘结剂、环氧树脂粘结剂、聚氨酯树脂粘结剂、邻苯树脂粘结剂、间苯树脂粘结剂或酚醛树脂粘结剂中的任意一种。
进一步，所述防腐漆膜为聚氨酯漆膜、氟碳漆膜、丙烯酸漆膜、环氧树脂漆膜、乙烯基树脂漆膜中的任意一种。
本发明还涉及一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的制作方法，先制作高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，再对其进行加工，加工工序包括高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材表面打磨、粘结剂粘结、模压固化、固化后表面打磨、定长切割、涂装六个工序。
进一步，得到的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其厚度为100mm～400mm，其宽度为200mm～400mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3。
本发明的一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，具有如下优点：
通过采用低羟值低官能度的混合型聚醚多元醇，降低了聚氨酯反应的活性，延长了聚氨酯的固化时间，增加了其与纤维的浸渍时间，同时采用的聚醚多元醇的粘度较低，流动性好，增加了其与纤维的浸渍能力，使其与纤维的浸渍更加均匀。
通过增加偶联剂，大大提高了填料在聚氨酯中的润湿性和分散性，增加了聚氨酯与纤维的浸渍能力及粘合能力，使树脂与纤维浸渍更加彻底，并提高聚氨酯 浸渍纤维的浸透速度，解决了增强纤维过多不易浸渍的问题，从而使材料强度大幅度提高，强度均匀性更加稳定；另外，通过添加偶联剂，还可以大大提高材料的电气性能。
通过采用低羟值低官能度的混合型聚醚多元醇、使用偶联剂等多种技术手段，解决了聚氨酯与纤维浸渍不充分的问题，从而提高了纤维含量，能够制作出密度高于840kg/m3且纤维含量大于60％的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，弥补了纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫复合轨枕的技术空白，使其产品规格及性能多元化，满足不同的技术指标要求。
通过提高增强纤维的质量比例，使增强纤维的质量比例大于60％，不仅减少了制作成本，而且大幅提高了同等密度下纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的强度，产品更加致密，吸水量等指标大幅降低，提高了产品的耐水性能；
通过添加硬泡稳定剂，避免了聚氨酯泡沫泡孔过大问题的发生，使聚氨酯硬泡更加均匀，更加稳定。
通过添加阻燃剂，不仅降低了聚醚多元醇的粘度，使其流动性好，而且增强了材料的阻燃性能。
通过添加抗氧剂，增强了材料的耐湿热老化的性能。
通过添加抗紫外剂，进一步增强了材料的抗紫外日光老化的性能。
通过增加短切纤维，使材料更加致密，进一步提高了产品的强度；通过增加纤维毡，进一步提高了产品的抗弯曲强度。
通过制作高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，采用粘结的方式成型，使复合轨枕的制作方式及工艺简单化，并且在不增加模具投入的情况下，增加复合轨枕的规格型号；有效解决了因一体成型中纤维过多，造成聚氨酯浸渍难度太大的问题，同时可以制作不同密度的复合板材，使复合轨枕的密度多元化，从而使强度多元化，满足铁路运输中不同轴重列车对复合轨枕的要求。
本发明一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其综合性能远远优于木枕，且其强度、抗疲劳性能、道钉抗拔强度、抗剪切强度远远优于目前国内外研究的复合轨枕。
本发明提供的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯复合轨枕，能够有效取代目前优质的木枕及国内外研究的其他材质复合轨枕，可广泛应用于重载铁路、高速铁路、普通铁路、轻轨及地铁。
附图说明
图1为本发明高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的生产工艺示意图；
图2为本发明高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材竖向粘接成轨枕的结构示意图；
图3为本发明高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材横向粘接成轨枕的结构示意图；
图4为本发明高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材交叉粘接成轨枕的结构示意图。
附图中，各标号所代表的部件列表如下：
1、纱架，2、高压发泡设备，3、移动浇注设备4、履带层压主机，5、切割机，6、长纤维，7、短切纤维，8、聚氨酯树脂，9、纤维毡，10、高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡板材，11、粘结剂，12、防腐漆膜。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的原理和特征进行描述，所举实例只用于解释本发明，并非用于限定本发明的范围。
本发明涉及一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，所述轨枕由多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10通过粘结剂11粘接而成，且所述轨枕的外表面设有防腐漆膜12，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10以聚氨酯树脂8为基体材料，以纤维为增强材料。以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂8的配方及聚氨酯树脂8与增强纤维的质量比例如下：
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000003
所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维、钢纤维中的任意一种或多种混合。
所述增强纤维以长纤维6为主体，还包括短切纤维7和纤维毡。
所述偶联剂为硅烷偶联剂。
所述抗紫外剂为UV类抗紫外剂。
所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10采用连续成型工艺制作而成，其连续成型工艺包括放卷长纤维6及纤维毡、注射聚氨酯树脂8、加入短切纤维7、均匀浸渍、履带式层压主机4内固化、冷却、定长切割七个工序。
所述均匀浸渍具体是将聚氨酯树脂8通过高压发泡机2、移动浇注设备3及对应的工装均匀浸渍在增强纤维的表面及内部。
所述履带式层压主机4是由履带式层压机及侧边挡块共同组成，侧边挡块固定在履带式层压机上，模腔的高度及宽度依据挡块的尺寸进行调整。
定长切割是通过切割机5进行的，切割后的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10，其厚度为10mm～120mm，其宽度为100mm～600mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3。
如图2至图4所示，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10的内部设有沿长度方向延伸的长纤维6，所述长纤维6的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂8。
所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10的内部还设有沿长度方向延伸的短切纤维7，所述短切纤维7的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂8。
包裹住长纤维6和短纤维7的聚氨酯树脂8的外侧表面设有纤维毡。
多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10的粘结方式为竖向粘结、横向粘结或交叉粘结。
如图2所示，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10设有至少两块，其竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂11竖向粘结。
如图3所示，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10设有至少两块，其上下依次叠置，并通过粘结剂11横向粘结。
如图4所示，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10设有至少四块， 其中两块板材横向设置在其他板材上下两端，其他板材竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂11竖向粘结，所述两块板材与其他板材通过粘结剂11横向粘结(同时具有竖向粘接和横向粘接，即为交叉粘接)。除了上下两端都有横向设置的板材以外，还可以在上端或下端设置一块板材，即设有至少三块，其中一块横向设置在其他板材的上端或下端，其他板材竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂11竖向粘结，所述一块板材与其他板材通过粘结剂11横向粘结。
所述粘结剂11为乙烯基树脂粘结剂、环氧树脂粘结剂、聚氨酯树脂粘结剂、邻苯树脂粘结剂、间苯树脂粘结剂或酚醛树脂粘结剂中的任意一种。
所述防腐漆膜12为聚氨酯漆膜、氟碳漆膜、丙烯酸漆膜、环氧树脂漆膜、乙烯基树脂漆膜中的任意一种。
本发明还涉及一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕10的制作方法，先制作高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10，再对其进行加工，加工工序包括高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10表面打磨、粘结剂11粘结、模压固化、固化后表面打磨、定长切割、涂装六个工序。
得到的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕10，其厚度为100mm～400mm，其宽度为200mm～400mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3，优选后，其表观总密度在800kg/m3～1800kg/m3。
如图1所示，本发明高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材10的连续成型工艺通过图中所示的装置进行，先在纱架1放卷长纤维及纤维毡、注射聚氨酯树脂、加入短切纤维，再通过高压发泡设备2、移动浇注设备3及对应的工装实现均匀浸渍，然后在履带式层压主机4内固化，冷却后通过切割机5对固化后的板材进行切割。
实施例1：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 90份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 10份，阻燃剂10份，硬泡稳定剂5份，偶联剂15份，催化剂0.3份，发泡剂0.1份，抗氧剂0.3份，抗紫外剂0.3份，异氰酸酯120份；长纤维：430份，短切纤维10份，纤维毡5份。其中增强纤维含量为64％，制作密度1400±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：260mm×50mm×3000mm。履带式层压主机参数设置：运行速度：0.4m/min，温度：90℃/60℃。将复合板材表面进行打磨，采 用乙烯基树脂作为粘结剂，采用竖向粘结的方式将四块复合板材进行粘结成型，制作复合轨枕规格为260mm×200mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表1所示。
表1
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000004
实施例2：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 95份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 5份，阻燃剂10份，硬泡稳定剂3份，偶联剂5份，催化剂0.3份，发泡剂0.1份，抗氧剂0.3份，抗紫外剂0.3份，异氰酸酯110份；长纤维：410份，短切纤维10份，纤维毡0份。其中增强纤维含量为65％，制作密度1200±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：240mm×50mm×3000mm。履带式层压主机参数设置：运行速度：0.6m/min，温度：90℃/60℃。将其中一块复合板材机械打磨成40mm厚度，使用五块50mm厚度及一块打磨成40mm厚度的复合板材，采用环氧树脂作为粘结剂，采用交叉粘结的方式进行粘结成型，制作复合轨枕规格为240mm×290mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表2所示。
表2
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000005
实施例3：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 90份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 5份，阻燃剂15份，硬泡稳定剂5份，偶联剂10份，催化剂0.2份，发泡剂0.3份，抗氧剂0.5份，抗紫外剂0.5份，异氰酸酯115份；长纤维：520份，短切纤维5份，纤维毡1份。其中增强纤维含量为68.5％，制作密度1000±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：500mm×30mm×3000mm。履带式层压主机参数设置：运行速度：0.5m/min，温度：90℃/70℃。将500mm×30mm的复合板材，先机械加工成250mm×30mm的复合板材，取六块进行表面打磨，采用乙烯基树脂作为粘结剂，采用横向粘结的方式进行粘结成型，制作复合轨枕规格为250mm×180mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表3所示。
表3
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000007
实施例4：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 95份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 10份，阻燃剂5份，硬泡稳定剂5份，偶联剂10份，催化剂0.1份，发泡剂0.1份，抗氧剂0.25份，抗紫外剂0.25份，异氰酸酯125份；长纤维：460份，短切纤维10份，纤维毡0份。其中增强纤维含量为65％，制作密度800±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：200mm×60mm×3000mm。将三块复合板材表面进行打磨，采用乙烯基树脂作为粘结剂，采用横向粘结的方式进行粘结成型，制作复合轨枕规格为200mm×180mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表4所示。
表4
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000009
实施例5：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 92份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 8份，阻燃剂10份，硬泡稳定剂2.5份，偶联剂15份，催化剂1份，发泡剂1份，抗氧剂1份，抗紫外剂1份，异氰酸酯100份；长纤维：1330份，短切纤维30份，纤维毡10份。其中增强纤维含量为85％，制作密度1500±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：600mm×10mm×3000mm。履带式层压主机参数设置：运行速度：0.4m/min，温度：90℃/60℃。将600mm×10mm的复合板材，先机械加工成300mm×10mm的复合板材，将十块复合板材表面进行打磨，采用环氧树脂作为粘结剂，采用横向粘结的方式进行粘结成型，制作复合轨枕规格为300mm×100mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表5所示。
表5
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000011
实施例6：
以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的比例如下：羟值400～480、官能度1～3的聚醚多元醇A 93份，羟值60～160、官能度1～2的聚醚多元醇B 7份，阻燃剂10份，硬泡稳定剂2.5份，偶联剂15份，催化剂0.8份，发泡剂0.6份，抗氧剂0.7份，抗紫外剂0.5份，异氰酸酯135份；长纤维1940份，短切纤维40份，纤维毡20份。其中增强纤维含量为88％，制作密度1800±50kg/m3纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材规格：100mm×100mm×3000mm。履带式层压主机参数设置：运行速度：0.4m/min，温度：90℃/60℃。取16块板材，采用环氧树脂作为粘结剂，采用交叉粘结的方式进行粘结成型，拼成4×4的结构，制作复合轨枕规格为400mm×400mm×3000mm。按照本实施例制作的复合轨枕性能如表6所示。
表6
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000013
对比分析
本发明一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，通过采用低羟值低官能度的混合型聚醚多元醇、使用偶联剂等多种技术手段，解决了聚氨酯与纤维浸渍不充分的问题，从而提高了纤维含量，能够制作出密度高于840kg/m3、纤维含量大于60％的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合材料制品，弥补了纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的技术空白，使其产品规格及性能多元化，满足不同的技术指标要求。
通过提高增强纤维的质量比例，使增强纤维的质量比例大于60％，不仅减少了制作成本，而且大幅提高了同等密度下纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的强度，同时产品更加致密，吸水量等指标等大幅降低，提高了产品的耐水性能。
通过制作高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，采用粘结的方式成型，使复合轨枕的制作方式及工艺简单化，并且在不增加模具投入的情况下，增加复合轨枕的规格型号；有效解决了因一体成型中纤维过多，造成聚氨酯浸渍难度太大的问题，同时可以制作不同密度的复合板材，使复合轨枕的密度多元化，从而使强度多元化，满足铁路运输中不同轴重列车对复合轨枕的要求。
目前未见到产品密度高于840kg/m3的、纤维含量高于60％的纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的报道及实物。通过本发明制作方法，制作密度为800±50kg/m3的复合轨枕，与国内外知名厂家制作的纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫复合轨枕实物进行测试对比，结果如表7所示。
表7
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-000015
对比分析结论
由此可见，本发明一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其纤维含量大于60％，在密度相差无几的情况下，所制作的产品，在从力学性能、耐紫外老化性能、电气性能、耐水性能等多方面，尤其是复合轨枕的抗弯曲性能、螺纹道钉抗拔强度及抗疲劳性能上都远远优于国内外知名厂家的复合轨枕制品。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (18)

  1. 一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述轨枕由多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材通过粘结剂粘接而成，且所述轨枕的外表面设有防腐漆膜，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材以聚氨酯树脂为基体材料，以纤维为增强材料。以质量份计，聚氨酯树脂的配方及聚氨酯树脂与增强纤维的质量比例如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017097346-appb-100001
  2. 根据权利要求1所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维、钢纤维中的任意一种或多种混合。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述增强纤维以长纤维为主体，还包括短切纤维和纤维毡。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材采用连续成型工艺制作而成，其连续成型工艺包括放卷长纤维及纤维毡、注射聚氨酯树脂、加入短切纤维、均匀浸渍、在履带式层压主机内固化、冷却、定长切割七个工序。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述均匀浸渍具体是将聚氨酯树脂通过高压发泡机、移动浇注设备及对应的工装均匀浸渍在增强纤维的表面及内部。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述履带式层压主机是由履带式层压机及侧边挡块共同组成，侧边挡块 固定在履带式层压机上，模腔的高度及宽度依据挡块的尺寸进行调整。
  7. 根据权利要求4所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，定长切割后的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，其厚度为10mm～120mm，其宽度为100mm～600mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3。
  8. 根据权利要求3所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的内部设有沿长度方向延伸的长纤维，所述长纤维的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的内部还设有沿长度方向延伸的短切纤维，所述短切纤维的外部包裹有聚氨酯树脂。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，包裹住长纤维和短纤维的聚氨酯树脂的外侧表面设有纤维毡。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，多块高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材的粘结方式为竖向粘结、横向粘结或交叉粘结。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少两块，其竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂竖向粘结。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少两块，其上下依次叠置，并通过粘结剂横向粘结。
  14. 根据权利要求11所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材设有至少四块，其中两块板材横向设置在其他板材上下两端，其他板材竖向并列设置，并通过粘结剂竖向粘结，所述两块板材与其他板材通过粘结剂横向粘结。
  15. 根据权利要求1至14任一项所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其特征在于，所述粘结剂为乙烯基树脂粘结剂、环氧树脂粘结剂、聚氨酯树脂粘结剂、邻苯树脂粘结剂、间苯树脂粘结剂或酚醛树脂粘结剂中的任意一种。
  16. 根据权利要求1至14任一项所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复 合轨枕，其特征在于，所述防腐漆膜为聚氨酯漆膜、氟碳漆膜、丙烯酸漆膜、环氧树脂漆膜、乙烯基树脂漆膜中的任意一种。
  17. 一种如权利要求1至16任一项所述高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的制作方法，其特征在于，先制作高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材，再对其进行加工，加工工序包括高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合板材表面打磨、粘结剂粘结、模压固化、固化后表面打磨、定长切割、涂装六个工序。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述一种高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕的制作方法，其特征在于，得到的高纤维含量纤维增强聚氨酯硬泡复合轨枕，其厚度为100mm～400mm，其宽度为200mm～400mm，其密度为200kg/m3～2000kg/m3。
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