WO2017219640A1 - 一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及装置 - Google Patents

一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及装置 Download PDF

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WO2017219640A1
WO2017219640A1 PCT/CN2016/113194 CN2016113194W WO2017219640A1 WO 2017219640 A1 WO2017219640 A1 WO 2017219640A1 CN 2016113194 W CN2016113194 W CN 2016113194W WO 2017219640 A1 WO2017219640 A1 WO 2017219640A1
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intersection
ray
robot arm
joint
point
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French (fr)
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罗汉杰
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Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd
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Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J9/00Program-controlled manipulators
    • B25J9/16Program controls
    • B25J9/1656Program controls characterised by programming, planning systems for manipulators
    • B25J9/1664Program controls characterised by programming, planning systems for manipulators characterised by motion, path, trajectory planning
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J9/00Program-controlled manipulators
    • B25J9/16Program controls
    • B25J9/1602Program controls characterised by the control system, structure, architecture
    • B25J9/161Hardware, e.g. neural networks, fuzzy logic, interfaces, processor

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  • the invention relates to the field of trajectory planning of a mechanical arm, and in particular to a trajectory planning method and device for a mechanical arm.
  • the trajectory of the manipulator needs to be planned.
  • the trajectory planning is implemented by a predetermined speed planning algorithm.
  • a predetermined speed planning algorithm For example, an S-type (Double S) speed planning algorithm can be used.
  • S-type (Double S) speed planning algorithm can be used.
  • Some speed planning algorithms need to receive the start and end points provided by the user in advance when planning the trajectory. Then the program will generate a series of interpolation points between the two points to describe the trajectory of the arm. For example, in the teaching function, the user sends an instruction through the handheld device, so that the robot arm starts from the starting point and moves linearly in a certain direction until reaching the boundary of the working area (ie, the end point).
  • the starting position is specified by the user, so it can be obtained very simply, but the position of the end point (ie the boundary of the working area) is determined by the structure of the robot arm and needs to be obtained by monitoring or calculation.
  • the traditional method is realized by continuously monitoring whether the current robot arm has reached the limit position, but this method requires detection of all the position points on the path, and the efficiency is low and the calculation amount is large.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device for trajectory planning of a robot arm, which can know the position of the end point in advance before the movement, and facilitate the planning of the motion trajectory of the robot.
  • the invention provides a trajectory planning method for a mechanical arm, comprising the following steps:
  • a motion trajectory of the robot arm is planned based on coordinates of the starting point and coordinates of the end point to control movement of the robot arm according to a planned motion trajectory.
  • the robot arm is a SCARA type robot arm.
  • the joint parameter includes a joint type, an arm length between the joints, and a range of motion of the joint; and the generating the working area of the mechanical arm based on the joint parameter of the mechanical arm to be operated, specifically comprising:
  • a coordinate system for generating each joint is established based on the DH coordinate system
  • the working area of the robot arm is generated according to the coordinate system of each joint, the range of motion of each joint, and the arm length between the joints.
  • the generating a ray according to a coordinate and a moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculating an intersection of the ray and the boundary of the working area to generate a set of intersection points specifically:
  • Decomposing the working area into at least two arcs obtaining a circle center, a radius, and a central angle range of each arc, and generating an equation of a circle corresponding to each arc;
  • the generating a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculating the intersection of the ray and each circle is specifically:
  • a ray is generated according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and the ray equation is associated with the equation of each circle, and the intersection of the ray and each circle is calculated based on the parametric equation method.
  • the generating a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculating the intersection of the ray and each circle is specifically:
  • a ray is generated according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and the intersection of the ray and each circle is calculated based on an optimization algorithm of the ray and circle intersection test.
  • the invention also provides a trajectory planning device for a mechanical arm, comprising:
  • a work area generating unit configured to generate a working area of the mechanical arm based on a joint parameter of the mechanical arm to be operated
  • An intersection point generating unit configured to generate a ray according to a coordinate and a moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and a boundary of the working area to generate a set of intersection points;
  • An end point marking unit configured to calculate a distance between each intersection point in the intersection point set and the starting point, acquire coordinates of an intersection point corresponding to the minimum distance, and mark the intersection point as an end point;
  • a motion trajectory planning unit is configured to plan a motion trajectory of the robot arm based on coordinates of the starting point and coordinates of the end point to control movement of the robot arm according to a planned motion trajectory.
  • the robot arm is a SCARA type robot arm.
  • the joint parameter includes a joint type, an arm length between the joints, and an active range of the joint; and the working area generating unit specifically includes:
  • a coordinate system generating module configured to generate a coordinate system for generating each joint based on a joint type of the robot arm and a relative positional relationship between the joints;
  • a work area generating module is configured to generate a working area of the robot arm according to a coordinate system of each joint, an active range of each joint, and an arm length between the joints.
  • intersection set generating unit specifically includes:
  • a working area decomposition module configured to decompose the working area into at least two arcs, obtain a circle center, a radius and a central angle range of each arc, and generate an equation of a circle corresponding to each arc;
  • An intersection calculation module configured to generate a ray according to a coordinate and a moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and each circle;
  • a judging module configured to calculate an arc angle of the intersection point on a circle where the intersection point is located, and when the arc angle angle is within the circle center angle range, determine that the intersection point is located on the arc line,
  • the intersection points are stored in a preset set to generate a set of intersection points.
  • a method and a device for planning a motion trajectory of a mechanical arm by calculating a working area of the mechanical arm, and calculating an intersection of a ray generated by a coordinate and a moving direction of the starting point input in advance and a boundary of the working area, and Obtaining the coordinates of the intersection having the smallest distance from the starting point, obtaining an end point corresponding to the starting point and the moving direction, and then planning the motion trajectory according to the starting point and the coordinates of the ending point.
  • the invention is based on a geometric method to determine the boundary of the working area of the robot arm, so that the robot can know the position of the end point in advance before the movement, so that the robot can plan the motion trajectory.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for trajectory planning of a robot arm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a SCARA type robot arm.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the SCARA type robot arm shown in FIG. 2 in a DH coordinate system.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing the working area of the SCARA type robot arm shown in Fig. 2.
  • Figure 5 is a plan view of the work area shown in Figure 4.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view of the connection of the ray to the working area.
  • FIG. 7 is an algorithm for calculating an intersection of a ray and a circle by an optimization algorithm of a ray-circle intersection test according to an embodiment of the present invention. Schematic diagram of the process.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a trajectory planning device for a robot arm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a work area generating unit of FIG. 9.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of an intersection set generation unit of FIG. 9.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for trajectory planning of a robot arm.
  • the trajectory planning method of the robot arm may be performed by a trajectory planning device of a robot arm, and at least includes the following steps:
  • the robot arm is the most widely used automatic mechanical device in the field of robot technology, and is widely used in the fields of industrial manufacturing, medical treatment, entertainment service, military, semiconductor manufacturing, and space exploration. Although they differ in their form, they all share a common feature of being able to accept instructions and accurately position them at a certain point in the three-dimensional (or two-dimensional) space according to the instructions.
  • a robotic arm includes a plurality of joints, each joint having joint parameters, which may include joint type, arm length (length of the connecting arm connecting the two joints), range of motion, and the like.
  • the joint type may include a rotating joint and a sliding joint
  • the rotating joint may control the rotation of the connecting arm
  • the sliding joint may realize the vertical sliding of the connecting arm.
  • the working area of the robot arm can be controlled by a combination of different joints. Specifically, the working area of the robot arm can be determined by the following steps:
  • a coordinate system for generating each joint is established based on the DH coordinate system.
  • a SCARA (Selective Compliant Articulated Robot for Assembly) type robot arm is exemplified, which has four joints J1, J2, J3, and J4, wherein J1, J2, and J4 are rotating joints, and J1 and J2, J2 and J4 are connected by corresponding connecting arms, and J3 is a sliding joint.
  • J1, J2, and J4 are rotating joints
  • J1 and J2, J2 and J4 are connected by corresponding connecting arms
  • J3 is a sliding joint
  • the coordinate system of each joint can be established based on the DH (Denavit-Hartenberg) coordinate system, wherein the rotational axes of the rotating joints Ji and their respective The zi axis (the connecting arm of the rotating joint Ji rotates around the zi axis) is parallel to each other, the arm length of the connecting arm is ⁇ i, ⁇ i
  • the zi axis is determined, the direction of the first joint pointing to the second joint can be used as the xi direction, and the direction of yi can be determined based on the right hand rule, thus, the coordinate system of each joint is generated.
  • S1012 Generate a working area of the robot arm according to a coordinate system of each joint, an active range of each joint, and an arm length between the joints.
  • the range of motion is the range of the angle of rotation of the connecting arm rotation, and for the sliding joint, the range of motion is The upper and lower movement range of the connecting arm can generate the working area of the mechanical arm (as shown in FIG. 4). At this time, it is only necessary to project on the plane to generate a top view as shown in FIG. 5.
  • S102 Generate a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and the boundary of the working area to generate a set of intersection points.
  • the robot arm when teaching with a robot arm, the most common function is that the user sends an instruction through the handheld device, so that the robot arm starts from a preset starting point and moves linearly in a certain direction until reaching the working area.
  • the boundary end point
  • the robot arm in order to obtain the end point, may include:
  • S1021 Decompose the working area into at least two arcs, obtain a circle center, a radius, and a central angle range of each arc, and generate an equation of a circle corresponding to each arc.
  • the working area of the robot arm is Four arcs are enclosed.
  • the four arcs are located on four circles: ⁇ O 1 , ⁇ O 2 , ⁇ O 3 , ⁇ O 4 .
  • the center O 1 , O 4 coincides with the J 1 axis;
  • O 2 and O 3 are the positions of the J 2 axis when the J 1 axis is rotated to the positive and negative limits, respectively.
  • the maximum range of motion in the positive/negative direction of the axis J i respectively ⁇ j i
  • S1022 Generate a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and each circle.
  • the starting point is I
  • the direction vector is n
  • the equation of the ray R(u) when calculating the intersection point, the equation of the ray R(u) can be sequentially connected with the equation of each circle, and obtained by using the parametric equation method.
  • intersections obtained above intersect with the circle, but are not located on the arc, and thus need to be removed.
  • the ray IP intersects ⁇ O 1 at point N, respectively; ⁇ O 2 intersects point K and point M; ⁇ O 4 intersects point J and point L; and ⁇ O 3 does not Intersection.
  • the points K, N are on the circle, but are not on the arc of the working area, so after obtaining the intersection point, it is also necessary to check whether the arc angle ⁇ i of the intersection point satisfies
  • the working area does not necessarily consist of an arc of a circle.
  • the working area may be composed of an elliptical arc or a mixture of arcs of different types of geometric shapes.
  • the equations and angular ranges of the geometric shapes corresponding to the arcs may be obtained, and then The method can be used to calculate and generate a set of intersection points.
  • the distance between each intersection point and the starting point I can be calculated by the Euler formula, and then each calculated distance is compared, and the coordinates of the intersection point corresponding to the minimum distance are obtained, and the The intersection point is marked as the end point, at which point the boundary of the desired work area is obtained.
  • S104 Plan a motion trajectory of the robot arm based on coordinates of the starting point and coordinates of the end point to control movement of the robot arm according to a planned motion trajectory.
  • the motion trajectory of the robot arm may be planned according to the coordinates of the starting point and the coordinates of the ending point.
  • a seven-segment motion process can be planned, and the seven-segment motion process is realized.
  • the robot arm moves smoothly and rapidly from the starting point (the initial velocity is zero) to the end point (the final velocity is also zero).
  • the method for planning a motion trajectory of a mechanical arm generates a working area of the mechanical arm, and then calculates a boundary between a ray generated by a coordinate and a moving direction of the starting point input in advance and a boundary of the working area. And intersecting the coordinates of the intersection point having the smallest distance from the starting point, obtaining an end point corresponding to the starting point and the moving direction, and then planning the motion trajectory according to the starting point and the coordinates of the ending point.
  • the invention is based on a geometric method to determine the boundary of the working area of the robot arm, so that the robot can know the position of the end point in advance before the movement, so that the robot can plan the motion trajectory.
  • step S1022 after the ray is generated, a conventional parametric equation method may be used to find an intersection point, or may be used.
  • An optimization algorithm based on the ray and circle intersection test is proposed to calculate the intersection of the ray and each circle.
  • Fig. 8(a) first calculate the vector from the starting point I to the center of the circle O i vector length And vector Projection along the
  • the ray has two intersections with the circle O i , respectively as well as (As shown in Figure 8(a)). If a 2 ⁇ r i 2 , then the starting point I is located in the circle O i . At this time, the ray has an intersection with the circle O i , which is I+(l+q) ⁇
  • an embodiment of the present invention further provides a trajectory planning apparatus 100 for a robot arm, including:
  • the work area generating unit 10 is configured to generate a working area of the mechanical arm based on joint parameters of the mechanical arm to be operated.
  • the intersection set generating unit 20 is configured to generate a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and the boundary of the working area to generate a set of intersection points;
  • the end point marking unit 30 is configured to calculate a distance between each intersection point in the intersection point set and the starting point, acquire coordinates of an intersection point corresponding to the minimum distance, and mark the intersection point as an end point;
  • the motion trajectory planning unit 40 is configured to plan a motion trajectory of the robot arm based on the coordinates of the starting point and the coordinates of the end point to control the motion of the robot arm according to the planned motion trajectory.
  • the mechanical arm is a SCARA type mechanical arm.
  • the working area generating unit 10 specifically includes:
  • the coordinate system generating module 11 is configured to establish a coordinate system for generating each joint based on the joint type of the robot arm and the relative positional relationship between the joints based on the DH coordinate system.
  • the working area generating module 12 is configured to generate a working area of the mechanical arm according to a coordinate system of each joint, an active range of each joint, and an arm length between the joints.
  • intersection set generating unit 20 specifically includes:
  • the working area decomposition module 21 is configured to decompose the working area into at least two arcs, obtain a circle center, a radius and a central angle range of each arc, and generate an equation of a circle corresponding to each arc.
  • the intersection calculation module 22 is configured to generate a ray according to the coordinates and the moving direction of the starting point input in advance, and calculate an intersection of the ray and each circle.
  • intersection calculation module 22 can directly calculate the intersection of the ray and each circle, and directly calculate the ray and each circle, or calculate the algorithm based on the intersection of the ray and the circle intersection test.
  • the intersection of the ray and each circle is not specifically limited in the present invention.
  • a judging module 23 configured to calculate a radian angle of the intersection point on a circle where the intersection point is located, and is located at the radian angle When the central angle is within the range, it is determined that the intersection is located on the arc, and the intersection is stored in a preset set to generate a set of intersections.
  • the motion trajectory planning apparatus 100 of the robot arm generates the working area of the robot arm by the working area generating unit 10, and then calculates the starting point input by the intersection point generating unit 20.
  • the coordinates and the intersection of the ray generated by the moving direction and the boundary of the working area, and the coordinates of the intersection having the smallest distance from the starting point are acquired by the end marking unit 30, the end point corresponding to the starting point and the moving direction is obtained, and finally the motion The trajectory planning unit 40 performs planning of the motion trajectory according to the starting point and the coordinates of the ending point.
  • the invention is based on a geometric method to determine the boundary of the working area of the robot arm, so that the robot can know the position of the end point in advance before the movement, so that the robot can plan the motion trajectory.
  • the storage medium may be a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (ROM), or a random access memory (RAM).

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Abstract

一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及规划装置,该规划方法包括:基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成机械臂的工作区域;根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算射线与工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;计算交点集合内的每个交点与起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将交点标记为终点;基于起点的坐标以及终点的坐标,对机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划。该机械臂轨迹规划方法基于几何的方法来确定机械臂工作区域的边界,从而使得机器人在运动前就可以提前知道终点的位置,方便机器人进行运动轨迹的规划。

Description

一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及装置 技术领域
本发明涉及机械臂运动轨迹规划领域,尤其涉及一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及装置。
背景技术
在机械臂的工作过程中,需要对机械臂的轨迹进行规划,一般来说,这种轨迹规划都是通过预定的速度规划算法来实现的,例如,可使用S型(Double S)速度规划算法来完成机械臂的轨迹规划。
有些速度规划算法在进行轨迹规划时,需要事先接收用户提供的起点和终点的位置,然后程序会在两点之间生成一系列的插补点来描述机械臂的运行轨迹。比如在示教功能中,用户通过手持设备发送指令,使得机械臂从起点出发,一直沿某个方向直线运动,直至到达到工作区域的边界(即终点)。
其中,起点位置是由用户指定的,因而可以很简单获得,但是终点的位置(即工作区域的边界)是由机械臂的结构决定的,需要通过监测或计算获得。传统的方法是通过不断监测当前机械臂的是否已经是到达极限位置来实现,但是这种方法需要对路径上所有的位置点进行检测,效率低,且计算量大。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法及装置,在运动前就可以提前知道终点的位置,方便机器人进行运动轨迹的规划。
本发明提供了一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法,包括如下步骤:
基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域;
根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;
计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点;
基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
优选地,所述机械臂为SCARA型机械臂。
优选地,所述关节参数包括关节类型、关节之间的臂长及关节的活动范围;则所述基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域,具体包括:
根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系;
根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
优选地,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合,具体为:
将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程;
根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点;
计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于所述圆心角范围内时,将所述交点存入预设的集合,生成交点集合。
优选地,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点具体为:
根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,将所述射线方程与每个圆的方程进行联立,基于参数方程法计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
优选地,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点具体为:
根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,基于射线与圆相交测试的优化算法计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
本发明还提供了一种机械臂的轨迹规划装置,包括:
工作区域生成单元,用于基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域;
交点集合生成单元,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;
终点标记单元,用于计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点;
运动轨迹规划单元,用于基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
优选地,所述机械臂为SCARA型机械臂。
优选地,所述关节参数包括关节类型、关节之间的臂长及关节的活动范围;则所述工作区域生成单元具体包括:
坐标系生成模块,用于根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系;
工作区域生成模块,用于根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
优选地,所述交点集合生成单元具体包括:
工作区域分解模块,用于将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程;
交点计算模块,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点;
判断模块,用于计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于所述圆心角范围内时,确定所述交点位于所述弧线上,将所述交点存入预设的集合,生成交点集合。
本发明实施例提供的机械臂的运动轨迹规划方法及装置,通过生成所述机械臂的工作区域,再计算由预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成的射线与工作区域的边界的交点,并获取与起点具有最小距离的交点的坐标,获得与所述起点及移动方向相应的终点,再根据所述起点以及所述终点的坐标进行运动轨迹的规划。本发明基于几何的方法来确定机械臂工作区域的边界因此机器人在运动前就可以提前知道终点的位置,方便机器人进行运动轨迹的规划。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明的技术方案,下面将对实施方式中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施方式,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本发明实施例提供的机械臂的轨迹规划方法的流程示意图。
图2是SCARA型机械臂的结构示意图。
图3是图2所示的SCARA型机械臂在DH坐标系的示意图。
图4是图2所示的SCARA型机械臂的工作区域示意图。
图5是图4所示的工作区域的俯视图。
图6是射线与工作区域的连接示意图。
图7是本发明实施例提供的通过射线与圆相交测试的优化算法来计算射线与圆的交点的 流程示意图。
图8(a)至(c)是图7所示的优化算法的原理图。
图9是本发明实施例提供的机械臂的轨迹规划装置的结构示意图。
图10是图9的工作区域生成单元的结构示意图。
图11是图9的交点集合生成单元的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
请参阅图1,本发明实施例提供一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法,所述机械臂的轨迹规划方法可由机械臂的轨迹规划装置来执行,并至少包括如下步骤:
S101,基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
在本发明实施例中,机械臂是机器人技术领域中最广泛应用的自动化机械装置,其广泛应用于工业制造、医学治疗、娱乐服务、军事、半导体制造以及太空探索等领域。尽管它们的形态各有不同,但它们都有一个共同的特点,就是能够接受指令,并根据指令精确地定位到三维(或二维)空间上的某一点进行作业。
一般来说,一个机械臂包括若干个关节,每个关节都具有关节参数,所述关节参数可包括关节类型、臂长(连接两个关节的连接臂的长度)、活动范围等。其中,所述关节类型可包括转动关节及滑动关节,转动关节可控制连接臂的转动,而滑动关节可实现连接臂的垂直滑动。通过不同关节的组合,即可控制所述机械臂的工作区域。具体地,可通过如下步骤来确定所述机械臂的工作区域:
S1011,根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系。
如图2所示,以SCARA(Selective Compliant Articulated Robot for Assembly)型机械臂为例,其具有4个关节J1,J2,J3,J4,其中J1,J2,J4为转动关节,且J1与J2,J2与J4通过相应的连接臂进行连接,而J3为滑动关节。当然,应当理解的是,本发明还可应用于其他类型的机械臂,在此不做赘述。
在确定上述关节后,需要针对每个关节建立坐标系,如图3所示,可基于DH(Denavit-Hartenberg)坐标系来建立每个关节的坐标系,其中转动关节Ji的转动轴与各自的 zi轴(转动关节Ji的连接臂绕zi轴转动)互相平行,连接臂的臂长为αi,{i|i∈{1,2,4}};滑动关节J3的轴(z3轴)跟J4的轴(z4轴)平行。在确定出zi轴后,可用第一个关节指向第二个关节的方向作为xi方向,而yi的方向可基于右手定则来确定,如此,即生成了每个关节的坐标系。
S1012,根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
在本发明实施例中,在生成每个关节的坐标系后,根据每个关节的活动范围(对于转动关节,其活动范围为其连接臂转动的转动角范围,对于滑动关节,其活动范围为其连接臂的上下运动范围),即可生成所述机械臂的工作区域(如图4所示),此时,只需在平面进行投影即可生成如图5所示的俯视图。
S102,根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合。
具体的,在利用机械臂进行示教时,最常用的功能为用户通过手持设备发送指令,使得所述机械臂从预设的起点出发,并一直沿某个方向直线移动,直至到达到工作区域的边界(终点)。其中,所述机械臂在移动时需事先知道终点才能进行运动轨迹的规划,在本发明实施例中,为了获得所述终点,具体地,可包括:
S1021,将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程。
从图5中可以看出,所述机械臂的工作区域是由
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000001
四段弧线所围成。而这四段弧线分别位于⊙O1,⊙O2,⊙O3,⊙O4四个圆上。圆心O1,O4与J1轴重合;O2和O3分别为J1轴转动到正负极限时J2轴的位置。
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000003
分别是轴Ji的正/负方向的最大活动范围,
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000004
{ji|-π≤ji≤π}。
这四段弧线的详细参数可参照表1所示:
表1
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000005
其中:
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000006
S1022,根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
在本发明实施例中,假设起点为I,方向向量为n,||n||为方向向量n的单位向量。则此时射线可表示为R(u)=I+u·||n||。
如果起点I位于工作区域内,则射线R(u)必与某圆⊙Oi有交点
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000007
其中,在计算交点时,可通过将射线R(u)的方程依次与每个圆的方程进行联立,在利用参数方程法求解获得。
S1023,计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于所述圆心角范围内时,确定所述交点位于所述弧线上,将所述交点存入预设的集合,生成交点集合。
在本发明实施例中,上述求得的交点中,有些虽然与圆相交,但是并没有位于弧线上,因而需要去除。具体地,如图6所示,射线IP分别与⊙O1相交于点N;与⊙O2相交于点K和点M;与⊙O4相交于点J和点L;与⊙O3没有交点。其中,点K,N虽然在圆上,但是并不在围成所述工作区域的弧线上,所以在得到交点后,还要查看所述交点的弧度角θi是否满足
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000008
具体地,假设点s(x,y)是⊙Oi上的一个点,则点s相对于⊙Oi的弧度角θi为:
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000009
通过上述公式就可以确定哪些交点是在弧线上,哪些不在。此时,将那些位于弧线上的交点存入预设的集合ξ={κi}中,生成交点集合。
需要说明的是,在本发明的其他实施例中,所述工作区域并不一定是由圆的弧线组成。例如,所述工作区域可能由椭圆的弧线组成或者由不同类型的几何形状的弧线混合组成,此时,同理,可获得这些弧线对应的几何形状的方程及角度范围,再通过上述的方法即可计算生成交点集合,这些技术方案均在本发明的保护范围之内,在此不做赘述。
S103,计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点 的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点。
在本发明实施例中,可通过欧拉公式计算得到每个交点与所述起点I的距离,然后对计算得到的每个距离进行比较,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点,此时,即得到所需的工作区域的边界。
S104,基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
在本发明实施例中,在获得与所述起点及所述移动方向对应的终点的坐标后,即可根据所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划。
例如,以典型的S型速度规划算法为例,其在接收到所述起点的坐标、所述终点的坐标后,即可规划得到七段运动过程,并通过这七段运动过程实现了将所述机械臂从所述起点(初速度为零)平稳快速的移动到所述终点(末速度也为零)。
综上所述,本发明实施例提供的机械臂的运动轨迹规划方法,通过生成所述机械臂的工作区域,再计算由预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成的射线与工作区域的边界的交点,并获取与起点具有最小距离的交点的坐标,获得与所述起点及移动方向相应的终点,再根据所述起点以及所述终点的坐标进行运动轨迹的规划。本发明基于几何的方法来确定机械臂工作区域的边界因此机器人在运动前就可以提前知道终点的位置,方便机器人进行运动轨迹的规划。
为了便于对本发明的理解,下面将对本发明的一些优选实施例做进一步的描述。
优选地,针对步骤S1022,在生成所述射线后,可以使用传统的参数方程法求交点,也可以使用
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000010
等提出的基于射线与圆相交测试的优化算法来计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
具体地,如图7所示,设射线的参数方程为R(u)=I+u·||n||,其中||n||是单位长度。如图8(a)所示,首先计算出从起点I出发到圆心Oi的向量
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000011
向量
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000012
的长度
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000013
以及向量
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000014
沿着||n||方向的投影
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000015
若a2>ri 2且l<0,则说明起点位于⊙Oi外,且射线的方向沿远离⊙Oi方向延伸,因此所述射线与⊙Oi不相交(如图8(b)所示),此时完成第一次排除测试。否则,利用勾股定理计算出圆心Oi与投影之间距离的平方:m2=a2-l2,若m2>ri 2,则可以判定射线与圆Oi一定不相交,完成第二次排除测试。如果射线和⊙Oi经过两次排除测试,则就可以判定它们一定相交。接下来,计算射线与⊙Oi的交点:首先,计算出距离
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000016
然后判断起点I是否位于⊙Oi内,若a2>ri 2,则说明起点I位于⊙Oi外,此时,所述射线与圆 Oi有两个交点,分别为
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000017
以及
Figure PCTCN2016113194-appb-000018
(如图8(a)所示)。若a2<ri 2,则说明起点I位于圆Oi内,此时,所述射线与圆Oi有一个交点,为I+(l+q)·||n||(如图8(c)所示)。
本优选方案中,在计算射线与圆的交点之前,先通过两次测试判断射线与圆是否有交点,在计算时,仅计算与射线有交点的圆,而不需要对那些与射线没有交点的圆进行计算,如此,减小了计算量,提升了计算效率。
请一并参阅图9,本发明实施例还提供一种机械臂的轨迹规划装置100,其包括:
工作区域生成单元10,用于基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
交点集合生成单元20,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;
终点标记单元30,用于计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点;
运动轨迹规划单元40,用于基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
其中,优选地,所述机械臂为SCARA型机械臂。
其中,优选地,请一并参阅图10,所述工作区域生成单元10具体包括:
坐标系生成模块11,用于根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系。
工作区域生成模块12,用于根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
其中,优选地,请一并参阅图11,所述交点集合生成单元20具体包括:
工作区域分解模块21,用于将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程。
交点计算模块22,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
其中,所述交点计算模块22在计算所述射线与每个圆的交点的时候,可直接将所述射线与每个圆进行联立计算得到,也可基于射线与圆相交测试的优化算法计算所述射线与每个圆的交点,本发明不做具体限定。
判断模块23,用于计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于 所述圆心角范围内时,确定所述交点位于所述弧线上,将所述交点存入预设的集合,生成交点集合。
综上所述,本发明实施例提供的机械臂的运动轨迹规划装置100,由所述工作区域生成单元10生成所述机械臂的工作区域,再由交点集合生成单元20计算由预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成的射线与工作区域的边界的交点,并由所述终点标记单元30获取与起点具有最小距离的交点的坐标,获得与所述起点及移动方向相应的终点,最后由运动轨迹规划单元40根据所述起点以及所述终点的坐标进行运动轨迹的规划。本发明基于几何的方法来确定机械臂工作区域的边界因此机器人在运动前就可以提前知道终点的位置,方便机器人进行运动轨迹的规划。
以上所揭露的仅为本发明一种较佳实施例而已,当然不能以此来限定本发明之权利范围,本领域普通技术人员可以理解实现上述实施例的全部或部分流程,并依本发明权利要求所作的等同变化,仍属于发明所涵盖的范围。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解实现上述实施例方法中的全部或部分流程,是可以通过计算机程序来指令相关的硬件来完成,所述的程序可存储于一计算机可读取存储介质中,该程序在执行时,可包括如上述各方法的实施例的流程。其中,所述的存储介质可为磁碟、光盘、只读存储记忆体(Read-Only Memory,ROM)或随机存储记忆体(Random Access Memory,RAM)等。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
    基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域;
    根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;
    计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点;
    基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,所述机械臂为SCARA型机械臂。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,
    所述关节参数包括关节类型、关节之间的臂长及关节的活动范围;
    则所述基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域,具体包括:
    根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系;
    根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合,具体为:
    将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程;
    根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点;
    计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于所述圆心角范围内时,将所述交点存入预设的交点集合,生成交点集合。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点具体为:
    根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,将所述射线方程与每个圆的方程进行联立,基于参数方程法计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的机械臂的轨迹规划方法,其特征在于,所述根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点具体为:
    根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,基于射线与圆相交测试的优化算法计算所述射线与每个圆的交点。
  7. 一种机械臂的轨迹规划装置,其特征在于,包括:
    工作区域生成单元,用于基于待工作的机械臂的关节参数,生成所述机械臂的工作区域;
    交点集合生成单元,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,并计算所述射线与所述工作区域的边界的交点,生成交点集合;
    终点标记单元,用于计算所述交点集合内的每个交点与所述起点的距离,获取与最小距离对应的交点的坐标,并将所述交点标记为终点;
    运动轨迹规划单元,用于基于所述起点的坐标以及所述终点的坐标,对所述机械臂的运动轨迹进行规划,以控制所述机械臂根据规划的运动轨迹进行运动。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的机械臂的轨迹规划装置,其特征在于,所述机械臂为SCARA型机械臂。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的机械臂的轨迹规划装置,其特征在于,
    所述关节参数包括关节类型、关节之间的臂长及关节的活动范围;
    所述工作区域生成单元具体包括:
    坐标系生成模块,用于根据机械臂的关节类型及关节之间的相对位置关系,基于DH坐标系建立生成每个关节的坐标系;
    工作区域生成模块,用于根据每个关节的坐标系、每个关节的活动范围及关节之间的臂长,生成所述机械臂的工作区域。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的机械臂的轨迹规划装置,其特征在于,所述交点集合生成单元具体包括:
    工作区域分解模块,用于将所述工作区域分解为至少两段弧线,获取每段弧线的圆心、半径及圆心角范围,并生成与每段弧线对应的圆的方程;
    交点计算模块,用于根据预先输入的起点的坐标及移动方向生成一条射线,计算所述射线与每个圆的交点;
    判断模块,用于计算所述交点在所述交点所在的圆上的弧度角,并在所述弧度角位于所述圆心角范围内时,确定所述交点位于所述弧线上,将所述交点存入预设的集合,生成交点集合。
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